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5 results on '"Ratzlaff, Kenneth L."'

1. An Inexpensive Infrared Detector to Verify the Delivery of Food Pellets

Author

Pinkston, Jonathan W., Ratzlaff, Kenneth L., and Madden, Gregory J.

Abstract

The reproducibility of experimental outcomes depends on consistent control of independent variables. In food-maintained operant performance, it is of utmost importance that the quantity of food delivered is reliable. To that end, some commercial food pellet dispensers have add-on attachments to sense the delivery of pellets. Not all companies, however, offer such add-ons. Aside from availability, cost and temporary reduction in throughput may be a problem for smaller labs. The present paper outlines our recent development of a simple, inexpensive infrared device to detect and confirm the delivery of pellets. The in-line construction of the detector routes the falling pellet through a barrel so that is passes between an infrared emitter and receiver. The circuitry was designed to be compatible with all commercially available behavioral measurement systems, and so may be retrofit to any existing system. Our tests with the detector so far have shown that it is 100% accurate in detecting pellet delivery. The individual unit cost is approximately 25 dollars. The low cost and versatility of the device offer an easy method to ensure the integrity of food delivery in operant settings. (Contains 3 figures and 1 footnote.)

Published
2008
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2. Constraints on the ultra-high-energy neutrino flux from Gamma-Ray bursts from a prototype station of the Askaryan radio array

Author

Allison, P., Auffenberg, J., Bard, R., Beatty, J. J., Besson, D. Z., Bora, C., Chen, C.-C., Chen, P., Connolly, A., Davies, J. P., DuVernois, M. A., Fox, B., Gorham, P. W., Hanson, K., Hill, B., Hoffman, K. D., Hong, E., Hu, L.-C., Ishihara, A., Karle, A., Kelley, J., Kravchenko, Ilya, Landsman, H., Laundrie, A., Li, C.-J., Liu, T., Lu, M.-Y., Maunu, R., Mase, K., Meures, T., Miki, C., Nam, J., Nichol, R. J., Nir, G., Ó Murchadha, A., Pfendner, C. G., Ratzlaff, Kenneth L., Rotter, B., Sandstrom, P., Seckel, D., Shultz, A., Song, M., Stockham, J., Stockham, M., Sullivan, M., Touart, J., Tu, H.-Y., Varner, G. S., Yoshida, S., Young, R., Bustamante, M., Guetta, D., Allison, P., Auffenberg, J., Bard, R., Beatty, J. J., Besson, D. Z., Bora, C., Chen, C.-C., Chen, P., Connolly, A., Davies, J. P., DuVernois, M. A., Fox, B., Gorham, P. W., Hanson, K., Hill, B., Hoffman, K. D., Hong, E., Hu, L.-C., Ishihara, A., Karle, A., Kelley, J., Kravchenko, Ilya, Landsman, H., Laundrie, A., Li, C.-J., Liu, T., Lu, M.-Y., Maunu, R., Mase, K., Meures, T., Miki, C., Nam, J., Nichol, R. J., Nir, G., Ó Murchadha, A., Pfendner, C. G., Ratzlaff, Kenneth L., Rotter, B., Sandstrom, P., Seckel, D., Shultz, A., Song, M., Stockham, J., Stockham, M., Sullivan, M., Touart, J., Tu, H.-Y., Varner, G. S., Yoshida, S., Young, R., Bustamante, M., and Guetta, D.

Abstract

We report on a search for ultra-high-energy (UHE) neutrinos from gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) in the data set collected by the Testbed station of the Askaryan Radio Array (ARA) in 2011 and 2012. From 57 selected GRBs, we observed no events that survive our cuts, which is consistent with 0.12 expected background events. Using NeuCosmA as a numerical GRB reference emission model, we estimate upper limits on the prompt UHE GRB neutrino fluence and quasi-diffuse flux from 107 to 1010 GeV. This is the first limit on the prompt UHE GRB neutrino quasi-diffuse flux above 107 GeV.

Published
2017

3. Performance of two Askaryan Radio Array stations and first results in the search for ultrahigh energy neutrinos

Author

Allison, P., Bard, R., Beatty, J. J., Besson, D. Z., Bora, C., Chen, C.-C., Chen, C.-H., Chen, P., Christenson, A., Connolly, A., Davies, J., Duvernois, M., Fox, B., Gaior, R., Gorham, P. W., Hanson, K., Haugen, J., Hill, B., Hoffman, K. D., Hong, E., Hsu, S.-Y., Hu, L., Huang, J.-J., Huang, M.-H. A., Ishihara, A., Karle, A., Kelley, J. L., Kennedy, D., Kravchenko, Ilya, Kuwabara, T., Landsman, H., Laundrie, A., Li, C.-J., Liu, T. C., Lu, M.-Y., Macchiarulo, L., Mase, K., Meures, T., Meyhandan, R., Miki, C., Morse, R., Nam, J., Nichol, R. J., Nir, G., Novikov, A., O’Murchadha, A., Pfendner, C., Ratzlaff, Kenneth L., Relich, M., Richman, M., Ritter, L., Rotter, B., Sandstrom, P., Schellin, P., Shultz, A., Seckel, D., Shiao, Y.-S., Stockham, J., Stockham, M., Touart, J., Varner, G. S., Wang, M.-Z., Wang, S.-H., Yang, Y., Yoshida, S., Young, R., Allison, P., Bard, R., Beatty, J. J., Besson, D. Z., Bora, C., Chen, C.-C., Chen, C.-H., Chen, P., Christenson, A., Connolly, A., Davies, J., Duvernois, M., Fox, B., Gaior, R., Gorham, P. W., Hanson, K., Haugen, J., Hill, B., Hoffman, K. D., Hong, E., Hsu, S.-Y., Hu, L., Huang, J.-J., Huang, M.-H. A., Ishihara, A., Karle, A., Kelley, J. L., Kennedy, D., Kravchenko, Ilya, Kuwabara, T., Landsman, H., Laundrie, A., Li, C.-J., Liu, T. C., Lu, M.-Y., Macchiarulo, L., Mase, K., Meures, T., Meyhandan, R., Miki, C., Morse, R., Nam, J., Nichol, R. J., Nir, G., Novikov, A., O’Murchadha, A., Pfendner, C., Ratzlaff, Kenneth L., Relich, M., Richman, M., Ritter, L., Rotter, B., Sandstrom, P., Schellin, P., Shultz, A., Seckel, D., Shiao, Y.-S., Stockham, J., Stockham, M., Touart, J., Varner, G. S., Wang, M.-Z., Wang, S.-H., Yang, Y., Yoshida, S., and Young, R.

Abstract

Ultrahigh energy neutrinos are interesting messenger particles since, if detected, they can transmit exclusive information about ultrahigh energy processes in the Universe. These particles, with energies above 1016 eV, interact very rarely. Therefore, detectors that instrument several gigatons of matter are needed to discover them. The ARA detector is currently being constructed at the South Pole. It is designed to use the Askaryan effect, the emission of radio waves from neutrino-induced cascades in the South Pole ice, to detect neutrino interactions at very high energies. With antennas distributed among 37 widely separated stations in the ice, such interactions can be observed in a volume of several hundred cubic kilometers. Currently three deep ARA stations are deployed in the ice, of which two have been taking data since the beginning of 2013. In this article, the ARA detector “as built” and calibrations are described. Data reduction methods used to distinguish the rare radio signals from overwhelming backgrounds of thermal and anthropogenic origin are presented. Using data from only two stations over a short exposure time of 10 months, a neutrino flux limit of 1.5 × 10−6 GeV/cm2/s/sr is calculated for a particle energy of 1018 eV, which offers promise for the full ARA detector.

Published
2016

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