39 results on '"Rašević, Mirjana"'
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2. Faktori prirodnog fertiliteta
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Rašević, Mirjana, primary
- Published
- 2023
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3. On the demographic block in this issue of Sociološki pregled / Sociological review
- Author
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Rašević Mirjana M.
- Subjects
Sociology (General) ,HM401-1281 - Published
- 2019
4. Religions and low fertility today
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Rašević Mirjana
- Subjects
religions ,fertility ,family planning ,reproductive rights ,demography ,Demography. Population. Vital events ,HB848-3697 - Abstract
Our understanding of whether, to what extent, and under which conditions religions nowadays influence birth levels depends on research. It is important to seek answers to two fundamental questions. The first question is about the role of religiosity and religious affiliation in the deterministic cause of low fertility and family planning in recent times. The second question deals with the influence of religious institutions on birth levels and the exercise of reproductive rights at the global level and within certain population groups over recent decades. To that end, the paper provides an overview of theoretical examinations of the connection between religions and fertility, empirical studies addressing low completed fertility, birth control, or sexual behaviour in relation to religiosity or religious affiliation of individuals, as well as the influence of religious institutions on fertility transition and the respect of human rights in this field. A review of the recent studies of various populations characterised by low birth levels shows that religiosity, especially practising religion, encourages people to uphold traditional values, attitudes, and behaviours that are directly or indirectly related to the concepts of marriage and childbearing. Moreover, it sheds light on some examples of religious institutions’ concrete opposition to progress in this area, while also highlighting contradictory cases of religions supporting pro-found contemporary changes in reproductive behaviour. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. III 47006]
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- 2019
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5. Challenges of early motherhood: Breastfeeding difficulties and life satisfaction
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Buturović Željka, Ignjatović Suzana, and Rašević Mirjana
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breastfeeding ,life satisfaction ,Serbia ,infant feeding ,lactivism ,Demography. Population. Vital events ,HB848-3697 - Abstract
Many studies have looked at benefits of breastfeeding for the baby and, less frequently, the mother. Though many women find breastfeeding difficult, few studies have looked at the potential costs of breastfeeding for this group. From January 19th 2015 through April 18th 2015, the total of 1,980 Serbian mothers completed an on-line survey consisting of 74 questions which addressed their satisfaction with various areas of life. Mothers were divided into four groups depending on their breastfeeding experience: those who enjoy breastfeeding (Group 1), those who breastfeed despite finding it difficult (Group 2), those who do not breastfeed because they find it difficult, but otherwise would (Group 3) and those who do not breastfeed because “it is their choice” (Group 4). There were 1,238 women (53.2%) in Group, 1, 546 (23.4%) in Group 2, 147 (6.3%) in Group 3 and 49 (2.1%) in Group 4. Group 2 scored lower than Group 1 on 25 out of 26 indicators of satisfaction. When these 26 indicators were average, there was a significant difference in the average scores between Group 1 (M = 6.87, SD = 1.10) and Group 2 (M = 6.33, SD = 1.20). Group 3 scored higher than Group 2 on 19 out of 26 indicators. There is a remarkably consistent difference in satisfaction across many areas of life between women who breastfeed joyfully and those who do it out of a sense of duty. As public pressure on women to breastfeed mounts, distinction between these two kinds of breastfeeding experiences should be kept in mind. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. III 47010: Social transformations and the EU accession process: a multidisciplinary approach i br. III 47006: Researching Demographic Phenomena for the Purpose of Public Policies in Serbia]
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- 2016
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6. Sexual and reproductive behaviour of young female internet users in Serbia
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Rašević Mirjana and Sedlecki Katarina
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sexual behaviour ,young females ,Internet ,contraception use ,sexual and reproductive health ,Medicine - Abstract
Introduction. Investigation of sexual and reproductive behaviour of youth in Serbia has not been performed by Internet, although it is their popular information and communication channel. Objective. Analysis of the Internet acceptability among adolescent females as a research method for sexual and reproductive behaviour, identification of the common girl from Serbia, which is informed via the Internet, as well as an overview of the most important problems in the field of sexual and reproductive health of our adolescents. Methods. The possibility of using the Internet is perceived on the basis of the number of girls aged 1920 years who responded to certain questions asked on the website of the Association of Reproductive Health of Serbia, and reliability of the findings by monitoring the consistency of the obtained responses. Girl’s profile is defined according to most commonly selected answer to a particular issue, and the most important problems by selecting answers to some questions chosen by a significant proportion of patients. Results. Internet has proven to be the accepted research tool among young people, according to a large number of adolescent females who responded to the given questionnaire. The common girl lives in the city (78%), with parents (53%), in the functional family (78%) and belongs to a higher economic stratum (47%). She declares having many friends (44%), being a student, and financially completely relying on parents (67%). She had first sexual intercourse at the age of 17 (20%) and sexual experience with one partner (46%). Her main motive for sexual activity is being in love (64%), and is satisfied with her sexual life (64%). She prefers condom as a contraceptive method, has not been pregnant (90%), and has not been diagnosed with STI (85%). At the same time, serious problems, which may affect sexual and reproductive health, have been identified in a significant proportion of respondents. Conclusion. Internet has a great potential for defining the model of sexual and reproductive behavior of youth, and offers the possibility of alleviating these problems by a variety of activities, including sending motivational messages via Internet. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. 47006]
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- 2013
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7. Serbian demographers on demography
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Rašević Mirjana
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demographers ,demography ,Serbia ,Demography. Population. Vital events ,HB848-3697 - Abstract
Introduction: The objective of this paper is to collect the opinions of the leading demographers in Serbia on four significant matters. The matters are: development, state and future of demography, the successfulness of researchers in this scientific discipline, improvement of the Stanovništvo journal, as well as the population priority of our society and range of population policies. Method: A qualitative interview was chosen as the instrument for data collection. Namely, a structured interview, based on nine questions was sent by e-mail to eleven addresses of relevant demographers in the second half of October 2013. The basic reason for sending questions by e-mail was the aspiration to obtain authentic replies which require time for contemplation. Ten completed questionnaires were returned within two weeks. On the one hand, an integral picture on the chosen themes for research was attempted to be obtained in the analysis of received opinions to certain groups of questions and on the other hand to portray the spectrum of different observations. The responses of our prominent demographers were analyzed and compared to clearly pronounced standpoints of eminent demographers published in world journals on similar themes and with findings of internet researches among members of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population. Results: The results show that there is a high level of consent among demographers in Serbia regarding the well positioning of demography in relation to other social studies and its good perspectives. The interviewed experts see the future of demography in its integration with a wide circle of sciences, the application of demography and/or greater engagement of researchers in carrying out public policies. However, the estimations of the interviewed demographers as regards the development and state of demography in Serbia are divided. Although a large number of topics had been listed, migrations and population ageing were singled out the most as significant for examining in the immediate future. The inclusion of Stanovništvo on the Science Citation Information Journal List and expanding the circle of authors were the basic recommendations of the respondents regarding better quality of the journal. All interviewed experts mentioned various kinds of knowledge and characteristics necessary for demographers to posses in order to be successful. Contrary to the homogeneous opinion that a demographer should be a superior-researcher, a wide range of responses were given to the question regarding selecting the best indicator for determining the successfulness of researchers in the study of population. As many as eight out of ten interviewed experts believe population ageing is the greatest population challenge which Serbia is facing. However, a low level of consensus appeared among the demographers as regards the range of the political response. Namely, five experts declared they were pessimists in view of the possibilities for mitigating the challenge they singled out. On the contrary, five interviewed experts expressed optimism, as they believe in the economic development of Serbia, the possibilities of institutional adjustments to demographic changes, and/or in man and his rationality. Conclusion: Demographers in Serbia highly appreciate the discipline they belong to. At the same time they are strict critics and have high expectations in all matters dealing with demography. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. III 47006: Istraživanje demografskih fenomena u funkciji javnih politika u Srbiji]
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- 2013
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8. The abortion culture issue in Serbia
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Rašević Mirjana and Sedlecki Katarina
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abortion ,culture ,Serbia ,Demography. Population. Vital events ,HB848-3697 - Abstract
The problem of a large number of abortions in our country was first pointed out as far back as 1935 at the 17th Congress of Yugoslav Physicians. The abortion problem in Serbia is still present today, even though modern science has provided new methods and means which are a logical solution to the dilemma on birth control methods from the health and social aspect. Namely, total abortion rate in Serbia was estimated at 2.76 in the year 2007. It is very high; double the number of the total fertility rate and among the highest in Europe and the world. The term abortion culture was first used, as far as we know, by Henry David in the introduction of the book From Abortion to Contraception - A Resource to Public Policies and Reproductive Behavior in Central and Eastern Europe from 1917 to the Present in 1999, without specifically determining it. The aim of this paper is to identify the most important factors of the deterministic basis of endemic induced abortions in Serbia together with indirectly estimating their connection with the existence, namely nonexistence, of the abortion culture in our country. In that sense, potential factors of abortion incidence in Serbia which emerge from the social system and those connected to the individual level have been considered. In other words, a series of laws and other legal and political documents have been analyzed which are significant for perceiving the abortion matter, as well as institutional frameworks for family planning, health services, educating the youth regarding reproductive health, including findings of numerous researches carried out among women of various age and doctors from 1990 till present day in Serbia. The following most significant factors for the long duration of the abortion problem have been singled out: insufficient knowledge of modern contraception, a belief that modern contraceptive methods are harmful to health and a number of psychological barriers as well as those arising from relationships with partners. Gynecological attitudes about modern contraception and behavior do not differ significantly from the rest of the population. Additionally, there are few organized efforts to promote sex education, as well as limitations in the family planning programme. Distinguished macro and micro factors of traditional birth control in Serbia confirm the existence of the abortion culture. The nature of these factors though, indicate to the presence of the abortion culture in our country on the political, educational, health and individual level. The abortion culture obstructs the adoption of a modern concept of family planning and points out to the persistence of the abortion problem in our country in the years to come.
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- 2011
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9. Population policy: State and expectations
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Rašević Mirjana
- Subjects
population policy ,fertility ,mortality ,population ageing ,migrations ,Serbia ,Demography. Population. Vital events ,HB848-3697 - Abstract
Population policy is a requirement and demand of the times we are living in. Serbia's response to the problems of demographic development is based on numerous adopted documents of strategic type regarding the policy towards population fertility, mortality and population ageing. Their adoption, however, represents only the first step. A good first step, it seems. All important resources of the population policy are recognized in the strategies. Numerous measures and activities have been stated, many worked out. A multi-sector approach has been accepted, defined and coordinated in their realization. However, the realization of expected results will greatly depend on the operationalization of proposed measures and activities and of course, their putting into effect. On the contrary, in the strategic document which the state adopted towards migrations, there has not even been an attempt to find solutions regarding a more complete political response towards internal and external migrations. What is the least necessary is carrying out measures and activities in order to mitigate problems which arise from a disturbed spatial population distribution and population drain. The time factor in population policy is especially important because, on the one hand, accomplishment of positive effects and mitigation of demographic disturbances requires time and, on the other hand, any delay of changes worsens the demographic basis and increases the strength of its inertness.
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- 2009
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10. Serbia: Transition from abortion to contraception or not?
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Rašević Mirjana
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induced abortion ,contraception ,Serbia ,Sociology (General) ,HM401-1281 - Abstract
At the end of demographic transition and in its post-transitional phase, according to Tsetse's model, contraception has become a dominant method of birth control, while induced abortions lag behind with insignificant participation. The stated model is of general type and refers to developed countries today. It is possible that there are some differences among them, but to a small extent. However, significant and even great differences exist between Tsetse's model and the relation between contraception and induced abortion in Serbia. This paper deals with the phenomenon of the domination of traditional birth control in Serbia and seeks a reply to the question whether the beginning of the 21st century marks a shift in this sphere. .
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- 2008
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11. Phenomenon of insufficient birth and educational system
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Rašević Mirjana
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fertility ,population policy ,educational system ,Serbia ,Theory and practice of education ,LB5-3640 - Abstract
The most important problem of demographic development of Serbia is the fact that individual strivings, aspirations and responses accompanying the process of giving birth to children are not rational from the aspect of the needs of the society. Reproductive norms are low. The society did not even try, via its institutions, to exert influence on the formation of attitude about the desired number of children, or to largely alleviate a number of obstacles to their realization. Facing the consequences of reproductive behavior is a reality and definitely follows in the upcoming time as well. Is there a space for action undertaken by educational system as a part of political response with the aim of rehabilitation of giving birth? It seems that this space exists and that at least two measures impose themselves in that sense. Reduction of individual age at the end of school and population education. Postponing giving birth for later and later age is a very important cause of a very low fertility level in Serbia today. The reform of educational system might influence an earlier entering of parenthood by reducing the individual age at the end of schooling. Population education is imposed as a new direction of population policy, bearing in mind that an individual does not have enough specific knowledge. More or less, the relation between individual behavior and macro-processes is not perceived, the consequences of unsatisfactory population tendencies, slow pace of demographic changes and their postponed effect are not recognized, one does not think about the preservation of national identity, culture and duration.
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- 2008
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12. Is the number of registered abortions in Serbia realistic?
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Rašević Mirjana
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induced abortions ,subregistration of abortions ,Serbia ,Demography. Population. Vital events ,HB848-3697 - Abstract
Ever since the 1990's the number of registered abortions in Serbia has been decreasing from year to year. Are the abortion data of the Public Health Institute complete? In other words, has there been a qualitative shift in the sphere of reproductive behavior of Serbia's population in the last two decades? This paper deals with the raised question in three ways. First, in an indirect way, by analyzing whether a radical change in birth control since the 1990's has been possible, having in mind the complexity of the abortion issue in Serbia, as well as the broad social context regarding the last decade of the last century and beginning of this one. The second way deals more directly with the quality of the official data on abortions. Namely, the great decrease in the number of induced abortions, theoretically observed, may be a consequence of the increased level of births, or possibly acceleration in the birth control transition from the use of traditional and inefficient contraception to the usage of modern and efficient methods and means for conception control. For this reason, population fertility trends were analyzed, with a special review on the time period from the 1990's till present day and the results of the available surveyed researches on the structure of contraception usage in order to determine whether objective assumptions exist for the decrease in the number of induced abortions or not. The third way to reach an answer to the raised question in the title was attempted by estimating the scope of induced abortions. In that sense, relevant literature was consulted and the Westoff method chosen for calculating the rate of total abortions in Serbia (excluding Kosovo and Metohia) in the year 2006. After examining the set task from all three sides, there seemed to be no doubt that the official data on the number of abortions in Serbia are not realistic. The basic reason for incomplete official data on abortions seems to be the fact that in most cases induced abortions performed in private health clinics are not included. Moreover, nurses, namely doctors often experience the filling out of prescribed forms for registration of fetal death as unnecessary, imposed, an additional obligation, without sensing the meaning and not understanding the significance of data as such. The abortion problem in Serbia is serious, complex and demands solving. This assumes the carrying out of many measures, including solving the matter of induced abortions registration. Determination of the realistic number of abortions in a community is very important, because in that way attention is drawn to this health and social problem and enables evaluation of actions to be taken for its alleviation. It remains that the state is to pay due attention to the problem of abortions in Serbia and to put private health clinics in which gynecologists perform abortions under control, as well as to promote the role and significance of statistics among health workers. .
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- 2008
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13. Serbia: Transition from abortion to contraception or not?
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Rašević Mirjana
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induced abortion ,contraception ,Serbia ,Geography (General) ,G1-922 - Abstract
At the end of demographic transition and in its post-transitional phase, according to Tice’s model, contraception has become a dominant method of birth control, while induced abortions lag behind with insignificant participation. The stated model is of general type and refers to developed countries today. It is possible that differences also exist between them, but to a small extent. However, significant and even great differences exist between Tice’s model and the relation between contraception and induced abortion in Serbia.
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- 2007
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14. Gynecologists and the abortion issue in Serbia
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Rašević Mirjana and Sedlecki Katarina
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reproductive health ,gynecologists ,Serbia ,Demography. Population. Vital events ,HB848-3697 - Abstract
Traditional inefficient contraception, incorporated to a large extent in the system of values, has become a natural part of sexual relations in Serbia and represents a rational preventive choice from the individual standpoint. However, when pregnancy is unwanted or cannot be accepted out of any reasons abortion is used as a resort. For this reason there is a long history of a large number of abortions in Serbia. Research findings in our country identify the following, as the most important factors for not accepting modern values in this sphere: traditional contraception and abortion have a firm social confirmation; there is a trans-generational transfer of psychological resistance towards the use of combined oral contraception pills and intrauterine devices; sexual education has never become a natural way of growing up in the family, nor is a constituent part of school programs and that distinct obstacles of various nature exist regarding contraception availability. A developed network of various types of family planning counseling is an important determinant of the accessibility of contraceptive means and methods. There are, however, numerous conditions which have to be fulfilled in order for the contraception counseling services to function properly. Among them, motivated personnel who acquired general and specific knowledge for work in this field are an especially important prerequisite. This theoretical assumption opens the question -whether gynecologists represent an important factor of slow transition of birth control in Serbia? We searched for the answer in the research analyses obtained through two in-depth surveys which either had to do with this theme or tried to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of gynecologists. The first research regarding the determination of the causes for a large number of abortions in our country, was directed towards women who decided on abortion. Gynecologists were the target group in the second research which was KAP type. The results of both researches clearly indicate that gynecologists generally observed, contribute to maintaining the abortion culture and slow transition of birth control from the use of traditional contraception to reliance on modern contraception means and methods in Serbia. Namely, a significant number of gynecologists in our country are at variance with the principals of modern family planning. Their knowledge, attitudes and practice relevant for individual contraceptive choices are insufficient, conservative and inadequate. Thus, there is a necessity for special education of doctors especially gynecologists, at all levels from the basic studies, through specialists ones, to special target courses, seminars, symposiums and conferences. Knowledge acquisition, as the basic element of consciousness can affect formation of standpoints, motivation, promote responsibility and create the requirement for promoting a different system of values and philosophy of living in the sphere of reproductive health.
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- 2007
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15. Education for the protection of young people’s reproductive health
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Rašević Mirjana
- Subjects
education ,reproductive health ,Serbia ,Theory and practice of education ,LB5-3640 - Abstract
Education for the protection of reproductive health is of special importance for young people in Serbia for several reasons. The first reason is an extremely low birth rate. The second is the fact that a large part of the population suffers from serious and long-standing problems in reproductive health. The third, common to all countries passing through transition, is an increase in risk behavior among young people which threatens their reproductive health either directly or indirectly. Education for reproductive health is a long-lasting process which should be initiated at an early age and should involve all social institutions, primarily health institutions, media and schools. The school is the most important link in the chain of knowledge acquisition. Therefore during elementary education, time must be found for topics such as puberty, emotional life of young people, physiology of reproduction, adolescent pregnancy, communication skills, risk behavior, contraception, sexually transmitted diseases and the importance of family and children. Over the last few years more than thirty counseling centers for young people’s reproductive health have been set up in Serbia within health clinics. Unlike health institutions, media and schools have not yet been mobilized. Therefore it is necessary to promote the role of media and schools in the process of the protection of young people’s reproductive health. .
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- 2006
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16. The demographic picture of Belgrade at the beginning of the 21st century
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Rašević Mirjana and Penev Goran
- Subjects
population growth ,population structure ,population policy ,Belgrade ,Demography. Population. Vital events ,HB848-3697 - Abstract
The central part of this paper is devoted to establishing the demographic picture of the City of Belgrade at the beginning of the 21st century. The authors discuss the number of inhabitants and the components of demographic growth through natural increase (fertility and mortality) on the one hand and net migration on the other. Special attention was paid to the problem of refugees (the number and special distribution of refugees). Age and sex structure, the structure by marital status, as well as educational, and economic structures were analyzed. Current ethnic structure, as well as the changes in this structure since the early 1990s, were also presented. The analysis of the demographic picture has made it possible, first of all, to show the implications for the future of the established population trends, and second of all, to single out the basic demographic problems that need to be addressed strategically by the City of Belgrade and by the State.
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- 2006
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17. Fertility trends in Serbia during the 1990s
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Rašević Mirjana M.
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fertility ,Serbia ,Demography. Population. Vital events ,HB848-3697 - Abstract
The 1990s represent an exceptionally complex period for the population of Serbia. In addition to the impact of long-term factors, various tumultuous events affected its demographic development, such as breaking apart of former Yugoslavia, armed conflicts in the neighboring countries, sanctions imposed by the international community, social changes (transition transformation or regression), deep economic crisis, collapse of social stratification political problems, institutional crisis, and NATO military intervention. Maladjustment to the changed system of values and norms, lower level of personal attainment, feeling of insecurity, and living under permanent stress are the main features of life at an individual psychological level. Deprivation or living at the subsistence level are the main elements of the economic cost sustained by the majority of the population. How have these changes affected an individual's decision to have children? The analysis of futility indicators points to an obvious decline in the number of births across low fertility regions of Serbia. Also, the analysis has raised the question why the decline in population fertility in the low fertility regions was not even higher, bearing in mind the experiences undergone by the countries with economy in transition as well as the depth of the crisis in society. In that sense several factors come to mind. The most important are the universality of marriage socio-psychological investigations confirmed domination of the traditional character or mentality in Serbia during the 1990s, and the government’s approach to the issue of fertility improved during this time. Besides demographic needs were carefully taken into account in all amendments to the old and formulation of the new measures in the area of social policy. Mention should be made of measures ensuring employment rights of women and their entitlement to maternity leave, maternity pay, and provision of institutionalized care for the children. On the other hand under-reporting of live births, lack of knowledge on the size and characteristics of emigration flows limited the analysis of population fertility in Kosovo and Metohia. But, registered data as well as survey results show to the perseverance of the fertility model of transitional type displaying obvious traditional elements.
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- 2004
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18. Voluntary sterilization in Serbia: Unmet need?
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Rašević Mirjana M.
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voluntary sterilization ,Serbia ,Demography. Population. Vital events ,HB848-3697 - Abstract
Is voluntary sterilization as a birth control method accepted in Serbia? This is certainly a question that is being imposed for research, regardless of the fact that voluntary sterilization is neither accessible nor promoted. Most importantly because there is no understanding in the social nor political sphere for legalization of voluntary sterilization as a form of birth control, apart from the clear necessity for this, first, step. They are: the recognition that voluntary sterilization is an efficient and safe birth control method, respectability of basic human as well as sexual and reproductive rights, spreading of sterilization as a form of birth control among population of both developed and developing countries and an epidemic diffusion of repeated induced abortions in Serbia. Thus individual recognition of the advantages of relying on voluntary sterilization, in a non-encouraging atmosphere, certainly represents one more argument to enable couples to prevent conception by sterilization. Since it was impossible to carry out a representative research among the population of men and women who are at risk for conception, an attempt was made to obtain a reply to the set question among women who decided to induce abortion. It was done out of at least two reasons. The first being that women with induced abortion in their reproductive history were the target group for voluntary sterilization. The second reason was based on the assumption that bringing a decision on induced abortion is preceded by the reconsideration of an earlier adopted strategy regarding children, giving birth and contraception and thus its rational component is revealed more and therefore more easily measurable. The research was carried out in the University Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology 'Narodni front' in Belgrade from January 21st o March 1st 2002, and included 296 women. By comparing the social and demographic characteristics of the female respondents, as well as important events in their reproductive history with structural traits of the total population of women of same age and parity who induce abortion, the representativeness of samples was confirmed and thus generalization of results. The results indicate that a target group is clearly distinct which would decide on sterilization as a contraceptive method. Not only do more than half of the surveyed women who induce abortion believe that voluntary sterilization as a method of contraception should be available in Serbia, but also a large number of surveyed women, almost a half, would subject themselves to voluntary sterilization after having given birth to the desired number of children and when they would be convinced that sterilization does not influence health, sex potency, nor quality of sex life. Younger women, respondents with secondary education, those who gave birth to the desired number of children, as well as those who have a good relationship with their partner, and confronted themselves with a large number of induced abortions, namely those who wish to use contraception in future, are more open to voluntary sterilization. The reasons for individual non acceptance, namely undetermined standpoint towards sterilization as a contraception method, indicate that many of the registered ambivalent or negative opinions could be changed by knowledge spreading on the characteristics of voluntary sterilization.
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- 2002
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19. Recent demographic situation and immediate future of Belgrade
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Rašević Mirjana M. and Penev Goran D.
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Belgrade ,demographic development ,population projections ,Sociology (General) ,HM401-1281 - Abstract
The subjects of this article are picture of Belgrade population in nineties assumptions regarding demographic development of Belgrade in nearby future and demographic consequences of adopted scenario. Such a broad approach was necessary in order to review contemporary demographic processes and fully understand demographic development of Belgrade, above all, regularity in tendencies and determining factors and its near and more distant environment in order to establish hypothesis on the trends in fertility, mortality, and migrations of population in future and understanding of macro-consequences regarding population factor.
- Published
- 2001
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20. Yugoslavia: Abortion as a Preferred Method of Birth Control
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Rašević, Mirjana
- Published
- 1994
21. Education as a factor of fertility and population policy in Serbia
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Rašević, Mirjana, Rašević, Mirjana, Vasić, Petar, Rašević, Mirjana, Rašević, Mirjana, and Vasić, Petar
- Abstract
Serbia has been facing a childbearing crisis and its repercussions for decades, despite the population policy measures. This paper analyses the linkage between women's education and childbearing, since the educational attainment level is a significant and accurately measurable determinant of fertility. The analysis is based on vital statistics, as the input for the calculation of various fertility indicators for the period of 2002-2015. This timeframe is taken into consideration because a strong financial incentive for childbearing was introduced in 2002, while 2015 is the most recent year for which data on vital events are available. In the observed period, the total fertility rates of women with no education and with university education increased, in contrast to the declining total fertility rates of women with primary and secondary education. The findings of this research indicate the need to create conditions that promote childbearing by women with primary and secondary education, who have not responded to the existing, principally financial, fertility policy measures as expected.
- Published
- 2017
22. Демографска хетерогеност пограничног простора Србије - полазиште јавних политика
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Devedžić, Mirjana, Tošić, Dragutin, Rašević, Mirjana, Anđelković-Stoilković, Marija, Devedžić, Mirjana, Tošić, Dragutin, Rašević, Mirjana, and Anđelković-Stoilković, Marija
- Abstract
Испитивање пограничног простора има дугу традицију. На основу богате научне литературе уочава се еволуција у истраживању овог простора, а тежиште проучавања се током времена премешта са географског, геостратешког и геополитичког аспекта на демографске, економске, социјалне, етничко-политичке и остале сфере истраживања. Пограничне општине у источном делу Србије најпре су се суочиле са проблемом депопулације почетком шездесетих година прошлог века, а наредне деценије су се суочиле са проблемом емиграције становништва. Иако су се ови процеси касније проширили на остале општине Србије, погранични простор је први апострофиран као простор који се суочава са демографским проблемима. Томе је у великој мери допринео и погранични положај, јер је током прошлог века, услед централистичког модела државе, близина границе утицала на повећање баријерности и изолације пограничних општина, што је у комбинацији са често неповољним географским, и тиме условљеним саобраћајним положајем, имало негативних утицаја на развој овог стратешки значајног подручја. Ови фактори и демографски трендови утицали су на стварање стереотипа да су пограничне општине периферне, неразвијене, заостале у економском развоју и суочене са бројним демографским проблемима. Неопходност детаљног демографског истраживања пограничног простора Србије проистекла је из чињенице да су се током друге половине 20. века и почетком 21. века одиграле крупне друштвене промене. Политичка дешавања током деведесетих година утицала су на промене граница, чиме је промењен погранични простор Србије. Општине које су некада биле централне добиле су погранични статус. Отуда можемо рећи да постоје старе и нове границе, што је у великој мери утицало на диференцираност пограничног простора Србије. За разлику од старих пограничних општина, које су се са демографским проблемима почеле суочавати шездесетих година прошлог века, период стицања пограничног положаја је значио почетак демографских проблема за већину нових пограничних општина..., Examination of the Serbian border area has a long tradition. Based on a rich scientific literature it can be seen evolution in the exploration of this space, and the focus of study over time is shifted from geographical, geostrategic and geopolitical aspects to demographic, economic, social, ethnic-political and other spheres of research. Border municipalities in the eastern part of Serbia first faced the problem of depopulation in the early sixties, and in the following decade, they faced the problem of emigration of the population. Although these processes later expanded to other municipalities of Serbia, the frontier area is the first apostrophe as a space that faces demographic problems. This was also greatly influenced by the border position, because over the past century, due to the centralist model of the state, the proximity of the border influenced the increase in the barrier and isolation of border municipalities, which is combined with often unfavorable geographical and traffic situation, had a negative impact on the development of this strategically important area. These factors and demographic trends have influenced the creation of stereotypes that border municipalities are peripheral, underdeveloped, lagging behind in economic development and facing numerous demographic problems. The necessity for a detailed demographic survey of the border area of Serbia stemmed from the fact that during the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century major social changes took place. Political developments during the 1990s influenced the change of borders, which changed the border area of Serbia. Municipalities that were central received a border status. Hence we can say that there are old and new borders, which greatly influenced the differentiation of the border area of Serbia. Unlike the old border municipalities, which faced demographic problems in the sixties of the last century, the period of acquisition of the border position was the b
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- 2018
23. Obrazovanje kao faktor fertiliteta i populacione politike u Srbiji
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Rašević, Mirjana and Vasić, Petar
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- 2017
24. Разлике у смртности становништва Србије по полу
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Đurđev, Branislav, Arsenović, Daniela, Rašević, Mirjana, Radivojević, Biljana, Маринковић, Иван, Đurđev, Branislav, Arsenović, Daniela, Rašević, Mirjana, Radivojević, Biljana, and Маринковић, Иван
- Abstract
Предмет истраживања докторске дисертације јесте разлика у смртности по полу у периоду 1950-2012. година, са посебним освртом на факторе који условљавају разлику. Одређивање њиховог утицаја на основу модела који су примењивани у литератури и сагледавање последица недовољног напретка у продужењу чекиваног трајања живота код оба пола (нарочито код мушкараца), основни је задатак докторске дисертације. Резултати истраживања су показали да кретање разлике у смртности по полу у Србији не одговара ни западноевропском ни источноевропском моделу. Разлика у очекиваном трајању живота при живорођењу мушкараца и жена је последњих 20 година стабилна и у европским оквирима умерено ниска (износи око пет година). Анализа морталитета по полу показала је да су вредности специфичних стопа смртности међу највишима у Европи и да су посебно средовечни мушкарци у Србији вулнерабилна категорија становништва. Резултати су показали да се разлике у смртности по полу смањују са старошћу, одражавајући чињеницу да се у најстаријим годинама живота утицај социо-економских фактора губи, а расте значај фактора биолошке природе. У раду је потврђено да су пушење и алкохолизам значајни фактори веће смртности мушког становништва у Србији. Такође је наглашено да постоје извесне тенденције у порасту конзумације дувана код жена и да се скандинавски модел понашања све више прихвата и то нарочито код младих. Анализа појединих фактора смртности на разлику у очекиваном трајању живота по полу у Србији, показала је да се пушење издваја као појединачно најзначајнији фактор више смртности мушкараца. Елиминисањем пушења постиже се значајна промена у смртности мушкараца и жена, а разлика у очекиваном трајању живота новорођених би тада износила свега половину тренутне. У Србији су стопе смртности код становништва које је у браку значајно ниже него код оних ван брака. То се нарочито односи на мушкарце, који просечно у браку имају за 6-7 година дужи животни век. На основу разлике у стопама смртности по, Predmet istraživanja doktorske disertacije jeste razlika u smrtnosti po polu u periodu 1950-2012. godina, sa posebnim osvrtom na faktore koji uslovljavaju razliku. Određivanje njihovog uticaja na osnovu modela koji su primenjivani u literaturi i sagledavanje posledica nedovoljnog napretka u produženju čekivanog trajanja života kod oba pola (naročito kod muškaraca), osnovni je zadatak doktorske disertacije. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da kretanje razlike u smrtnosti po polu u Srbiji ne odgovara ni zapadnoevropskom ni istočnoevropskom modelu. Razlika u očekivanom trajanju života pri živorođenju muškaraca i žena je poslednjih 20 godina stabilna i u evropskim okvirima umereno niska (iznosi oko pet godina). Analiza mortaliteta po polu pokazala je da su vrednosti specifičnih stopa smrtnosti među najvišima u Evropi i da su posebno sredovečni muškarci u Srbiji vulnerabilna kategorija stanovništva. Rezultati su pokazali da se razlike u smrtnosti po polu smanjuju sa starošću, odražavajući činjenicu da se u najstarijim godinama života uticaj socio-ekonomskih faktora gubi, a raste značaj faktora biološke prirode. U radu je potvrđeno da su pušenje i alkoholizam značajni faktori veće smrtnosti muškog stanovništva u Srbiji. Takođe je naglašeno da postoje izvesne tendencije u porastu konzumacije duvana kod žena i da se skandinavski model ponašanja sve više prihvata i to naročito kod mladih. Analiza pojedinih faktora smrtnosti na razliku u očekivanom trajanju života po polu u Srbiji, pokazala je da se pušenje izdvaja kao pojedinačno najznačajniji faktor više smrtnosti muškaraca. Eliminisanjem pušenja postiže se značajna promena u smrtnosti muškaraca i žena, a razlika u očekivanom trajanju života novorođenih bi tada iznosila svega polovinu trenutne. U Srbiji su stope smrtnosti kod stanovništva koje je u braku značajno niže nego kod onih van braka. To se naročito odnosi na muškarce, koji prosečno u braku imaju za 6-7 godina duži životni vek. Na osnovu razlike, The research topic of the doctoral dissertation is the difference in mortality by sex in the period 1950-2012, with the particular emphasis on the factors that influence the difference. The main task of the doctoral dissertation is to determine their impact based on the models applied in relevant literature and to consider the consequences of the lack of progress in extending life expectancy for both sexes (especially in men). The research results show that the trends in difference in mortality by sex in Serbiacorrespond to neither the Western European nor the Eastern European model. The difference in life expectancy at birth for men and women has been stable over the last 20 years and moderately low in terms of the European framework (approximately five years). The analysis of mortality by sex has shown that the values of the specific mortality rates are among the highest in Europe and that the middle-aged men in Serbia in particular are vulnerable categories of the population. The results has shown that difference in mortality by sex decreases with age, reflecting the fact that in the oldest age the impact of socio-economic factors declines and the importance of factors of biological nature grows. The paper confirms that smoking and alcoholism are significant factors of increased mortality of the male population in Serbia. It also emphasises that there are certain tendencies in increasing consumption of tobacco among women and that the Scandinavian model of behaviour has been increasingly accepted, particularly among young people. The analysis of certain mortality factors that influence the difference in life expectancy by sex in Serbia has shown that smoking stands out as the single most important factor in more deaths in men. By eliminating smoking a significant change in mortality between men and women is achieved, and the difference in life expectancy for the newborn would then be only half of the current one. In Serbia, the mortality rate of the married pop
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- 2016
25. Analiza uticaja socio-demografskih karakteristika i stavova na praksu ginekologa i farmaceuta u vezi sa metodama planiranja porodice u Srbiji
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Krajnović, Dušanka, Mitrović-Jovanović, Ana, Tasić, Ljiljana, Bogavac-Stanojević, Nataša, Rašević, Mirjana, Milosavljević, Jelena M., Krajnović, Dušanka, Mitrović-Jovanović, Ana, Tasić, Ljiljana, Bogavac-Stanojević, Nataša, Rašević, Mirjana, and Milosavljević, Jelena M.
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Uvod i ciljevi. Stopa abortusa u Srbiji je duplo veća od stope fertiliteta i među najvišim je u Evropi. Glavni faktor koji tome doprinosi je mala upotreba moderne kontracepcije. Ciljevi disertacije su bili da se istraže stavovi i praksa ginekologa u vezi sa metodama planiranja porodice, kao i da se ispita uticaj socio-demografskih karakteristika i stavova na primenu ovih metoda. Takođe, da se istraže znanje, stavovi i praksa farmaceuta u vezi sa hitnom kontracepcijom i da se ispita veza između socio-demografskih karakteristika, znanja i stavova sa praksom. Metode istraživanja. Sprovedene su dve studije preseka sa ginekolozima i farmaceutima javnih apoteka. Podaci su analizirani chi-kvadrat testom, univarijantnom i multiplom logističkom regresijom. Rezultati i diskusija. Polovina ispitanih ginekologa je izjavila da ima moralne/etičke zamerke na metode kontracepcije, kao i da ih ne bi ponudili pacijentkinji. Ginekolozi sa zamerkama na kontracepciju imali su manje šanse da imaju zamerke na abortus (OR: 0,422). Ovakav stav je najizraženiji u Južnoj i Istočnoj Srbiji. Značajno veći broj farmaceuta nego ginekologa (12% vs. 2%, p<0,001) ne bi izdao hitnu kontracepciju ni pod kakvim uslovima. Takođe, veliki broj farmaceuta je izjavio da bi odbili izdavanje ovih proizvoda generalno (15%), kao i u specifičnim situacijama: za buduću upotrebu (72%), kada je prošlo >72 sata od odnosa (78%), kada nije došla krajnja korisnica (70%), kao i zbog godina korisnice (75%). Polovina ispitanika imala je nedovoljno znanje o hitnoj kontracepciji i upravo ta grupa je imala veće šanse da odbije njeno izdavanje generalno (OR: 1,862) i u određenim situacijama (nije krajnja korisnica (OR: 1,412) ili >72 sata od odnosa (OR: 1,445)). Farmaceuti sa više godina radnog iskustva imali veće šanse da odbiju izdavanje korisnici mlađoj od 16 godina (OR: 1,023). Zaključak. Naše istraživanje proizvelo je značajne rezultate koji se mogu primeniti za buduća istraživanja i unapređenje zdravstvene politike i pr, Introduction and aims. Abortion rate in Serbia is duble fertility rate and amog the highest in Europe. A major factor contributing to this is the low prevalence of use of modern contraception. The aims of dissertation were to investigate attitudes and practice of gynaecologists related to family planning methods, and to examine the influence of sociodemogrphic characteristics and attitudes on use of these methods. Also, to investigate knowledge, attitudes and practice of pharmacists regarding emergency contraception and to examine the influence of socio-demogrphic characteristics, knowledge and attitudes on their practice. Methods. Two cross-sectional studies, with ginaecologists and community pharmacists, were conducted. Data were analysed by chi-square test, univariate and multiple logistic regression. Results and discussion. Half of the surveyed gynaecologists had moral/ethical objections to certain contraceptive methods, and would not offer them to patients. Those who objected to contraceptives were less likely to object to abortions (OR: 0,422). This attitude was more prevalent in Southern and Eastern Serbia. Significantly more pharmacists than gynaecologists (12% vs. 2%, p<0.001) would not provide emergency contraception to anybody under any circumstance. Also, pharmacists in large number denied these products provision overall (15%) and in particular circumstances; when it was for future use (72%), >72 h after intercourse (78%), for non-intended user (70%) and because of patient age (75%). Half of the surveyed pharmacists had poor knowledge of emergency contraception and that group was more likely to decline the provision overall (OR: 1.862) and in particular circumstances (non-intended user (OR: 1.412) or >72 h after intercourse (OR: 1.445)). Pharmacists with more work experience were more likely to deny emergency contraception requests to user younger than 16 (OR: 1.023).Conclusion. Our study produced important results that can be used to inform future rese
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- 2016
26. Транзиција ферилитета и контрола рађања становништва Тимочке крајине
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Rašević, Mirjana, Devedžić, Mirjana, Radivojević, Biljana, Radovanović, Olica Z., Rašević, Mirjana, Devedžić, Mirjana, Radivojević, Biljana, and Radovanović, Olica Z.
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Демографска транзиција условљена недовољним рађањем карактерише савремене негативне демографске процесе који су започети у земљама Европе, а током друге половине 20.века постају одлика развијених земаља и земаља у развоју усвајањем ниских репродуктивних норми. Овај период одликује Друга демографска транзиција са променама у систему вредности, породичним односима и фертилитетним одликама становништва, као и са усвајањем метода контроле рађања. Простор Тимочке крајине се одликује демографском транзицијом плодности женског становништва већ крајем 19.века, условљавајући негативни тренд демографског развоја који представља претечу екстремно ниског фертилитета Србије. Ови процеси су детерминисани историјским процесима на овом простору, култролошким, етничким, историјским наслеђем и укорењеним облицима репродуктивног понашања становништва, тако да је поред друштвеног, привредног и економског развоја, значајна и специфичност демографског развитка простора. Трансформација проширене у просту репродукцију, и достизање нивоа фертилитета женског становништва недовољног за просту замену генерација детерминише на самом почетку 21.века, да се овај простор Срије, налази у одмаклој фази демографске транзиције са дубоком биолошком депопулацијом. Достигнути ниво транзиције фертилитета и транзиције контроле рађања на простору Тимочке крајине праћен је и интензивним просторним кретањима кроз историјске етапе, наглашавајући губитак популационе снаге којим се одликује овај простор више од једног века, као и другим одликама становништва и друштва одређених историјских етапа. Зато је значајно и научно оправдано сагледати ове феномене и кроз доступне изворе научне и стручне литературе са подацима о овом простору. Циљ у овој докторској дисертацији је утврдити и научно аргументовати основне карактеристике и специфичности демографског развитка, транзиције фертилитета и 5 транзиције контроле рађања Тимочке крајине..., The demographic transition caused by insufficient birth rate is characteristic for modern negative demographic processes which started in European countries, and during the second half of the 20th century became a distinctive feature of developed and developing countries by accepting low reproductive norms. This period is marked as Second demographic transition with changes in value system, family relations and fertility features of the population, as well as accepting the methods of birth control. The Timocka krajina region started having a demographic transition of the fertility of female population at the end of the 19th century, which caused a negative trend of demographic development leading to an extremely low fertility rate in Serbia. These processes are determined by historical events in this region and by cultural, ethnical and historical legacy and forms of reproductive behavior of the population, so that beside social, industrial and economical factors, another important factor is the specific demographic development of the region. The transformation from expanded to simple reproduction rate and reaching the fertility level of female population which is inadequate for the plain replacement of generations determines that this region of Serbia is in the late phase of a demographic transition towards deep biological depopulation. The reached level of fertility transition and birth control transition in Timocka krajina region is accompanied by intensive migration through historical times, which marks the loss of work force which was characteristic for this area for more than a century like other features of the population and societies at different historical times. Thus it is important and scientifically justified to observe these phenomena through available sources of scientific and technical publications about this region. The aim of this dissertation is determining and scientifically argumenting the basic characteristics and specificity of demographic dev
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- 2016
27. XXVIII SVETSKA POPULACIONA KONFERENCIJA.
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Rašević, Mirjana
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- 2018
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28. The transformation of reproductive pattern at Kosovo and Metohia
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Petrović, Mina and Rašević, Mirjana M.
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reproduktivni model ,modernizacija ,status of women ,reproductive pattern ,status žene ,Kosovo and Metohija ,Kosovo i Metohija ,modernization - Abstract
Razmatranje procesa transformacije reproduktivnog modela na Kosovu i Metohiji u kontekstu teorije modernizacije i sa fokusom na položaj žene, bazirano je na podacima empirijskog istraživanja. Reč je o probnom anketnom istraživanju na uzorku od 116 žena, spovedenog februara 1998. u tri porodilišta na Kosovu i Metohiji. Analiza rezultata ukazuje na dominaciju, ali i proces transformacije tradicionalnog reproduktivnog modela. S jedne strane, značajan je stepen inertnog i pasivnog prepuštanja zadatim životnim okolnostima, pre svega, iskazan u ispitivanim iskustvenim stavovima i ponašanju. S druge strane, na nivou vrednosnih stavova i poželjnih situacija primetan je veći nivo modifikacije i cepanja tradicionalnih okvira. Stavovi ispitanica obeleženi su ambivalentnošću tipičnom za tranzicione situacije, što se odražava i na protivrečnosti u domenu ponašanja. Ipak, rezultati ukazuju na proces formiranja pozitivne receptorne osnove za sprovođenje programa planiranja porodice koji bi, s jedne strane, olakšao realizaciju već formiranih potreba žena, a sa druge strane, ubrzao proces njihove transformacije u oblasti reproduktivnog ponašanja i položaja žene. The transformation of reproductive pattern is considered within the context of theory of modernization, focused on the status of women. Paper presents the results of pilot survey, based on questionnaire, conducted at Kosovo and Metohia on February, 1998. 116 women have been interviewed in three hospitals, a day after delivery. Results show that traditional reproductive pattern is still predominant although in the process of transformation. On one hand, the self perception of family status is overweight with inertia and passive acceptance of prescribed living circumstances. On the other hand, throughout the examined values and preferences the modification of traditional reproductive pattern is easier to recognize despite the significant level of ambiguity that is specific to the period of reproductive transition. Nevertheless, results are confirming that the receptor base for family planning programs have been establishing, whose implementation should help the fulfillment of already developed women needs so as the acceleration of theirs transformation.
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- 1998
29. DA LI JE REALNO OČEKIVATI PROMENE U MODELU PLANIRANJA PORODICE U SRBIJI U NEPOSREDNOJ BUDUĆNOSTI?
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Rašević, Mirjana, primary and Sedlecki, Katarina, additional
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- 2011
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30. Demografski i društveni aspekti namernog prekida trudnoće
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Rašević, Mirjana M., Petrović, Ruža, Macura, Miloš, and Bogdanović, Marija
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fertility ,аbоrtus ,pоnаšаnjе ,knowledge ,attitudes ,fеrtilitеt ,family planning ,population ,kоntrоlа rаđаnjа ,abortion ,practice ,stаvоvi ,stаnоvništvо ,znаnjе ,plаnirаnjе pоrоdicе ,birth control - Abstract
Nаmеrni prеkid trudnоćе је istоriјskа kаtеgоriја. U Srbiјi bеz pоkrајinа оn је dugi niz gоdinа biо dоminаntаn mеtоd kоntrоlе rаđаnjа. Kао i u vеćini drugih zеmаlја trаnziciја fеrtilitеtа bilа bi nеоstvаrivа bеz оvоg grubоg vidа čоvеkоvе intеrvеnciје. Меđutim, i pоrеd tоgа štо је mоdеrnа nаukа pružilа nоvе mеtоdе i srеdstvа kоntrоlе rаđаnjа, kоја su sа zdrаvstvеnоg i ličnоg stаnоvištа prihvаtlјiviја, brој nаmеrnih prеkidа trudnоćе је u Srbiјi vеliki i dаnаs, i tо u tој mеri dа sе mоžе gоvоriti о еpidеmiоlоškim rаzmеrаmа njеgоvе rаsprоstrаnjеnоsti. U оvоm rаdu аutоr је rаzmоtriо dеmоgrаfskа i sоciјаlnа pitаnjа, sа pоsеbnim nаglаskоm nа istrаživаnjа njеgоvih dеtеrminаnаtа. U tоm smislu оbuhvаćеnа su tеоriјskа znаnjа о nаmеrnоm prеkidu trudnоćе, prаvni аspеkt i pоlitikа, tеndеnciје i оsоbinе аbоrtusа u Srbiјi bеz pоkrајinа i rеzultаti dubinskе аnkеtе о аbоrtusu sprоvеdеnе zа pоtrеbе оvоg rаdа. Nаlаzi оvоg rаdа оtkrili su bitnе еlеmеntе slоžеnе оsnоvе vеlikоg brоја аbоrtusа u Srbiјi bеz pоkrајinа. То su nеdоvоlјnо znаnjе žеnа о fiziоlоgiјi prоkrеаciје, rizicimа nаmеrnоg prеkidа trudnоćе i оsоbinаmа kоntrаcеpciје, nizаk оpšti, zdrаvstvеni i sеksоlоški kulturni nivо оbа pаrtnеrа, psihоlоškе bаriјеrе upоtrеbi kоntrаcеpciје, nеzаdоvоlјаvајući stаv muškаrcа prеmа kоntrоli rаđаnjа i nеdоstаtаk instituciоnаlizоvаnоg, sаvrеmеnоg kоncеptа plаnirаnjа pоrоdicе. Induced abortion is a historical categoty. Abortion has been a prevailing method of birth control in Serbia Proper for a long period. Like elcewhere, the fertility transition could not have occured without use of abortion as a crude mean of intervention. Although today other family planning means are available, which are more acceptable from the health and individual point of view, the number of induced abortion in Serbia is so large that we can speak of its epidemiological magnitude. In this work the author has considered demographic and social aspects of induced abortion in order to establish its determinants. In this sense, theorethical knowledge about induced abortion, legal aspect and policy, trends and characteristics of induced abortions in Serbia Proper, as well as the results of profound survey were discused. The findings of this work point out the main causes for abortion prevalence in Serbia Proper. There are insuficient knowledge about physiology of procreation, the risks of induced abortion and characteristics of contraception, low level of health, sex and general culture of both partners, phychological barriers, unsatisfactory male attitude toward contraception and lack of institutionalized family planning services which would include modern concepts and operational programs.
- Published
- 1992
31. Transformacija reproduktivnog modela na Kosovu i Metohiji
- Author
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Petrović, Mina, Rašević, Mirjana M., Petrović, Mina, and Rašević, Mirjana M.
- Abstract
Razmatranje procesa transformacije reproduktivnog modela na Kosovu i Metohiji u kontekstu teorije modernizacije i sa fokusom na položaj žene, bazirano je na podacima empirijskog istraživanja. Reč je o probnom anketnom istraživanju na uzorku od 116 žena, spovedenog februara 1998. u tri porodilišta na Kosovu i Metohiji. Analiza rezultata ukazuje na dominaciju, ali i proces transformacije tradicionalnog reproduktivnog modela. S jedne strane, značajan je stepen inertnog i pasivnog prepuštanja zadatim životnim okolnostima, pre svega, iskazan u ispitivanim iskustvenim stavovima i ponašanju. S druge strane, na nivou vrednosnih stavova i poželjnih situacija primetan je veći nivo modifikacije i cepanja tradicionalnih okvira. Stavovi ispitanica obeleženi su ambivalentnošću tipičnom za tranzicione situacije, što se odražava i na protivrečnosti u domenu ponašanja. Ipak, rezultati ukazuju na proces formiranja pozitivne receptorne osnove za sprovođenje programa planiranja porodice koji bi, s jedne strane, olakšao realizaciju već formiranih potreba žena, a sa druge strane, ubrzao proces njihove transformacije u oblasti reproduktivnog ponašanja i položaja žene., The transformation of reproductive pattern is considered within the context of theory of modernization, focused on the status of women. Paper presents the results of pilot survey, based on questionnaire, conducted at Kosovo and Metohia on February, 1998. 116 women have been interviewed in three hospitals, a day after delivery. Results show that traditional reproductive pattern is still predominant although in the process of transformation. On one hand, the self perception of family status is overweight with inertia and passive acceptance of prescribed living circumstances. On the other hand, throughout the examined values and preferences the modification of traditional reproductive pattern is easier to recognize despite the significant level of ambiguity that is specific to the period of reproductive transition. Nevertheless, results are confirming that the receptor base for family planning programs have been establishing, whose implementation should help the fulfillment of already developed women needs so as the acceleration of theirs transformation.
- Published
- 1998
32. Demografski i društveni aspekti namernog prekida trudnoće
- Author
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Petrović, Ruža, Macura, Miloš, Bogdanović, Marija, Rašević, Mirjana M., Petrović, Ruža, Macura, Miloš, Bogdanović, Marija, and Rašević, Mirjana M.
- Abstract
Nаmеrni prеkid trudnоćе је istоriјskа kаtеgоriја. U Srbiјi bеz pоkrајinа оn је dugi niz gоdinа biо dоminаntаn mеtоd kоntrоlе rаđаnjа. Kао i u vеćini drugih zеmаlја trаnziciја fеrtilitеtа bilа bi nеоstvаrivа bеz оvоg grubоg vidа čоvеkоvе intеrvеnciје. Меđutim, i pоrеd tоgа štо је mоdеrnа nаukа pružilа nоvе mеtоdе i srеdstvа kоntrоlе rаđаnjа, kоја su sа zdrаvstvеnоg i ličnоg stаnоvištа prihvаtlјiviја, brој nаmеrnih prеkidа trudnоćе је u Srbiјi vеliki i dаnаs, i tо u tој mеri dа sе mоžе gоvоriti о еpidеmiоlоškim rаzmеrаmа njеgоvе rаsprоstrаnjеnоsti. U оvоm rаdu аutоr је rаzmоtriо dеmоgrаfskа i sоciјаlnа pitаnjа, sа pоsеbnim nаglаskоm nа istrаživаnjа njеgоvih dеtеrminаnаtа. U tоm smislu оbuhvаćеnа su tеоriјskа znаnjа о nаmеrnоm prеkidu trudnоćе, prаvni аspеkt i pоlitikа, tеndеnciје i оsоbinе аbоrtusа u Srbiјi bеz pоkrајinа i rеzultаti dubinskе аnkеtе о аbоrtusu sprоvеdеnе zа pоtrеbе оvоg rаdа. Nаlаzi оvоg rаdа оtkrili su bitnе еlеmеntе slоžеnе оsnоvе vеlikоg brоја аbоrtusа u Srbiјi bеz pоkrајinа. То su nеdоvоlјnо znаnjе žеnа о fiziоlоgiјi prоkrеаciје, rizicimа nаmеrnоg prеkidа trudnоćе i оsоbinаmа kоntrаcеpciје, nizаk оpšti, zdrаvstvеni i sеksоlоški kulturni nivо оbа pаrtnеrа, psihоlоškе bаriјеrе upоtrеbi kоntrаcеpciје, nеzаdоvоlјаvајući stаv muškаrcа prеmа kоntrоli rаđаnjа i nеdоstаtаk instituciоnаlizоvаnоg, sаvrеmеnоg kоncеptа plаnirаnjа pоrоdicе., Induced abortion is a historical categoty. Abortion has been a prevailing method of birth control in Serbia Proper for a long period. Like elcewhere, the fertility transition could not have occured without use of abortion as a crude mean of intervention. Although today other family planning means are available, which are more acceptable from the health and individual point of view, the number of induced abortion in Serbia is so large that we can speak of its epidemiological magnitude. In this work the author has considered demographic and social aspects of induced abortion in order to establish its determinants. In this sense, theorethical knowledge about induced abortion, legal aspect and policy, trends and characteristics of induced abortions in Serbia Proper, as well as the results of profound survey were discused. The findings of this work point out the main causes for abortion prevalence in Serbia Proper. There are insuficient knowledge about physiology of procreation, the risks of induced abortion and characteristics of contraception, low level of health, sex and general culture of both partners, phychological barriers, unsatisfactory male attitude toward contraception and lack of institutionalized family planning services which would include modern concepts and operational programs.
- Published
- 1992
33. Premature Mortality in Serbia
- Author
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Galjak, Marko, Devedžić, Mirjana, Rašević, Mirjana, and Vojković, Gordana
- Subjects
smrtnost, prevremeni mortalitet, pandemija, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, aerozagađenje, PM2.5, demografija, populaciona politika, YPLL ,mortality, premature mortality, pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, air pollution, PM2.5, demography, population policy, YPLL - Abstract
Disertacija se bavi prevremenim mortalitetom. U istraživanju se polazi od pretpostavke da prevremeni mortalitet predstavlja generalni pojam, a ne samo pokazatelj izgubljenih godina života (iako ga on najbolje opisuje). Pojam prevremenog mortaliteta se koristi u njegovom užem smislu, tj. odnosi se isključivo na hronološku starost. Centralni koncept u ovom istraživanju prevremenog mortaliteta jeste teret koji takva vrsta mortaliteta predstavlja za društvo i državu (Srbiju). Disertacija se nadovezuje na prethodna istraživanja prevremenog mortaliteta u Srbiji i svetu. Integrišu se srodni koncepti prevremenog mortaliteta i mortaliteta koji se može izbeći. Pored konvencionalnih načina za analizu mortaliteta, uvode se dimenzije koje ističu relativnost prevremenog mortaliteta sa više aspekata. Prostorni obuhvat disertacije je Republika Srbija bez Autonomne pokrajine Kosovo i Metohija. Ipak, analiza sadrži i različite geografske dimenzije, pa se pokazatelji računaju na dva administrativna nivoa: na republičkom i na opštinskom. Osim prevremenog mortaliteta u Republici Srbiji, disertacija daje prikaz prevremenog mortaliteta i u 35 izabranih evropskih država. Među izabranim državama su i zapadnoevropske i istočnoevropske države različitog ekonomskog razvoja. Stavljanjem Srbije u evropski kontekst omogućava komparaciju Srbije sa ostalim državama. Disertacija se bavi savremenim prevremenim mortalitetom pa je vremenski obuhvat disertacije godina sa najsvežijim postojećim podacima vitalne statistike za Srbiju i pet godina unazad (od 2015. do 2020. godine). U disertaciji se kvantifikuje prevremeni mortalitet u Srbiji i to ukupan prevremeni mortalitet, onaj koji se može izbeći prevencijom i pravovremenom i adekvatnom zdravstvenom negom, kao i mortalitet izazvan pandemijom SARS-CoV-2 i aerozagađenjem, finim PM2.5 česticama, koje najviše utiču na prevremeni mortalitet. Rezultati pokazuju da stanovništvo Srbije izgubi preko pola miliona godina potencijalnog života svake godine. Samo prva godina pandemije je imala cenu od preko 300 miliona američkih dolara u izgubljenoj produktivnosti. Aerozagađenje tipa PM2.5 košta Srbiju više od 200 miliona američkih dolara godišnje u izgubljenoj produktivnosti. Aerozagađenjem su najteže pogođene vojvođanske opštine. Nivo prevremenog mortaliteta je značajno viši u Srbiji nego u najrazvijenijim zemljama Evropske unije. Međutim, postoje države poput istočnoevropskih država (novih članica Evropske unije), koje i pored toga što su ekonomski razvijenije od Srbije imaju više stope prevremenog mortaliteta. Srbija je među 7 država sa najvišim prevremenim mortalitetom (od 35 analiziranih). Osim kvantifikacije prevremenog mortaliteta u disertaciji je ispitana korelacija pokazatelja društvenog razvoja, i pokazatelja udaljenosti od zdravstvene infrastrukture sa pokazateljima prevremenog mortaliteta. Najbolji prediktor prevremenog mortaliteta u Srbiji je siromaštvo mereno udelom korisnika nacionalne socijalne pomoći. U disertaciji su date preporuke u vidu promene paradigme kada je u pitanju populaciona politika (umesto pronatalitetne na onu koja zdravlje stavlja u fokus populacione politike), revizije strateških dokumenata, fokusiranje na prevenciju i otvaranje podataka kao jeftinog načina da se podstakne istraživanje, informiše i edukuje šira javnost. The dissertation deals with premature mortality. The research starts from the assumption that premature mortality is a general concept and not just an indicator – years of life lost (although this is the indicator that best describes it). The notion of premature mortality is used in its narrower sense, i.e., it refers exclusively to chronological age. The central concept in this study of premature mortality is the burden that this type of mortality represents for society and the state (Serbia). The dissertation builds on previous research on premature mortality in Serbia and the world. Related concepts of premature mortality and avoidable mortality are being integrated. In addition to conventional methods for analyzing mortality, dimensions are introduced that emphasizes the relativity of premature mortality from several aspects. The spatial scope of the dissertation is the Republic of Serbia without the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija. However, the analysis also contains different geographical dimensions, so the indicators were calculated at two administrative levels: national and municipal. In addition to premature mortality in the Republic of Serbia, the dissertation provides an overview of premature mortality in 35 selected European countries. Among the selected countries are Western and Eastern European countries at different levels of economic development. Putting Serbia in the European context enables comparisons of Serbia with other countries. The dissertation deals with modern premature mortality, and the scope of the dissertation covers the year with the most recent existing data from vital statistics for Serbia and five previous years (2015 to 2020). The dissertation quantifies premature mortality in Serbia, namely total premature mortality, that mortality that could have been avoided by prevention and timely and adequate health care, as well as mortality caused by the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and air pollution by fine PM2.5 particles, a type of air pollution that contributes the most to total premature mortality. The results show that the population of Serbia loses over half a million years of potential life every year. The first year of the pandemic alone cost more than $ 300 million in lost productivity. PM2.5 air pollution costs Serbia more than 200 million US dollars a year in lost productivity. The municipalities of Vojvodina are hit the hardest by air pollution. The level of premature mortality is significantly higher in Serbia than in the most developed countries of the European Union. However, there are countries like Eastern European countries (new members of the European Union), which, despite being more economically developed than Serbia, have higher premature mortality rates. Serbia is among the seven countries with the highest premature mortality (out of 35 analyzed). In addition to the quantification of premature mortality, the dissertation examines the correlation of indicators of social development and distance from health infrastructure with indicators of premature mortality. The best predictor of premature mortality in Serbia is poverty – measured by the share of beneficiaries of national social assistance. The dissertation provides recommendations in the form of a paradigm shift when it comes to population policy (instead of pronatalist one to the one that puts health in focus as population policy), revision of strategic documents, focus on prevention, and open data as a cheap way to encourage research, information propagation and education of the public.
- Published
- 2022
34. Obrazovna ponuda univerziteta za trece doba
- Author
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Ljujic, Bojan, Miljković, Jovan, Todorović, Nataša, Perišić, Natalija, Janković, Brankica, Manić, Ljiljana, Bronwell, Patricia, Marmedal, Wenche, St. Vizev, Krasimir, Rusac, Silvia, Podgorelec, Sonja, Qirjako, Gentiana, Mackowicz, Jolanta, Despotović, Nebojša, Milićević Kalašić, Aleksandra, Stepanović Zaharijevski, Dragana, Rašević, Mirjana, Devedžić, Mirjana, Dinić, Dragana, Dragišić Labaš, Slađana, Vračević, Milutin, Nešić, Dejan, Mazić, Sanja, Vukčević Marković, Maša, Boričić, Katarina, Stoiljković Gnjatović, Jelena, and Pavlović, Suzana
- Subjects
univerziteti za treće doba ,obrazovni programi ,obrazovna ponuda ,obrazovanje starih ,educational programme on offer ,education of older persons ,educational programmes ,universities for the third age - Abstract
Univerziteti za treće doba, iako nisu jedini provajderi obrazovanja namenjenog starijoj populaciji, predstavljaju značajni stub obrazovanja ove osobene ciljne grupe. Posle više od tri decenije osnivanja prvog univerziteta za treće doba u Srbiji, zakonomernosti dinamike razvoja sistema obrazovanja odraslih deluju i u ovom delu njegovog podsistema. Shodno društvenim promenama, menja se broj institucija koje se svrstavaju u kategoriju univerziteta za treće doba, ponuda njihovih programa, kao i geografska rasprostranjenost ovih institucija, a time i dostupnost njihove obrazovne ponude starijoj populaciji.Namera ovoga rada je da utvrdikarakteristike obrazovne ponudeuniverziteta za treće doba: njihovu distribuciju na teritoriji Republike Srbije, programsku orijentaciju, organizacione oblike realizacije obrazovne aktivnosti i načine na koje su prilagođeni ciljanoj populaciji. U metodološkom pogledu, istraživanje se oslanja na kvalitativnu istraživačku paradigmu, u okviru koje je primenjena multipla studija slučaja kao model istraživanja, a kao metoda korišćena je analiza sadržaja, tačnije, analiza sadržaja veb sajtova obrazovne ponude univerziteta za treće doba. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na nedovoljnu i nejednaku distribuciju univerziteta za treće doba, ograničeni raspon obrazovnog sadržaja koji se nudi starima u različitim delovima Srbije, kao i na tradicionalne oblike realizacije nastave (uglavnom kursevi i ređe individualna nastava). Obrazovna ponuda je uglavnom prilagođena potrebama starije populacije kroz manja finansijska sredstva potrebna za participaciju u programu, u nekim slučajevima i mogućnost plaćanja na rate, kao i realizaciju nekih programa u prepodnevnim časovima. Rezultati istraživanja otvaraju pitanja načina stimulisanja povećanja broja univerziteta za treće doba, njihove dalje programske i organizacione diverzifikacije, kao i načina na koje bi se mogle otkloniti potencijalne barijere za participaciju starih, odnosno, većeg prilagođavanja karakteristika obrazovne ponude potrebama starije populacije. Universities for the third age, although not being the exclusive providers of education intended for elderly, represent an important pillar of education referring this particular target group. After more than three decades of the establishment of the first university for the third age in Serbia, the developmental dynamics of the adult education system regulative is also evident in this particular subsystem. In accordance with social changes, the number of institutions classified as universities for the third age, the offer of their programs, as well as the geographical distribution of these institutions, and thus the availability of their educational offer to the older population, are changing. The purpose of this work is to determine the characteristics of the educational offer of universities for the third age: their distribution on the territory of the Republic of Serbia, program orientation, organizational forms of realization of educational activities and ways in which they are adapted to the target population. In terms of methodology, the research relies on a qualitative research paradigm, within which a multiple case study was applied as a research model, and content analysis was used as a method, more precisely, content analysis of the websites of the university's educational offer for the third age. The research results indicate insufficient and unequal distribution of universities for older persons, limited range of educational content offered to older persons in different parts of Serbia, as well as traditional forms of teaching (mainly courses and less frequently individual teaching). The educational programme on offer is mainly adapted to the needs of the older population through smaller financial resources required for participation in the programme, in some cases the possibility of paying in instalments, as well as the realization of some programmes in the morning hours. The results of the research open up issues of how to stimulate the increase in the number of universities for the third age, their further programmatic and organizational diversification, as well as ways in which potential barriers to the participation of older persons could be removed, that is, greater adjustment of the characteristics of the educational programme on offer to the needs of the older population.
- Published
- 2022
35. Obrazovanje starih i bezbednost na Internetu
- Author
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Miljković, Jovan, Manić, Ljiljana, Ljujić, Bojan, Todorović, Nataša, Perišić, Natalija, Janković, Brankica, Bronwell, Patricia, Marmedal, Wenche, St. Vizev, Krasimir, Rusac, Silvia, Podgorelec, Sonja, Qirjako, Gentiana, Mackowicz, Jolanta, Despotović, Nebojša, Milićević Kalašić, Aleksandra, Stepanović Zaharijevski, Dragana, Rašević, Mirjana, Devedžić, Mirjana, Dinić, Dragana, Dragišić Labaš, Slađana, Vračević, Milutin, Nešić, Dejan, Mazić, Sanja, Vukčević Marković, Maša, Boričić, Katarina, Stoiljković Gnjatović, Jelena, and Pavlović, Suzana
- Subjects
safety ,Internet ,education ,older persons ,stare osobe ,obrazovanje ,bezbednost - Abstract
Načini na koje obavljamo različite delatnosti u savremenom svetu u potpunosti su determinisani primenom novih tehnologija. Tehnologija nudi potporu i olakšanje, ali sa sobom nosi bezbedonosne rizike pred kojima nema nedodirljivih, već samo kategorije ljudi koje su na njih više osetljive. Empirijsko istraživanje koje smo sproveli imalo je za predmet obrazovanje starih osoba kao činioca bezbednosti na Internetu, a osnovni istraživački cilj kojim smo se vodili ticao se ispitivanja odnosa između određenih bio-socio-obrazovnih obeležja starih osoba, sa jedne strane, i njihovih percepcija, navika i iskustava iz domena bezbedne upotrebe Interneta, sa druge. U istraživanju smo primarno bili fokusirani na opštu populaciju starih osoba u Republici Srbiji, iz koje je selektovan prigodan uzorak istraživanja koji su činile osobe stare 65 godina i više. Primenom kvantitativne metodologije istraživanja došli smo do rezultata koji su rasvetlili našu nameru inkorporiranu u definisan predmet i cilj istraživanja. U radu su izloženi rezultati istraživanja koji pokazuju da su korisnici Interneta među starijom populacijom većinom viskoobrazovani muškarci iz gradskih sredina, kao i da korisnici uglavnom pristupaju Internetu svakodnevno više puta, a procenjuju da se dobro snalaze u korišćenju kompjutera. Ovi korisnici Interneta uglavnom nisu imali bezbedonosnih problema prilikom njegovog korišćenja, a od pretnji se ili štite antivirus programima, ili se uopšte ne štite. Oni koji su imali bezbedonosne probleme, uglavnom ističu remećenje rada uređaja usled prodora kopjuterskih virusa i nedozvoljeno preuzimanje ličnih podataka od strane drugih osoba. Među starima koji aktivno koriste Internet podjednako su zastupljene osobe koje nemaju dovoljno ili uopšte nemaju znanja o bezbednom korišćenju Interneta i one koje ova znanja poseduju u određenoj meri, a iskazana je njihova želja da povećaju nivo svojih znanja i veština iz domena bezbednosti na Internetu kroz različite obrazovne intervencije. Ispitanici koji ne koriste Internet, ne koriste ni kompjuter, a prema njihovim izjavama internet uglavnom ne koriste jer ne znaju kako da ga koriste i/ili ne osećaju potrebu za tim. Ovi ispitanici smatraju da upotreba Interneta može biti opasna, najviše zbog mogućnosti nedozvoljenog preuzimanja njihovih ličnih podataka od strane drugih lica. Rezultati do kojih smo došli nesumnjivo upućuju na relevantnost negovanja obrazovne prakse kroz koju bi stare osobe, bilo da su aktivni korisnici Interneta ili to nisu, mogle da probude svest o intenziviranoj potrebi za korišćenjem Interneta u savremenom svetu, a sa time unaprede i njenu faktičku aktualizaciju, uz neizbežno akcentovanje obrazovnog intervenisanja usmerenog ka razvoju znanja i veština iz domena bezbednog korišćenja Interneta. The ways in which we perform various activities in the contemporary world are completely determined by the application of new technologies. Technology offers support and relief, but it also carries the security risks that influence everyone, and particular categories of people that are more vulnerable to these risks. The subject of the empirical research we conducted was elderly education as a factor of safety on the Internet, and the main research goal we were guided by was the examination of the relationship between certain bio-socio-educational characteristics of older persons, on one hand, and their perceptions, habits and experiences referring to safe Internet use, on the other. In this research, we were primarily focused on the general population of older persons in the Republic of Serbia, from which an appropriate research sample consisting of persons aged 65 years and older was selected. By applying a quantitative research methodology, we achieved results that shed light on our intention incorporated into the defined subject and goal of the research. Within the paper, we presented research results indicating that majority of elderly Internet users are higher educated men from urban areas, as well as that Internet users generally access the Internet several times a day, perceiving themselves as proficient computer users. Elderly Internet users generally had no security problems when using it, and they either protect themselves from threats by applying antivirus programs, or they don't protect themselves at all. Those who have had security problems, mostly point to disruption of device operation due to computer viruses breakthrough and unauthorized download of personal data by other persons. Among elderly who actively use the Internet, there is an equal distribution concerning people who do not have sufficient knowledge about the safe use of the Internet or possess no knowledge at all, and those who possess this knowledge to a certain extent, and who desire to increase the level of their knowledge and skills in the domain of security on the Internet through various educational interventions. Respondents who do not use the Internet do not use a computer either, and according to their statements, they generally do not use the Internet because they do not know how to use it and/or do not feel the need for it. These respondents believe that using the Internet can be dangerous, mostly due to the possibility of unauthorized downloading of their personal data by other persons. The results we obtained clearly point to the relevance of fostering an educational practice through which older persons, whether they are active Internet users or not, could create awareness of the intensified need for using the Internet in the contemporary world, and thereby improve its actualization, with the inevitable accentuation of educational interventions aimed at developing knowledge and skills in the domain of safe use of the Internet.
- Published
- 2022
36. Analiza uticaja socio-demografskih karakteristika i stavova na praksu ginekologa i farmaceuta u vezi sa metodama planiranja porodice u Srbiji
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Milosavljević, Jelena M., Krajnović, Dušanka, Mitrović-Jovanović, Ana, Tasić, Ljiljana, Bogavac-Stanojević, Nataša, and Rašević, Mirjana
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knowledge ,attitudes ,hitna kontracepcija ,farmaceuti ,pharmacists ,znanje ,emergency contraception ,abortusi ,socio-demografske karakteristike ,praksa ,ginekolozi ,abortion ,socio-demographic characteristics ,practice ,family planning methods ,kontracepcija ,contraception ,metode planiranja porodice ,gynaecologists ,stavovi - Abstract
Uvod i ciljevi. Stopa abortusa u Srbiji je duplo veća od stope fertiliteta i među najvišim je u Evropi. Glavni faktor koji tome doprinosi je mala upotreba moderne kontracepcije. Ciljevi disertacije su bili da se istraže stavovi i praksa ginekologa u vezi sa metodama planiranja porodice, kao i da se ispita uticaj socio-demografskih karakteristika i stavova na primenu ovih metoda. Takođe, da se istraže znanje, stavovi i praksa farmaceuta u vezi sa hitnom kontracepcijom i da se ispita veza između socio-demografskih karakteristika, znanja i stavova sa praksom. Metode istraživanja. Sprovedene su dve studije preseka sa ginekolozima i farmaceutima javnih apoteka. Podaci su analizirani chi-kvadrat testom, univarijantnom i multiplom logističkom regresijom. Rezultati i diskusija. Polovina ispitanih ginekologa je izjavila da ima moralne/etičke zamerke na metode kontracepcije, kao i da ih ne bi ponudili pacijentkinji. Ginekolozi sa zamerkama na kontracepciju imali su manje šanse da imaju zamerke na abortus (OR: 0,422). Ovakav stav je najizraženiji u Južnoj i Istočnoj Srbiji. Značajno veći broj farmaceuta nego ginekologa (12% vs. 2%, p72 sata od odnosa (78%), kada nije došla krajnja korisnica (70%), kao i zbog godina korisnice (75%). Polovina ispitanika imala je nedovoljno znanje o hitnoj kontracepciji i upravo ta grupa je imala veće šanse da odbije njeno izdavanje generalno (OR: 1,862) i u određenim situacijama (nije krajnja korisnica (OR: 1,412) ili >72 sata od odnosa (OR: 1,445)). Farmaceuti sa više godina radnog iskustva imali veće šanse da odbiju izdavanje korisnici mlađoj od 16 godina (OR: 1,023). Zaključak. Naše istraživanje proizvelo je značajne rezultate koji se mogu primeniti za buduća istraživanja i unapređenje zdravstvene politike i prakse. Introduction and aims. Abortion rate in Serbia is duble fertility rate and amog the highest in Europe. A major factor contributing to this is the low prevalence of use of modern contraception. The aims of dissertation were to investigate attitudes and practice of gynaecologists related to family planning methods, and to examine the influence of sociodemogrphic characteristics and attitudes on use of these methods. Also, to investigate knowledge, attitudes and practice of pharmacists regarding emergency contraception and to examine the influence of socio-demogrphic characteristics, knowledge and attitudes on their practice. Methods. Two cross-sectional studies, with ginaecologists and community pharmacists, were conducted. Data were analysed by chi-square test, univariate and multiple logistic regression. Results and discussion. Half of the surveyed gynaecologists had moral/ethical objections to certain contraceptive methods, and would not offer them to patients. Those who objected to contraceptives were less likely to object to abortions (OR: 0,422). This attitude was more prevalent in Southern and Eastern Serbia. Significantly more pharmacists than gynaecologists (12% vs. 2%, p72 h after intercourse (78%), for non-intended user (70%) and because of patient age (75%). Half of the surveyed pharmacists had poor knowledge of emergency contraception and that group was more likely to decline the provision overall (OR: 1.862) and in particular circumstances (non-intended user (OR: 1.412) or >72 h after intercourse (OR: 1.445)). Pharmacists with more work experience were more likely to deny emergency contraception requests to user younger than 16 (OR: 1.023).Conclusion. Our study produced important results that can be used to inform future research and to improve health policy and practice.
- Published
- 2016
37. Транзиција ферилитета и контрола рађања становништва Тимочке крајине
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Radovanović, Olica Z., Rašević, Mirjana, Devedžić, Mirjana, and Radivojević, Biljana
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Timocka krajina region ,транзиција фертилитета ,контрола рађања ,biological depopulation ,биолошка депопулација ,fertility transition ,временско и просторно утемељене етапе демографских процеса ,Тимочка крајина ,demographic development ,temporal and spatial stages of demographic processes ,демографски развитак ,birth control - Abstract
Демографска транзиција условљена недовољним рађањем карактерише савремене негативне демографске процесе који су започети у земљама Европе, а током друге половине 20.века постају одлика развијених земаља и земаља у развоју усвајањем ниских репродуктивних норми. Овај период одликује Друга демографска транзиција са променама у систему вредности, породичним односима и фертилитетним одликама становништва, као и са усвајањем метода контроле рађања. Простор Тимочке крајине се одликује демографском транзицијом плодности женског становништва већ крајем 19.века, условљавајући негативни тренд демографског развоја који представља претечу екстремно ниског фертилитета Србије. Ови процеси су детерминисани историјским процесима на овом простору, култролошким, етничким, историјским наслеђем и укорењеним облицима репродуктивног понашања становништва, тако да је поред друштвеног, привредног и економског развоја, значајна и специфичност демографског развитка простора. Трансформација проширене у просту репродукцију, и достизање нивоа фертилитета женског становништва недовољног за просту замену генерација детерминише на самом почетку 21.века, да се овај простор Срије, налази у одмаклој фази демографске транзиције са дубоком биолошком депопулацијом. Достигнути ниво транзиције фертилитета и транзиције контроле рађања на простору Тимочке крајине праћен је и интензивним просторним кретањима кроз историјске етапе, наглашавајући губитак популационе снаге којим се одликује овај простор више од једног века, као и другим одликама становништва и друштва одређених историјских етапа. Зато је значајно и научно оправдано сагледати ове феномене и кроз доступне изворе научне и стручне литературе са подацима о овом простору. Циљ у овој докторској дисертацији је утврдити и научно аргументовати основне карактеристике и специфичности демографског развитка, транзиције фертилитета и 5 транзиције контроле рађања Тимочке крајине... The demographic transition caused by insufficient birth rate is characteristic for modern negative demographic processes which started in European countries, and during the second half of the 20th century became a distinctive feature of developed and developing countries by accepting low reproductive norms. This period is marked as Second demographic transition with changes in value system, family relations and fertility features of the population, as well as accepting the methods of birth control. The Timocka krajina region started having a demographic transition of the fertility of female population at the end of the 19th century, which caused a negative trend of demographic development leading to an extremely low fertility rate in Serbia. These processes are determined by historical events in this region and by cultural, ethnical and historical legacy and forms of reproductive behavior of the population, so that beside social, industrial and economical factors, another important factor is the specific demographic development of the region. The transformation from expanded to simple reproduction rate and reaching the fertility level of female population which is inadequate for the plain replacement of generations determines that this region of Serbia is in the late phase of a demographic transition towards deep biological depopulation. The reached level of fertility transition and birth control transition in Timocka krajina region is accompanied by intensive migration through historical times, which marks the loss of work force which was characteristic for this area for more than a century like other features of the population and societies at different historical times. Thus it is important and scientifically justified to observe these phenomena through available sources of scientific and technical publications about this region. The aim of this dissertation is determining and scientifically argumenting the basic characteristics and specificity of demographic development of fertility transition and transition of birth control in Timocka krajina region. The task of this research is a scientific exploration of the influence of traditional and historical legacy and modern demographic development, migrational components and non-demographic influence on the establishment and formation of demographic flows and levels of transition of fertility and birth control, temporal and spatial characterisation of demographic processes and the consequences of 8 biological depopulation, with establishing phases, stages and the consequences of demographic aging, disturbing of relations of age contigents of female population, as well a scientific analysis of mutual dependency of the development of population and the area it inhabits...
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- 2016
38. Difference in mortality by sex in Serbian population
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Đurđev, Branislav, Arsenović, Daniela, Rašević, Mirjana, and Radivojević, Biljana
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Србија ,превремени морталитет ,pušenje ,Srbija ,Смртност по полу ,prevremeni mortalitet ,smoking ,cause of death ,premature mortality ,узроци смрти ,Mortality by sex ,uzroci smrti ,Serbia ,пушење ,Smrtnost po polu - Abstract
Предмет истраживања докторске дисертације јесте разлика у смртности по полу у периоду 1950-2012. година, са посебним освртом на факторе који условљавају разлику. Одређивање њиховог утицаја на основу модела који су примењивани у литератури и сагледавање последица недовољног напретка у продужењу чекиваног трајања живота код оба пола (нарочито код мушкараца), основни је задатак докторске дисертације. Резултати истраживања су показали да кретање разлике у смртности по полу у Србији не одговара ни западноевропском ни источноевропском моделу. Разлика у очекиваном трајању живота при живорођењу мушкараца и жена је последњих 20 година стабилна и у европским оквирима умерено ниска (износи око пет година). Анализа морталитета по полу показала је да су вредности специфичних стопа смртности међу највишима у Европи и да су посебно средовечни мушкарци у Србији вулнерабилна категорија становништва. Резултати су показали да се разлике у смртности по полу смањују са старошћу, одражавајући чињеницу да се у најстаријим годинама живота утицај социо-економских фактора губи, а расте значај фактора биолошке природе. У раду је потврђено да су пушење и алкохолизам значајни фактори веће смртности мушког становништва у Србији. Такође је наглашено да постоје извесне тенденције у порасту конзумације дувана код жена и да се скандинавски модел понашања све више прихвата и то нарочито код младих. Анализа појединих фактора смртности на разлику у очекиваном трајању живота по полу у Србији, показала је да се пушење издваја као појединачно најзначајнији фактор више смртности мушкараца. Елиминисањем пушења постиже се значајна промена у смртности мушкараца и жена, а разлика у очекиваном трајању живота новорођених би тада износила свега половину тренутне. У Србији су стопе смртности код становништва које је у браку значајно ниже него код оних ван брака. То се нарочито односи на мушкарце, који просечно у браку имају за 6-7 година дужи животни век. На основу разлике у стопама смртности по полу и образовању може се констатовати да ниво образовања има већи значај у морталитету жена, односно да се са већим степеном образовања и разлика у смртности по полу повећава на штету мушкараца. Истраживање преране смртности становништва Србије услед водећих узрока смрти показало је да мушкарци и жене имају различит модел морталитета. Хипотеза да је канцер значајнији узрок превремене смрти код жена него код мушкараца у Србији, потврђена је у раду. Различита смртност мушкараца и жена је природни и друштвени феномен од великог значаја, јер фокусира активности различитих државних структура. Анализа стања и разумевање фактора који условљавају различиту смртност по полу, нуди могућност превентивног деловања, што би могло довести до боље организације здравствених служби. Истраживање у дисертацији је показало какви су и колики губици за друштво услед преране смртности мушкараца и жена у Србији. Анализа морталитетне ситуације у последњих 60 година, са издвајањем разлике у смртности по полу и фактора који је условљавају, допринеће ће истраживању ове тематике код нас. Predmet istraživanja doktorske disertacije jeste razlika u smrtnosti po polu u periodu 1950-2012. godina, sa posebnim osvrtom na faktore koji uslovljavaju razliku. Određivanje njihovog uticaja na osnovu modela koji su primenjivani u literaturi i sagledavanje posledica nedovoljnog napretka u produženju čekivanog trajanja života kod oba pola (naročito kod muškaraca), osnovni je zadatak doktorske disertacije. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da kretanje razlike u smrtnosti po polu u Srbiji ne odgovara ni zapadnoevropskom ni istočnoevropskom modelu. Razlika u očekivanom trajanju života pri živorođenju muškaraca i žena je poslednjih 20 godina stabilna i u evropskim okvirima umereno niska (iznosi oko pet godina). Analiza mortaliteta po polu pokazala je da su vrednosti specifičnih stopa smrtnosti među najvišima u Evropi i da su posebno sredovečni muškarci u Srbiji vulnerabilna kategorija stanovništva. Rezultati su pokazali da se razlike u smrtnosti po polu smanjuju sa starošću, odražavajući činjenicu da se u najstarijim godinama života uticaj socio-ekonomskih faktora gubi, a raste značaj faktora biološke prirode. U radu je potvrđeno da su pušenje i alkoholizam značajni faktori veće smrtnosti muškog stanovništva u Srbiji. Takođe je naglašeno da postoje izvesne tendencije u porastu konzumacije duvana kod žena i da se skandinavski model ponašanja sve više prihvata i to naročito kod mladih. Analiza pojedinih faktora smrtnosti na razliku u očekivanom trajanju života po polu u Srbiji, pokazala je da se pušenje izdvaja kao pojedinačno najznačajniji faktor više smrtnosti muškaraca. Eliminisanjem pušenja postiže se značajna promena u smrtnosti muškaraca i žena, a razlika u očekivanom trajanju života novorođenih bi tada iznosila svega polovinu trenutne. U Srbiji su stope smrtnosti kod stanovništva koje je u braku značajno niže nego kod onih van braka. To se naročito odnosi na muškarce, koji prosečno u braku imaju za 6-7 godina duži životni vek. Na osnovu razlike u stopama smrtnosti po polu i obrazovanju može se konstatovati da nivo obrazovanja ima veći značaj u mortalitetu žena, odnosno da se sa većim stepenom obrazovanja i razlika u smrtnosti po polu povećava na štetu muškaraca. Istraživanje prerane smrtnosti stanovništva Srbije usled vodećih uzroka smrti pokazalo je da muškarci i žene imaju različit model mortaliteta. Hipoteza da je kancer značajniji uzrok prevremene smrti kod žena nego kod muškaraca u Srbiji, potvrđena je u radu. Različita smrtnost muškaraca i žena je prirodni i društveni fenomen od velikog značaja, jer fokusira aktivnosti različitih državnih struktura. Analiza stanja i razumevanje faktora koji uslovljavaju različitu smrtnost po polu, nudi mogućnost preventivnog delovanja, što bi moglo dovesti do bolje organizacije zdravstvenih službi. Istraživanje u disertaciji je pokazalo kakvi su i koliki gubici za društvo usled prerane smrtnosti muškaraca i žena u Srbiji. Analiza mortalitetne situacije u poslednjih 60 godina, sa izdvajanjem razlike u smrtnosti po polu i faktora koji je uslovljavaju, doprineće će istraživanju ove tematike kod nas. The research topic of the doctoral dissertation is the difference in mortality by sex in the period 1950-2012, with the particular emphasis on the factors that influence the difference. The main task of the doctoral dissertation is to determine their impact based on the models applied in relevant literature and to consider the consequences of the lack of progress in extending life expectancy for both sexes (especially in men). The research results show that the trends in difference in mortality by sex in Serbiacorrespond to neither the Western European nor the Eastern European model. The difference in life expectancy at birth for men and women has been stable over the last 20 years and moderately low in terms of the European framework (approximately five years). The analysis of mortality by sex has shown that the values of the specific mortality rates are among the highest in Europe and that the middle-aged men in Serbia in particular are vulnerable categories of the population. The results has shown that difference in mortality by sex decreases with age, reflecting the fact that in the oldest age the impact of socio-economic factors declines and the importance of factors of biological nature grows. The paper confirms that smoking and alcoholism are significant factors of increased mortality of the male population in Serbia. It also emphasises that there are certain tendencies in increasing consumption of tobacco among women and that the Scandinavian model of behaviour has been increasingly accepted, particularly among young people. The analysis of certain mortality factors that influence the difference in life expectancy by sex in Serbia has shown that smoking stands out as the single most important factor in more deaths in men. By eliminating smoking a significant change in mortality between men and women is achieved, and the difference in life expectancy for the newborn would then be only half of the current one. In Serbia, the mortality rate of the married population is significantly lower than of the unmarried population, which particularly relates to married men, who live 6-7 years longer on average. Based on the differences in mortality rates by sex and education, it can be concluded that the level of education has a greater significance in the mortality of women, i.e. that with higher level of education the difference in mortality by sex increases at the expense of men. The study of premature mortality of Serbian population due to the leading causes of death has shown that men and women have a different model of mortality. The paper confirms the hypothesis that cancer is a more significant cause of premature death in women than in men in Serbia. Different mortality between men and women is a natural and social phenomenon of great importance, because it focuses the activities of various state structures. The analysis of the situation and understanding of the different factors that influence mortality by sex, offers the possibility of preventive action, which could lead to better organisation of health services. The research in the dissertation has shown the nature and extent to which the society loses due to premature mortality of men and women in Serbia. The analysis of the mortality situation in the last 60 years, separating the differences in mortality by sex and the factors that are causing them will considerably contribute to researching this issue in our country.
- Published
- 2016
39. Razlike u smrtnosti stanovništva Srbije po polu
- Author
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Marinković, Ivan, Đurđev, Branislav, Arsenović, Daniela, Rašević, Mirjana, and Radivojević, Biljana
- Subjects
Смртност по полу, узроци смрти, пушење, превремени морталитет, Србија ,Mortality by sex, cause of death, smoking, premature mortality, Serbia ,Smrtnost po polu, uzroci smrti, pušenje, prevremeni mortalitet, Srbija - Abstract
Предмет истраживања докторске дисертације јесте разлика у смртности по полуу периоду 1950-2012. година, са посебним освртом на факторе који условљавајуразлику. Одређивање њиховог утицаја на основу модела који су примењивани улитератури и сагледавање последица недовољног напретка у продужењу чекиваног трајања живота код оба пола (нарочито код мушкараца), основни је задатак докторске дисертације.Резултати истраживања су показали да кретање разлике у смртности по полу у Србији не одговара ни западноевропском ни источноевропском моделу. Разлика у очекиваном трајању живота при живорођењу мушкараца и жена је последњих 20 година стабилна и у европским оквирима умерено ниска (износи око пет година). Анализа морталитета по полу показала је да су вредности специфичних стопа смртности међу највишима у Европи и да су посебно средовечни мушкарци у Србији вулнерабилна категорија становништва. Резултати су показали да се разлике у смртности по полу смањују са старошћу, одражавајући чињеницу да се у најстаријим годинама живота утицај социо-економских фактора губи, а расте значај фактора биолошке природе. У раду је потврђено да су пушење и алкохолизам значајни фактори веће смртности мушког становништва у Србији. Такође је наглашено да постојеизвесне тенденције у порасту конзумације дувана код жена и да се скандинавски модел понашања све више прихвата и то нарочито код младих. Анализа појединих фактора смртности на разлику у очекиваном трајању живота по полу у Србији, показала је да се пушење издваја као појединачно најзначајнији фактор више смртности мушкараца. Елиминисањем пушења постиже се значајна промена у смртности мушкараца и жена, а разлика у очекиваном трајању живота новорођених би тада износила свега половину тренутне. У Србији су стопе смртности код становништва које је у браку значајно ниже него код оних ван брака. То се нарочито односи на мушкарце, који просечно у браку имају за 6-7 година дужи животни век. На основу разлике у стопама смртности по полу и образовању може се констатовати да ниво образовања има већи значај у морталитету жена, односно да се са већим степеном образовања и разлика у смртности по полу повећава на штету мушкараца. Истраживање преране смртности становништва Србије услед водећих узрока смрти показало је да мушкарци и жене имају различит модел морталитета. Хипотеза да је канцер значајнији узрок превремене смрти код жена него код мушкараца у Србији, потврђена је у раду.Различита смртност мушкараца и жена је природни и друштвени феномен од великог значаја, јер фокусира активности различитих државних структура. Анализа стања и разумевање фактора који условљавају различиту смртност по полу, нуди могућност превентивног деловања, што би могло довести до боље организације здравствених служби. Истраживање у дисертацији је показало какви су и колики губици за друштво услед преране смртности мушкараца и жена у Србији. Анализа морталитетне ситуације у последњих 60 година, са издвајањем разлике у смртности по полу и фактора који је условљавају, допринеће ће истраживању ове тематике код нас., Predmet istraživanja doktorske disertacije jeste razlika u smrtnosti po poluu periodu 1950-2012. godina, sa posebnim osvrtom na faktore koji uslovljavajurazliku. Određivanje njihovog uticaja na osnovu modela koji su primenjivani uliteraturi i sagledavanje posledica nedovoljnog napretka u produženju čekivanog trajanja života kod oba pola (naročito kod muškaraca), osnovni je zadatak doktorske disertacije.Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da kretanje razlike u smrtnosti po polu u Srbiji ne odgovara ni zapadnoevropskom ni istočnoevropskom modelu. Razlika u očekivanom trajanju života pri živorođenju muškaraca i žena je poslednjih 20 godina stabilna i u evropskim okvirima umereno niska (iznosi oko pet godina). Analiza mortaliteta po polu pokazala je da su vrednosti specifičnih stopa smrtnosti među najvišima u Evropi i da su posebno sredovečni muškarci u Srbiji vulnerabilna kategorija stanovništva. Rezultati su pokazali da se razlike u smrtnosti po polu smanjuju sa starošću, odražavajući činjenicu da se u najstarijim godinama života uticaj socio-ekonomskih faktora gubi, a raste značaj faktora biološke prirode. U radu je potvrđeno da su pušenje i alkoholizam značajni faktori veće smrtnosti muškog stanovništva u Srbiji. Takođe je naglašeno da postojeizvesne tendencije u porastu konzumacije duvana kod žena i da se skandinavski model ponašanja sve više prihvata i to naročito kod mladih. Analiza pojedinih faktora smrtnosti na razliku u očekivanom trajanju života po polu u Srbiji, pokazala je da se pušenje izdvaja kao pojedinačno najznačajniji faktor više smrtnosti muškaraca. Eliminisanjem pušenja postiže se značajna promena u smrtnosti muškaraca i žena, a razlika u očekivanom trajanju života novorođenih bi tada iznosila svega polovinu trenutne. U Srbiji su stope smrtnosti kod stanovništva koje je u braku značajno niže nego kod onih van braka. To se naročito odnosi na muškarce, koji prosečno u braku imaju za 6-7 godina duži životni vek. Na osnovu razlike u stopama smrtnosti po polu i obrazovanju može se konstatovati da nivo obrazovanja ima veći značaj u mortalitetu žena, odnosno da se sa većim stepenom obrazovanja i razlika u smrtnosti po polu povećava na štetu muškaraca. Istraživanje prerane smrtnosti stanovništva Srbije usled vodećih uzroka smrti pokazalo je da muškarci i žene imaju različit model mortaliteta. Hipoteza da je kancer značajniji uzrok prevremene smrti kod žena nego kod muškaraca u Srbiji, potvrđena je u radu.Različita smrtnost muškaraca i žena je prirodni i društveni fenomen od velikog značaja, jer fokusira aktivnosti različitih državnih struktura. Analiza stanja i razumevanje faktora koji uslovljavaju različitu smrtnost po polu, nudi mogućnost preventivnog delovanja, što bi moglo dovesti do bolje organizacije zdravstvenih službi. Istraživanje u disertaciji je pokazalo kakvi su i koliki gubici za društvo usled prerane smrtnosti muškaraca i žena u Srbiji. Analiza mortalitetne situacije u poslednjih 60 godina, sa izdvajanjem razlike u smrtnosti po polu i faktora koji je uslovljavaju, doprineće će istraživanju ove tematike kod nas., The research topic of the doctoral dissertation is the difference in mortality by sex in the period 1950-2012, with the particular emphasis on the factors that influence the difference. The main task of the doctoral dissertation is to determine their impact based on the models applied in relevant literature and to consider the consequences of the lack of progress in extending life expectancy for both sexes (especially in men).The research results show that the trends in difference in mortality by sex in Serbiacorrespond to neither the Western European nor the Eastern European model. The difference in life expectancy at birth for men and women has been stable over the last 20 years and moderately low in terms of the European framework (approximately five years). The analysis of mortality by sex has shown that the values of the specific mortality rates are among the highest in Europe and that the middle-aged men in Serbia in particular are vulnerable categories of the population. The results has shown that difference in mortality by sex decreases with age, reflecting the fact that in the oldest age the impact of socio-economic factors declines and the importance of factors of biological nature grows. The paper confirms that smoking and alcoholism are significant factors of increased mortality of the male population in Serbia. It also emphasises that there are certain tendencies in increasing consumption of tobacco among women and that the Scandinavian model of behaviour has been increasingly accepted, particularly among young people. The analysis of certain mortality factors that influence the difference in life expectancy by sex in Serbia has shown that smoking stands out as the single most important factor in more deaths in men. By eliminating smoking a significant change in mortality between men and women is achieved, and the difference in life expectancy for the newborn would then be only half of the current one. In Serbia, the mortality rate of the married population is significantly lower than of the unmarried population, which particularly relates to married men, who live 6-7 years longer on average. Based on the differences in mortality rates by sex and education, it can be concluded that the level of education has a greater significance in the mortality of women, i.e. that with higher level of education the difference in mortality by sex increases at the expense of men. The study of premature mortality of Serbian population due to the leading causes of death has shown that men and women have a different model of mortality. The paper confirms the hypothesis that cancer is a more significant cause of premature death in women than in men in Serbia.Different mortality between men and women is a natural and social phenomenon of great importance, because it focuses the activities of various state structures. The analysis of the situation and understanding of the different factors that influence mortality by sex, offers the possibility of preventive action, which could lead to better organisation of health services. The research in the dissertation has shown the nature and extent to which the society loses due to premature mortality of men and women in Serbia. The analysis of the mortality situation in the last 60 years, separating the differences in mortality by sex and the factors that are causing them will considerably contribute to researching this issue in our country.
- Published
- 2016
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