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[EN] This work relates the various phenomena that act in the earth’s crust and the geological materials with ways of projecting architecture. To carry out this reflection, the work has been divided into two essays. The first one, theoretical, exposes the relations which exist between geology and architecture. It describes, on one hand, the importance of knowing the mechanical behavior of materials; on the other hand, it refers to the relationship of architecture with its environment and in particular the benefits that can be gained from it; in a final section, the types of geological processes which have had influence in the architecture are presented. The second essay of the paper applies the theories previously announced with the description of some selected projects. Due to its close relationship with the matter and energy of the Earth, the work by architect Fernando Menis has been chosen to perform the analysis. The description is divided into four different projects: Hatching, El Guincho pool, Santísimo Redentor church and Insular Athletics Centre in Tenerife, chosen as representative of each geological phenomenon considered. Finally, one last case study, the MAGMA Congress building is analyzed as a comprehensive example where all the above phenomena are exposed., [ES] El presente trabajo analiza la influencia de los fenómenos y materiales geológicos en las formas de proyectar la arquitectura a través de un análisis de la obra del arquitecto Fernando Menis. Con este objeto el artículo se estructura en dos partes. En la primera se pretende relacionar los distintos fenómenos que actúan en la corteza terrestre con formas de proyectar arquitectura, a través de tres campos: los materiales y la importancia de conocer su comportamiento mecánico; la relación de la arquitectura con su entorno, en particular a los beneficios que pueden obtenerse de él; y los fenómenos geológicos que han tenido influencia en la arquitectura. En la segunda parte se analiza la obra del arquitecto Fernando Menis con el estudio de cuatro proyectos distintos: Hatching, piscina de El Guincho, Iglesia del Santísimo Redentor y Estadio Insular de Atletismo de Tenerife, escogidos por representar cada uno un fenómeno geológico considerado. Finalmente se analiza el edificio MAGMA Arte & Congresos como un ejemplo representativo de la integración de los distintos fenómenos analizados.

[EN] The Bay of Biscay-Pyrenean rift system is a world-class example of an inverted hyperextended rift. However, tectonic questions such as the linkage of the extensional system, the magnitude of crustal extension, the interpretation of the syn-rift sequences and the amount of shortening during tectonic inversion remain controversial. This paper presents a sequentially restored crustal-scale transect across a key sector of the central Basque-Cantabrian Basin, which allows the prevailing tectonic models to be evaluated. Two separated phases of rifting during Permo-Triassic and late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous times led to breakup. In the second phase, a southerly-dipping extensional detachment accommodated at least 28 km of horizontal extension while separating the Iberian and European plates, and exhuming mantle rocks in the footwall. The locus of volcanism migrated to the north, peaking during the hyperextension and post-rift stages. Mantle sources were influenced by deep OIB-type components most likely triggered by the ascending asthenospheric mantle. Therefore, gravitational forces linked to asthenospheric doming are interpreted as the primary driving mechanism during the peak strain rate. Evacuation of Upper Triassic salt during the syn-rift and post-rift stages determined the development of a salt-floored ramp-syncline basin next to the lower detachment ramp, and the sinking of minibasins in other areas. About 41 km of Cenozoic shortening (21%) were resolved by underthrusting of the crust beneath the shallow lithospheric mantle, leading to the formation of thrusts with opposite vergences at the distal basin boundaries, and by the reactivation of the extensional detachment as a thrust fault. The buttress of the overburden over the salt in the hyperextended domain created outstanding examples of squeezed diapirs, chevron folds and thrust splays. Our results have implications for a better understanding of the connection between the Atlantic Ocean and the Western Tet

[EN] Critical gravity and magnetic data suggest the presence of a continuous zigzag exhumed mantle body inside the attenuated crust of the north Iberia continental margin. We propose that this body greatly conditioned the structural domains of the Cantabrian-Pyrenean fold-and-thrust belt during their evolution from hyperextension in Early Cretaceous times to shortening and inversion during the Cenozoic. This may be seen as a new line for cross-section construction and balancing, because previous cross-sections do not incorporate comparable volumes of exhumed mantle. Five structural cross-sections, constrained by the results of 3D gravity inversion, feed our discussion of the complexities of the doubly vergent Pyrenean orogen in view of the inversion of a precursor hyperextended rifted margin. In all sections, crustal rocks underthrust the lithospheric mantle in the hyperextended region, supporting that the near-surface exhumed mantle lithosphere acts as a more rigid buttress, allowing weaker continental material to be expelled outwards and upwards by thrusting during the Alpine collision; thus giving rise to two uplifted crustal triangular zones at the boundaries with the exhumed mantle. Contractional slip is localized in lithospheric-scale thrusts, which in turn reactivate parts of the exten-sional system. The NE-SW transfer zones that offset the rift therefore behave as compartmental faults during the orogenic phase. The amount of shortening increases from 34 km in the Cantabrian Cordillera, where the Bas-que-Cantabrian Basin partially preserves its original extensional geometry, to 135 km in the nappe stack of the central Pyrenees.

[EN] The GI-CARTO research group is articulated around geological mapping as a research methodology developed in many projects. The activities of the team can be distributed in various working lines: 1.-Research activities devoted to the solving of specific geological problems 2.-Systematic geological mapping 3.-Implementation of a new geological information model 4.-Edition and preparation of new geological maps 5.-International activitie

[ES]El yacimiento de plata de Hualgayoc fue el último gran descubrimiento minero del periodo colonial español en América. Su descubrimiento en 1771 desencadenó una extraordinaria fiebre minera. La administración del virreinato ordenó registrar y estudiar el yacimiento. Se realizaron informes que, ocasionalmente, se acompañaron de material cartográfico. En este trabajo se estudian los distintos planos y diagramas que se realizaron y que se conservan en la actualidad. Se hace especial hincapié en las distintas soluciones gráficas que adoptaron los autores para representar las zonas mineralizadas. Así, Iturralde en 1774, levantó unos serie de diagramas que, en conjunto, forman una panorámica de 360° del cerro de Hualgayoc; el obispo Martínez Compañón en su “Trujillo de Perú“ (1784) incluye estampas del yacimiento; Lecuanda y Thiebaut, sitúan en un lugar preferente del cuadro del Reino de Perú (1794) la representación del cerro y finalmente, se analizan dos planos realizados en 1800 sobre las labores mineras uno realizado por Espinach y otro por Matarranz y Burgos.

A taxonomic study of the larger foraminifera found in Paleocene rocks from the Pyrenean basin has led to the description of sixty taxa including two new species: Alveolina korresensis and Valvulineria bacetai. In this work, we present a chronostratigraphic recalibration of the Paleocene Shallow Benthic Zones (SBZ 1 to SBZ 4) based on correlation with calcareous nannofossil and planktic foraminifera biozones, all integrated within the stratigraphic framework of Paleocene platform to basin depositional sequences established for the whole Pyrenean domain. The samples were collected in autochtonous and parautochtonous deposits from ten key shallow platform stratigraphic sections, representative from coastal to platform margin depositional settings. The results from two base of slope sections with numerous intercalations of calcareous turbidites with penecontemporaneous platform-derived biota have been integrated in the study. The regional chronostratigraphic framework is derived from magneto-biochronological studies carried out in the Zumaia section, global reference section for the Danian-Selandian and Selandian-Thanertian GSSPs. The new calibration of the Paleocene SBZs is summarized as follows. The SBZ 1 is constrained to the first 1.09 m.y. of the Paleocene; this first Paleogene biozone lacks distinct larger foraminifera biomarkers and thus is defined by an association of non-exclusive taxa composed of Valvulineria patalaensis, Stomatorbina? binkhorsti, P.? antiqua and Bangiana hanseni. The SBZ 2 now appears as the biozone encompassing most of the Danian stage (from ca. 64.91 m.y. to 61.6 m.y.), and is characterized by the association of Haymanella elongata, Haymanella paleocenica, Kayseriella decastroi, Rotospirella conica, Pyrenerotalia depressa, Elazigina dienii and Paralockhartia eos. The SBZ 2-SBZ 3 boundary coincides with the base of the Selandian stage (ca. 61.6 m.y.). The SBZ 3 biozone is defined by Glomalveolina primaeva, Periloculina slovenica, Vania anato

En el Parque Nacional de Ordesa y Monte Perdido se pueden observar las rocas depositadas en el fondo del mar durante más de 50 millones de años y los procesos tectónicos que las apilaron y levantaron, hasta formar los imponentes relieves actuales, como consecuencia de la colisión de las placas ibérica y europea durante la Orogenia Alpina. También se observan espectaculares valles glaciares como Ordesa o Pineta, testigos de los importantes episodios de esta naturaleza desarrollados en los Pirineos hace 65.000 años. En esta guía se explican cómo se formaron las rocas que constituyen el parque nacional , que fuerzas tectónicas han levantado estas montañas y que procesos gelógicos las han ido modelando a través del tiempo. En esta guía se incluyen once itinerarios geológicos, donde se describen, de forma comprensible, las unidades geológicas y los proceso geológicos que han conformado un paisaje espectacular. Por último la guía incluye un apéndice con la bibliografía más relevante y un glosario con los términos geológicos empleados en el texto. La guía va acompañada de un Mapa Geológico en el que se representan las diferentes unidades geológicas con significado en la evolución geológica del territorio.

En el presente trabajo se llevará a cabo un estudio de la evolución estratigráfica y estructural durante la deformación pirenaica en el sinclinal de Villarcayo, Burgos. El sinclinal de Villarcayo se enmarca en la zona sur de la cuenca Vasco-Cantábrica, sobre la cual han sido publicados numerosos trabajos en los distintos ámbitos de la geología. Sin embargo, y puesto que muchos de los estudios publicados sobre el sinclinal de Villarcayo no integran todos los datos disponibles (sísmicos, sedimentológicos, estratigráficos y estructurales) el siguiente trabajo tendrá entre sus objetivos la integración de todos estos aspectos para el tramo del Eoceno continental, con el fin de desarrollar un modelo tecto-sedimentario. El desarrollo del trabajo se basa principalmente en el análisis integral de datos de subsuelo, en los que se han realizado una interpretación de la sísmica, la preparación y análisis litológico del sondeo Trespaderne-1 con la ayuda del sotfware GOCAD, la elaboración de un modelo de velocidades y la expedición de una campaña de campo para la comparación entre los diferentes datos de gabinete y los obtenidos en los afloramientos. De esta manera, y tras el análisis de los datos anteriormente nombrados, se ha delimitado una unidad del Eoceno continental que no se observaba en los afloramientos de superficie, y que aporta un cambio en el marco estructural del sinclinal. Las discontinuidades identificadas en el campo y en las ortofotografías han supuesto una modificación en la cartografía de trabajos previos, estableciendo así, una truncación de los materiales Eocenos de las Formaciones de Salazar y Villanueva mucho más progresiva. Realizándose, además, la interpretación sedimentológica de la secuencia de progradación aluvial y expansión lacustre que representan las facies de las Formaciones de Salazar y Villanueva de la Blanca. Finalmente, se han modelizado tres superficies que marcan las fases de deformación durante el Eoceno y sobre las cuales se representan l

We thank Pedreira et al. for their interest in our tectonic model. We face this reply as an opportunity to further clarify and update our approach, as well as to discuss the differences with other lithospheric scale models proposed for the North Iberian Margin. Pedreira et al. (2018) raise four major concerns about our paper: (i) gravity modeling procedure, (ii) interpretation of the high-density body inferred from the positive gravity anomalies, (iii) cross-section restoration, and (iv) geodynamic model. We do not concede that any of these main issues disprove our interpretation. Accordingly, we defend our model by addressing, in the same order as their comments, the questions raised by Pedreira et al. (2018).

Recent models support the view that the Pyrenees were formed after the inversion of a previously highly extended continental crust that included exhumed upper mantle rocks. Mantle rocks remain near to the surface after compression and mountain building, covered by the latest Cretaceous to Paleogene sequences. 3-D lithospheric-scale gravity inversion demands the presence of a high-density mantle body placed within the crust in order to justify the observed anomalies. Exhumed mantle, having ~50 km of maximum width, continuously extends beneath the Basque-Cantabrian Basin and along the northern side of the Pyrenees. The association of this body with rift, postrift, and inversion structural geometries is tested in a balanced cross section across the Basque-Cantabrian Basin that incorporates a major south-dipping ramp-flat-ramp extensional detachment active between Valanginian and early Cenomanian times. Results indicate that horizontal extension progressed ~48 km at variable strain rates that increased from 1 to ~4 mm/yr in middle Albian times. Low-strength Triassic Keuper evaporites and mudstones above the basement favor the decoupling of the cover with formation of minibasins, expulsion rollovers, and diapirs. The inversion of the extensional system is accommodated by doubly verging basement thrusts due to the reactivation of the former basin bounding faults in Eocene-Oligocene times. Total shortening is estimated in ~34 km and produced the partial subduction of the continental lithosphere beneath the two sides of the exhumed mantle. Obtained results help to pinpoint the original architecture of the North Iberian Margin and the evolution of the hyperextended aborted intracontinental basins. ©2017. American Geophysical Union

La Sierra de O Barbanza se sitúa entre la Ría de Arousa al sur y la de Muros-Noia al norte, en la costa Atlántica gallega. El curso alto del río Barbanza discurre por una superficie de poca pendiente, en un valle abierto a favor de fracturas de dirección NW-SE. El curso del río tiene un trazado sinuoso controlado por el patrón de fracturación, en el que se observan acumulaciones sedimentarias desarrolladas en los tramos caracterizados por cambios en la dirección del cauce. A lo largo del curso se han localizado yacimientos arqueológicos que cubren un amplio rango cronológico. Los túmulos y los petroglifos se sitúan preferentemente en partes altas y las estructuras de “chozas o cabañas” se emplazan en los sectores de acumulación aluvial, al pie de las laderas y relativamente alejadas del curso actual del río. La secuencia edafosedimentaria estudiada, situada en la superficie aluvial de mayor dimensión del tramo fluvial, está en un contexto arqueológico. Los resultados sugieren que el yacimiento se ha emplazado sobre una pequeña llanura aluvial, formada por sedimento arenoso con alto contenido en limos y arcillas, sobre la que se acumularon materiales procedentes de las laderas graníticas, ricos en gravas y macrocarbones. Los resultados permiten identificar una superficie aluvial, sobre la que se levantan estructuras arqueológicas, que son fosilizadas por material coluvial. Se han realizado dos dataciones radiocarbónicas en fragmentos de carbón. La más antigua, a 82 cm de profundidad, ubicada en la transición entre los niveles edafo-sedimentarios identificados como facies aluvial y la coluvial, es un fragmento de carbón de Quercus caducifolio, proporcionó una fecha cal BP de 8595-8455 (cal BC 6645-6505). La segunda, a 40 cm de profundidad, sobre un fragmento de carbón de Erica sp., aportó la edad cal BP de 1235-1205 (cal AD 715-745)., The O Barbanza mountain range is located between the Ria de Arousa to the south and the Ria de Muros-Noia to the north, on the Atlantic coast of Galicia. The upper reaches of the Barbanza river flow through a gently sloping area with an open valley following fractures in a NW-SE direction. The course of the river follows a winding path directed by the pattern of fracturing, in which sediment has accumulated in sections characterized by changes in the direction of the channel. Along the course of the river, archaeological sites have been located spanning a wide chronological range. Mounds and petroglyphs are preferably located in high places and structures of “huts” are located in areas with alluvial accumulation at the foot of the slopes, slightly away from the current course of the river. The pedo-sedimentary sequence studied, located in the largest alluvial plain of the stretch of river, is set in an archaeological context. The results suggest that the site is located on an alluvial plain formed by sandy sediments with a high content of silt and clay. Material originating from the granite slopes, and rich in gravels and macrocharcoals, fossilized on this alluvial plain. The results allow us to identify an alluvial surface on which archaeological structures were built, which have been fossilized by colluvial material. Radiocarbon dating was carried out on two charcoal fragments. The oldest, located at a depth of 82 cm, in the transition between the pedosedimentary levels identified as alluvial and colluvial facies, consists of a fragment of deciduous Quercus charcoal, with a date of 8595-8455 cal BP (6645-6505 cal BC). The second, at a depth of 40 cm, on a piece of Erica sp. charcoal, was dated at 1235 to 1205 cal BP (cal AD 715-745)