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This article shows the results of a large-scale survey focused on the sense of inclusion perceived in the context of COVID-19 lockdown. Data was collected in Martinique, a French overseas territory in the Caribbean. The online poll covered four aspects of the teacher intern experience: possession of computer equipment, access to digital resources, available technology hardware during lockdown, educational interactions, well-being and feelings of insecurity. The results obtained show that the online training strategies put in place to manage the crisis were often hastily improvised, exclusive and could not resolve the lack of technical and economic means from which the most marginalized and geographically isolated communities suffer. This situation has resulted in overworked, highly dissatisfied and stressed overseas prospective teachers., Cet article présente les résultats d’une étude sur le Sentiment d’inclusion en contexte de confinement des étudiants qui se destinent aux carrières de l’Éducation nationale française. L’enquête a été réalisée en Martinique, un territoire français ultrapériphériques situé dans la Caraïbe. Le questionnaire, en ligne, visait quatre aspects du vécu des étudiants: la possession de matériel informatique ; l’accès aux ressources numériques ; les conditions matérielles pendant le confinement ; les interactions éducatives ; le bien-être et le sentiment d’insécurité. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les stratégies de formation à distance mises en place pour faire face à la crise ont été souvent improvisée à la hâte, peu inclusives et n’ont pu résoudre le manque de moyens techniques et économiques dont souffrent les communautés les plus marginalisées et géographiquement éloignées. La situation a engendré une surcharge de travail et des hauts niveaux d’insatisfaction et de stress chez les étudiants de l’outre-mer., L’articolo presenta i risultati di una ricerca sulle condizioni di vita, di studio e di lavoro dei futuri insegnanti del Sistema educativo nazionale francese durante la pandemia. L’inchiesta si è svolta in Martinica, un territorio francese d’oltremare, nel Mar dei Caraibi. Il questionario on line si concentrava su quattro aspetti: la disponibilità di materiale informatico, l’accesso alle risorse digitali, le condizioni materiali e psicologiche durante il lockdown e, per finire, il rapporto a distanza con i docenti. I risultati ottenuti mostrano che le strategie di formazione a distanza definite dai poteri pubblici sono state spesso improvvisate, poco inclusive e non hanno potuto risolvere i problemi legati alla mancanza di risorse tecniche ed economiche di cui soffrono le comunità periferiche e marginali (come quelle che popolano la Martinica, antica colonia dell’Impero francese). La situazione ha generato un sovraccarico di responsabilità così come alti livelli di insoddisfazione e di stress presso i futuri insegnanti della Francia d’oltremare.

International audience; Applications overW ireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are various and different. Manyr outing protocols have been proposed for WSNs since am anyy ears. Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols can differ from anetwork to another.T he transmission range can also be variable from as ensor to another depending on their battery capacities. All these various protocols have an influence on the WSNs. It is worthytochoose the appropriate protocol for each specific situation in order to ensure high security of the network. In this paper,weshowthat the type of applications has areal impact on WSN. Indeed , each kind of application with aspecific routing protocol, MAClayer and transmission range value impact on security of network in terms of packets lost rate. We have undertaken aset of experimentations in order to showthe importance of an appropriate configuration to deployaWSN with ahigh security confidence degree. Forthe application layer,wehavehandled three types of applications. Forthe routing layer,wehavehandled only with AOMDVprotocol. ForMAC layer we use 802.15.4 protocols. We have conducted manysimulations through the NS-2 simulator in order to analyze one relevant security indicators on WSNs: lost packet rate. 1I ntroduction AWSN is mainly composed of twotypes of components: resource constrained independent nodes (sensors) and high resourced sink nodes (base stations). Anode in anetwork communicates with each other through awireless medium, where the communication energy is greater than the computational energy.I na ddition to that, the energy required to transmit am essage is twice higher than the energy required for receiving am essage. In the same time, the route of anymessage sent to base stations is achallenging issue about anetwork lifetime for manyreasons. If we use the shortest routes where some nodes have small capacity batteries, we may reduce the network lifetime. If we use longer routes with manynodes, we will surely increase the network delays. Forthese reasons, routing objec-tivesare, in general, conducted by higher applications: streaming video applications need longer network lifetime butfire monitoring applications need faster response time. Va ri-ous routing mechanisms have been proposed for different applications. Theyare different according to their routing objectivesand routing techniques. As said below, the network features will guide to choose adequate routing techniques. The IEEE 802.15.4 standard offers the most common communication protocols for the MACa nd the physical (PHY) 130