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One of the most pressing problems in the industry at the moment is figuring out how to make wireless sensor networks (WSN) more reliable and extend their lifespan. The processes of selection and the development of clusters are incredibly significant; however, carrying them out is challenging and time-consuming despite the significance of the tasks. In the most recent study, researchers began their hunt by selecting a particular cluster head to use as a basis for their investigation. On the other hand, the model that was suggested utilizes evolutionary cluster head selection as one of its components. This contributes to the acceleration of computing, the improvement of selection precision, and the prevention of the selection of duplicate nodes. When the results of the simulation of the suggested model are compared to the results of simulations using other methods and techniques, we find that our method is both more accurate and more efficient. This was discovered when the results of the simulation of the proposed model were compared to the results of simulations using other approaches and techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indexing and query processing is an emerging research field in spatio - temporal data. Most of the real-time applications such as location based services, fleet management, traffic prediction and radio frequency identification and sensor networks are based on spatiotemporal indexing and query processing. All the indexing and query processing applications is any one of the forms, such as spatio index access and supporting queries or spatio-temporal indexing method and support query or temporal dimension, while in spatial data it is considered as the second priority. In this paper, give the survey of the various uncertain indexing and query processing techniques. Most of the existing survey works on spatio-temporal are based on indexing methods and query processing, but presented separately. Both the indexing and querying are related, hence state - of - art of both the indexing and query processing techniques are considered together. This paper gives the details of spatio-temporal data classification, various types of indexing methods, query processing, application areas and research direction of spatio-temporal indexing and query processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of Image fusion is to combine the information from number of images of the same scene from different images with focus on different objects. The result of image is more informative and of better quality often the entropy content of the resultant image is poor due to improper local fusing. In this paper a comparative study and modified spatial domain approach is presented by fixing the contrast values of pixel in between the Average -minimum, and Average-Maximum to get better fusion capabilities. Experimental results demonstrates that the few of the proposed techniques outperform the existing techniques in terms of SNR and PSNR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of Image fusion is to combine the information from number of images of the same scene from different sensors or the images with focus on different objects. The result of image fusion is an image which is more informative and of better quality. In this paper a detailed survey of Select Maximum /Minimum and principal component analysis for spatial domain image fusion techniques is done. On the basis of the survey an improved spatial domain fusion technique is proposed. The proposed spatial domain technique output performs as the state of the art spatial domain techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new watermarking approach based on affine Legendre moment invariants (ALMIs) and local characteristic regions (LCRs) which allows watermark detection and extraction under affine transformation attacks is presented in this paper. It is a non-blind watermarking scheme. Original image color image is converted into HSV color space and divided into four parts. LCR is constructed and a set of affine invariants are derived on LCRs based on Legendre moments for each part. These invariants can be used for estimating the affine transform coefficients on the LCRs. ALMIs are used for watermark embedding, detection and extraction as they provide synchronization and invariant feature which is necessary for a robust watermarking scheme. The proposed scheme shows resistance to geometric distortion, cropping, filtering, compression, and additive noise than the existing ALMI based scheme [Alghoniemy, M. and Tewfik, A. H. [2004] "Geometric invariance in image watermarking," IEEE Trans. Image Process 13(2), 145-153] and affine geometric moment invariant (AGMI) based scheme [Seo, J. S. and Yoo, C. D. [2006] "Image watermarking based on invariant regions of scale-space representation," IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 54(4), 1537-1549]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Watermarking is a potential method for the protection of ownership rights on digital images. A robust, invisible, non-blind watermarking scheme in the wavelet domain is proposed in this paper. The watermark is embedded in the mid frequency band after performing a single level wavelet decomposition using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). The coefficients are grouped randomly prior to watermarking. The watermarked image is tested for various attacks including filtering and geometric attacks. The novelty of the proposed approach is that it provides better resistance to collusion attack also when compared with existing spatial domain approach. The appropriate mid frequency band for embedding the watermark is tested and the HL band proves to be the best. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital watermarks have been embedded invisibly in digital media to protect copyrights of legal owners. In this paper two new robust digital color image watermarking schemes using fan beam projections are proposed and their imperceptibility, capacity and robustness are analyzed. The approach FBWLC adds a binary watermark to both the luminance and chrominance content of a color image whereas FBWC adds the watermark to the chrominance content of the color image and is based on Fan Beam Transform that takes multiple projections of the image from different angles. It is observed that FBWC scheme is robust to almost all the attacks and FBWLC scheme is more robust and guarantees zero bit error rate (BER) to most of the attacks on color images namely compression, filtering, blurring and sharpening and is compared with an existing approach based on Spatio Chromatic Discrete Fourier Transform (SCDFT). Also, when compared with other works in color image watermarking, these approaches embed a huge amount of data thereby increasing the watermarking capacity while preserving image quality by subjective evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Children with cerebral palsy (CP) have a higher incidence of respiratory dysfunction than healthy children. Virtual reality breathing therapy is an assistive technology that is becoming popular in the rehabilitation of children with CP., Methods: This experimental study included a total of 32 children with spastic diplegic CP who were divided into two groups: the virtual reality breathing training (VRBT) group and the incentive spirometry (IST) group. Individuals classified as levels I to III on the gross motor function classification system (GMFCS) were recruited using the simple random sampling method., Result: The results of comparing the values of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV1), and the ratio of FVC/FEV1 showed a significant difference between groups. A significant difference was found in the VRBT group compared to the IST group, except for the peak expiratory flow (PEF) values, which showed a nonsignificant difference between the groups., Conclusion: There were significant differences in FVC and FEV1 between the VRBT and IST groups. It has been concluded that VRBT has additional benefits in improving pulmonary functions., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, S et al.)