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Supplementary Figures S1-S8

Cox regression model of IFNG expression on patients’ survival in TCGA and Available expression data of ICB treatment.

The pleiotropic cytokine interferon-gamma (IFNγ) is associated with cytostatic, antiproliferation, and proapoptotic functions in cancer cells. However, resistance to IFNγ occurs in many cancer cells, and the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. To investigate potential IFNγ-resistance mechanisms, we performed IFNγ-sensitivity screens in more than 40 cancer cell lines and characterized the sensitive and resistant cell lines. By applying CRISPR screening and transcriptomic profiling in both IFNγ-sensitive and IFNγ-resistant cells, we discovered that activation of double-strand break (DSB) repair genes could result in IFNγ resistance in cancer cells. Suppression of single-strand break (SSB) repair genes increased the dependency on DSB repair genes after IFNγ treatment. Furthermore, inhibition of the DSB repair pathway exhibited a synergistic effect with IFNγ treatment both in vitro and in vivo. The relationship between the activation of DSB repair genes and IFNγ resistance was further confirmed in clinical tumor profiles from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) cohorts. Our study provides comprehensive resources and evidence to elucidate a mechanism of IFNγ resistance in cancer and has the potential to inform combination therapies to overcome immunotherapy resistance.

Cancer results from a breakdown of normal gene expression control, so the study of gene regulation is critical to cancer research. To gain insight into the transcriptional and epigenetic factors regulating abnormal gene expression patterns in cancers, we developed the Cistrome Cancer web resource (http://cistrome.org/CistromeCancer/). We conducted the systematic integration and modeling of over 10,000 tumor molecular profiles from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) with over 23,000 ChIP-seq and chromatin accessibility profiles from our Cistrome collection. The results include reconstruction of functional enhancer profiles, “super-enhancer” target genes, as well as predictions of active transcription factors and their target genes for each TCGA cancer type. Cistrome Cancer reveals novel insights from integrative analyses combining chromatin profiles with tumor molecular profiles and will be a useful resource to the cancer gene regulation community. Cancer Res; 77(21); e19–22. ©2017 AACR.

Supplementary Data include: 1, Supplementary Methods: a detailed description of data processing, computational analysis, and web interface functions; 2, Supplementary References; 3, Supplementary Figures 1-6: Fig. S1: Cancer sample reclustering; Fig. S2: Cancer type reannotation; Fig. S3: TF target prediction in cancer; Fig. S4: Snapshot of the Cistrome Cancer TF target prediction webpage; Fig. S5: FOXM1, a pan-cancer active TF; Fig. S6: Distinct patterns of immune cell infiltration in kidney and colorectal cancers; and 4, Supplementary Table 1: Cancer Type Abbreviations.

Multiple recent studies revealed stripes as an architectural feature of three-dimensional chromatin and found stripes connected to epigenetic regulation of transcription. Whereas a couple of tools are available to define stripes in a single sample, there is yet no reported method to quantitatively measure the dynamic change of each stripe between samples. Here, we developed StripeDiff, a bioinformatics tool that delivers a set of statistical methods to detect differential stripes between samples. StripeDiff showed optimal performance in both simulation data analysis and real Hi-C data analysis. Applying StripeDiff to 12 sets of Hi-C data revealed new insights into the connection between change of chromatin stripe and change of chromatin modification, transcriptional regulation, and cell differentiation. StripeDiff will be a robust tool for the community to facilitate understanding of stripes and their function in numerous biological models.

Background: Excess cholesterol accumulation in lesional macrophages elicits complex responses in atherosclerosis. Epsins, a family of endocytic adaptors, fuel the progression of atherosclerosis; however, the underlying mechanism and therapeutic potential of targeting Epsins remains unknown. In this study, we determined the role of Epsins in macrophage-mediated metabolic regulation. We then developed an innovative method to therapeutically target macrophage Epsins with specially designed S2P-conjugated lipid nanoparticles, which encapsulate small-interfering RNAs to suppress Epsins. Methods: We used single-cell RNA sequencing with our newly developed algorithm MEBOCOST (Metabolite-mediated Cell Communication Modeling by Single Cell Transcriptome) to study cell-cell communications mediated by metabolites from sender cells and sensor proteins on receiver cells. Biomedical, cellular, and molecular approaches were utilized to investigate the role of macrophage Epsins in regulating lipid metabolism and transport. We performed this study using myeloid-specific Epsin double knockout (LysM-DKO) mice and mice with a genetic reduction of ABCG1 (ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 1; LysM-DKO-ABCG1 fl/+ ). The nanoparticles targeting lesional macrophages were developed to encapsulate interfering RNAs to treat atherosclerosis. Results: We revealed that Epsins regulate lipid metabolism and transport in atherosclerotic macrophages. Inhibiting Epsins by nanotherapy halts inflammation and accelerates atheroma resolution. Harnessing lesional macrophage-specific nanoparticle delivery of Epsin small-interfering RNAs, we showed that silencing of macrophage Epsins diminished atherosclerotic plaque size and promoted plaque regression. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that Epsins bound to CD36 to facilitate lipid uptake by enhancing CD36 endocytosis and recycling. Conversely, Epsins promoted ABCG1 degradation via lysosomes and hampered ABCG1-mediated cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport. In a LysM-DKO-ABCG1 fl/+ mouse model, enhanced cholesterol efflux and reverse transport due to Epsin deficiency was suppressed by the reduction of ABCG1. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that targeting Epsins in lesional macrophages may offer therapeutic benefits for advanced atherosclerosis by reducing CD36-mediated lipid uptake and increasing ABCG1-mediated cholesterol efflux.

We developed MEBOCOST, an algorithm for quantitatively inferring metabolite-mediated intercellular communications using single-cell RNA-seq data. The algorithm identifies cell-cell communications in which metabolites, such as lipids, are secreted by sender cells and traveled to interact with sensor proteins of receiver cells. The sensors on the receiver cell include the cell surface receptors, transporters across the cell membrane, or nuclear receptors. MEBOCOST relies on a comprehensive database of metabolite-sensor partners, which we manually curated from the literature and other public sources. MEBOCOST defines sender and receiver cells for an extracellular metabolite based on the expression levels of the enzymes and sensors, respectively, thus identifies metabolite-sensor communications between the cells. Applying MEBOCOST to mouse brown adipose tissue (BAT) successfully recaptured known metabolite-mediated cell communications and further identified new communications. Additionally, MEBOCOST identified a set of intercellular metabolite-sensor communications regulated by cold exposure in mouse BAT. MEBOCOST will be useful to researchers for investigation of metabolite-mediated cell-cell communications in many biological and disease models. The MEBOCOST software is freely available at https://github.com/zhengrongbin/MEBOCOST.

Molecular mechanisms of virus-related diseases involve multiple factors, including viral mutation accumulation and integration of a viral genome into the host DNA. With increasing attention being paid to virus-mediated pathogenesis and the development of many useful technologies to identify virus mutations (VMs) and viral integration sites (VISs), much research on these topics is available in PubMed. However, knowledge of VMs and VISs is widely scattered in numerous published papers which lack standardization, integration and curation. To address these challenges, we built a pilot database of human disease-related Virus Mutations, Integration sites and Cis-effects (ViMIC), which specializes in three features: virus mutation sites, viral integration sites and target genes. In total, the ViMIC provides information on 31 712 VMs entries, 105 624 VISs, 16 310 viral target genes and 1 110 015 virus sequences of eight viruses in 77 human diseases obtained from the public domain. Furthermore, in ViMIC users are allowed to explore the cis-effects of virus-host interactions by surveying 78 histone modifications, binding of 1358 transcription regulators and chromatin accessibility on these VISs. We believe ViMIC will become a valuable resource for the virus research community. The database is available at http://bmtongji.cn/ViMIC/index.php.

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is responsible for regulating body temperature through adaptive thermogenesis. The ability of thermogenic adipocytes to dissipate chemical energy as heat counteracts weight gain and has gained considerable attention as a strategy against obesity. BAT undergoes major remodeling in a cold environment. This remodeling results from changes in the number and function of brown adipocytes, expanding the network of blood vessels and sympathetic nerves, and changes in the makeup and function of immune cells. All these processes are essential for enhanced BAT thermogenesis to maintain euthermia in the cold. Such synergistic adaptation requires extensive crosstalk between the individual cells in tissues to coordinate their responses. To understand the mechanisms of intercellular communication in BAT, we applied the CellChat algorithm to single-cell transcriptomic data of mouse BAT. We constructed an integrative network of ligand-receptor interactome in BAT and identified the major signaling input and output of each cell type. By comparing the ligand-receptor interactions in BAT of mice housed at different environmental temperatures, we found that cold exposure enhances the intercellular interactions among the major cell types in BAT, including adipocytes, adipocyte progenitors, lymphatic and vascular endothelial cells, myelinated Schwann cells (MSC), nonmyelinated Schwann cells (NMSC), and immune cells. Furthermore, we identified the ligands and receptors that are regulated at the transcriptional level by temperature. These interactions are predicted to regulate the remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM), inflammatory response, angiogenesis, and neurite growth. Together, our integrative analysis of intercellular communications in BAT and their dynamic regulation in response to housing temperatures establishes a holistic understanding of the mechanisms involved in BAT thermogenesis. The resources presented in this study provide a valuable platform for future investigations of BAT development and thermogenesis.

Endocrine therapies targeting the estrogen receptor (ER) are the major treatments of ER+ breast cancer, however acquired resistance to endocrine therapy is almost unavoidable and is the main cause of death with breast cancer. The only FDA-approved selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD) fulvestrant has been used in the second line treatment to overcome aromatase inhibitor- or tamoxifen-resistance. However, fulvestrant has poor pharmacokinetic properties, which has inspired the development of a new generation of oral SERDs including amcenestrant and giredestrant. To understand the mechanisms of acquired resistance to SERDs in ER+ breast cancer, we established ER+ breast cancer cell lines (MCF7 and T47D) resistant to fulvestrant, amcenestrant or giredestrant. We found that all of our MCF7 and T47D SERD-resistant cell lines showed cross-resistance to each of the three SERDs. We then performed multiple genome-wide profiling assays including CRISPR-KO screen, whole exome sequencing (WES), RNA-seq, ATAC-seq and H3K27ac ChIP-seq on the parental and SERD resistant cell lines. Our findings from the CRISPR-KO screens suggest that ETS transcription factor ELF3 is a potential driver of resistance to SERDs. ELF3 expression is negatively regulated by estrogen signaling. Cells that developed acquired resistance to different SERDs consistently show depletion of ER expression but also a dramatic increase of ELF3 expression, while knockdown of ELF3 in the resistant cells leads to cell growth inhibition, suggesting that ELF3 can drive cell survival in the SERD resistant cells. When comparing the open chromatin regions and active enhancer regions between SERD resistant and parental cells via ATAC-seq and H3K27ac ChIP-seq respectively, ELF3 DNA binding motif was found significantly enriched in SERD resistant cells versus parental cells further indicating that ELF3 may play an important role in the SERD resistant cells. ELF3 ChIP-seq was also performed to identify genes enriched with ELF3 binding sites in SERD resistant and parental cells. Pathway analysis of ELF3-targeted genes reveals that ELF3 may regulate cell metabolism specifically in SERD resistant cells but not in parental cells. Our study suggests that ELF3 may be a novel driver of acquired resistance to SERDs in ER+ breast cancer. Citation Format: Na Zhang, Rongbin Zheng, Myles Brown. The role of ELF3 in acquired resistance to endocrine therapy in ER-positive breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 3894.

Obesity accounts for a substantial and growing burden of global disease, leading to high morbidity and mortality in type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) dissipates energy as heat and has been proposed as a therapeutic target to combat obesity. The unique thermogenic capacity of BAT is primarily conferred by uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) , which dissipates energy by uncoupling the proton motive force from ATP generation. To identify novel transcriptional regulators of Ucp1, we performed an unbiased CRISPR/Cas9-based chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (enChIP) and identified H2A.Z as a novel trans-acting factor recruited to the promoter and enhancer of Ucp1 by β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) stimulation. H2A.Z is an essential and evolutionary conserved histone variant of the canonical histone H2A. Knockdown of H2A.Z in brown adipocytes led to lower β3-AR-induced Ucp1 level and impeded the expression of other known thermogenic genes (e.g., Cidea, Pgc1a) , leading to impaired cellular thermogenesis. Mechanistically, by profiling the genome-wide distribution of H2A.Z via ChIP-seq, we observed H2A.Z was enriched at promoter and enhancer of Ucp1 upon β3-AR stimulation, which is consistent with the enChIP result. Intriguingly, we found that the average occupancy of H2A.Z in the promoter and enhancer regions of other β3-AR-upregulated genes (e.g., Zfp516, Vdr, Pck1, Gys2) was also higher than that in non-stimulated condition, indicating a global regulatory role of H2A.Z in the thermogenic program in response to β3-AR stimulation. Additionally, in the enhancer regions of β3-AR-induced genes, we also detected an increased level of H2A.Z acetylation, which is a mark of active chromatin and confers an open chromatin conformation. Taken together, these findings reveal the essential role of H2A.Z-mediated chromatin organization in BAT thermogenic function. Disclosure Y.Zhang: None. R.Zheng: None. C.Wang: None. J.Darcy: None. K.Chen: None. Y.Tseng: Consultant; Cellarity. Funding National Institutes of Health (R01DK102898)

Cancer immunotherapy targeting co-inhibitory pathways by checkpoint blockade shows remarkable efficacy in a variety of cancer types. However, only a minority of patients respond to treatment due to the stochastic heterogeneity of tumor microenvironment (TME). Recent advances in single-cell RNA-seq technologies enabled comprehensive characterization of the immune system heterogeneity in tumors, but also posed computational challenges on how to integrate and utilize the massive published datasets to inform immunotherapy. Here, we present Tumor Immune Single Cell Hub (TISCH, http://tisch.comp-genomics.org), a large-scale curated database that integrates single-cell transcriptomic profiles of nearly two million cells from 76 high-quality tumor datasets across 28 cancer types. All the data were uniformly processed with a standardized workflow, including quality control, batch effect removal, malignant cell classification, cell clustering, cell-type annotation, differential expression analysis, and functional enrichment analysis. TISCH provides interactive gene expression visualization across multiple datasets at the single-cell level or cluster level, allowing systematic comparison between different cell-types, patients, tissue origins, treatment and response groups, and even different cancer-types. In summary, TISCH provides a user-friendly interface for systematically visualizing, searching, and downloading gene expression atlas in the TME from multiple cancer types, enabling fast, flexible and comprehensive exploration of the TME.

The Cistrome Data Browser (DB) at the website (cistrome.org/db) provides about 56,000 published human and mouse ChIP-seq, DNase-seq, and ATAC-seq chromatin profiles, which we have processed using uniform analysis and quality control pipelines. The Cistrome DB Toolkit at the website (dbtoolkit.cistrome.org) was developed to allow users to investigate fundamental questions using this data collection. In this tutorial, we describe how to use the Cistrome DB to search for publicly available chromatin profiles, to assess sample quality, to access peak results, to visualize signal intensities, to explore DNA sequence motifs, and to identify putative target genes. We also describe the use of the Toolkit module to seek the factors most likely to regulate a gene of interest, the factors that bind to a given genomic interval (enhancer, SNP, etc.), and samples that have significant peak overlaps with user-defined peak sets. This tutorial guides biomedical researchers in the use of Cistrome DB resources to rapidly obtain valuable insights into gene regulatory questions

Molecular mechanisms of virus-related diseases involve multiple factors, including viral mutation accumulation and integration of a viral genome into the host DNA. With increasing attention being paid to virus-mediated pathogenesis and the development of many useful technologies to identify virus mutations (VMs) and viral integration sites (VISs), abundant literatures on these topics are available in PubMed. However, knowledge of VMs and VISs is widely scattered in numerous published papers, and the association of VMs with VISs in the viral genome or the functional annotation of VISs still lacks integration and curation. To address these challenges, we built a database of human disease-related Virus Mutations, Integration sites and Cis-effects (ViMIC), which specialize in three features: virus mutation sites, viral integration sites and target genes. In total, the ViMIC provides information on 6,461 VMs, 79,089 VISs, and 15,056 viral target genes of 8 viruses in 65 human diseases obtained from literatures. Furthermore, in ViMIC, users are allowed to explore the cis-effects of virus-host interactions by surveying 78 histone modifications, binding of 1,358 transcription regulators, and chromatin accessibility on these VISs. We believe ViMIC will become a valuable resource for the virus research community. The database is available at http://bmtongji.cn/ViMIC/index.php.

Characterization of the genomic distances over which transcription factor (TF) binding influences gene expression is important for inferring target genes from TF chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-seq) data. Here we systematically examine the relationship between thousands of TF and histone modification ChIP-seq data sets with thousands of gene expression profiles. We develop a model for integrating these data, which reveals two classes of TFs with distinct ranges of regulatory influence, chromatin-binding preferences, and auto-regulatory properties. We find that the regulatory range of the same TF bound within different topologically associating domains (TADs) depend on intrinsic TAD properties such as local gene density and G/C content, but also on the TAD chromatin states. Our results suggest that considering TF type, binding distance to gene locus, as well as chromatin context is important in identifying implicated TFs from GWAS SNPs., Characterization of the distance over which TF binding influences gene expression is important for inferring target genes. Here the authors study this relationship using thousands of genomic data sets, finding two classes of TFs with distinct ranges of regulatory influence modulated by chromatin states of topologically associated domains.

Colitis is associated with the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) by largely undefined mechanisms that are critical for understanding the link between inflammation and cancer. Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) marked by leucine-rich repeat–containing G protein–coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) expression are of importance in both the inflammatory response to colitis and progression to colitis-associated colon cancer (CACC). Here, we report in human mucin 1–transgenic (MUC1-transgenic) mouse models of CACC, targeting the MUC1-C oncogenic protein suppresses the (a) Lgr5(+) ISC population, (b) induction of Myc and core pluripotency stem cell factors, and (c) severity and progression of colitis to dysplasia and cancer. By extension to human colon cancer cells, we demonstrate that MUC1-C drives MYC, forms a complex with MYC on the LGR5 promoter, and activates LGR5 expression. We also show in CRC cells that MUC1-C induces cancer stem cell (CSC) markers (BMI1, ALDH1, FOXA1, LIN28B) and the OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG pluripotency factors. Consistent with conferring the CSC state, targeting MUC1-C suppresses the capacity of CRC cells to promote wound healing, invasion, self-renewal, and tumorigenicity. In analysis of human tissues, MUC1 expression associates with activation of inflammatory pathways, development of colitis, and aggressiveness of CRCs. These results collectively indicate that MUC1-C is of importance for integrating stemness and pluripotency in colitis and CRC. Of clinical relevance, the findings further indicate that MUC1-C represents a potentially previously unrecognized target that is druggable for treating progression of colitis and CRC.

Additional file 1. Figure S1-S6.

The Cistrome Data Browser (DB) is a resource of human and mouse cis-regulatory information derived from ChIP-seq, DNase-seq and ATAC-seq chromatin profiling assays, which map the genome-wide locations of transcription factor binding sites, histone post-translational modifications and regions of chromatin accessible to endonuclease activity. Currently, the Cistrome DB contains approximately 47,000 human and mouse samples with about 24,000 newly collected datasets compared to the previous release two years ago. Furthermore, the Cistrome DB has a new Toolkit module with several features that allow users to better utilize the large-scale ChIP-seq, DNase-seq, and ATAC-seq data. First, users can query the factors which are likely to regulate a specific gene of interest. Second, the Cistrome DB Toolkit facilitates searches for factor binding, histone modifications, and chromatin accessibility in any given genomic interval shorter than 2Mb. Third, the Toolkit can determine the most similar ChIP-seq, DNase-seq, and ATAC-seq samples in terms of genomic interval overlaps with user-provided genomic interval sets. The Cistrome DB is a user-friendly, up-to-date, and well maintained resource, and the new tools will greatly benefit the biomedical research community. The database is freely available at http://cistrome.org/db, and the Toolkit is at http://dbtoolkit.cistrome.org.

We develop Lisa (epigenetic Landscape In silico Sequence Analysis) to predict transcriptional regulators (TRs) of differentially expressed or co-expressed gene sets. Based on input gene sets, Lisa first uses histone mark ChIP-seq and chromatin accessibility profiles to construct a chromatin model related to the regulation of these genes. Using TR ChIP-seq peaks or imputed TR binding sites, Lisa probes the chromatin models using in silico deletion to find the most relevant TRs. Applied to gene sets derived from targeted TF perturbation experiments, Lisa boosts the performance of imputed TR cistromes, and outperforms alternative methods in identifying the perturbed TRs., This work was supported by grants from the NIH (U24 HG009446 to XLS, U24 CA237617 to XSL and CAM), National Natural Science Foundation of China (31801110 to S.M.) and the Shanghai Sailing Program (18YF1402500 to QQ).

We developed Lisa (http://lisa.cistrome.org) to predict the transcriptional regulators (TRs) of differentially expressed or co-expressed gene sets. Based on the input gene sets, Lisa first uses compendia of public histone mark ChIP-seq and chromatin accessibility profiles to construct a chromatin model related to the regulation of these genes. Then using TR ChIP-seq peaks or imputed TR binding sites, Lisa probes the chromatin models using in silico deletion to find the most relevant TRs. Applied to gene sets derived from targeted TF perturbation experiments, Lisa boosted the performance of imputed TR cistromes, and outperformed alternative methods in identifying the perturbed TRs.

To characterize the genomic distances over which transcription factors (TFs) influence gene expression, we examined thousands of TF and histone modification ChIP-seq datasets and thousands of gene expression profiles. A model integrating these data revealed two classes of TF: one with short-range regulatory influence, the other with long-range regulatory influence. The two TF classes also had distinct chromatin-binding preferences and auto-regulatory properties. The regulatory range of a single TF bound within different topologically associating domains (TADs) depended on intrinsic TAD properties such as local gene density and G/C content, but also on the TAD chromatin state in specific cell types. Our results provide evidence that most TFs belong to one of these two functional classes, and that the regulatory range of long-range TFs is chromatin-state dependent. Thus, consideration of TF type, distance-to-target, and chromatin context is likely important in identifying TF regulatory targets and interpreting GWAS and eQTL SNPs.

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer is common, characterized by high mortality, and includes oesophagus, gastric, liver, bile duct, pancreas, rectal and colon cancers. The insufficient specificity and sensitivity of biomarkers is still a key clinical hindrance for GI cancer diagnosis and successful treatment. The emergence of `precision medicine’, `basket trial’ and `field cancerization’ concepts calls for an urgent need and importance for the understanding of how organ system cancers occur at the molecular levels. Knowledge from both the literature and data available in public databases is informative in elucidating the molecular alterations underlying GI cancer. Currently, most available cancer databases have not offered a comprehensive discovery of gene-disease associations, molecular alterations and clinical information by integrated text mining and data mining in GI cancer. We develop GIDB, a panoptic knowledge database that attempts to automate the curation of molecular signatures using natural language processing approaches and multidimensional analyses. GIDB covers information on 8730 genes with both literature and data supporting evidence, 248 miRNAs, 58 lncRNAs, 320 copy number variations, 49 fusion genes and 2381 semantic networks. It presents a comprehensive database, not only in parallelizing supporting evidence and data integration for signatures associated with GI cancer but also in providing the timeline feature of major molecular discoveries. It highlights the most comprehensive overview, research hotspots and the development of historical knowledge of genes in GI cancer. Furthermore, GIDB characterizes genomic abnormalities in multilevel analysis, including simple somatic mutations, gene expression, DNA methylation and prognosis. GIDB offers a user-friendly interface and two customizable online tools (Heatmap and Network) for experimental researchers and clinicians to explore data and help them shorten the learning curve and broaden the scope of knowledge. More importantly, GIDB is an ongoing research project that will continue to be updated and improve the automated method for reducing manual work.

Recent observations have indicated that polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can reduce the number of antral follicles and increase follicular atresia. However, the effect of PCBs on follicles at each developmental stage and its underlying mechanism remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of PCB commercial mixtures (Aroclor 1254) on follicles at four developmental stages and apoptosis of mouse granulosa cells in vivo. Aroclor 1254 was administered to ICR female mice by intraperitoneal injection at the dose of 4, 20 and 100 mg kg−1 b.w. once every 3 days for five times. The number of follicles, the percentage of apoptosis and the ultrastructure of granulosa cells were determined. The results showed that Aroclor 1254 reduced the number of primordial and antral follicles in a dose-dependent manner and increased the apoptosis of granulosa cells in the mice treated with 20 mg kg−1 and 100 mg kg−1 Aroclor 1254. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that mitochondrial dysfunction occurred in the granulosa cells of mice treated with 100 mg kg−1 Aroclor 1254. Finally, treatment of mice with Aroclor 1254 significantly reduced the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA and increased the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 mRNA in granulosa cells. Based on these results, we concluded that exposure to Aroclor 1254 impaired the development of follicle (primordial follicle excluded), possibly via the induction of apoptosis mainly in granulosa cells. These findings suggest that PCB pollutants may cause premature ovarian failure and infertility of humans.

Cancer results from a breakdown of normal gene expression control, so the study of gene regulation is critical to cancer research. To gain insight into the transcriptional and epigenetic factors regulating abnormal gene expression patterns in cancers, we developed the Cistrome Cancer web resource (http://cistrome.org/CistromeCancer/). We conducted the systematic integration and modeling of over 10,000 tumor molecular profiles from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) with over 23,000 ChIP-seq and chromatin accessibility profiles from our Cistrome collection. The results include reconstruction of functional enhancer profiles, “super-enhancer” target genes, as well as predictions of active transcription factors and their target genes for each TCGA cancer type. Cistrome Cancer reveals novel insights from integrative analyses combining chromatin profiles with tumor molecular profiles and will be a useful resource to the cancer gene regulation community. Cancer Res; 77(21); e19–22. ©2017 AACR.

Chromatin immunoprecipitation, DNase I hypersensitivity and transposase-accessibility assays combined with high-throughput sequencing enable the genome-wide study of chromatin dynamics, transcription factor binding and gene regulation. Although rapidly accumulating publicly available ChIP-seq, DNase-seq and ATAC-seq data are a valuable resource for the systematic investigation of gene regulation processes, a lack of standardized curation, quality control and analysis procedures have hindered extensive reuse of these data. To overcome this challenge, we built the Cistrome database, a collection of ChIP-seq and chromatin accessibility data (DNase-seq and ATAC-seq) published before January 1, 2016, including 13 366 human and 9953 mouse samples. All the data have been carefully curated and processed with a streamlined analysis pipeline and evaluated with comprehensive quality control metrics. We have also created a user-friendly web server for data query, exploration and visualization. The resulting Cistrome DB (Cistrome Data Browser), available online at http://cistrome.org/db, is expected to become a valuable resource for transcriptional and epigenetic regulation studies.

Acrylamide (ACR) is a chemical compound with severe neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity. Recent studies showed that ACR impairs the function of reproductive organs, e.g., epididymis and testes. In vitro maturation of mouse oocyte is a sensitive assay to identify potential chemical hazard to female fertility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the adverse effects of ACR on the nuclear maturation and cumulus cells apoptosis of mouse oocytes in vitro. Cumulus–oocyte complexes were incubated in a maturation medium containing 0, 5, 10 and 20 μM of ACR. Chromosome alignment and spindle morphology of oocytes was determined by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Our results showed that oocytes exposed to different doses of ACR in vitro were associated with a significant decrease of oocyte maturation, significant increase of chromosome misalignment rate, occurrence of abnormal spindle configurations, and the inhibition of oocyte parthenogenetic activation. Furthermore, apoptosis of cumulus cells was determined by TUNEL and CASPASE-3 assay. Results showed that apoptosis in cumulus cells was enhanced and the expression of CASPASE-3 was increased after cumulus–oocyte complexes were exposed to ACR. Therefore, ACR may affect the nuclear maturation of oocytes via the apoptosis of cumulus cells in vitro.

Additional file 6: Review history.

Additional file 6: Review history.