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Nutritional intervention is an essential part of cancer treatments. Research and clinical evidence in cancer have shown that nutritional support can reduce length of hospitalisation, diminish treatment-related toxicity, and improve nutrient intake, quality of life, and physical function. Nutritional intervention can improve outcomes and help patients in the successful completion of oncological treatments by preventing malnutrition. Malnutrition is a very common hallmark in patients with cancers. Almost one-fourth of cancer patients are at risk of dying because of the consequences of malnutrition, rather than cancer itself. Patients with digestive cancers are at higher risk of suffering malnutrition due to the gastrointestinal impairment caused by their disease. They are at high nutritional risk by definition, yet the majority of them have insufficient or null access to nutritional intervention.Inadequate resources are dedicated to implementing nutritional services in Europe. Universal access to nutritional support for digestive cancer patients is not a reality in many European countries. To change this situation, health systems should invest in qualified staff to reinforce or create nutritional teams’ experts in digestive cancer treatments. We aim to share the patient community’s perspective on the status and the importance of nutritional intervention. This is an advocacy manuscript presenting data on the topic and analysing the current situations and the challenges for nutrition in digestive cancers. It highlights the importance of integrative nutrition in the treatment of digestive cancers and advocates for equitable and universal access to nutritional intervention for all patients.

This opinion paper presents a short review of the potential impact of protein on muscle anabolism in cancer, which is associated with better patient outcomes. Protein source is a topic of interest for patients and clinicians, partly due to recent emphasis on the supposed non-beneficial effect of proteins; therefore, misconceptions involving animal-based (e.g., meat, fish, dairy) and plant-based (e.g., legumes) proteins in cancer are acknowledged and addressed. Although the optimal dietary amino acid composition to support muscle health in cancer is yet to be established, animal-based proteins have a composition that offers superior anabolic potential, compared to plant-derived proteins. Thus, animal-based foods should represent the majority (i.e., ?65%) of protein intake during active cancer treatment. A diet rich in plant-derived proteins may support muscle anabolism in cancer, albeit requiring a larger quantity of protein to fulfill the optimal amino acid intake. We caution that translating dietary recommendations for cancer prevention to cancer treatment may be inadequate to support the pro-inflammatory and catabolic nature of the disease. We further caution against initiating an exclusively plant-based (i.e., vegan) diet upon a diagnosis of cancer, given the presence of elevated protein requirements and risk of inadequate protein intake to support muscle anabolism. Amino acid combination and the long-term sustainability of a dietary pattern void of animal-based foods requires careful and laborious management of protein intake for patients with cancer. Ultimately, a dietary amino acid composition that promotes muscle anabolism is optimally obtained through combination of animal- and plant-based protein sources.

Background: Despite being recognised that nutritional intervention is essential, nutritional support is not widely accessible to all patients. Given the incidence of nutritional risk and nutrition wasting, and because cachexia management remains a challenge in clinical practice, a multidisciplinary approach with targeted nutrition is vital to improve the quality of care in oncology. Methods: A literature search in PubMed and Cochrane Library was performed from inception until 26 March. The search consisted of terms on: cancer, nutrition, nutritional therapy, malnutrition, cachexia, sarcopenia, survival, nutrients and guidelines. Key words were linked using “OR” as a Boolean function and the results of the four components were combined by utilizing the “AND” Boolean function. Guidelines, clinical trials and observational studies written in English, were selected. Seminal papers were referenced in this article as appropriate. Relevant articles are discussed in this article. Results: Recent literature supports integration of nutrition screening/assessment in cancer care. Body composition assessment is suggested to be determinant for interventions, treatments and outcomes. Nutritional intervention is mandatory as adjuvant to any treatment, as it improves nutrition parameters, body composition, symptoms, quality of life and ultimately survival. Nutrition counselling is the first choice, with/without oral nutritional supplements (ONS). Criteria for escalating nutrition measures include: (1) 50% of intake vs. requirements for more than 1−2 weeks; (2) if it is anticipated that undernourished patients will not eat and/or absorb nutrients for a long period; (3) if the tumour itself impairs oral intake. N-3 fatty acids are promising nutrients, yet clinically they lack trials with homogeneous populations to clarify the identified clinical benefits. Insufficient protein intake is a key feature in cancer; recent guidelines suggest a higher range of protein because of the likely beneficial effects for treatment tolerance and efficacy. Amino acids for counteracting muscle wasting need further research. Vitamins/minerals are recommended in doses close to the recommended dietary allowances and avoid higher doses. Vitamin D deficiency might be relevant in cancer and has been suggested to be needed to optimise protein supplements effectiveness. Conclusions: A proactive assessment of the clinical alterations that occur in cancer is essential for selecting the adequate nutritional intervention with the best possible impact on nutritional status, body composition, treatment efficacy and ultimately reducing complications and improving survival and quality of life.

© 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved., Taste alterations are common in patients with cancer, and can be the result of the disease itself and/or its treatment(s). Specifically, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy to the head and neck area have been shown to induce significant taste changes. Alterations in taste are distressing for patients and can lead to food aversions, a reduction in food intake and nutritional deficits. Ultimately, this can lead to weight loss and, in severe cases, malnutrition, which has been associated with poor patient outcomes, including a negative effect on survival. Dietary counselling and advice tailored to the individual can improve nutritional status, and several effective strategies are available to accommodate taste changes and increase nutritional intake. Oral supplements may provide additional nutritional support when dietary intake is insufficient. The success of supplementation depends, however, on the product acceptability and on patient compliance over the long term. Patient compliance is linked to perceived supplement taste, which may be affected by a variety of taste changes reported by patients both before and after therapy, or as a consequence of disease progression. Supplements which offer a variety of flavours are likely to prove beneficial by helping to prevent taste fatigue. In addition, individuals appear to exhibit distinct preferences for particular flavours at different time points during treatment.

Cancer aetiology is multifactorial; risk factors comprise obesity, central adiposity, physical inactivity and excessive/deficient intake of foods and/or nutrients with pro-carcinogenic/protective effects. We aim to analyze the pattern of nutritional status, food intake and physical activity in a cohort of cancer patients. This pilot cross-sectional study was conducted in 64 outpatients referred for Radiotherapy. Nutritional parameters evaluated: BMI, waist circumference, body composition by tetrapolar bioimpedance (Xitron®). Usual food intake was collected with a short food frequency questionnaire and physical activity was assessed with Jacksons' questionnaire. Overweight/obesity and excessive body fat mass prevalence was of 53% and 61%, respectively. Central obesity, which indicates moderate/high cardio-metabolic risk, was found in 78% of patients. Food frequency analysis showed a poor intake in vegetables and a high intake in meat and carbohydrates. Physical inactivity was prevalent. This pilot study in cancer patients, showed a high prevalence of overweight/obesity, excessive fat mass and central obesity, simultaneously with sedentary lifestyles and an inadequate diet, poor in protective foods and excessive in deleterious ones. Thus, these patients exhibit a high risk pattern for cancer development and for a poorer prognosis. The implementation of measures to promote balanced and protective diets and to encourage physical activity practice is urgently needed. La etiología del cáncer es multifactorial; los factores de riesgo comprenden la obesidad, la adiposidad central, la inactividad física y el consumo excesivo/deficiente de alimentos y/o nutrientes con efectos procarcinógenos/pro-tectores. Nos propusimos analizar el patrón del estado nutricional, el consumo de alimentos y la actividad física en una cohorte de pacientes oncológicos. Este estudio piloto transversal se realizó en 64 pacientes ambulatorios remitidos a radioterapia. Se evaluaron los parámetros nutricionales: IMC, circunferencia de la cintura, composición corporal mediante bioimpedancia tetrapolar (Xitron®). La ingesta alimentaria habitual se recogió mediante un cuestionario abreviado de frecuencia de alimentos y la actividad física se evaluó mediante el cuestionario de Jackson. La prevalencia de sobrepeso/obesidad y de exceso de masa corporal grasa fue del 53% y del 61%, respectivamente. La obesidad central, que indica un riesgo cardiometabólico moderado/alto, se encontró en el 78% de los pacientes. El análisis de la frecuencia de alimentos mostró una ingesta escasa de verduras y un consumo elevado de carne e hidratos de carbono. La inactividad física fue prevalente. Este estudio piloto en pacientes oncológicos mostró una prevalencia elevada de sobrepeso/obesidad, un exceso de masa grasa y de obesidad central, simultáneamente con estilos de vida sedentarios y una dieta inadecuada, pobre en alimentos productores y un exceso de los deletéreos. Por lo tanto, estos pacientes muestran un patrón de riesgo elevado para el desarrollo de cáncer y un peor pronóstico. Se requiere urgentemente la implantación de medidas que promuevan dietas equilibradas y protectoras así como la promoción de la actividad física.

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Copyright © Ordem dos Médicos, Introduction: Nutrition and Quality of Life (QoL) are key issues. Aims: 1) to evaluate Quality of Life (QoL), nutritional status and dietary intake, taking into account the stage of disease and therapeutic interventions, 2) to determine potential inter-relations, 3) to quantify the relative contributions of cancer/nutrition/treatments on QoL. Methods: In 184 oesophagus, stomach and colon/rectum cancer patients, the following were evaluated: QoL (European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire), nutritional status (% weight loss over the previous 6 months), usual diet (diet history), current diet (24 hr recall) and a range of clinical variables. Results: Stage III/IV patients showed a significant reduction from their usual energy/protein intake (p=0.001), worse in oesophagus (p=0.02), while current intakes were lower than in stage I/II patients (p=0.0002). Weight loss was greater in stage III/IV (p=0.001). Different diagnoses and cancer stages presented different patterns of QoL function scales (p=0,03), significantly and independently associated with nutritional factors (p=0,05). Patients in stage III/IV had increased symptomatology (p=0,003); symptom scales and single items were strongly associated with stage III/IV (p=0,04). Patients with stomach cancer presented the worst global QoL not significantly different from oesophagus, vs colon/rectum, p=0,02. Conclusions: In oesophageal, stomach and colon/rectum cancer, nutritional deterioration depends of diet intake, the latter is mainly determined by cancer location and stage. Patients' QoL was determined by cancer or nutrition-related factors with distinct relative weights. Due to this multidimensional construct, in which nutrition plays a major role, nutritional therapy must be integrated in early stages of the overall treatment., Introdução: a Nutrição e a Qualidade de Vida (QV) são essenciais. Objectivos: em doentes com cancro gastrintestinal: 1) avaliar a QV, estado e ingestão nutricionais, tendo em conta o estádio da doença e intervenções terapêuticas prévias2) determinar potenciais inter-relações e, 3) quantificar as contribuições relativas de factores decorrentes da doença, das terapêuticas e da nutrição na QV. Métodos: em 184 doentes com tumores do esófago, estômago e cólon/recto foram avaliados: QV (European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire), estado nutricional (% perda peso últimos seis meses), ingestão habitual (história dietética), ingestão actual (inquérito 24-horas anteriores), e registadas diversas variáveis clínicas. Resultados: No estádio I/II, a ingestão habitual e actual não diferiam, ao contrário dos doentes com estádio III/IV que apresentavam um decréscimo da ingestão habitual(p=0,001), mais acentuado no esófago (p=0,02). A ingestão actual era inferior no estádio III/IV (p=0,0002). A perda de peso era superior nos doentes com estádio III/IV (p=0,001).Os diferentes diagnósticos e estádios da doença apresentavam padrões distintos nas escalas funcionais de QV (p=0,03), significativa e independentemente associadas com factores nutricionais (p≤0,05). Os doentes com estádio III/IV tinham mais sintomatologia (p=0,003); as escalas de sintomas e itens individuais estavam fortemente associadas com o estádio III/IV (p≤0,04). Os doentes com tumores do estômago apresentavam a pior QV global, não significativamente diferente do esófago, vs cólon/recto (p=0,02).Conclusões: nos tumores do esófago, estômago e cólon/recto, a deterioração nutricional depende da ingestão esta sobretudo determinada pela localização e estádio do tumor. A QV dos doentes é determinada por todos estes factores decorrentes da doença ou associados à nutrição, que exercem influências relativas distintas. Esta multidimensionalidade, em que a nutrição exerce um efeito major, torna obrigatória a integração precoce do tratamento nutricional destes doentes

Tese de doutoramento em Ciências da Saúde (Nutrição), apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa através da Faculdade de Medicina, 2007 Submitted by Marta Nogueira (mnogueira@reitoria.ul.pt) on 2011-05-12T09:50:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ulsd054436_td_Paula_Ravasco.pdf: 1497783 bytes, checksum: e8e99ae6a4e60802c2258745e42bb17b (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-12T09:50:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ulsd054436_td_Paula_Ravasco.pdf: 1497783 bytes, checksum: e8e99ae6a4e60802c2258745e42bb17b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 The studies presented in this Thesis were performed at the Unit of Nutrition and Metabolism of the Institute of Molecular Medicine - Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lisbon, in collaboration with the Radiotherapy Department of the Santa Maria Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal. The studies herewith presented were partially funded by: - A Research Grant awarded by the “Núcleo Regional do Sul da Liga Portuguesa contra o Cancro“– Terry Fox Foundation, and by a grant from the FCT - “Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia” (ref. RUN 437)

Licencia creative commons: Open Access bajo la licencia Creative Commons 4.4 CC BY-NC-SA, Background: Food and nutrition as major causes of colorectal cancer (CRC) are still debatable. Aim of the study: This cross-sectional study in a Portuguese population aimed to characterize and identify "high-risk" diets/life-styles and explore their associations with colorectal cancer. Methods: In 70 colorectal cancer patients and 70 sex, age-matched subjects without cancer history, we evaluated: diet history and detailed nutrient intake (DIET-PLAN5 2002, UK), alcohol (amount, type, years), smoking (number packages/year, years), physical activity, co-morbidities and body mass index. Age-adjusted Relative Risks were calculated, Proportional Hazards models adjusted the analysis for multiple risk factors. Results: Smoking was a risk factor (1.90). Increased colorectal cancer risk regarding the lowest vs the highest intake quartile emerged for: vitamin B12 (3.41), cholesterol (3.15), total fat (2.87), saturated fat (1.98), animal protein (1.95), energy (1.85), alcohol (1.70), iron (1.49), refined carbohydrates (1.39). Reduced colorectal cancer risk for the highest vs the lowest intake quartile was found for: n-3 fatty acids (0.10), insoluble fiber/folate (0.15), flavonoids/vitamin E (0.25), isoflavones/beta-carotene (0.30), selenium (0.36), copper (0.41), vitamin B6 (0.46). Conclusion: Our results corroborated well-established risk factors and identified emergent nutrients. Prolonged excessive intake of macronutrients and some micronutrients concurrent with marked deficits of fiber and protective compounds were dominant in colorectal cancer and more significant than alcohol and smoking. The interaction diet-colorectal cancer is consistent and the relevance of new nutrients is emerging.