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For the first time, alumina functionally graded materials (FGMs) with additions of niobium oxide, lithium fluoride and zirconia were produced by spark plasma sintering (SPS) and their sintering behaviour and dynamic properties were studied aiming to evaluate possibility of their use as ballistic shielding. Six groups of alumina samples with different layer compositions were produced by SPS at 1400 °C/5min. The samples were characterized by dilatometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Hopkinson split bar method. The composition with the zirconia addition exhibited lower shrinkage rates at higher temperatures than the groups without zirconia, which promoted small sample shrinkage, resulting in lower density and higher porosity. The dynamic test showed that the alumina FGMs with layer containing LiF had the highest strain and strain rate values, exhibiting that the presence of continuous gradients in the composition positively affects the ceramic properties. Densification, layer change and cracks propagating through the material layers were also analysed by SEM analyses.

Cristina Monteiro,1 Catarina Canário,2,3 Manuel Ângelo Ribeiro,3 Ana Paula Duarte,1,2 Gilberto Alves1,2 1UFBI – Pharmacovigilance Unit of Beira Interior, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; 2CICS-UBI – Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; 3Associação de Socorros Mútuos-Mutualista Covilhanense, Covilhã, PortugalCorrespondence: Cristina MonteiroUFBI – Pharmacovigilance Unit of Beira Interior, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã 6200-506, PortugalTel +35 1275329070Email csjmonteiro79@gmail.comPurpose: The increase in drug prescription for the elderly raises the risk of the occurrence of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs), thus increasing the incidence of drug-related problems. Likewise, potential prescribing omissions (PPOs) are also highly prevalent in the elderly. This study aimed at assessing the prevalence of PIMs in the elderly by using the EU(7)-PIM list, STOPP criteria version 2 and the Beers criteria version 2015, as well as the prevalence of PPOs by applying the START criteria version 2 in elderly nursing home residents and outpatients of the Eastern Central Region of Portugal.Patients and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in a sample of 90 Portuguese elderly people. Age, gender, diagnoses and medication history were collected from the patients’ clinical records. The prevalence of PIMs and PPOs was measured according to each of the criteria applied.Results: The patients’ ages ranged from 65 to 103 years, with an average age of 84.15 years. In addition, the average number of medications prescribed was 7.6. The STOPP criteria identified 250 PIMs affecting 77 patients (85.5%), the EU(7)-PIM list detected 94 PIMs in 58 patients (64.4%) and the Beers criteria identified 69 PIMs in 51 patients (56.6%). Therefore, the STOPP criteria version 2 identified substantially more PIMs than the other two tools. Furthermore, by applying the START criteria 68 PPOs were detected in 52 patients (57.7%).Conclusion: A high prevalence of PIMs and PPOs was observed, suggesting the need to implement actions aimed at reducing the phenomenon and thus help to improve the quality of care provided in nursing homes. The variations in prevalence with the different tools suggest the need to carefully choose the tool for medication review in the elderly.Keywords: potentially inappropriate medications, potential prescribing omissions, EU(7)-PIM list, STOPP/START criteria version 2, Beers criteria version 2015, elderly

Climate change may be considered relevant for hydropower production schemes all over the world. Despite this, the assessment of the impact of climate change on hydropower is uncertain and must be interpreted with that in mind. The paper focuses on the Namakhvani HPP (400 MW), a new project under development in the Rioni River, in Georgia. Using it as an example, the paper emphasizes the critical role that is played by uncertainty in climate impact risk assessments and explores the interpretation of simulation results, providing ways in which they can be transformed in actionable information for decision-making.

The recent development of Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) in the skid, installed in the seabed downstream of the wellhead in an offshore oil production system, is an alternative to the conventional system with the set installed at the bottom of the producing well, facilitating interventions in case of failure. The pump is driven by an electric motor whose cooling must be efficient to ensure the continuity of its operation. The heat withdrawal is performed by the fluid produced. The purpose of this article is to understand the process of electric motor cooling to the single-phase and turbulent flow with convection heat transfer in an annular geometry, which represents the space formed between a capsule and the ESP in the Skid system motor. With this objective it is employed a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code to solve the governing equations of the turbulent heat transfer single-phase flow. The standard κ-ε model with improved wall function (Enhanced Wall Treatment) is used to closure turbulence problem. This study considered flow rates range of 2200–4200 m3/d (representing Reynolds numbers range of 27 000–133 000 approximately), Prandtl numbers 7–37, three configurations of different annular geometries, one concentric and two eccentric, together with the condition of the constant temperature on the motor surface (130 °C) and capsule (4 °C). The simulations are validated by comparing the Nusselt number in the developed region with the Gnielinski correlation. It is observed that if the constant heat flux condition were used, the motor temperature would have lower values at the beginning and larger at the end of the geometry. Therefore, the higher the Nusselt number, the greater the heat transfer, thus intensifying the cooling of the electric motor. In the eccentric geometry a momentum transfer from the lower to the upper annular region is observed, causing the Nusselt number present an angular variation. In eccentric geometries the flow develops in greater lengths, observing that the greater the eccentricity, the greater this length. Finally, for the ESP in the Skid system the use of an eccentric geometry is not adequate.

Avaliou-se a variação da produção e qualidade do leite, durante 11 meses do ano através do monitoramento de nove unidades produtoras de leite (UP), escolhidas aleatoriamente por pertencerem à bacia leiteira de Pelotas. Foram realizadas coletas mensais de leite e dos alimentos de cada UP. Foram avaliadas as características físico-químicas e contagem de células somáticas do leite, além da incidência de mastite e a produção média de leite das UP. As UP foram classificadas nos seguintes sistemas de produção: especializadas, semi-especializadas e não especializadas conforme critérios previamente estabelecidos. Na análise da variância, foram considerados os efeitos de sistemas de produção, meses do ano e a interação entre sistemas e meses do ano, segundo um delineamento completamente casualizado em arranjo fatorial. Foram observadas diferenças no leite produzido nos diversos meses do ano, quanto à produção de leite corrigida, proteína bruta, teor de caseína, teor de lactose, extrato seco total, extrato seco desengordurado e incidência de mastite, não sendo observadas, neste estudo, diferenças quanto às percentagens de gordura e nitrogênio não protéico do leite nem contagem de células somáticas. Nos meses de outono e inverno, ocorreram as menores produções de leite e menores teores dos componentes químicos, enquanto a ocorrência de mastite foi mais importante nos meses de primavera - verão.

Tendo em vista os diversos problemas associados ao assim chamado uso de risco de álcool, ele é considerado uma relevante questão de saúde pública. Uma das estratégias de prevenção secundária recomendadas é a utilização de instrumentos de rastreamento associados a intervenções breves em serviços de atenção primária à saúde. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o processo de implantação desta estratégia na rotina de atenção primária à saúde da cidade de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foi utilizada uma abordagem qualitativa, incluindo a aplicação de entrevistas semi-estruturadas a gestores e/ou profissionais da assistência do Sistema Municipal de Saúde, associadas à análise de conteúdo e observação participante. Os resultados indicam que há dificuldades para a implantação efetiva destas rotinas, tanto em relação aos gestores quanto aos profissionais envolvidos diretamente na sua execução. Quanto aos profissionais destacam-se a restrição da abordagem a dependentes de álcool e a falta de motivação dos profissionais para trabalhos preventivos. Quanto aos gestores, foram detectadas dificuldades práticas no processo de organização e gerenciamento, a despeito de um afirmado interesse no projeto.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as alterações nas propriedades morfológicas e físicas de um Argissolo Amarelo distrófico abrupto fragipânico sob cultivo contínuo de cana-de-açúcar. Três talhões foram selecionados, um coberto por vegetação de mata nativa e os outros dois cultivados com cana-de-açúcar, por períodos de dois e trinta anos. O cultivo da cana-de-açúcar alterou morfologicamente o horizonte superficial, desenvolvendo um horizonte Ap, e modificou a estrutura dos dois primeiros horizontes do perfil. As alterações morfológicas, entretanto, foram pouco expressivas em virtude dos baixos teores de argila destes horizontes. O manejo adotado causou diminuição da macroporosidade e, consequentemente, aumentou a água disponível. Por outro lado, o uso agrícola aumentou a microporosidade e reduziu significativamente a condutividade hidráulica dos horizontes superficiais. Não se observou variação significativa na densidade do solo, porosidade total, macroporosidade, ponto de murcha permanente ou no tamanho e distribuição dos agregados. Constatou-se desenvolvimento de compactação nos horizontes Ap e AB, em decorrência do cultivo da cana-de-açúcar, e a existência de adensamento (caráter coeso) no horizonte Bt de todos os perfis.

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar as características relativas às vitimizações sexuais intrafamiliares cometidas contra grupos etários categorizados segundo o critério de idade estabelecido pelo Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente,atendidos no Centro de Referência da Criança e do Adolescente e nos Conselhos Tutelares de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, no período de 1995 a 2000. Identificou-se 234 agressões cometidas por 217 agressores contra 210 famílias e 226 vítimas. Foram vitimizadas 131 crianças (48,7%) e 95 adolescentes (41,2%) com predomínio do sexo feminino. Crianças com idade entre dez anos e um mês e 12 anos incompletos foram as mais atingidas (19,5%) e nos adolescentes, entre 12 e 14 anos completos (17,3%). A maioria das vítimas reside com famílias que possuem três (19,9%) ou quatro filhos (17,7%), sendo os primogênitos os mais agredidos (33,6%). Agressores únicos vitimizaram em sua maioria apenas uma vítima (86,7%). Pais (34,2%) e padrastos (30,3%) foram os que mais agrediram, com os primeiros vitimizando mais crianças (19,7%) e os segundos, adolescentes (17,1%).

O experimento objetivou estimar as exigências de lisina total e a relação lisina: proteína em codornas, na fase de produção. Foram utilizadas 320 codornas, resultado do cruzamento entre a codorna japonesa e a européia de 60 a 144 dias de idade, com peso vivo médio de 178+12 g, alimentadas com rações contendo 20 e 23% de proteína bruta (PB) e, 0,80; 0,95; 1,10; 1,25 e 1,40% de lisina. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente ao acaso em esquema fatorial 2x5 (dois níveis de PB x cinco níveis de lisina), que resultou em dez tratamentos, cada um com quatro repetições de oito aves. As codornas foram submetidas a um programa de luz de 17 horas de duração e alimentadas à vontade. As variáveis estudadas foram obtidas em quatro períodos de 21 dias. Houve efeito quadrático dos níveis de lisina sobre a produção de ovos, sendo a exigência e o consumo, respectivamente, de 1,07% e 287 mg de lisina/dia com 20%PB e de 1,15% e 321 mg de lisina/dia com 23%PB. O nível de 23%PB aumentou o consumo de ração, produção, peso e massa de ovos e também melhorou a conversão alimentar por massa e dúzia de ovos. As relações lisina: PB não foram alteradas, sendo de 5,3 e 5,0%, respectivamente, com 20 e 23% de PB na ração. Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem aumento quantitativo da exigência de lisina de codornas na fase de produção, mas não da relação lisina: PB, à medida que a concentração de PB na ração é elevada.

This paper supplies a revision about the main techniques of extraction, clean-up and pre-concentration of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in water and soil samples, as well as chromatographic methods and immune assays for its identification and quantification.

There is great interest in the investigation of heterodimers formed by metalloporphyrins and metallophthalocyanines grafted with oppositely charged substituents, since these systems are models of the photosynthetic special pair and promising unidirectional electron transfer molecular devices. In the present study new cationic metalloporphyrin derivatives were synthesized and their association with anionic metallophthalocyanines forming heteroaggregates, investigated. These new cationic porphyrins derivatives show benzylic groups bound to the pyridyl nitrogen atoms of tetra-(pyridyl)porphyrin (TPyP), resulting in additional p systems and more hydrophobic compounds if compared with tetra-(methylpiridinium)porphyrin (H2TMPyP) and tetra-(trimethylaminophenyl)porphyrin (H2TAPP) ligands. It could be observed that both stoichiometry and association constants between cationic porphyrins and anionic phthalocyanines depend on the metal complexed to the macrocycles. Zn(II)porphyrins form preferentially aggregates of 1:1 stoichiometry (porphyrin:phthalocyanine), but when the porphyrin is coordinated to Pd(II) 1:1 and 1:2 (porphyrin:phthalocyanine) aggregates are present in solution. The K PI values are always higher for the heterodimers ZnPorphyrin/CuPhthalocyanine; this behavior is related to the less pronounced out-of-plane distortion of Cu-N compared to Ni-N binding, as a result of axial ligation of a DMSO molecule to the metal ion inserted into the macrocycle core. The K PI values are lower for the heterodimers containing the porphyrins that present the larger benzylic meso-substituent, due to the steric hindrance caused by these groups. These results show that many structural features can control the association between tetrapyrrolic macrocycles. Not only the association can be modulated by these structural factors, but also different photophysical properties should be displayed by these aggregates, and studies in this direction are under way.

FUNDAMENTOS: As características do melanoma acrolentiginoso (MAL) diagnosticado no Brasil são pouco estudadas. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar as características do MAL diagnosticado na Unidade de Melanoma da Santa Casa de São Paulo - UMSC, comparando essa manifestação com outros subtipos e verificar se as possíveis diferenças entre eles teriam importância na determinação do diagnóstico, tratamento e prognóstico. MÉTODO: A Casuística da UMSC foi subdividida em dois grupos, um de melanoma acrolentiginoso (MAL) e outro de melanoma não acrolentiginoso (NAL), que foram comparados quanto a sexo, cor, idade, espessura e nível de invasão da lesão primária, estadiamento, tempo decorrido entre a percepção do tumor e o atendimento pelo médico. RESULTADOS: A casuística correspondente ao MAL mostrou freqüência significativa de pacientes não brancos, com faixa etária mais elevada, com a lesão primária em média, mais espessa e ulcerada. Não ocorreram diferenças significativas quanto ao sexo e estadiamento, bem como com relação ao tempo decorrido entre perceber a neoplasia e procurar o médico. CONCLUSÕES: O MAL diagnosticado na UMSC ocorre, principalmente, em pacientes que normalmente não são alertados para câncer da pele (não brancos) e pertencem a uma faixa etária mais elevada (portanto, do ponto de vista teórico, poderiam estar menos atentos ao início da doença). A maioria apresentou lesão espessa e ulcerada, conseqüentemente de maior risco para metástases. Essa forma de câncer é desconhecida do público em geral e mesmo por boa parcela da classe médica.

Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is the commonest pathology in epileptic patients undergoing temporal lobe epilepsy surgery. Beside, there are an increased density of corpora amylacea (CA) founded in 6 to 63% of those cases. OBJECTIVE: verify the presence of CA and the clinical correlates of their occurrence in a consective series of patients undergoing temporal surgery with diagnosis of HS. METHOD: We reviewed 72 hippocampus specimens from January 1997 to July 2000. Student's t test for independent, samples, ANOVA and Tukey test were performed for statistical analysis. RESULTS: CA were found in 35 patients (49%), whose mean epilepsy duration (28.7 years) was significantly longer than that group of patients without CA (19.5 years, p= 0.001). Besides, when CA were found, duration was also significantly correlated with distribution within hippocampus: 28.7 years with diffuse distribution of CA, 15.4 with exclusively subpial and 17.4 years with distribution subpial plus perivascular (p= 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our findings corroborate the presence of CA in patients with HS and suggest that a longer duration of epilepsy correlate with a more distribution of CA in hippocampus.

In this research work the influence of composition and curing conditions in bending strength of polyester and epoxy concrete is analyzed. Various mixtures of resin and aggregates were considered in view of an optimal combination. The Taguchi methodology was applied in order to reduce the number of tests, and in order to evaluate the influence of various parameters in concrete properties. This methodology is very useful for the planning of experiments. Test results, analyzed by this methodology, shown that the most significant factors affecting bending strength properties of resin concretes are the type of resin, resin content and charge content. An optimal formulation leading to a maximum bending strength was achieved in terms of material parameters.

Determinaram-se os consumos de nutrientes e a digestibilidade aparente, in vivo e in vitro, em dez cadelas submetidas a uma dieta controle (R0) acrescida de 10 (R10) e 20% (R20) de uma mistura contendo polpa de citros (PC) e folhas de feno de alfafa. A digestibilidade foi estimada pela coleta total de fezes e pelo uso das cinzas insolúveis em ácido. Quando expressos em % do peso vivo, os consumos de água, de matéria seca (MS), de matéria orgânica (MO) e de proteína bruta (PB) diminuiram à medida que os níveis de fibra aumentaram. Entretanto, a digestibilidade da MS, da PB, da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e do extrato etéreo (EE) aumentou com o acréscimo do consumo das fontes fibrosas. A digestibilidade estimada pelos dois métodos resultou em valores cuja diferença não ultrapassou 5 unidades. Houve diferenças nos valores de digestibilidade in vitro quanto à origem do inóculo fecal e os maiores valores foram para as amostras dos ingredientes fibrosos incubados com inóculo oriundo dos animais que estavam ingerindo as dietas contendo as fontes de fibra. A polpa de citros resultou na maior digestibilidade in vitro, enquanto que a ração controle, na menor.

O artigo problematiza a relação entre a cidadania e a educação das camadas populares. Tem por objetivo dialogar, no espaço e no tempo, com o conceito de cidadania, buscando averiguar se este possui conteúdo para infundir-se na educação das camadas populares e quais seus limites e possibilidades que precisam ficar claros para dar visibilidade e lugar a novos conceitos e práticas. Para alcançar tal objetivo os conceitos de cidadania e de educação são mergulhados na história e na filosofia, mais propriamente nas condições em que se assenta a constituição de um cidadão, deduzindo-se, a partir daí, a educação necessária a uma tal constituição. As contradições mostram as possibilidades e os limites da educação como via preferencial de acesso à cidadania, e o fato de que os movimentos sociais populares criam novas formas de produzir, de conviver e de se educar. Nesse processo, gestam novos conceitos cujos conteúdos, marcados pelas práticas de cooperação e solidariedade, parecem projetar a emancipação social em sentido mais amplo do que o proposto pelos princípios formais de liberdade e igualdade em que se assenta a cidadania burguesa. Assim, os movimentos sociais populares ampliam também o horizonte da educação para além da cidadania.

A rapid and efficient method is described for the determination of thiabendazole and imazalil residues in lemons (peel and pulp). The procedure is based on the extraction with an hexane:ethyl acetate mixture (1:1, v/v) and gas chromatographic analysis using thermionic specific detection (TSD). The possibility of matrix effect was also studied. Mean recoveries from 8 replicates of fortified samples ranged from 79% to 109%, with relative standard deviation values between 2.4% to 12.8%. The detection and quantification limits of the method were 0.2 mg kg-1 and 0.5 mg kg-1, respectively.

Objetivos: nos últimos 70 anos, a fibrose cística emergiu da obscuridade para o reconhecimento como a mais importante doença hereditária, potencialmente letal, incidente na raça branca. Embora seja uma doença genética, na qual o defeito básico acomete células de vários órgãos, nem todos os indivíduos expressam respostas clínicas na mesma intensidade. Várias manifestações clínicas, principalmente pulmonares e digestivas, podem ocorrer durante a vida dos pacientes fibrocísticos. O objetivo deste artigo é propiciar ao pediatra geral uma visão atualizada dos principais assuntos referentes à fibrose cística. Fontes dos dados: revisão sistemática e atualizada em fonte de dados oficial (Medline). Síntese dos dados: foram revisados 79 artigos sobre fibrose cística, de periódicos internacionais, colocando, de modo atual e crítico, os principais eventos relacionados com a incidência, a fisiopatogenia, as manifestações clínicas, o diagnóstico e o tratamento da fibrose cística. Conclusões: apesar de não existir cura para essa doença, muitos conhecimentos novos sobre a etiologia e a fisiopatologia, adquiridos nas duas últimas décadas, propiciaram uma nova abordagem para o tratamento da fibrose cística. A compreensão dos mecanismos básicos da doença pulmonar, bem como das manifestações digestivas na fibrose cística, decorrente dos conhecimentos de pesquisas recentes, tem sido a chave para o aumento da sobrevida e a melhora da qualidade de vida dos pacientes.

Total Hg concentrations were measured in bulk atmospheric deposition from three sampling stations along the Rio de Janeiro State coast, Southeast, Brazil, from October 1998 to December 1999. Samples were collected at Campos dos Goytacazes, an agriculture center at the North coast; Niterói, an industrialized metropolitan area and at Itacuruçá, a tourist town at the South. Concentrations at Campos average 0.51 ng L-1, ranging from 0.07 to 1.01 ng L-1, and showed a seasonal trend, probably affected by burning of sugar cane plantations in winter. At Niterói, concentrations were highest, averaging 0.73 ng L-1 andranging from 0.06 to 2.95 ng L-1. No pattern of temporal variation was observed and concentration peaks are probably related to industrial emissions. At Itacuruçá, Hg concentrations were below the detection limit of the method (0.02 ng L-1) in 35% of the samples, with an average of 0.24 ng L-1 and ranging from

Comparou-se a sensibilidade microbiana in vitro de isolados de Rhodococcus equi pelo teste padrão de difusão com discos, com o modificado, pela adição de 5% de dimetilsulfóxido-DMSO. Observou-se aumento da sensibilidade do R. equi no teste com DMSO, frente a aminoglicosídeos (canamicina, amicacina, estreptomicina) e ao cloranfenicol, enquanto para a eritromicina e derivados ß-lactâmicos (penicilina G, cefalosporinas, amoxicilina, oxacilina), constatou-se redução da sensibilidade do agente.

Pesos aos 205 (P205), 365 (P365) e aos 550 (P550) dias de idade de bovinos da raça Guzerá nascidos entre 1975 e 1990 em seis fazendas no Estado da Paraíba, foram analisados. Os efeitos genéticos direto e materno foram estimados utilizando-se a Metodologia da Máxima Verossimilhança Restrita (REML) por meio de um modelo animal com características simples. Foram incluídos os efeitos fixos de ano-mês-sexo, fazenda e idade da vaca como (co)variável linear e quadrática. As médias observadas e coeficientes de variação para peso aos 205, 365 e 550 dias de idade foram: 141,85 ± 28,67 kg, 199,08 ± 48,43 kg, 252,32 ± 64,90 kg e 20,21%, 24,33% e 25,72%. Os coeficientes de herdabilidade para efeito genético direto aos 205, 365 e 550 dias de idade foram 0,35 ± 0,08, 0,39 ± 0,11 e 0,46 ± 0,16, respectivamente. As estimativas de herdabilidade para efeito materno e correlação entre efeito genético direto e materno para peso aos 205, 365 e 550 dias de idade foram 0,26 ± 0,08, 0,28 ± 0,14 e 0,30 ± 0,25 e -,68, -0,48 e -0,74, respectivamente. Todos os efeitos foram significativos, exceto o efeito linear da idade da mãe. Os efeitos genético direto e materno foram antagônicos.

O artigo trata da formação da indústria farmacêutica brasileira. Aborda algumas questões de história econômica e social, tais como o surgimento do sistema de saúde pública, as práticas de combate às doenças infecciosas, desde as desinfecções e produção de substâncias químicas pela indústria, à soroterapia e produção de soros e vacinas nas instituições de pesquisa científica públicas e nas empresas farmacêuticas privadas. Toma para análise da indústria farmacêutica privada nacional, a empresa Instituto Pinheiros - Produtos Terapêuticos S.A., enfatizando as relações entre seus cientistas, no desenvolvimento de produtos, de tecnologia e da própria discussão científica com as instituições públicas de pesquisa criadas no âmbito da política de saúde pública pelo estado de São Paulo.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the frequency and the consequences of the co-infection of hepatitis B and C viruses in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis (HSS). METHODS: B and C serologic markers, exposure to risk factors, biochemical assays, upper gastrointestinal endoscopies, and abdominal ultrasonograms were evaluated in 101 patients with HSS from 1994 to 1997. Whenever possible, PCR was tested and histopathological studies were reviewed. RESULTS: At least one HBV virus marker was found in 15.8%, and anti-HCV was detected in 12.9% of the subjects. The seropositive subjects tended to be older than the seronegative ones. A history of blood transfusion was significantly related to the presence of anti-HCV. Three (18.75%) out of 16 subjects exposed to B virus were HBsAg positive. Eleven (84.6%) out of thirteen patients who were anti-HCV positive demonstrated viral activity. Patients with ongoing viral infection presented a higher average level of liver aminotransferases, a higher frequency of cell decompensation and a higher rate of chronic hepatitis. Portal hypertension parameters were not influenced by viral exposure. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of hepatitis B and C viruses serologic markers observed in the patients with HSS was higher than the control group. The co-infection was responsible for a higher frequency of cell decompensation.

Estudou-se a tendência da mortalidade por homicídios segundo sexo e idade na cidade de São Paulo entre 1979 e 1994, utilizando modelos de ajuste de tendência temporal selecionados com base na significância de beta e valor de R², e análise de resíduos pela técnica de box and whisker plot. A mortalidade por homicídios em São Paulo passou de 12,2 óbitos por 100.000 hab. em 1979 para 34,2 em 1994, apresentando crescimento linear de 1,17 ao ano. O mesmo comportamento é observado em ambos os sexos, embora as taxas para os homens sejam cerca de 14 vezes maiores, denotando a deterioração das condições de vida urbana. Tanto os menores de dez anos como os maiores de 60 anos apresentam taxas constantes no período em valores relativamente baixos. O grupo de 10 a 19 anos apresenta crescimento das taxas segundo o modelo multiplicativo (incrementos 132,55). Os adultos jovens de 20 a 39 anos apresentam taxas crescentes durante todo o período, segundo o modelo linear, enquanto os adultos de 40 a 59 anos apresentam crescimento segundo o modelo recíproco. Observa-se, assim, que cada grupo de idade e sexo apresenta tendência temporal peculiar no período considerado.

OBJETIVE: To evaluate by Doppler echocardiography (DE) early abnormalities of ventricular function in HIV-positive patients, as well as other cardiac abnormalities that can be detected by this method, with special emphasis on mitral valve flow. METHODS: 84 HIV- positive patients, 59 with CD4 cell count >500/mm³ (Group A) and 25 with CD4 cell count 500/mm³ had no abnormalities by DE. Patients with a more advanced infection (those with a CD4 cell count

Um ciclo de 13 refeições básicas (almoço), planejadas e executadas em uma Unidade de Alimentação Industrial, foi estudado para verificar concordância entre valor nutritivo estimado por análise indireta (tabelas de composição química de alimentos) e análise direta, em laboratório. Foram tomadas duas amostras de cada refeição, uma com alimentos crus não processada, outra com preparações prontas processadas. Foram analisados: peso, matéria seca, umidade, proteínas, lipídios, fibras, cinzas, carboidratos, cálcio, ferro e fósforo. Os resultados indicam que as tabelas de composição apresentaram correlação fraca para cálcio e fósforo. Na comparação não processada vs. processada nota-se variação considerável para proteínas, cinzas, ferro e fósforo, sugerindo interferência do processamento culinário, sugerindo que as tabelas apresentam confiabilidade limitada.

Abstract Background Gene silencing of the repair genes MLH1 and MGMT was shown to be a mechanism underlying the development of microsatellite instability (MSI), a phenotype frequently associated with various human malignancies. Recently, aberrant methylation of MLH1, MGMT and MSI were shown to be associated with mutations in genes such as BRAF, RAS and IDH1 in colon and brain tumours. Little is known about the methylation status of MLH1 and MGMT in thyroid tumours and its association with MSI and mutational status. Methods In a series of 96 thyroid tumours whose mutational profiles of BRAF, IDH1 and NRAS mutations and RET/PTC were previously determined, we investigated MLH1 and MGMT expression and methylation status by qPCR and methylation-specific PCR after bisulphite treatment, respectively. MSI was determined by PCR using seven standard microsatellite markers. Results Samples with point mutations (BRAF, IDH1 and NRAS) show a decrease in MLH1 expression when compared to negative samples. Additionally, malignant lesions show a higher MSI pattern than benign lesions. The MSI phenotype was also associated with down-regulation of MLH1. Conclusions The results of this study allow us to conclude that low expression of MLH1 is associated with BRAF V600E mutations, RET/PTC rearrangements and transitions (IDH1 and NRAS) in patients with thyroid carcinoma. In addition, a significant relationship between MSI status and histological subtypes was found.

Abstract Background Nocardiosis is an unusual infection in companion animals characterized by suppurative to pyogranulomatous lesions, localized or disseminated. Cutaneous-subcutaneous, pulmonary and systemic signs are observed in feline nocardiosis. However, osteomyelitis is a rare clinical manifestation in cats. Nocardia cyriacigeorgica (formerly N. asteroides sensu stricto), Nocardia brasiliensis, Nocardia otitidiscaviarum, and Nocardia nova are the most common pathogenic species identified in cats, based on recent molecular classification (16S rRNA gene). The present report is, to our knowledge, the first case of mandibular osteomyelitis in a cat caused by Nocardia africana, diagnosed based upon a combination of methods, including molecular techniques. Case presentation A one-year-old non-neutered female cat, raised in a rural area, was admitted to the Companion Animal Hospital-PUCPR, São José dos Pinhais, State of Paraná, Brazil, with a history a progressive facial lesion, difficulty apprehending food, loss of appetite, apathy and emaciation. Clinical examination showed fever, submandibular lymphadenitis, and a painless, 8 cm diameter mass, which was irregularly-shaped, of firm consistency, and located in the region of the left mandible. The skin around the lesion was friable, with diffuse inflammation (cellulitis), multiple draining sinuses, and exudation of serosanguinous material containing whitish “sulfur” granules. Diagnosis was based initially in clinical signs, microbiological culture, cytological, and histopathological findings, and radiographic images. Molecular sequencing of 16S rRNA of isolate allowed diagnosis of Nocardia africana. Despite supportive care and antimicrobial therapy based on in vitro susceptibility testing the animal died. Conclusion The present report describes a rare clinical case of feline osteomyelitis caused by Nocardia africana, diagnosed based upon a combination of clinical signs, microbiological culture, cytological and histopathological findings, radiographic images, and molecular methods. The use of modern molecular techniques constitutes a quick and reliable method for Nocardia species identification, and may contribute to identification to new species of Nocardia that are virulent in cats.

Abstract Background Vinblastine (VBL) is the standard treatment for systemic Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), but little is known about its efficacy in central nervous system (CNS) mass lesions. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted. Twenty patients from the French LCH Study Group register met the inclusion criteria. In brief, they had CNS mass lesions, had been treated with VBL, and were evaluable for radiologic response. Results The median age at diagnosis of LCH was 11.5 years (range: 1-50). Intravenous VBL 6 mg/m2 was given in a 6-week induction treatment, followed by a maintenance treatment. The median total duration was 12 months (range: 3-30). Eleven patients received steroids concomitantly. Fifteen patients achieved an objective response; five had a complete response (CR: 25%), ten had a partial response (PR: 50%), four had stable disease (SD: 20%) and one patient progressed (PD: 5%). Of interest, four out of the six patients who received VBL without concomitant steroids achieved an objective response. With a median follow-up of 6.8 years, the 5-year event-free and overall survival was 61% and 84%, respectively. VBL was well-tolerated and there were no patient withdrawals due to adverse events. Conclusion VBL, with or without steroids, could potentially be a useful therapeutic option in LCH with CNS mass lesions, especially for those with inoperable lesions or multiple lesions. Prospective clinical trials are warranted for the evaluation of VBL in this indication.

Abstract Background Native bees of the tribe Meliponini produce a distinct kind of propolis called geopropolis. Although many pharmacological activities of propolis have already been demonstrated, little is known about geopropolis, particularly regarding its antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens. The present study aimed at investigating the antimicrobial activity of M. fasciculata geopropolis against oral pathogens, its effects on S. mutans biofilms, and the chemical contents of the extracts. A gel prepared with a geopropolis extract was also analyzed for its activity on S. mutans and its immunotoxicological potential. Methods Antimicrobial activities of three hydroalcoholic extracts (HAEs) of geopropolis, and hexane and chloroform fractions of one extract, were evaluated using the agar diffusion method and the broth dilution technique. Ethanol (70%, v/v) and chlorhexidine (0.12%, w/w) were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. Total phenol and flavonoid concentrations were assayed by spectrophotometry. Immunotoxicity was evaluated in mice by topical application in the oral cavity followed by quantification of biochemical and immunological parameters, and macro-microscopic analysis of animal organs. Results Two extracts, HAE-2 and HAE-3, showed inhibition zones ranging from 9 to 13 mm in diameter for S. mutans and C. albicans, but presented no activity against L. acidophilus. The MBCs for HAE-2 and HAE-3 against S. mutans were 6.25 mg/mL and 12.5 mg/mL, respectively. HAE-2 was fractionated, and its chloroform fraction had an MBC of 14.57 mg/mL. HAE-2 also exhibited bactericidal effects on S. mutans biofilms after 3 h of treatment. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in total phenol and flavonoid concentrations were observed among the samples. Signs toxic effects were not observed after application of the geopropolis-based gel, but an increase in the production of IL-4 and IL-10, anti-inflammatory cytokines, was detected. Conclusions In summary, geopropolis produced by M. fasciculata can exert antimicrobial action against S. mutans and C. albicans, with significant inhibitory activity against S. mutans biofilms. The extract with the highest flavonoid concentration, HAE-2, presented the highest antimicrobial activity. In addition, a geopropolis-based gel is not toxic in an animal model and displays anti-inflammatory effect.

Abstract Background There are over 700 known arboviruses and at least 80 immunologically distinct types that cause disease in humans. Arboviruses are transmitted among vertebrates by biting insects, chiefly mosquitoes and ticks. These viruses are widely distributed throughout the world, depending on the presence of appropriate hosts (birds, horses, domestic animals, humans) and vectors. Mosquito-borne arboviruses present some of the most important examples of emerging and resurgent diseases of global significance. Methods A strategy has been developed by which host-range mutants of Dengue virus can be constructed by generating deletions in the transmembrane domain (TMD) of the E glycoprotein. The host-range mutants produced and selected favored growth in the insect hosts. Mouse trials were conducted to determine if these mutants could initiate an immune response in an in vivo system. Results The DV2 E protein TMD defined as amino acids 452SWTMKILIGVIITWIG467 was found to contain specific residues which were required for the production of this host-range phenotype. Deletion mutants were found to be stable in vitro for 4 sequential passages in both host cell lines. The host-range mutants elicited neutralizing antibody above that seen for wild-type virus in mice and warrant further testing in primates as potential vaccine candidates. Conclusions Novel host-range mutants of DV2 were created that have preferential growth in insect cells and impaired infectivity in mammalian cells. This method for creating live, attenuated viral mutants that generate safe and effective immunity may be applied to many other insect-borne viral diseases for which no current effective therapies exist.

Abstract Background Direct smear examination with Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is cheap and easy to use, but its low sensitivity is a major drawback, particularly in HIV seropositive patients. As such, new tools for laboratory diagnosis are urgently needed to improve the case detection rate, especially in regions with a high prevalence of TB and HIV. Objective To evaluate the performance of two in house PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): PCR dot-blot methodology (PCR dot-blot) and PCR agarose gel electrophoresis (PCR-AG) for the diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis (PTB) in HIV seropositive and HIV seronegative patients. Methods A prospective study was conducted (from May 2003 to May 2004) in a TB/HIV reference hospital. Sputum specimens from 277 PTB suspects were tested by Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) smear, Culture and in house PCR assays (PCR dot-blot and PCR-AG) and their performances evaluated. Positive cultures combined with the definition of clinical pulmonary TB were employed as the gold standard. Results The overall prevalence of PTB was 46% (128/277); in HIV+, prevalence was 54.0% (40/74). The sensitivity and specificity of PCR dot-blot were 74% (CI 95%; 66.1%-81.2%) and 85% (CI 95%; 78.8%-90.3%); and of PCR-AG were 43% (CI 95%; 34.5%-51.6%) and 76% (CI 95%; 69.2%-82.8%), respectively. For HIV seropositive and HIV seronegative samples, sensitivities of PCR dot-blot (72% vs 75%; p = 0.46) and PCR-AG (42% vs 43%; p = 0.54) were similar. Among HIV seronegative patients and PTB suspects, ROC analysis presented the following values for the AFB smear (0.837), Culture (0.926), PCR dot-blot (0.801) and PCR-AG (0.599). In HIV seropositive patients, these area values were (0.713), (0.900), (0.789) and (0.595), respectively. Conclusion Results of this study demonstrate that the in house PCR dot blot may be an improvement for ruling out PTB diagnosis in PTB suspects assisted at hospitals with a high prevalence of TB/HIV.

Abstract Background Physical inactivity in leisure time is common among elderly in Brazil and this finding is particularly alarming considering that this population is greatly affected by chronic diseases. The identification of health factors that influence physical activity level (PAL) will help in the development of strategies for increasing PAL older adults. The current research aimed to identify variables that independently affect behavior trends in PAL over the course of two years among elderly. Methods A survey entitled the Epidoso Project ("Epidemiology of aging") studied 1,667 community-based older individuals in São Paulo city, Brazil over the course of two years. Physical activity level was determined through questions about frequency and duration of physical activities. Body Mass Index was calculated; functional capacity was assessed through the ADL (activities of daily living) scale; cognition was assessed by Mini-Mental State Examination; and mental health was assessed through the Dysthymia Screening. Experiences of falls and fractures were also assessed. Subjects were divided into three groups according to their self-report of Physical Activity Level: a - Regularly Active; b - Insufficiently Active and c - Physically Inactive. Behavior trends in PAL were also measured after two years. Multivariate regression model methodology was used to test associations longitudinally. Results Results from the final model demonstrated that the risk of a not favorable behavior trend in PAL, which included the group who remained physically inactive and the group that displayed decreased PAL, in this cohort of older adults was significantly increased if the individual was female (OR = 2.50; 95% CI = 1.60-3.89; P < 0.01), older (80 y vs. 65 y, OR = 6.29, 95% CI = 2.69-14.67; P < 0.01), dependent on help from others for activities in the ADL scale (moderate-severe = 4-7+ vs. 0 ADLs) (OR = 2.25, 95% CI = 1.20-4.21; P < 0.011) or had experienced a history of falls with consequences (OR = 6.88, 95% CI = 0.91-52.01; P < 0.062). Conclusions Age, gender, ADL scores and falls were associated with a not favorable behavior trend in PAL. Promotion programs should target these factors, reducing barriers to achieve desired changes in PAL.