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This study aims to analyze the types of commercial buildings in the Apgujeong Rodeo area by focusing on their façades and identifying relationships between those façades, urban conditions, trends of the times, and the commerciality of the area. The Apgujeong Rodeo area underwent a transformation from a grid-pattern street and plotted residential area—developed in the 1970s and 1980s owing to the growth of Gangnam, Seoul—to an entertainment and consumption hub associated with beauty and fashion. This study considered the characteristics of Korean commercial architecture, characterized by 'superficial characteristics' influenced by small plots and legal regulations. A total of 112 buildings that had been renovated or newly constructed were analyzed based on the type of exterior material, tracking changes in façades accordingly. Furthermore, by examining the characteristics of the buildings' façades, the types of stores within them, and insights from the architects of newly constructed buildings, it was determined that the commercial identity of the area is expressed through its façades. For instance, there were orderly buildings related to the beauty industry, reflective and uniquely designed clothing store buildings, discreet event venue structures, disorderly restaurant buildings, and entertainment structures, among others. The commercial expressions through façades, detached from the structures of the buildings, encapsulate the historical, economic, social, and cultural significance of the area's urbanization and industrialization, reflecting broader societal meanings. Moreover, these expressions surpass the generalizations of the superficial characteristics of Korean commercial architecture to shape the distinct landscape and atmosphere of this area, setting it apart from other commercial areas in Seoul. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: There are different public events that cause a distress response in livestock. Persecution and takedown is a sport similar to rodeo that can affect the animals that compete in it. Therefore, in this study, the physiological stress response is evaluated in saliva samples from calves before, during, and after the event, measuring the levels of epinephrine, cortisol, serotonin, and dopamine. The results revealed that the sport of persecution and takedown could cause a punctual acute stressful effect that can be assumed by animals and not compromise animal welfare. Certain events can cause distress in cattle. In Spain, there is a sport similar to rodeo called persecution and takedown, in which calves are harassed and knocked down by riders. In this study, the physiological stress response of calves (n = 260) is assessed by measuring hormonal physiological parameters. Salivary samples were collected from Salers (n = 110) and Lidia (n = 150) calves before, during, and after the persecution and takedown event. The hormones epinephrine, cortisol, serotonin, and dopamine were determined in saliva samples using enzyme-immunoassay techniques. The results obtained revealed that epinephrine and cortisol levels increased during the event in Salers calves, with a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the case of epinephrine, although after the event, these values returned to their initial state. Therefore, this sport supposes an assumable punctual stressor stimulus for the animal. In contrast, in Lidia calves, cortisol and epinephrine levels decreased, with a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the case of cortisol, which may be related to the temperament of this breed and facing a stressful situation in a different manner. This is confirmed by serotonin and dopamine levels that were altered in Lidia calves with respect to the other group studied. In conclusion, the sport of persecution and takedown produces a physiological response of adaptive stress assumable for the animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Calf roping is a rodeo event that involves the release, pursuit, lassoing and leg-tying of a calf by a rider on horseback. Welfare concerns for calves used in these events include distress and potential physical injuries. This study evaluated video footage of calf roping (also known as rope-and-tie) from two rodeos and assessed calves' behaviour to identify any signs of distress during five different phases of roping. Calves in the study showed signs of distress and fear across all stages of roping. These findings suggest that calves experience fear and distress in calf roping events, which can inform discussions of the welfare of calves used in rodeos. There are significant welfare concerns with the use of calves in calf roping (also known as rope-and-tie) events in rodeos. However, little work has been carried out to scientifically assess calves' behavioural responses to the stressors of these events. This study evaluated video footage of calves (n = 15) during roping events from two rodeos. An ethogram was created to assess behavioural parameters during five phases of a calf roping event: Chase, Lasso, Catch and Restraint, Leg Tie and Release. Six behavioural parameters were observed during each of the five phases: Ear position (Axial or Back Up/Down), Eye White, Leg Movement (Slow/Fast), Tail Position (Rigid/Swish/Relaxed), Vocalisation and Evasive Behaviour. The presence or absence of each behaviour during each phase of roping was documented. Chi-squared analysis found significant (p < 0.001) differences in the proportions of behaviours observed in all five phases of the event. Binary logistic regression was performed, and six behaviours were observed to be significant across all phases: Evasive Behaviour (p < 0.001), Vocalisation (p = 0.002) and Legs Fast (p = 0.016) were more likely to be observed in comparison to Ears Axial, which was used as a reference category. Eye White (p < 0.001), Legs Slow (p < 0.001) and Tail Relaxed (p < 0.001) were less likely to be observed than Ears Axial. This study found that calves exhibit signs of distress in all of the phases of calf roping, including the Release phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article titled "Persist, reproduce, play. Rodeo, vaquería, and vaqueridad in Baja California" is a review of a book written by Josué Beltrán Cortez. The book examines the identity of the cowboy in Baja California, from its emergence in the 19th century to the present day. Beltrán traces the genealogy of the cowboy and describes the current world of cowboys, using images taken by himself. The book also highlights the importance of preserving and protecting the cultural heritage of the region. [Extracted from the article]

In 1924 Tex Austin, an American showman, brought his world travelling Rodeo to Croke Park in Dublin. Coming at a time of significant social and political upheaval in Ireland, Austin's rodeo promised an entirely new kind of spectacle which was free from imperial or British connotations. Austin's rodeo, and cowboy paraphernalia in general, seemed largely immune from cultural suspicions despite the fact that few citizens knew what a rodeo actually entailed. The purpose of the present article is twofold. First it provides a detailed examination of Tex Austin's Dublin Rodeo, and a growing proliferation of cowboy culture in interwar Ireland. Second, it uses Austin's Rodeo and its aftermath, to discuss the rise of cowboy masculinities in Ireland. Done to highlight the multiplicity of masculine identities in the Free State, the article discusses the appeal of cowboy inspired masculinity in Ireland, as well as the mediums through which it passed. Such an identity was not all encompassing but it did exist, and was sustained by the entertainment and leisure industry. Its study reiterates the need for more work on the various pressures and influences brought to bear on Irish masculinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The rodeo event of calf-roping, also known as the 'rope and tie', involves a contestant on horseback chasing, lassoing, catching, restraining, lifting and forcing a calf to the ground before tying the calf's legs. The calves used in the event are handled in a manner that is likely to elicit fear and distress, and cause physical pain. In Australia, animal welfare legislation operates to prevent or constrain people from causing pain or distress to animals because animals are sentient beings. In this commentary, we discuss the research establishing that calves are sentient and explore the welfare concerns associated with calf-roping. We conclude that the concerns are such as to warrant protection under animal welfare legislation. The regulation of calf-roping in Australia is then analysed to explore how calves used in the event are excluded from this protection. We suggest that the exclusion of calves used in calf-roping from certain legal protections may be inconsistent with the purpose of animal welfare legislation, and that the variation in protection for these calves and other animals with corresponding levels of sentience requires further attention. Animal sentience is recognised either implicitly or explicitly in legislation in all Australian states and territories. In these jurisdictions, animal welfare legislation prohibits acts of cruelty towards animals because animals have the capacity to experience pain or suffering. This acknowledgement is supported by scientific research that demonstrates animal sentience, as well as public opinion. Despite these legal prohibitions, calf-roping, a common event at rodeos, is permitted in the majority of Australian jurisdictions. In recent times, calf-roping has generated significant public concern due to the potential for injury, pain or distress for the calves involved. This concern is evidently shared in some overseas jurisdictions, such as New Zealand, where animal advocacy organisations have filed a legal challenge asserting that rodeo events violate New Zealand's animal welfare legislation due to the pain and distress inflicted on the animals. This commentary discusses these welfare concerns, the legislative inconsistencies between Australian jurisdictions and the problematic legal status of calf-roping in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study documents a comprehensive taxonomic treatment of the New World Ummidia species. At the onset of this work the genus comprised 27 species and one subspecies with a cosmopolitan distribution that includes North America, South America, Asia, northern Africa, and Europe; of these species the majority of the nominal diversity can be attributed to the New World where 20 species have been previously described. Ummidia oaxacana (Chamberlin, 1925) is considered a nomen dubium; U. tuobita (Chamberlin, 1917) and U. absoluta (Gertsch and Mulaik, 1940) are both considered junior synonyms of U. audouini (Lucas, 1835); the subspecies U. carabivora emarginata (Atkinson, 1886) is considered a junior synonym of U. carabivora (Atkinson, 1886); U. pygmaea (Chamberlin and Ivie, 1945) is considered a junior synonym of U. beatula (Gertsch and Mulaik, 1940); U. celsa (Gertsch and Mulaik, 1940) is considered a junior synonym of U. funerea (Gertsch, 1936); Hebestatis lanthanus (Valerio, 1987) is considered a junior synonym of U. rugosa (Karsch, 1880). Thirty-three new species are described: U. neilgaimani, U. gingoteague, U. rongodwini, U. okefenokee, U. richmond, U. macarthuri, U. colemanae, U. rosillos, U. mercedesburnsae, U. paulacushingae, U. waunekaae, U. gertschi, U. timcotai, U. gabrieli, U. pesiou, U. rodeo, U. huascazaloya, U. anaya, U. cuicatec, U. brandicarlileae, U. riverai, U. frankellerae, U. hondurena, U. yojoa, U. matagalpa, U. carlosviquezi, U. varablanca, U. quepoa, U. cerrohoya, U. quijichacaca, U. tibacuy, U. neblina, U. tunapuna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Britholite group minerals (REE,Ca)5[(Si,P)O4]3(OH,F) are widespread rare-earth minerals in alkaline rocks and their associated metasomatic zones, where they usually are minor accessory phases. An exception is the REE deposit Rodeo de los Molles, Central Argentina, where fluorbritholite-(Ce) (FBri) is the main carrier of REE and is closely intergrown with fluorapatite (FAp). These minerals reach an abundance of locally up to 75 modal% (FBri) and 20 modal% (FAp) in the vein mineralizations. The Rodeo de los Molles deposit is hosted by a fenitized monzogranite of the Middle Devonian Las Chacras-Potrerillos batholith. The REE mineralization consists of fluorbritholite-(Ce), britholite-(Ce), fluorapatite, allanite-(Ce), and REE fluorcarbonates, and is associated with hydrothermal fluorite, quartz, albite, zircon, and titanite. The REE assemblage takes two forms: irregular patchy shaped REE-rich composites and discrete cross-cutting veins. The irregular composites are more common, but here fluorbritholite-(Ce) is mostly replaced by REE carbonates. The vein mineralization has more abundant and better-preserved britholite phases. The majority of britholite grains at Rodeo de los Molles are hydrothermally altered, and alteration is strongly enhanced by metamictization, which is indicated by darkening of the mineral, loss of birefringence, porosity, and volume changes leading to polygonal cracks in and around altered grains. A detailed electron microprobe study of apatite-britholite minerals from Rodeo de los Molles revealed compositional variations in fluorapatite and fluorbritholite-(Ce) consistent with the coupled substitution of REE3+ + Si4+ = Ca2+ + P5+ and a compositional gap of ~4 apfu between the two phases, which we interpret as a miscibility gap. Micrometer-scale intergrowths of fluorapatite in fluorbritholite-(Ce) minerals and vice versa are chemically characterized here for the first time and interpreted as exsolution textures that formed during cooling below the proposed solvus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This ethnographic research examines consumers' cultural production at a cattle trade show and rodeo. Consumers recreate western cultural meanings and memories related to competition, naturalism, freedom/independence, and family tradition in their interactions with ranchers, booth exhibitors, animals, and artifacts of western history. Consumers' cultural production processes are documented at four levels: consumer behavior, situational positioning, subcultural interactions, and market interactions. Implications elaborate the significance of consumers' active, yet constrained production processes; the role of cultural meanings as market mediators; and issues in consuming another culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author employs critical ethnographic methods to examine empirically marketers' processes of producing cultural meanings at a western stock show and rodeo. Western cultural meanings and values of freedom, naturalism, competition, and family values are produced by marketers in attracting a nonranch audience; juxtaposing business, education, and entertainment; making ample references to historical tradition; and using business activity as the basis for claims of authenticity. Marketing implications center on tapping into rich sources of cultural meaning by (1) attending to the cultural dimensions of economic activity, (2) taking industry as the unit of analysis through an examination of representations of production in market discourses and practices, (3) expanding history from a research method to a source of market meaning, and (4) considering the marketplace as a lived tradition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Costa Rica's National Climate Change Strategy stressed the importance of forest ecosystems in the absorption and fixation of CO2, as a mechanism to achieve carbon neutrality. This research sought to estimate the biomass and carbon stored in the different components of the forest of three sites belonging to the "El Rodeo" Protected Zone, located west of San José, Costa Rica (geographic coordinates 9º 52' 9.56'' N and 84º 14' 84.20'' W). Twelve temporary plots were installed, where the following components were inventoried: stem (>10 cm d), latissimus (5-9.9 cm d), necromass, herbaceous vegetation and litterfall, to determine the concentrations of carbon in each one, components that together represent the potential amount of carbon that can be released into the atmosphere or conserved and fixed on a given surface. With respect to the volume of carbon in the forest, it was determined that the average accumulated in all components analyzed is 230.38 Mg/ha, so it is estimated that the approximate carbon stock for the entire protective zone "El Rodeo" is 541 400.23 Mg. However, the study evidenced a high variability in biomass and carbon content between sites and established plots, due to the wide matrix of the landscape that generates heterogeneity in the forest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the diet and scavenging behavior of Terrapene nelsoni (Spotted Box Turtle), reporting a new food item and the first observation of scavenging in the species, as evidenced by the discovery of an adult female turtle near a recently deceased cow carcass in Sonora.