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Referencias bibliográficas: • Araújo, D., Davids, K., Passos, P., Ecological validity, representative design, and correspondence between experimental task constraints and behavioral setting: Comment on Rogers, Kadar, and Costall (2005). Ecological Psychology 19 (2007), 69–78, 10.1080/10407410709336951. • Avilés, C., Benguigui, N., Beaudoin, E., Godard, F., Developing early perception and getting ready for action on the return of serve. Coaching & Sport Science Review 10:28 (2002), 6–8. • Avilés, C., Ruiz, L.M., Benguigui, N., ¿Qué conocemos sobre el comportamiento anticipatorio de los jugadores de tenis expertos durante el resto de un primer servicio?. Cabello, D., Lees, A., Torres, G., Roldán, I., (eds.) Colección congresos nº 2: IV world congress of science and racket sports, 2006, Alto Rendimiento, Madrid, 1–10. • Avilés, C., Ruiz, L.M., Sanz, D., Navia, J.A., Adaptive and reactive skills involved on the return of serve in tennis. Coaching & Sport Science Review 22:64 (2014), 6–8. • Balser, N., Lorey, B., Pilgramm, S., Naumann, T., Kindermann, S., Stark, R., Munzert, J., The influence of expertise on brain activation of the action observation network during anticipation of tennis and volleyball serves. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 2014, 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00568. • Buckolz, E., Prapavesis, H., Fairs, J., Advance cues and their use in predicting tennis passing shots. Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences 13:1 (1988), 20–30. • Cacioppo, S., Fontang, F., Patel, N., Decety, J., Monteleone, G., Cacioppo, J.T., Intention understanding over T: A neuroimaging study on shared representations and tennis return predictions. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 2014, 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00781. • Cañal-Bruland, R., Mann, D.L., Time to broaden the scope of research on anticipatory behavior: A case for the role of probabilistic information. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 2015, 1518, 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01518. • Carboch, J., Süss, V., Toss differences between the slice serve and th, Objectives: The present article aims to (i) critically review and classify the studies on the tennis serve return by the degree of representativeness of the experimental task design, (ii) assess the quality of the studies classified with a high degree of representativeness, (iii) analyze to what extent expert tennis players demonstrate anticipatory behavior when actually performing a first serve return. Design and method: Searches were performed in Web of Science and Scopus up to 31st December 2017. The main search term tennis was combined with four groups of key words: anticipation, perception and action, response time and serve return. Researchers selected 62 studies after applying the inclusion criteria. Subsequently, they were screened by degree of experimental task design representativeness through 6 further criteria. Results: Fifty-four studies were found with a medium to low degree of representativeness (87%) and only 8 studies with a high degree of representativeness (13%). Among those eight studies, only one attained the best methodological quality in terms of variables analyzed and information reported. Also, some methodological recommendations were outlined for future research. Conclusions: After 40 years of research, evidence has not yet been found that expert tennis players move to either side before the ball is hit in representative task conditions. Hence, players do not demonstrate observable anticipatory behavior towards the ball direction on the first serve in tennis, but guide their actions upon the information unfolding around the server’s action and first moments of the ball flight., Depto. de Didáctica de las Lenguas, Artes y Educación Física, Fac. de Educación, TRUE, pub

Cognition plays a key role in sports performance. This meta-analytic review synthesizes research that examined the relationship between cognitive functions, skills, and sports performance. We identified literature by searching Cochrane Library, APA PsycINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science. We included studies conducted on competitive athletes, assessed cognitive prerequisites, and included performance measures related to the sport. Of the 9,433 screened records, 136 reports were included, containing 142 studies, 1,227 effect sizes, and 8,860 participants. Only 11 studies used a prospective study design. The risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Nonrandomized Studies. The multilevel meta-analysis showed a medium effect size for the overall difference in cognitive functions and skills, with higher skilled athletes scoring better than lower skilled athletes (Hedges’ g = 0.59, 95% CI [0.49, 0.69]). The moderator analysis showed larger effect size for tests of cognitive decision-making skills (g = 0.77, 95% CI [0.6, 0.94]) compared to basic (g = 0.39, 95% CI [0.21, 0.56]) and higher cognitive functions (g = 0.44, 95% CI [0.26, 0.62]), as well as larger effect for sport-specific task stimuli compared to general ones. We report that higher skilled athletes perform better on cognitive function tests than lower skilled athletes. There was insufficient evidence to determine whether cognitive functions and skills can predict future sport performance. We found no evidence to support claims that tests of general cognitive functions, such as executive functioning, should be used by practitioners for talent identification or player selection., Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Anton Kalén

Auditory and visual percepts are integrated even when they are not perfectly temporally aligned with each other, especially when the visual signal precedes the auditory signal. This window of temporal integration for asynchronous audiovisual stimuli is relatively well examined in the case of speech, while other natural action-induced sounds have been widely neglected. Here, we studied the detection of audiovisual asynchrony in three different whole-body actions with natural action-induced sounds–hurdling, tap dancing and drumming. In Study 1, we examined whether audiovisual asynchrony detection, assessed by a simultaneity judgment task, differs as a function of sound production intentionality. Based on previous findings, we expected that auditory and visual signals should be integrated over a wider temporal window for actions creating sounds intentionally (tap dancing), compared to actions creating sounds incidentally (hurdling). While percentages of perceived synchrony differed in the expected way, we identified two further factors, namely high event density and low rhythmicity, to induce higher synchrony ratings as well. Therefore, we systematically varied event density and rhythmicity in Study 2, this time using drumming stimuli to exert full control over these variables, and the same simultaneity judgment tasks. Results suggest that high event density leads to a bias to integrate rather than segregate auditory and visual signals, even at relatively large asynchronies. Rhythmicity had a similar, albeit weaker effect, when event density was low. Our findings demonstrate that shorter asynchronies and visual-first asynchronies lead to higher synchrony ratings of whole-body action, pointing to clear parallels with audiovisual integration in speech perception. Overconfidence in the naturally expected, that is, synchrony of sound and sight, was stronger for intentional (vs. incidental) sound production and for movements with high (vs. low) rhythmicity, presumably becau

The influence of delayed auditory feedback on action evaluation and execution of real-life action-induced sounds apart from language and music is still poorly understood. Here, we examined how a temporal delay impacted the behavioral evaluation and neural representation of hurdling and tap-dancing actions in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment, postulating that effects of delay diverge between the two, as we create action-induced sounds intentionally in tap dancing, but incidentally in hurdling. Based on previous findings, we expected that conditions differ regarding the engagement of the supplementary motor area (SMA), posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG), and primary auditory cortex (A1). Participants were videotaped during a 9-week training of hurdling and tap dancing; in the fMRI scanner, they were presented with point-light videos of their own training videos, including the original or the slightly delayed sound, and had to evaluate how well they performed on each single trial. For the undelayed conditions, we replicated A1 attenuation and enhanced pSTG and SMA engagement for tap dancing (intentionally generated sounds) vs. hurdling (incidentally generated sounds). Delayed auditory feedback did not negatively influence behavioral rating scores in general. Blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) response transiently increased and then adapted to repeated presentation of point-light videos with delayed sound in pSTG. This region also showed a significantly stronger correlation with the SMA under delayed feedback. Notably, SMA activation increased more for delayed feedback in the tap-dancing condition, covarying with higher rating scores. Findings suggest that action evaluation is more strongly based on top–down predictions from SMA when sounds of intentional action are distorted.

Most human actions produce concomitant sounds. Action sounds can be either part of the action goal (GAS, goal-related action sounds), as for instance in tap dancing, or a mere by-product of the action (BAS, by-product action sounds), as for instance in hurdling. It is currently unclear whether these two types of action sounds—incidental or intentional—differ in their neural representation and whether the impact on the performance evaluation of an action diverges between the two. We here examined whether during the observation of tap dancing compared to hurdling, auditory information is a more important factor for positive action quality ratings. Moreover, we tested whether observation of tap dancing vs. hurdling led to stronger attenuation in primary auditory cortex, and a stronger mismatch signal when sounds do not match our expectations. We recorded individual point-light videos of newly trained participants performing tap dancing and hurdling. In the subsequent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) session, participants were presented with the videos that displayed their own actions, including corresponding action sounds, and were asked to rate the quality of their performance. Videos were either in their original form or scrambled regarding the visual modality, the auditory modality, or both. As hypothesized, behavioral results showed significantly lower rating scores in the GAS condition compared to the BAS condition when the auditory modality was scrambled. Functional MRI contrasts between BAS and GAS actions revealed higher activation of primary auditory cortex in the BAS condition, speaking in favor of stronger attenuation in GAS, as well as stronger activation of posterior superior temporal gyri and the supplementary motor area in GAS. Results suggest that the processing of self-generated action sounds depends on whether we have the intention to produce a sound with our action or not, and action sounds may be more prone to be used as sensory feedback

Inhibition is a central component of human behavior. It enables flexible and adaptive behavior by suppressing prepotent motor responses. In former studies, it has been shown that sport athletes acting in dynamic environments exhibit superior motor inhibitory control based on sensory stimuli. So far, existing studies have corroborated this in manual motor response settings only. Therefore, this study addresses the effector specificity of the inhibition benefit in elite athletes compared to physically active controls. A sport-unspecific stop-signal task has been adapted for hand as well as feet usage and 30 elite handball players as well as 30 controls were tested. A repeated-measures ANOVA with the two factors “effector” (hands, feet) and “group” (expert, recreational athletes) was conducted. Our results suggest no group differences in two-choice response times, but a convincing superiority of handball players in inhibitory control (i.e., shorter stop-signal reaction times), predominantly when responding with their hands, with weaker differential effects when responding with their feet. This suggests that motor inhibition might be a comprehensive performance characteristic of sport athletes acting in dynamic environments, detectable predominantly in eye-hand coordination tasks.