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This research analyzes patterns of scientific production, citation and collaborative networks under three relationships (researcher/researcher, researcher/center, and researcher/country), of the most productive researchers of four Latin American Marine Research Centers (MICs) over a 20-year period (2000-2020) from a bibliometric perspective. The Scopus search engine was used for the respective bibliometric analyses. In total, 57 most productive researchers were identified among the four centers; 5, 7, 14and 31 for Centro i~mar, IOUSP, IICYM and CICESE, respectively. In two (i~mar and IICYM) of the four centers, researchers(AB) and (OI) recorded the highest number of publications, and were also the most cited; however, this pattern did not hold truefor IOUSP and CICESE researchers. e collaboration network among the most productive researchers is segmented in certaindefined groups, which causes a lack of internal cooperation among them, especially in Centro i~mar and IOUSP. In addition, it was evidenced that the most productive researchers concentrate their collaborations with other researchers belonging to Universities, Institutions or Centers of their own country, and very scarcely with international Centers, being their international cooperation conservative which in turn demonstrates scientific autonomy, and does not require external partners to make their research visible. This research contributes with the knowledge of the most productive centers and is the basis for future studies that suggests orienting and extending the analysis of the productivity of researchers with fewer publications and citations, as well as the analysisof their internal collaboration network.

The Hirsch´s h-index is a new bibliometric indicator that has been considered useful to evaluate the scientific productivity of individual researchers and scientific journals. This paper uses it to evaluate the productivity of the 15 research universities of Chile. Since in Chile public rankings of perception of their universities are begining to be common, the article relates the h-index with a pair of rankings based on the prestige that the potential employers and students of the last level of secondary education have of them. I found that both rankings of perception were related and the same happened when they were associated to the h-index of Hirsch. The association was greater for the ranking based on the perception by potential students at those universities.

RESUMEN Examinamos los factores que influyen en la selección de presas por perros callejeros en el humedal Estero Culebrón (Coquimbo, Chile) y caracterizamos sus ataques durante 20 visitas en el año 2015. Utilizamos modelos lineales generalizados considerando el tamaño del ave, su abundancia relativa, el sitio y tipo de sustrato como variables explicativas. Registramos una jauría de siete individuos que realizaron 34 ataques sobre aves, de las cuales el pelícano presentó la mayor frecuencia de predación. El tamaño del ave y el sitio se relacionaron positivamente con los ataques. La selección del pelícano como presa podría estar relacionada con su baja distancia de inicio de vuelo y su gran tamaño, lo que facilitaría el ataque de los perros y, además, este mayor tamaño podría sostener energéticamente a la jauría, especialmente cuando es numerosa. Otras condiciones como la ausencia de totora (Typha angustipholia) y la baja profundidad del agua en el sector playa, facilitarían el desarrollo de los ataques al reducir los obstáculos a la persecución. Por último, debido al peligro que representan estos animales para las personas y la fauna de los humedales, es urgente desarrollar planes de manejo que consideren su retiro y traslado a centros de rescate, así como de implementar campañas de esterilización y educación. ABSTRACT We examine the factors that influence the selection of prey by stray dogs in the Estero Culebrón wetland (Coquimbo, Chile) and characterize their attacks during 20 visits in 2015. We use generalized lineal models considering the size of the bird, its relative abundance, site and type of substrate as explanatory variables. We recorded a pack of seven individuals who carried out 34 attacks on birds, of which the pelican had the highest predation frequency. The size of the bird and the site were positively related to the attacks. The selection of the pelican as prey could be related to its low flight initiation distance and large size, which facilitates the attack by dogs and, in addition, this greater size could sustain energetically to pack of dogs, especially when they are numerous. Other conditions such the absence of cattail (Typha angustipholia) and low water depth at the beach sector, would facilitate the development of attacks by reducing obstacles to persecution. Finally, due to the danger that these animals represent for the people and the fauna of wetlands, it is urgent to develop management plans that consider the retirement and transfer of them to rescue centers, as well as to implement sterilization and education campaigns.

The imperial cormorant (Phalacrocorax atriceps) is one of the most abundant cormorant species in the Chilean channels and fjords. Although its reproductive and non-reproductive distributions have been studied, works on its diet are inexistent. This paper describes the diet and determines the dominance and diversity of the prey consumed during the winter periods of 2011 and 2014 in Caulín Bay, Chiloé, southern Chile. A total of 73 pellets were collected (30 in 2011 and 43 in 2014). Prey were identified and classified into three categories: fishes (53.57%), cephalopods (39.29%) and crustaceans (7.14%). When prey consumption was analyzed according to their distribution in the water column, we observed statistically significant differences in a preference of benthic demersal over pelagic prey.

The imperial cormorant (Phalacrocorax atriceps) is one of the most abundant cormorant species in the Chilean channels and fjords. Although its reproductive and non-reproductive distributions have been studied, works on its diet are inexistent. This paper describes the diet and determines the dominance and diversity of the prey consumed during the winter periods of 2011 and 2014 in Caulín Bay, Chiloé, southern Chile. A total of 73 pellets were collected (30 in 2011 and 43 in 2014). Prey were identified and classified into three categories: fishes (53.57%), cephalopods (39.29%) and crustaceans (7.14%). When prey consumption was analyzed according to their distribution in the water column, we observed statistically significant differences in a preference of benthic demersal over pelagic prey.

RESUMEN La manipulación con fines científicos de vertebrados terrestres en poblaciones naturales chilenas se debe realizar previa autorización del SAG y de Comités de Bioética institucionales. Obtener dichas autorizaciones es cada vez más complejo; los trámites no se adecúan al quehacer científico ni al conocimiento sobre el efecto de la manipulación en las poblaciones naturales. El objetivo de este comentario es contribuir a una discusión en pos del establecimiento de una normativa de manipulación científica de vertebrados terrestres ajustada a la realidad biológica y que no entorpezca la investigación científica. ABSTRACT In Chile, the manipulation for scientific purposes of terrestrial vertebrates from natural populations is conducted previous authorization of the Agricultural and Livestock Service and various Bioethics Committees. Obtaining such authorizations is becoming increasingly complex. The procedures do not fit the reality of scientific work, and they seem to be based on unjustified assessments of the effects of animal handling on natural populations. The aim of this commentary is to initiate a discussion in order to establish a norm of scientific manipulation of terrestrial vertebrates adjusted to biological reality and that does not interfere with scientific research.

RESUMEN La manipulación con fines científicos de vertebrados terrestres en poblaciones naturales chilenas se debe realizar previa autorización del SAG y de Comités de Bioética institucionales. Obtener dichas autorizaciones es cada vez más complejo; los trámites no se adecúan al quehacer científico ni al conocimiento sobre el efecto de la manipulación en las poblaciones naturales. El objetivo de este comentario es contribuir a una discusión en pos del establecimiento de una normativa de manipulación científica de vertebrados terrestres ajustada a la realidad biológica y que no entorpezca la investigación científica.

RESUMEN Se identificaron potenciales depredadores de aves acuáticas que nidifican en el suelo, mediante diversas técnicas de monitoreo, en humedales de la Bahía de Caulín, Chiloé, Chile. Como resultado se encontró una mayor proporción de depredadores mamíferos, seguido de aves rapaces y las técnicas de monitoreo entregaron información a distintos niveles taxonómicos. ABSTRACT Potential predators of ground nesting aquatic birds were identified, through various monitoring techniques, in wetlands of Bahía de Caulín, Chiloé, Chile. As a result, a greater proportion of mammalian predators was found, followed by raptorial birds and the monitoring techniques provided information at different taxonomic levels.

The Magellanic Flightless Steamer Duck (Tachyeres pteneres) is the only marine anatid founded along the coastline of Chile and Argentina, from Valdivia to Tierra del Fuego. There is little published information about the quantitative diet of this species. Previously, a single study of its breeding diet was reported for Guapiquilán Island, Chiloé, southern Chile. We studied T. pteneres' winter diet during 2011 and 2012 in Bahía Caulín, Chiloé, southern Chile. We found that statistically Cancridae crabs (100 and 100%, respectively) and Majidae (96.0-71.4%, respectively) were the most common items in the diet of this species.

El flamenco chileno (Phoenicopterus chilensis) es un ave acuática endémica de América del Sur. En Chile habita tanto en lagunas altiplánicas como en humedales marinos. Sin embargo, los estudios dietarios en ambientes marinos son escasos. En este trabajo se caracterizó la variación interanual en la dieta invernal del flamenco en el humedal marino de Bahía Caulín, sur de Chile. Para ello, se determinó el tamaño de las presas entre junio a septiembre del 2011, 2014 y 2015. Se analizó un total de 157 heces (77 heces en 2011 y 80 heces entre 2014 y 2015). La dieta del flamenco chileno durante el 2011 fue carnívora y estuvo conformada sólo por tres presas: el foraminífero Ammonia beccarii, el copépodo Harpacticus sp. y poliquetos. Durante 2014-2015 su dieta fue omnívora, incluyendo la presencia de 15 categorías de presas, entre las que destacó el consumo de algas y fibras vegetales. En lo que respecta a los tamaños de las presas consumidas por el flamenco, el diámetro de los foraminíferos osciló entre los 100 y 900 µm con predominio de organismos entre los 400 y 600 µm. El ancho de Harpacticus sp. consumidos osciló entre los 160 y 260 µm con predominio para los organismos entre los 200 y 220 µm. El ancho de Parawaldeckia kidderi consumidos osciló entre los 140 y 800 µm con predominio para los organismos entre los 140 y 400 µm. El ancho de Monocorophium insidiosum consumidos osciló entre los 80 y 500 µm con predominio para los organismos entre los 80 y 400 µm. El flamenco chileno sería un depredador parcialmente selectivo cuya selección de presas estaría dada por las restricciones morfoestructurales del pico de esta ave. The Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis) is an endemic aquatic bird of South America. In Chile, it is found in both highland lagoons as well as in marine wetlands. Nevertheless, dietary studies in marine environments are scarce. This work characterized the interannual variation in the winter diet of flamingos found in the marine wetland of Bahía Caulín, southern Chile. To this end, we determined the size of prey items consumed between June and September of the 2011, 2014 and 2015. A total of 157 feces were analyzed (77 feces in 2011 and 80 feces between 2014 and 2015). The diet of Chilean flamingo during 2011 was carnivorous and was formed by only three preys, the foraminifera Ammonia beccarii, the copepod Harpacticus sp. as well as polychaetes. During 2014-2015 its diet was omnivorous, and consisted of 15 categories of prey items, among which the consumption of algae and plant fibers was stressed. Regarding the sizes of prey consumed by flamingo, the diameter of the foraminifera oscillated between 100 and 900 µm with predominance of organisms between 400 and 600 µm. The width of Harpacticus sp. consumed ranged from 160 to 260 µm with a predominance of organisms between 200 and 220 µm. The width of consumed Parawaldeckia kidderi ranged between 140 and 800 µm with predominance for organisms between 140 and 400 µm. The width of Monocorophium insidiosum consumed oscillated between 80 and 500 µm with predominance for organisms between 80 and 400 µm. The Chilean flamingo would be a partially selective predator whose selection of prey would be given by the morphostructural restrictions of the peak of this bird.

La nutria marina (Lontra felina) habita a lo largo del litoral rocoso expuesto del Pacífico sudeste entre Perú (6°S), Cabo de Hornos, Chile (56°S) e Isla de Los Estados, Argentina. Este carnívoro nativo está clasificado como especie Vulnerable en el Libro Rojo de los Vertebrados Terrestres de Chile. Entre septiembre y noviembre de 2004 se evaluó su dieta a través de análisis fecal y registro de restos alimenticios. Se utilizó el índice de sobreposición cuantitativo para probar coincidencia entre ambos análisis, también aplicamos una encuesta a los pescadores artesanales de la Caleta El Manzano de Pucatrihue, sur de Chile, para conocer la percepción que tienen de L. felina y su impacto sobre la pesca local. Sobre la base del análisis de 35 fecas los crustáceos representan 60,8%, peces un 32,4% y moluscos un 6,7%. De 150 restos alimenticios los crustáceos corresponden a 55,3%, moluscos a un 44,0% y aves a un 0,7%. Los dos análisis efectuados tuvieron una baja similitud (= 0,35 ± 0,22). L. felina depreda sobre recursos explotados por la pesca artesanal; sin embargo, las artes de pesca no son dañadas por este mamífero marino. Un 66,7% de los pescadores manifestó no ver afectada su pesca a causa del animal, mientras un 30,0% afirmó lo contrario; sosteniendo como causa el consumo por parte de L. felina sobre los mismos recursos explotados por ellos (e.g., Concholepas concholepas). Aunque este mamífero no causa daños significativos a la pesca local existe todavía (2003-2004) la caza ilegal de esta nutria en el área de estudio. The sea otter (Lontra felina) lives along the rocky coastline exposed southeast Pacific between Peru (6°S), Cape Horn, Chile (56°S) and States island, Argentina. This native carnivore is classified as Vulnerable in the Red Book of Terrestrial Vertebrates of Chile. Between September and November 2004 we assessed their diet through fecal analysis and records of food remnants. We used a quantitative overlap index to test for coincidental similarity between the 2 analyses, and also we applied a survey to fisherfolks at Caleta El Manzano de Pucatrihue, southern Chile, to learn about the perception they have of L. felina impact on local fishing. Based on an analysis of 35 faeces the diet was represented by 60.8% of crustaceans, 32.4% of fishes and 6.7% of shellfishes presences. Of 150 food remnants the prey corresponds to 55.3% of crustaceans, 44.0% of molluscs and 0.7% of birds. The two analyses carried out had a slow similarity (= 0.35 ± 0.22). L. felina preys on resources exploited by artisanal fishing, but fishing gears are not damaged by this marine mammal. A 66.7% of the fishermen said that otters not affect their fishing, while 30.0% said the opposite; holding as cause the consumption by L. felina on the same resources exploited by them (e.g., Concholepas concholepas). Although this mammal does not cause significant damage to local fisheries still exists at present, however, illegal hunting of this otter in the study area. The reasons for this action ranging from the sale of their skin until his killing by a simple recreation.

Los estudios dietarios contribuyen a comprender la ecología de las aves y son relevantes en programas de conservación de los organismos. Contrastamos los métodos de análisis dietarios fecales y estomacales en la Bandurria y en el Queltehue, para evaluar su sensibilidad para discriminar las presas consumidas. La diversidad y la abundancia de presas detectadas fueron mayores en los estómagos que en las heces en ambas especies de aves. El Queltehue no mostró una asociación en el número de categorías tróficas, ni una similitud en la composición taxonómica de la dieta entre ambos métodos, lo que sugiere que los análisis fecales no son confiables y pueden conducir a interpretaciones erróneas de la ecología trófica de esta especie de ave. La Bandurria mostró una alta asociación en el número de presas entre ambos métodos y la composición taxonómica y abundancia de presas en las heces fue concordante con la detectada en los estómagos, sugiriendo que los análisis fecales entregan resultados confiables y coherentes entre ambos métodos de análisis dietario; se recomienda su uso complementado con métodos moleculares de análisis de contenido estomacal como los isótopos estables si el objetivo de la investigación es desarrollar estudios a largo plazo. Dietary studies contribute to our understanding of bird ecology and are an important source of information for programs promoting the conservation of organisms. We contrasted fecal and stomach content methods of dietary analysis in the Black-faced Ibis and the Southern Lapwing, in order to evaluate the degree of sensitivity in distinguishing consumed prey. Diversity and abundance of prey detected were greater in stomach content samples than in fecal samples in both bird species. The Southern Lapwing did not show association in the number of prey, or a similarity in the taxonomic composition of preys between both methods, suggesting a lack of reliability in the fecal analysis that might lead to misunderstanding the trophic ecology of this bird species. The Black-faced Ibis, show a high association in the number of preys between both methods, and the taxonomic composition and abundance of prey in feces were concordant with that detected in the stomach contents, suggesting that the fecal analysis give reliable results which are coherent between both methods of dietary analysis; this method of analysis is, therefore, recommended, and must be complemented with molecular methods of stomach content analysis, such as the stable isotopes if the scopes of the research is to carry out long term studies.

Registramos en Quebrada Jerez, Toconao (23º 11´ S y 67º 59´O, 2475 m.s.n.m.), desierto de Atacama (Norte Grande de Chile), la captura de un gato colocolo hembra. Esta captura más nuevos registros con trampas cámaras confirman para la subespecie Leopardus colocolo colocolo su presencia en la Región de Antofagasta. Presentamos datos biométricos y craneométricos y confirmamos por una radiografía de su dentición el estatus juvenil de este felino. We report the capture of a female pampas cat in Quebrada Jerez, Toconao (23º 11´ S y 67º 59´O, 2475 m.s.n.m.), Atacama desert (Norte Grande of Chile). This capture and more records with camera traps confirm the presence of the subspecies Leopardus colocolo colocolo in the Antofagasta Region.We provide biometric and craniometric data on the specimen and confirm by a canine radiography the juvenile status of this felid.

El considerar a Cygnus melanocoryphus como un herbívoro generalista que se alimenta de las algas y pastos marinos más abundantes en los humedales - entre ellos los costeros - que habita, permite suponer la existencia de interacciones aún no reportadas entre esta ave acuática y los cultivadores de algas marinas del sur de Chile, por ello el objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la alimentación de C. melanocoryphus en un humedal marino del sur de Chile, en donde tradicionalmente se ha realizado el cultivo del alga pelillo (Gracillaria chilensis). El trabajo se desarrolló durante el invierno de 2011 en el humedal marino de bahía Caulín (41º49’S; 73º38’O), en isla grande de Chiloé, sur de Chile. C. melanocoryphus destinó la mayor parte de su tiempo a la alimentación, observándose en esta ave una conducta alimenticia de herbívoro selectivo hacia el consumo no estricto pero preferente del alga Ulva taeniata. El ciclo de marea afectó la distribución espacial de C. melanocoryphus; durante los períodos de marea baja éstos se concentraron en la zona intermareal alimentándose de las frondas de U. taeniata retenidas o asentadas en los sistemas de cultivo de G. chilensis. Mientras que durante los períodos de marea alta C. melanocoryphus ingresó a la zona supramareal siguiendo las frondas de U. taeniata en la deriva de las corrientes, observándolos alimentarse también de los pastos salados (Distichlis spicata y Selliera radicans) dominantes en la zona estuarina (fuera del agua). El conocimiento obtenido permite proponer la hipótesis de un servicio ambiental brindado por C. melanocoryphus a los algueros del humedal, mediante la remoción del alga U. taeniata desde los sistemas de cultivo de G. chilensis liberando su competencia por sustrato y luz para crecer. Considering Cygnus melanocoryphus as a generalist herbivore that feeds on algae and seagrass more abundant in wetlands, suggests the existence of unknown interactions between this waterfowl and the seaweed farmers in Southern Chile. Therefore the aim of this work was study the feeding of C. melanocoryphus in a marine wetland of southern Chile, where traditionally it has made the cultivation of algae Gracillaria chilensis. This work was conducted during the winter of 2011 in the marine wetland of Caulin bay (41°49’S; 73°38’W), in the Island of Chiloé, Southern Chile. C. melanocoryphus spent most of their time feeding, observing in this bird a behavior of selective herbivory food towards preferential but not exclusive consumption of the seaweed Ulva taeniata. The tidal cycle affected the spatial distribution of C. melanocoryphus; during times of low tide these were concentrated in the intertidal zone feeding on the fronds of U. taeniata retained or settled in the farming systems of G. chilensis. While during high tide periods C. melanocoryphus entered to the supratidal zone by following the fronds of U. taeniata in the drift of the currents, watching they feed on the dominant seagrass (Distichlis spicata and Selliera radicans) in the estuarine zone. The knowledge obtained allows argue the hypothesis of an environmental service provided by C. melanocoryphus for the "algueros" of the wetland, by removing of the seaweed U. taeniata from culture systems of G. chilensis freeing his competition over substrate and light to grow.