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1. When detection and quantification of mineral fibres in natural raw materials are at their limit – the case of a clay from the Gomsiqe–Puka mining area (Albania)

Author

A. F. Gualtieri, S. Marchetti Dori, D. Malferrari, T. Giovanardi, R. Fantini, F. Colombo, M. Sisti, R. Arletti, M. C. Gamberini, E. Braschi, A. Orlando, and E. Mugnaioli

Subjects
Mineralogy, QE351-399.2
Abstract

In today's global market, the movement of raw materials and goods in the free global market can lead to unintended consequences. One significant concern is the potential presence of contaminants and carcinogens, particularly when products originate from regions with less strict regulations and enforcement. This issue is particularly pertinent in the natural raw materials utilized in the global building materials market, where contamination by asbestos minerals can occur. Therefore, the screening of natural raw materials for asbestos content is crucial to mitigate the risk of exposure to carcinogens for both workers and the general public. In this study, we examine a challenging case involving a smectite–kaolinite clay from Gomsiqe–Puka, Albania, possibly containing mineral fibres. Detection and quantification of asbestos in this material push the boundaries of current experimental methods. Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), micro-Raman spectroscopy, and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), we identified the presence of asbestos tremolite, along with a rare fibrous variety of diopside. EPMA data allowed the advancement of some speculations on the origin of the observed tremolites, showing that Al-rich tremolites are typical of oceanic settings and Al-poor tremolites are more similar to continental tremolites. We also investigated the impact of milling on the detection and quantification of mineral fibres, testing different milling times. This investigation is crucial as it can influence the classification of the raw material as asbestos-containing material or not. Our findings indicate that tremolite, cleavage fragments, and elongated particles break down into smaller World Health Organization (WHO) fibres with increasing milling times (1–5 min). However, prolonged milling (10 min) leads to overgrinding, resulting in a decrease in the number of counted WHO fibres with a length exceeding 5 µm.

Published
2024
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2. Prevalence and development of chronic critical illness in acute patients admitted to a respiratory intensive care setting

Author

A. Marchioni, R. Tonelli, A. Sdanganelli, F. Gozzi, L. Musarò, R. Fantini, L. Tabbì, A. Andreani, G. Cappiello, S. Costi, I. Castaniere, and E. Clini

Subjects
Chronic critical illness, Acute respiratory distress syndrome, Respiratory failure, Mechanical ventilation, Respiratory intensive care unit, Tracheostomy, Diseases of the respiratory system, RC705-779
Abstract

Introduction: Chronic Critical Illness (chronic CI) is a condition associated to patients surviving an episode of acute respiratory failure (ARF). The prevalence and the factors associated with the development of chronic CI in the population admitted to a Respiratory Intensive Care Unit (RICU) have not yet been clarified. Methods: An observational prospective cohort study was undertaken at the RICU of the University Hospital of Modena (Italy). Patients mechanically ventilated with ARF in RICU were enrolled. Demographics, severity scores (APACHEII, SOFA, SAPSII), and clinical condition (septic shock, pneumonia, ARDS) were recorded on admission. Respiratory mechanics and inflammatory-metabolic blood parameters were measured both on admission and over the first week of stay. All variables were tested as predictors of chronic CI through univariate and multivariate analysis. Results: Chronic CI occurred in 33 out of 100 patients observed. Higher APACHEII, the presence of septic shock, diaphragmatic dysfunction (DD) at sonography, multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infection, the occurrence of a second infection during stay, and a C-reactive protein (CRP) serum level inceasing 7 days over admission were associated with chronic CI. Septic shock was the strongest predictor of chronic CI (AUC = 0.92 p

Published
2020
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3. Inspiratory Effort and Respiratory Mechanics in Patients with Acute Exacerbation of Idiopathic Pulmonary fibrosis: A Preliminary Matched Control Study

Author

R. Tonelli, I. Castaniere, A. Cortegiani, L. Tabbì, R. Fantini, D. Andrisani, F. Gozzi, A. Moretti, G. Bruzzi, L. Manicardi, C. Cerbone, C. Nani, E. Biagioni, S. Cerri, V. Samarelli, S. Busani, M. Girardis, A. Marchioni, E. Clini, Tonelli, R., Castaniere, I., Cortegiani, A., Tabbì, L., Fantini, R., Andrisani, D., Gozzi, F., Moretti, A., Bruzzi, G., Manicardi, L., Cerbone, C., Nani, C., Biagioni, E., Cerri, S., Samarelli, V., Busani, S., Girardis, M., Marchioni, A., and Clini, E.

Subjects
Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosi, Esophageal pressure swing, Esophageal manometry, ARDS, Non-invasive mechanical ventilation, Inspiratory effort, Respiratory mechanics, Acute respiratory failure, Dynamic transpulmonary pressure
Abstract

Background: Patients with acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (AE-IPF) may experience severe acute respiratory failure, even requiring ventilatory assistance. Physiological data on lung mechanics during these events are lacking. Methods: Patients with AE-IPF admitted to Respiratory Intensive Care Unit to receive non-invasive ventilation (NIV) were retrospectively analyzed. Esophageal pressure swing (ΔPes) and respiratory mechanics before and after 2 hours of NIV were collected as primary outcome. The correlation between positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels and changes of in dynamic compliance (dynCRS) and PaO2/FiO2 ratio was assessed. Further, an exploratory comparison with a historical cohort of ARDS patients matched 1:1 by age, sequential organ failure assessment score, body mass index and PaO2/FiO2 level was performed. Results: At baseline, AE-IPF patients presented a high respiratory drive activation with ΔPes = 27 (21-34) cmH2O, respiratory rate (RR) = 34 (30-39) bpm and minute ventilation (VE) = 21 (20-26) L/min. Two hours after NIV application, ΔPes, RR and VE values showed a significant reduction (16 [14-24] cmH2O, p

Published
2022

4. Poly[(μ4-phenylphosphonato)zinc(II)]

Author

E. Nushi, Zotti, S.A. Sahadevan, S. Sorbara, E. Smirnova, S. Ouaatta, M. Zema, L. Falvello, G. Pierri, L. Macera, J. Andreo, H. Puschmann, R. Fantini, E. Parisi, E. Kahveci, M. Goudjil, Serena C. Tarantino, L. Pasqualetto, S.A.S. Bonou, S. Lorenzon, F. Igoa, P. Lotti, R. Poppe, R. Pinalli, I. Ferraboschi, G. Bonfant, A. Bismuto, G. Gallo, E. Pesko, J.M.F. Custodio, A. di Biase, G. Tusha, S. Gjyli, M.Y. Agbahoungbata, L. Tensi, C. Massera, M. Kalienko, C. Carraro, M. Frigerio, A. Santoro, and J.J.M. Fajardo

Subjects
crystal structure, Chemistry, Coordination polymer, chemistry.chemical_element, Cavitand, disorder, Zinc, Crystal structure, zinc coordination polymer, 010402 general chemistry, 010403 inorganic & nuclear chemistry, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, phosphonate group, Crystal, chemistry.chemical_compound, symbols.namesake, Crystallography, lcsh:QD901-999, symbols, lcsh:Crystallography, van der Waals force, Inorganic layer, Layer (electronics)
Abstract

The title two-dimensional coordination polymer, [Zn(C6H5PO3)] n , was synthesized serendipitously by reacting a tetraphosphonate cavitand Tiiii[C3H7, CH3, C6H5] and Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O in a DMF/H2O mixture. The basic conditions of the reaction cleaved the phosphonate bridges at the upper rim of the cavitand, making them available for reaction with the zinc ions. The coordination polymer can be described as an inorganic layer in which zinc coordinates the oxygen atoms of the phosphonate groups in a distorted tetrahedral environment, while the phenyl groups, which are statistically disordered over two orientations, point up and down with respect to the layer. The layers interact through van der Waals interactions. The crystal studied was refined as a two-component twin.

Published
2019
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5. Assessment of thymic output in common variable immunodeficiency patients by evaluation of T cell receptor excision circles

Author

Vanessa Guazzi, Marina Pierdominici, Ivano Mezzaroma, Fernando Aiuti, R. Fantini, Francesca Mazzetta, Grazia Andolfi, Alessandro Aiuti, Alessandra Mortellaro, Marco Marziali, Guazzi, V, Aiuti, F, Mezzaroma, I, Mazzetta, F, Andolfi, G, Mortellaro, A, Pierdominici, M, Fantini, R, Marziali, M, and Aiuti, Alessandro

Subjects
Adult, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Male, Naive T cell, Immunology, Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, diseases, gene, immunodeficiency, lymphocytes, rearrangement, t, t lymphocytes, thymus, Thymus Gland, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Biology, Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte, Antigen, T-Lymphocyte Subsets, Clinical Studies, medicine, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, L-Selectin, Immunodeficiency, T-cell receptor excision circles, Common variable immunodeficiency, hemic and immune systems, T lymphocyte, Gene rearrangement, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Common Variable Immunodeficiency, Case-Control Studies, Leukocyte Common Antigens, Female, Biomarkers, CD8
Abstract

SUMMARYCommon variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a heterogeneous syndrome characterized by repeated infections and hypogammaglobulinaemia. Additionally, T-cell abnormalities including lymphopenia, decreased proliferation to mitogens and antigens, and the reduced production and expression of cytokines, have also been observed. In this study we have investigated the expression of naive, memory and activation markers in T-cell subpopulations in 17 CVID patients in comparison to age-matched normal controls. The numbers of CD4+ T cells, including CD45RA+CD62L+ and, to a lesser extent, CD45RA–CD62L+/RA+CD62L– were significantly reduced in patients, whereas CD8+ T cells were within normal range. In contrast, HLA-DR+ cells were increased both in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. To assess the thymic output, we analysed the presence of T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells by quantitative PCR. TRECs were decreased significantly in patients and the rate of TREC loss was higher with increasing age. TRECs correlated with naive CD4+ T cells, whereas there was an inverse relationship between TRECs and CD8+HLA–DR+ and CD8+CD45RA–CD62L+/RA+CD62L– T cells. Our results suggest the presence of a defect in the naive T cell compartment with origin at the thymic level in CVID, and indicate that TREC may be a useful marker to monitor thymic function in this primary immunodeficiency.

Published
2002
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6. Simultaneous measurement of changes in thickness and refractive index of weakly absorbing self-standing solid films using optical interferometry

Author

R. Fantini, E. Willis, and N. Easwar

Subjects
Materials science, business.industry, Ranging, Interferometry, Normalized frequency (fiber optics), Optics, Astronomical interferometer, sense organs, Thin film, skin and connective tissue diseases, business, Step-index profile, Instrumentation, Refractive index, Optical path length
Abstract

A nondestructive optical interferometric method, which enables a direct and simultaneous measurement of small changes in both thickness and refractive index of thin films, is described. Optical interferometric methods are sensitive to the changes in the optical path length (the product of the refractive index and the physical thickness) through the film. Thus, when the film is subjected to changing environmental conditions such as changing temperature or humidity, it is a challenge to determine the change in thickness and the change in refractive index separately, using interferometry. By simultaneously monitoring two different sets of interference fringes, i.e., transmission and reflection fringes, we have been able to successfully address this challenge. Our measurements on well-characterized pedigree glass samples are presented. The results agree well with the expected values for these samples, supporting the feasibility of this characterization technique to new materials. Self-standing, transparent (weakly absorbing) films ranging in thickness from tens to hundreds of microns can be characterized from direct measurements.

Published
2001
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7. Conceptual design of a high-brightness linac for soft X-ray SASE-FEL source

Author

LEVI, Decio, ALESINI, D., BERTOLUCCI, S., BIAGINI, M. E., BISCARI, C., BONI, R., BOSCOLO, M., CASTELLANO, M., CLOZZA, A., DI PIRRO, G. , DRAGO, A. , ESPOSITO, A. , FERRARIO, M. , FUSCO, V. , GALLO, A. , GHIGO, A. , GUIDUCCI, S. , INCURVATI, M. , LAURELLI, P. , LIGI, C. , MARCELLINI, F. , MIGLIORATI, M. , MILARDI, C. , PALUMBO, L. , PELLEGRINO, L. , PREGER, M. , RAIMONDI, P. , RICCI, R. , SANELLI, C. , SGAMMA, F. , SPATARO, B. , SERIO, M. , STECCHI, A. , STELLA, A. , TAZZIOLI, F. , VACCAREZZA, C. , VESCOVI, M. , VICARIO, C. , ZOBOV, M. , ACERBI, E. , ALESSANDRIA, F. , BARNI, D. , BELLOMO, G. , BOSCOLO, I. , BROGGI, F. , CIALDI, S. , DEMARTINIS, C. , GIOVE, D. , MAROLI, C. , PETRILLO, V. , ROME, M. , SERAFINI, L. , CHIADRONI, E. , FELICI, G. , MASTRUCCI, M. , MATTIOLI, M. , MEDICI, G. , PETRARCA, G. S. , CATANI, L. , CIANCHI, A. , DANGELO, DI SALVO, R. , FANTINI, A. , MORICCIANI, D. , SCHAERF, C. , BARTOLINI, R. , CIOCCI, F. , DATTOLI, G. , DORIA, A. , FLORA, F. , GALLERANO, G. P. , GIANNESSI, L. , GIOVENALE, E. , MESSINA, G. , MEZI, L. , OTTAVIANI, P. L. , PICARDI, L. , QUATTROMINI, M. , RENIERI, A. , RONSIVALLE, C. , AVALDI, L. , CARBONE, C. , CRICENTI, A. , PIFFERI, A. , PERFETTI, P. , PROSPERI, T. , ALBERTINI, V. ROSSI, QUARESIMA, CG, ZEMA, N., Levi, Decio, Alesini, D., Bertolucci, S., Biagini, M. E., Biscari, C., Boni, R., Boscolo, M., Castellano, M., Clozza, A., Di, Pirro, G., Drago, A., Esposito, A., Ferrario, M., Fusco, V., Gallo, A., Ghigo, A., Guiducci, S., Incurvati, M., Laurelli, P., Ligi, C., Marcellini, F., Migliorati, M., Milardi, C., Palumbo, L., Pellegrino, L., Preger, M., Raimondi, P., Ricci, R., Sanelli, C., Sgamma, F., Spataro, B., Serio, M., Stecchi, A., Stella, A., Tazzioli, F., Vaccarezza, C., Vescovi, M., Vicario, C., Zobov, M., Acerbi, E., Alessandria, F., Barni, D., Bellomo, G., Boscolo, I., Broggi, F., Cialdi, S., Demartini, C., Giove, D., Maroli, C., Petrillo, V., Rome, M., Serafini, L., Chiadroni, E., Felici, G., Mastrucci, M., Mattioli, M., Medici, G., Petrarca, G. S., Catani, L., Cianchi, A., Dangelo, Di, Salvo, R., Fantini, A., Moricciani, D., Schaerf, C., Bartolini, R., Ciocci, F., Dattoli, G., Doria, A., Flora, F., Gallerano, G. P., Giannessi, L., Giovenale, E., Messina, G., Mezi, L., Ottaviani, P. L., Picardi, L., Quattromini, M., Renieri, A., Ronsivalle, C., Avaldi, L., Carbone, C., Cricenti, A., Pifferi, A., Perfetti, P., Prosperi, T., Albertini, V., Rossi, Quaresima, Cg, and Zema, N.

Published
2003

8. Searches for magnetic monopoles with the MACRO detector at Gran Sasso

Author

Vincenzo Patera, A. Sciubba, O. Palamara, M. Carboni, B. C. Barish, J. Musser, P. Bernardini, James R. Stone, Ana Maria Marin, A. Hawthorne, M. G. Castellano, G. Battistoni, C. W. Peck, C. Rossi, J. L. Stone, Kael Hanson, M. Ambrosio, S. L. Mufson, L. Satta, Severino Angelo Maria Bussino, G. Tarle, A. Margiotta-Neri, P. Pistilli, M. Severi, V. Valente, A. Rainò, R. Nolty, R. Pazzi, V. Chiarella, Marco Grassi, P. Serra Lugaresi, P. Guarnaccia, Edward Diehl, F. Sartogo, A. Sanzgiri, J. Petrakis, L. R. Sulak, G. Osteria, P. Monacelli, C. Bemporad, S. Coutu, V. Bisi, J. T. Hong, S. P. Ahlen, J. Reynoldson, R. Baker, Roberto Bellotti, F. Cafagna, R.M. Heinz, Y. Lu, Fabrizio Cei, Np Longley, G. C. Barbarino, Mario Sitta, D. G. Michael, C. Gustavino, Donato Nicolo, A. Di Credico, Maurizio Spurio, A. Surdo, M. Mittelbrun, E. Katsavounidis, S. Parlati, S. Kyriazopoulou, Paolo Lipari, M. Spinetti, C. Forti, Eugenio Scapparone, C. E. Lane, V. Popa, G. Ludlam, R. C. Webb, Marco Monteno, S. Petrera, T. Bosio, P. F. Spada, R. Fantini, M. Sioli, G. Giacomelli, I. De Mitri, A. M. Baldini, C. Orth, C. R. Bower, C. Favuzzi, M. De Vincenzi, G.L. Sanzani, C. De Marzo, C. Satriano, M. Calicchio, G. Auriemma, M. J. Longo, F. Guarino, D. Campana, Halina Bilokon, G. Liu, S P Mikheyev, Mn Mazziotta, D. Martello, Kate Scholberg, R. Liu, W. A. Worstell, E. Iarocci, C. W. Walter, Robert A. Cormack, H. Dekhissi, A. A. Grillo, U. Rubizzo, B. Pavesi, T. Montaruli, O. Erriquez, L. Patrizii, G. Mandrioli, F.J. Ronga, M. Goretti, A. Corona, R. Antolini, G. de Cataldo, L. Miller, D. Levin, G. Giannini, N. D. Pignatano, N. Giglietto, V. Togo, P. Matteuzzi, S. Cecchini, Alec Habig, G. Mamcarella, C. Okada, E. Kearns, A. Marzari-Chiesa, E. Lamanna, P. Spinelli, R. Steinberg, C. Bloise, P. Fusco, Andrea Carlo Marini, Paul J. Green, Ahlen, S, Ambrosio, M, Antolini, R, Auriemma, G, Baker, R, Baldini, A, Barbarino, Gc, Barish, Bc, Battistoni, G, Bellotti, R, Bemporad, C, Bernardini, P, Bilokon, H, Bisi, V, Bloise, C, Bosio, T, Bower, C, Bussino, Severino Angelo Maria, Cafagna, F, Calicchio, M, Campana, D, Castellano, M, Carboni, M, Cecchini, S, Cei, F, Chiarella, V, Cormak, R, Corona, A, Coutu, S, De Cataldo, G, Dekhissi, H, De Marzo, C, De Mitri, I, De Vincenzi, M, Di Credico, A, Diehl, E, Erriquez, O, Fantini, R, Favuzzi, C, Forti, C, Fusco, P, Giacomelli, G, Giannini, G, Giglietto, N, Goretti, M, Grassi, M, Green, P, Grillo, A, Guarino, F, Gustavino, C, Habig, A, Hanson, K, Hawthorne, A, Heinz, R, Hong, Jt, Iarocci, E, Katsavounidis, E, Kearns, E, Kyriazopoulou, S, Lamanna, E, Lane, C, Levin, D, Lipari, P, Liu, G, Liu, R, Longley, Np, Longo, Mj, Lu, Y, Ludlam, G, Mancarella, G, Mandrioli, G, Margiotta Neri, A, Marin, A, Marini, A, Martello, D, Marzari Chiesa, A, Matteuzzi, P, Mazziotta, Mn, Michael, Dg, Mikheyev, S, Miller, L, Mittelbrun, M, Monacelli, P, Montaruli, T, Monteno, M, Mufson, S, Musser, J, Nicolo, D, Nolty, R, Okada, C, Orth, C, Osteria, G, Palamara, O, Parlati, S, Patera, V, Patrizii, L, Pazzi, R, Peck, Cw, Petrakis, J, Petrera, S, Pignatano, N, Pistilli, P, Popa, V, Raino, A, Reynoldson, J, Ronga, F, Rossi, C, Rubizzo, U, Sanzani, G, Sanzgiri, A, Sartogo, F, Satriano, C, Satta, L, Scapparone, E, Scholberg, K, Sciubba, A, Serra Luganesi, P, Severi, M, Sioli, M, Sitta, M, Spada, Pf, Spinelli, P, Spinetti, M, Spurio, M, Steinberg, R, Stone, Jl, Sulak, Lr, Surdo, A, Tarle, G, Togo, V, Valente, V, Walter, Cw, Webb, R, and Worstell, W.

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Range (particle radiation), Magnetic monopole, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Detector, Flux, MACRO, Scintillator, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Relativistic particle, Nuclear physics, Planar, Macro, Underground detector
Abstract

MACRO is a large area multiple component detector located deep underground in Hall B of the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Italy. Its active components consist of tanks of liquid scintillator and planes of limited streamer tubes. In addition, there are two planar areas covered with passive track-etch plastics. The full detector measures 72 m × 12 m × 9.6 m providing a large sensitive area for the detection of penetrating particles. Multiple electronics systems provide triggering on particles over a wide range of velocities, in particular, for slowly moving massive particles such as grand unified magnetic monopoles. MACRO is sensitive to relativistic particles as well as ones whose velocities are as low as 10 −4 c. Various portions of the MACRO detector have been operational since 1989. Various data sets have been analyzed and although no monopoles have been found, stringent flux limits have been set using a variety of techniques. This paper summarizes the capabilities of MACRO for monopole detection and presents some experimental results which have been obtained to date.

Published
1996
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9. The performance of MACRO liquid scintillator in the search for magnetic monopoles with 10-3<1

Author

A. Di Credico, C. Bemporad, S. Kyriazopoulou, L. R. Sulak, J. L. Stone, L. Satta, C. W. Walter, R. C. Webb, G. Ludlam, M. N. Mazziotta, N. P. Longley, A. Hawthorne, Erik Katsavounidis, Roberto Bellotti, L. Miller, D. Levin, S. L. Mufson, R.M. Heinz, A. Margiotta-Neri, G. C. Barbarino, V. Valente, A. Marzari-Chiesa, J. Reynoldson, Teresa Montaruli, A. Sanzgiri, N. D. Pignatano, Severino Angelo Maria Bussino, H. Bilokon, F. Sartogo, D. G. Michael, Marco Monteno, G. Battistoni, S. Parlati, C. Okada, M. Goretti, M. Grassi, Fabrizio Cei, M. Ambrosio, Eugenio Scapparone, I. De Mitri, R. Cafagna, M. Severi, R. Nolty, C. R. Bower, G. Auriemma, P. Guarnaccia, G. Osteria, J. T. Hong, M. Spinetti, F. Guarino, G. Liu, C. De Marzo, C. E. Lane, M. J. Longo, J. A. Musser, D. Martello, M. De Vincenzi, D. Campana, V. Popa, C. Bloise, P. Fusco, R. Baker, A. Rainò, M. Calicchio, L. Patrizii, G. Mancarella, E. Lamanna, E. Kearns, Kate Scholberg, R. Fantini, O. Erriquez, C. Forti, P. Pistilli, C. Orth, C. Satriano, Andrea Carlo Marini, R. Pazzi, Gregory Tarle, G. Giacomelli, S. Petrera, R. Liu, D. Nicoló, F.J. Ronga, U. Rubizzo, Maurizio Spurio, A. Surdo, S P Mikheyev, Marcello Castellano, S. Cecchini, C. Favuzzi, T. Bosio, P. Green, Alec Habig, A. Corona, R. Steinberg, C. W. Peck, H. Dekhissi, S. Coutu, G. de Cataldo, V. Togo, V. Chiarella, P. Monacelli, V. Sinev, R. Antolini, G. Giannini, N. Giglietto, G. Mandrioli, A. A. Grillo, Mario Sitta, C. Gustavino, P. Serra-Lugaresi, P. Spinelli, Kael Hanson, Vincenzo Patera, A. Sciubba, A. Baldini, O. Palamara, B. C. Barish, M. Carboni, Paolo Lipari, P. Bernardini, E. Iarocci, V. Bisi, Ambrosio M., Antolini R., Auriemma G., Baker R., Baldini A., Barbarino G.C., Barish B.C., Battistoni G., Bellotti R., Bemporad C., Bernardini P., Bilokon H., Bisi V., Bloise C., Bosio T., Bower C., Bussino S., Cafagna R., Calicchio M., Campana D., Carboni M., Castellano M., Cecchini S., Cei F., Chiarella V., Corona A., Coutu S., De Cataldo G., Dekhissi H., De Marzo C., De Mitri I., De Vincenzi M., Di Credico A., Erriquez O., Fantini R., Favuzzi C., Forti C., Fusco P., Giacomelli G., Giannini G., Giglietto N., Goretti M., Grassi M., Green P., Grillo A., Guarino F., Guarnaccia P., Gustavino C., Habig A., Hanson K., Hawthorne A., Heinz R., Hong J.T., Iarocci E., Katsavounidis E., Kearns E., Kyriazopoulou S., Lamanna E., Lane C., Levin D.S., Lipari P., Liu G., Liu R., Longley N.P., Longo M.J., Ludlam G., Mancarella G., Mandrioli G., Margiotta-Neri A., Marini A., Martello D., Marzari-Chiesa A., Mazziotta M.N., Michael D.G., Mikheyev S., Miller L., Monacelli P., Montaruli T., Monteno M., Mufson S., Musser J., Nicolo D., Nolty R., Okada C., Orth C., Osteria G., Palamara O., Parlati S., Patera V., Patrizii L., Pazzi R., Peck C.W., Petrera S., Pignatano N.D., Pistilli P., Popa V., Raino A., Reynoldson J., Spurio M., M., Ambrosio, R., Antolini, G., Auriemma, R., Baker, A., Baldini, Barbarino, Giancarlo, B. C., Barish, G., Battistoni, R., Bellotti, C., Bemporad, P., Bernardini, H., Bilokon, V., Bisi, C., Bloise, T., Bosio, C., Bower, S., Bussino, R., Cafagna, M., Calicchio, D., Campana, M., Carboni, M., Castellano, S., Cecchini, F., Cei, V., Chiarella, A., Corona, S., Coutu, G., De Cataldo, H., Dekhissi, C., De Marzo, I., De Mitri, M., De Vincenzi, A., Di Credico, O., Erriquez, R., Fantini, C., Favuzzi, C., Forti, P., Fusco, G., Giacomelli, G., Giannini, N., Giglietto, M., Goretti, M., Grassi, P., Green, A., Grillo, Guarino, Fausto, P., Guarnaccia, C., Gustavino, A., Habig, K., Hanson, A., Hawthorne, R., Heinz, J. T., Hong, E., Iarocci, E., Katsavounidi, E., Kearn, S., Kyriazopoulou, E., Lamanna, C., Lane, D. S., Levin, P., Lipari, G., Liu, R., Liu, N. P., Longley, M. J., Longo, G., Ludlam, G., Mancarella, G., Mandrioli, A., Margiotta Neri, A., Marini, D., Martello, A., Marzari Chiesa, M. N., Mazziotta, D. G., Michael, S., Mikheyev, L., Miller, P., Monacelli, T., Montaruli, M., Monteno, S., Mufson, J., Musser, D., Nicoló, R., Nolty, C., Okada, C., Orth, G., Osteria, O., Palamara, S., Parlati, V., Patera, L., Patrizii, R., Pazzi, C. W., Peck, S., Petrera, N. D., Pignatano, P., Pistilli, V., Popa, A., Rainó, J., Reynoldson, F., Ronga, U., Rubizzo, A., Sanzgiri, F., Sartogo, C., Satriano, L., Satta, E., Scapparone, K., Scholberg, A., Sciubba, P., Serra Lugaresi, M., Severi, V., Sinev, M., Sitta, P., Spinelli, M., Spinetti, M., Spurio, R., Steinberg, J. L., Stone, L. R., Sulak, A., Surdo, G., Tarlé, V., Togo, V., Valente, C. W., Walter, R., Webb, G. C., Barbarino, DE MITRI, Ivan, F., Guarino, Mancarella, Giovanni, Martello, Daniele, Ambrosio, M, Antolini, R, Auriemma, G, Baker, R, Baldini, A, Barbarino, Gc, Barish, Bc, Battistoni, G, Bellotti, R, Bemporad, C, Bernardini, P, Bilokon, H, Bisi, V, Bloise, C, Bosio, T, Bower, C, Bussino, Severino Angelo Maria, Cafagna, R, Calicchio, M, Campana, D, Carboni, M, Castellano, M, Cecchini, S, Cei, F, Chiarella, V, Corona, A, Coutu, S, Decataldo, G, Dekhissi, H, Demarzo, C, Demitri, I, Devincenzi, M, Dicredico, A, Erriquez, O, Fantini, R, Favuzzi, C, Forti, C, Fusco, P, Giacomelli, G, Giannini, G, Giglietto, N, Goretti, M, Grassi, M, Green, P, Grillo, A, Guarino, F, Guarnaccia, P, Gustavino, C, Habig, A, Hanson, K, Hawthorne, A, Heinz, R, Jong, Jt, Iarocci, E, Katsavounidis, E, Kearns, E, Kyriazopoulou, S, Lamanna, E, Lane, C, Levin, D, Lipari, P, Liu, G, Liu, R, Longley, Np, Longo, Mj, Ludlam, G, Mancarella, G, Mandrioli, G, Margiottaneri, A, Marini, A, Martello, D, Marzarichiesa, A, Mazziotta, Mn, Michael, Dg, Mikheyev, S, Miller, L, Monacelli, P, Montaruli, T, Monteno, M, Mufson, S, Musser, J, Nicolo, D, Nolty, R, Okada, C, Orth, C, Osteria, G, Palamara, O, Parlati, S, Patera, V, Patrizii, L, Pazzi, R, Peck, Cw, Petrera, S, Pignatano, Nd, Pistilli, P, Popa, V, Raino, A, Reynoldson, J, Ronga, F, Rubizzo, U, Sanzgiri, A, Sartogo, F, Satriano, C, Satta, L, Scapparone, E, Scholberg, K, Sciubba, A, Serralugaresi, P, Severi, M, Sinev, V, Sitta, M, Spinelli, P, Spinetti, M, Spurio, M, Steinberg, R, Stone, Jl, Sulak, Lr, Surdo, A, Tarle, G, Togo, V, Valente, V, Walter, Cw, and Webb, R.

Subjects
Physics, Range (particle radiation), Photomultiplier, Magnetic monopole, Astronomy and Astrophysics, MACRO, Scintillator, Computational physics, Gran Sasso, Nuclear physics, Macro, Encoder, Energy (signal processing), Pulse height
Abstract

MACRO is designed to make a multiply redundant search for GUT magnetic monopoles over a wide velocity range. The 100 MHz pulse height recorder and synchronous encoder (PHRASE) and the energy reconstruction processor (ERP) are two components of that search, both based on the MACRO liquid scintillator. They are sensitive to monopoles with or without captured nuclei in the range beta similar to 10(-3) to beta similar to 1, Here, the performance of these systems is discussed, including also analysis methods and background evaluations.

Published
1997

10. Seasonal variations in the underground muon intensity as seen by MACRO

Author

G. C. Barbarino, J. L. Stone, G. Giannini, C. Bloise, Eugenio Scapparone, S. Cecchini, E. Lamanna, S. Paganini, C. Favuzzi, N. Giglietto, J. T. Hong, D. Campana, V. Valente, E. Kearns, R. Pazzi, M. De Vincenzi, C. Satriano, G. Auriemma, Gregory Tarle, D. Nicoló, C. Okada, Michael J. Longo, N. P. Longley, R.M. Heinz, L. Patrizii, Fabrizio Cei, Maurizio Spurio, G. de Cataldo, Pio Pistilli, C. Bemporad, Mario Sitta, C. Gustavino, A. Marzari-Chiesa, Severino Angelo Maria Bussino, Marco Monteno, F. Guarino, G. Liu, M. Calicchio, Halina Bilokon, C. Forti, M. Ambrosio, Roberto Bellotti, A. Hawthorne, O. Erriquez, G. Giacomelli, C. Orth, A. Corona, M. Carboni, F. Sartogo, Erik Katsavounidis, S P Mikheyev, Marcello Castellano, S. L. Mufson, A. Margiotta-Neri, A. Sanzgiri, G. Mandrioli, G. Battistoni, R. Baker, Kate Scholberg, M. Spinetti, L. Satta, R. Nolty, R. Antolini, A. Surdo, L. De Benedictis, P. Bernardini, P. Guarnaccia, R. Liu, D. Martello, V. Popa, T. Bosio, R. Fantini, L. R. Sulak, G. Ludlam, Barry C. Barish, H. Dekhissi, C. E. Lane, M. N. Mazziotta, O. Palamara, A. A. Grillo, A. Rainò, F. Maaroufi, M. Severi, Vincenzo Patera, U. Rubizzo, A. Sciubba, A. Baldini, P. Green, S. Coutu, V. Togo, Alec Habig, V. Chiarella, L. Miller, D. Levin, N. D. Pignatano, P. Monacelli, I. De Mitri, C. R. Bower, C. De Marzo, J. A. Musser, F. Cafagna, A. Di Credico, S. Kyriazopoulou, C. W. Walter, G. Mancarella, J. Reynoldson, Teresa Montaruli, R. C. Webb, D. G. Michael, Frederic Jean Ronga, E. Iarocci, V. Bisi, P. Fusco, S. Petrera, Andrea Carlo Marini, Paolo Lipari, R. Steinberg, C. W. Peck, P. Serra-Lugaresi, P. Spinelli, Kael Hanson, Giuseppe Osteria, S. Parlati, M. Goretti, M. Grassi, Ambrosio, M, Antolini, R, Auriemma, G, Baker, R, Baldini, A, Barbarino, Gc, Barish, Bc, Battistoni, G, Bellotti, R, Bemporad, C, Bernardini, P, Bilokon, H, Bisi, V, Bloise, C, Bosio, T, Bower, C, Bussino, Severino Angelo Maria, Cafagna, F, Calicchio, M, Campana, D, Carboni, M, Castellano, M, Cecchini, S, Cei, F, Chiarella, V, Corona, A, Coutu, S, Debenedictis, L, Decataldo, G, Dekhissi, H, Demarzo, C, Demitri, I, Devincenzi, M, Dicredico, A, Erriquez, O, Fantini, R, Favuzzi, C, Forti, C, Fusco, P, Giacomelli, G, Giannini, G, Giglietto, N, Goretti, M, Grassi, M, Green, P, Grillo, A, Guarino, F, Guarnaccia, P, Gustavino, C, Habig, A, Hanson, K, Hawthorne, A, Heinz, R, Hong, Jt, Iarocci, E, Katsavounidis, E, Kearns, E, Kyriazopoulou, S, Lamanna, E, Lane, C, Levin, D, Lipari, P, Liu, G, Liu, R, Longley, Np, Longo, Mj, Ludlam, G, Maaroufi, F, Mancarella, G, Mandrioli, G, Margiottaneri, A, Marini, A, Martello, D, Marzarichiesa, A, Mazziotta, Mn, Michael, Dg, Mikheyev, S, Miller, L, Monacelli, P, Montaruli, T, Monteno, M, Mufson, S, Musser, J, Nicolo, D, Nolty, R, Okada, C, Orth, C, Osteria, G, Paganini, S, Palamara, O, Parlati, S, Patera, V, Patrizii, L, Pazzi, R, Peck, Cw, Petrera, S, Pignatano, Nd, Pistilli, P, Popa, V, Raino, A, Reynoldson, J, Ronga, F, Rubizzo, U, Sanzgiri, A, Sartogo, F, Satriano, C, Satta, L, Scapparone, E, Scholberg, K, Sciubba, A, Serralugaresi, P, Severi, M, Sitta, M, Spinelli, P, Spinetti, M, Spurio, M, Steinberg, R, Stone, Jl, Sulak, Lr, Surdo, A, Tarle, G, Togo, V, Valente, V, Walter, Cw, Webb, R., Ambrosio M., Antolini R., Auriemma G., Baker R., Baldini A., Barbarino G.C., Barish B.C., Battistoni G., Bellotti R., Bemporad C., Bernardini P., Bilokon H., Bisi V., Bloise C., Bosio T., Bower C., Bussino S., Cafagna F., Calicchio M., Campana D., Carboni M., Castellano M., Cecchini S., Cei F., Chiarella V., Corona A., Coutu S., de Benedictis L., de Cataldo G., Dekhissi H., de Marzo C., de Mitri I., de Vincenzi M., di Credico A., Erriquez O., Fantini R., Favuzzi C., Forti C., Fusco P., Giacomelli G., Giannini G., Giglietto N., Goretti M., Grassi M., Green P., Grillo A., Guarino F., Guarnaccia P., Gustavino C., Habig A., Hanson K., Hawthorne A., Heinz R., Hong J.T., Iarocci E., Katsavounidis E., Kearns E., Kyriazopoulou S., Lamanna E., Lane C., Levin D.S., Lipari P., Liu G., Liu R., Longley N.P., Longo M.J., Ludlam G., Maaroufi F., Mancarella G., Mandrioli G., Margiotta-Neri A., Marini A., Martello D., Marzari-Chiesa A., Mazziotta M.N., Michael D.G., Mikheyev S., Miller L., Monacelli P., Montaruli T., Monteno M., Mufson S., Musser J., Nicolo D., Nolty R., Okada C., Orth C., Osteria G., Paganini S., Palamara O., Parlati S., Patera V., Patrizii L., Pazzi R., Peck C.W., Petrera S., Pignatano N.D., Pistilli P., Popa V., Raino A., Reynoldson J., Ronga F., Rubizzo U., Sanzgiri A., Sartogo F., Satriano C., Satta L., Scapparone E., Scholberg K., Sciubba A., Serra-Lugaresi P., Severi M., Sitta M., Spinelli P., Spinetti M., Spurio M., Steinberg R., Stone J.L., Sulak L.R., Surdo A., Tarle G., Togo V., Valente V., Walter C.W., Webb R., M., Ambrosio, R., Antolini, G., Auriemma, R., Baker, A., Baldini, G. C., Barbarino, B. C., Barish, G., Battistoni, R., Bellotti, C., Bemporad, P., Bernardini, H., Bilokon, V., Bisi, C., Bloise, T., Bosio, C., Bower, S., Bussino, F., Cafagna, M., Calicchio, D., Campana, M., Carboni, M., Castellano, S., Cecchini, F., Cei, V., Chiarella, A., Corona, S., Coutu, L., De Benedicti, G., De Cataldo, H., Dekhissi, C., De Marzo, DE MITRI, Ivan, M., De Vincenzi, A., Di Credico, O., Erriquez, R., Fantini, C., Favuzzi, C., Forti, P., Fusco, G., Giacomelli, G., Giannini, N., Giglietto, M., Goretti, M., Grassi, P., Green, A., Grillo, F., Guarino, P., Guarnaccia, C., Gustavino, A., Habig, K., Hanson, A., Hawthorne, R., Heinz, J. T., Hong, E., Iarocci, E., Katsavounidi, E., Kearn, S., Kyriazopoulou, E., Lamanna, C., Lane, D. S., Levin, P., Lipari, G., Liu, R., Liu, N. P., Longley, M. J., Longo, G., Ludlam, F., Maaroufi, Mancarella, Giovanni, G., Mandrioli, A., Margiotta Neri, A., Marini, Martello, Daniele, A., Marzari Chiesa, M. N., Mazziotta, D. G., Michael, S., Mikheyev, L., Miller, P., Monacelli, T., Montaruli, M., Monteno, S., Mufson, J., Musser, D., Nicoló, R., Nolty, C., Okada, C., Orth, G., Osteria, S., Paganini, O., Palamara, S., Parlati, V., Patera, L., Patrizii, R., Pazzi, C. W., Peck, S., Petrera, N. D., Pignatano, P., Pistilli, V., Popa, A., Rainó, J., Reynoldson, F., Ronga, U., Rubizzo, A., Sanzgiri, F., Sartogo, C., Satriano, L., Satta, E., Scapparone, K., Scholberg, A., Sciubba, P., Serra Lugaresi, M., Severi, M., Sitta, P., Spinelli, M., Spinetti, M., Spurio, R., Steinberg, J. L., Stone, L. R., Sulak, A., Surdo, G., Tarlé, V., Togo, V., Valente, C. W., Walter, R., Webb, Barbarino, Giancarlo, and Guarino, Fausto

Subjects
Physics, Atmosphere, Nuclear physics, Particle physics, Muon, Pion, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Macro, MACRO: Gran Sasso, Temperature coefficient, Intensity (heat transfer)
Abstract

Using 5.33 x 10(6) single muons collected in 1.46 x 10(4) live hours by MACRO during the period 1991-1994, we have searched for a correlation between variations in the underground muon rate, N-mu, and seasonal temperature variations in the atmosphere. These correlations are found to be present with high statistical significance. Analysis of the relatively complete December 1992-December 1994 subset of the data yields a value for the temperature coefficient, alpha(T) = (T/N-mu)(partial derivative N-mu/partial derivative T) = 0.83 +/- 0.13. Analysis of the total data Set gives consistent results. We have compared this result with the hypothesis that the muons observed in MACRO come from pion decays alone. Although our result is consistent with the 'pion only' hypothesis, a discussion of the sensitivity of our data sample to the kaon component of the cascades leading to observed muons underground will also be presented. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

Published
1997

11. High energy cosmic ray physics with the MACRO experiment at gran sasso

Author

R. Baker, F.J. Ronga, G. Tarle, C. W. Peck, Roberto Bellotti, Vincenzo Patera, M. Goretti, A. Sciubba, O. Palamara, B. C. Barish, G. Giannini, A. Corona, M. Carboni, R.M. Heinz, Giovanni Mancarella, P. Serra-Lugaresi, Marco Grassi, L. Miller, D. Levin, Kael Hanson, P. Bernardini, O. Erriquez, C. Forti, Kate Scholberg, Donato Nicolo, N. Giglietto, M. Ambrosio, G. Osteria, C. Bloise, P. Fusco, A. Di Credico, M. Severi, G. C. Barbarino, G. Giacomelli, Andrea Carlo Marini, S. Kyriazopoulou, H. Dekhissi, D. G. Michael, V. Popa, A. Marzari-Chiesa, S. Cecchini, A. Rainò, Eugenio Scapparone, Alec Habig, R. C. Webb, J. T. Hong, U. Rubizzo, C. Bemporad, M. N. Mazziotta, S P Mikheyev, S. Petrera, E. Lamanna, C. W. Walter, P. Spinelli, Marco Monteno, V. Togo, S. Parlati, M. De Vincenzi, R. Antolini, V. Chiarella, R. Steinberg, G. de Cataldo, C. Satriano, G. Auriemma, J. Reynoldson, F. Cafagna, I. De Mitri, C. R. Bower, C. Okada, C. De Marzo, E. Kearns, J. L. Stone, L. Satta, T. Bosio, J. A. Musser, C. E. Lane, L. Patrizii, R. Fantini, G. Mandrioli, M. Spinetti, A. Hawthorne, F. Sartogo, P. Monacelli, Mario Sitta, C. Gustavino, Erik Katsavounidis, S. Coutu, S. L. Mufson, A. Margiotta-Neri, A. Sanzgiri, C. Favuzzi, A. M. Baldini, C. Orth, A. A. Grillo, M. G. Castellano, M. Calicchio, Halina Bilokon, G. Battistoni, M. J. Longo, R. Nolty, P. Guarnaccia, D. Martello, N. P. Longley, P. Pistilli, V. Bisi, Severino Angelo Maria Bussino, R. Pazzi, Maurizio Spurio, A. Surdo, L. R. Sulak, D. Campana, Paolo Lipari, F. Guarino, E. Iarocci, V. Valente, T. Montaruli, Fabrizio Cei, M., Ambrosio, R., Antolini, G., Auriemma, R., Baker, A., Baldini, Barbarino, Giancarlo, B. C., Barish, G., Battistoni, R., Bellotti, C., Bemporad, P., Bernardini, H., Bilokon, V., Bisi, C., Bloise, T., Bosio, C., Bower, S., Bussino, F., Cafagna, M., Calicchio, D., Campana, M., Carboni, M., Castellano, S., Cecchini, F., Cei, V., Chiarella, A., Corona, S., Coutu, G., De Cataldo, H., Dekhissi, C., De Marzo, I., De Mitri, M., De Vincenzi, A., Di Credico, O., Erriquez, R., Fantini, C., Favuzzi, C., Forti, P., Fusco, G., Giacomelli, G., Giannini, N., Giglietto, M., Goretti, M., Grassi, A., Grillo, Guarino, Fausto, P., Guarnaccia, C., Gustavino, A., Habig, K., Hanson, A., Hawthorne, R., Heinz, J. T., Hong, E., Iarocci, E., Katsavounidi, E., Kearn, S., Kyriazopoulou, E., Lamanna, C., Lane, D. S., Levin, P., Lipari, N. P., Longley, M. J., Longo, G., Mancarella, G., Mandrioli, A., Margiotta Neri, A., Marini, D., Martello, A., Marzari Chiesa, M. N., Mazziotta, D. G., Michael, S., Mikheyev, L., Miller, P., Monacelli, T., Montaruli, M., Monteno, S., Mufson, J., Musser, D., Nicoló, R., Nolty, C., Okada, C., Orth, G., Osteria, O., Palamara, S., Parlati, V., Patera, L., Patrizii, R., Pazzi, C. W., Peck, S., Petrera, P., Pistilli, V., Popa, A., Rainó, J., Reynoldson, F., Ronga, U., Rubizzo, A., Sanzgiri, F., Sartogo, C., Satriano, L., Satta, E., Scapparone, K., Scholberg, A., Sciubba, P., Serra Lugaresi, M., Severi, M., Sitta, P., Spinelli, M., Spinetti, M., Spurio, R., Steinberg, J. L., Stone, L. R., Sulak, A., Surdo, G., Tarlé, V., Togo, V., Valente, C. W., Walter, R., Webb, Ambrosio, M, Antolini, R, Auriemma, G, Baker, R, Baldini, A, Barbarino, Gc, Barish, Bc, Battistoni, G, Bellotti, R, Bemporad, C, Bernardini, P, Bilokon, H, Bisi, V, Bloise, C, Bosio, T, Bower, C, Bussino, Severino Angelo Maria, Cafagna, F, Calicchio, M, Campana, D, Carboni, M, Castellano, M, Cecchini, S, Cei, F, Chiarella, V, Corona, A, Coutu, S, Decataldo, G, Dekhissi, H, Demarzo, C, Demitri, I, Devincenzi, M, Dicredico, A, Erriquez, O, Fantini, R, Favuzzi, C, Forti, C, Fusco, P, Giacomelli, G, Giannini, G, Giglietto, N, Goretti, M, Grassi, M, Heinz, R, Hong, Jt, Iarocci, E, Katsavounidis, E, Kearns, E, Kyriazopoulou, S, Lamanna, E, Lane, C, Levin, D, Lipari, P, Longley, Np, Longo, Mj, Mancarella, G, Mandrioli, G, Margiottaneri, A, Marini, A, Martello, D, Marzarichiesa, A, Mazziotta, Mn, Michael, Dg, Mikheyev, S, Miller, L, Monacelli, P, Montaruli, T, Monteno, M, Mufson, S, Musser, J, Nicolo, D, Nolty, R, Okada, C, Orth, C, Osteria, G, Palamara, O, Parlati, S, Patera, V, Patrizii, L, Pazzi, R, Peck, Cw, Petrera, S, Pistilli, P, Popa, V, Raino, A, Reynoldson, J, Ronga, F, Rubizzo, U, Sanzgiri, A, Sartogo, F, Satriano, C, Satta, L, Scapparone, E, Scholberg, K, Sciubba, A, Serralugaresi, P, Severi, M, Sitta, M, Spinelli, P, Spinetti, M, Spurio, M, Steinberg, R, Stone, Jl, Sulak, Lr, Surdo, A, Tarle, G, Togo, V, Valente, V, Walter, Cw, and Webb, R.

Subjects
Nuclear physics, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, High energy, Detector, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, Macro, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Abstract

The multimuon data collected by the MACRO detector at Gran Sasso have been analyzed using a new method. The resulting all-particle spectrum is consistent with EAS measurements but higher and flatter than the one obtained from direct experiments.

Published
1997

12. High energy cosmic ray physics with underground muons in MACRO. II. Primary spectra and composition

Author

A. Hawthorne, R. Baker, D. Campana, S. Cecchini, G. Mandrioli, V. Bisi, C. Okada, G. Giannini, C. Favuzzi, M. Severi, O. Palamara, G. Osteria, Marco Monteno, F. Guarino, R.M. Heinz, R. Pazzi, F.J. Ronga, D. G. Michael, N. P. Longley, C. Forti, Pio Pistilli, D. Nicoló, G. Giacomelli, Kate Scholberg, N. Giglietto, F. Cei, P. Bernardini, F. Cafagna, M. Goretti, Severino Angelo Maria Bussino, S P Mikheyev, M. Calicchio, V. Valente, Alec Habig, Marcello Castellano, Maurizio Spurio, A. A. Grillo, Halina Bilokon, R. Steinberg, I. De Mitri, C. W. Walter, C. R. Bower, Mario Sitta, C. Gustavino, A. Corona, C. W. Peck, U. Rubizzo, Erik Katsavounidis, A. Marzari-Chiesa, M. Ambrosio, S. L. Mufson, M. Spinetti, C. De Marzo, A. Margiotta-Neri, O. Erriquez, L. R. Sulak, F. Sartogo, G. Mancarella, C. Orth, J. Reynoldson, J. A. Musser, A. Sanzgiri, Teresa Montaruli, C. Bloise, P. Fusco, A. Di Credico, L. Patrizii, G. Battistoni, S. Kyriazopoulou, E. Lamanna, S. Petrera, Andrea Carlo Marini, L. Miller, D. Levin, R. Nolty, V. Popa, H. Dekhissi, P. Guarnaccia, R. C. Webb, R. Antolini, E. Kearns, G. de Cataldo, C. E. Lane, M. J. Longo, D. Martello, S. Coutu, J. L. Stone, L. Satta, V. Togo, V. Chiarella, P. Monacelli, S. Parlati, Roberto Bellotti, P. Serra-Lugaresi, P. Spinelli, Kael Hanson, M. Grassi, M. Carboni, A. Surdo, Vincenzo Patera, C. Bemporad, A. Sciubba, A. Baldini, B. C. Barish, M. Ricciardi, M. N. Mazziotta, J. T. Hong, M. De Vincenzi, C. Satriano, G. Auriemma, A. Rainò, Gregory Tarle, T. Bosio, R. Fantini, G. C. Barbarino, Eugenio Scapparone, Paolo Lipari, E. Iarocci, Ambrosio M., Antolini R., Auriemma G., Baker R., Baldini A., Barbarino G.C., Barish B.C., Battistoni G., Bellotti R., Bemporad C., Bernardini P., Bilokon H., Bisi V., Bloise C., Bosio T., Bower C., Bussino S., Cafagna F., Calicchio M., Campana D., Carboni M., Castellano M., Cecchini S., Cei F., Chiarella V., Corona A., Coutu S., De Cataldo G., Dekhissi H., De Marzo C., De Mitri I., De Vincenzi M., Di Credico A., Erriquez O., Fantini R., Favuzzi C., Forti C., Fusco P., Giacomelli G., Giannini G., Giglietto N., Goretti M., Grassi M., Grillo A., Guarino F., Guarnaccia P., Gustavino C., Habig A., Hanson K., Hawthorne A., Heinz R., Hong J.T., Iarocci E., Katsavounidis E., Kearns E., Kyriazopoulou S., Lamanna E., Lane C., Levin D.S., Lipari P., Longley N.P., Longo M.J., Mancarella G., Mandrioli G., Margiotta-Neri A., Marini A., Martello D., Marzari-Chiesa A., Mazziotta M.N., Michael D.G., Mikheyev S., Miller L., Monacelli P., Montaruli T., Monteno M., Mufson S., Musser J., Nicolo D., Nolty R., Okada C., Orth C., Osteria G., Palamara O., Parlati S., Patera V., Patrizii L., Pazzi R., Peck C.W., Petrera S., Pistilli P., Popa V., Raino A., Reynoldson J., Ricciardi M., Ronga F., Rubizzo U., Sanzgiri A., Sartogo F., Satriano C., Satta L., Scapparone E., Scholberg K., Sciubba A., Serra-Lugaresi P., Severi M., Sitta M., Spinelli P., Spinetti M., Spurio M., Steinberg R., Stone J.L., Sulak L.R., Surdo A., Tarle G., Togo V., Valente V., Walter C.W., Webb R., M., Ambrosio, R., Antolini, G., Auriemma, R., Baker, A., Baldini, G. C., Barbarino, B. C., Barish, G., Battistoni, R., Bellotti, C., Bemporad, P., Bernardini, H., Bilokon, V., Bisi, C., Bloise, T., Bosio, C., Bower, S., Bussino, F., Cafagna, M., Calicchio, D., Campana, M., Carboni, M., Castellano, S., Cecchini, F., Cei, V., Chiarella, A., Corona, S., Coutu, G., De Cataldo, H., Dekhissi, C., De Marzo, DE MITRI, Ivan, M., De Vincenzi, A., Di Credico, O., Erriquez, R., Fantini, C., Favuzzi, C., Forti, P., Fusco, G., Giacomelli, G., Giannini, N., Giglietto, M., Goretti, M., Grassi, A., Grillo, F., Guarino, P., Guarnaccia, C., Gustavino, A., Habig, K., Hanson, A., Hawthorne, R., Heinz, J. T., Hong, E., Iarocci, E., Katsavounidi, E., Kearn, S., Kyriazopoulou, E., Lamanna, C., Lane, D. S., Levin, P., Lipari, N. P., Longley, M. J., Longo, Mancarella, Giovanni, G., Mandrioli, A., Margiotta Neri, A., Marini, Martello, Daniele, A., Marzari Chiesa, M. N., Mazziotta, D. G., Michael, S., Mikheyev, L., Miller, P., Monacelli, T., Montaruli, M., Monteno, S., Mufson, J., Musser, D., Nicoló, R., Nolty, C., Okada, C., Orth, G., Osteria, O., Palamara, S., Parlati, V., Patera, L., Patrizii, R., Pazzi, C. W., Peck, S., Petrera, P., Pistilli, V., Popa, A., Rainó, J., Reynoldson, M., Ricciardi, F., Ronga, U., Rubizzo, A., Sanzgiri, F., Sartogo, C., Satriano, L., Satta, E., Scapparone, K., Scholberg, A., Sciubba, P., Serra Lugaresi, M., Severi, M., Sitta, P., Spinelli, M., Spinetti, M., Spurio, R., Steinberg, J. L., Stone, L. R., Sulak, A., Surdo, G., Tarlé, V., Togo, V., Valente, C. W., Walter, R., Webb, Barbarino, Giancarlo, Guarino, Fausto, Ambrosio, M., Antolini, R., Auriemma, G., Baker, R., Baldini, A., Barbarino, G. C., Barish, B. C., Battistoni, G., Bellotti, R., Bemporad, C., Bernardini, P., Bilokon, H., Bisi, V., Bloise, C., Bosio, T., Bower, C., Bussino, S., Cafagna, F., Calicchio, M., Campana, D., Carboni, M., Castellano, M., Cecchini, S., Cei, F., Chiarella, V., Corona, A., Coutu, S., de Cataldo, G., Dekhissi, H., de Marzo, C., de Mitri, I., de Vincenzi, M., di Credico, A., Erriquez, O., Fantini, R., Favuzzi, C., Forti, C., Fusco, P., Giacomelli, G., Giannini, G., Giglietto, N., Goretti, M., Grassi, M., Grillo, A., Guarino, F., Guarnaccia, P., Gustavino, C., Habig, A., Hanson, K., Hawthorne, A., Heinz, R., Hong, J. T., Iarocci, E., Katsavounidis, E., Kearns, E., Kyriazopoulou, S., Lamanna, E., Lane, C., Levin, D. S., Lipari, P., Longley, N. P., Longo, M. J., Mancarella, G., Mandrioli, G., Margiotta-Neri, A., Marini, A., Martello, D., Marzari-Chiesa, A., Mazziotta, M. N., Michael, D. G., Mikheyev, S., Miller, L., Monacelli, P., Montaruli, T., Monteno, M., Mufson, S., Musser, J., Nicol('o), D., Nolty, R., Okada, C., Orth, C., Osteria, G., Palamara, O., Parlati, S., Patera, V., Patrizii, L., Pazzi, R., Peck, C. W., Petrera, S., Pistilli, P., Popa, V., Rain('o), A., Reynoldson, J., Ricciardi, M., Ronga, F., Rubizzo, U., Sanzgiri, A., Sartogo, F., Satriano, C., Satta, L., Scapparone, E., Scholberg, K., Sciubba, A., Serra-Lugaresi, P., Severi, M., Sitta, M., Spinelli, P., Spinetti, M., Spurio, M., Steinberg, R., Stone, J. L., Sulak, L. R., Surdo, A., Tarl('e), G., Togo, V., Valente, V., Walter, C. W., and Webb, R.

Subjects
Physics, Mass number, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Muon, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Cosmic ray, Elementary particle, Fermion, Spectral line, Nuclear physics, Radiation flux, High Energy Physics::Experiment, MACRO: Gran Sasso, Lepton
Abstract

Multimuon data from the MACRO experiment at Gran Sasso have been analyzed using a new method, which allows one to estimate the primary cosmic ray fluxes. The estimated all-particle spectrum is higher and flatter than the one obtained from direct measurements but is consistent with EAS array measurements. The spectral indexes of the fitted energy spectrum are 2.56[Formula presented]0.05 for [Formula presented]500 TeV and 2.9[Formula presented]0.3 for [Formula presented]5000 TeV with a gradual change at intermediate energies. The average mass number shows little dependence on the primary energy below 1000 TeV, with a value of 10.1[Formula presented]2.5 at 100 TeV. At higher energies the best fit average mass shows a mild increase with energy, even though no definite conclusion can be reached taking into account errors. The fitted spectra cover a range from [Formula presented] 50 TeV up to several thousand TeV. © 1997 The American Physical Society.

Published
1997

13. Search for neutrinos from the Sun and the Earth with the MACRO detector

Author

L. R. Sulak, F.J. Ronga, E. Katsavounidis, C. Okada, E. Kearns, D. Campana, Paolo Lipari, A. Di Credico, M. Goretti, C. Bloise, S. Kyriazopoulou, G. Giannini, S. L. Mufson, A. Margiotta-Neri, R. Baker, Mn Mazziotta, V. Popa, A. Sanzgiri, P. Fusco, Andrea Carlo Marini, M. Seven, J. Musser, A. Corona, R. C. Webb, C. Orth, N. Giglietto, P. F. Spada, A. Rainò, O. Erriquez, F. Guarino, C. W. Peck, S. Parlati, A. A. Grillo, G. Liu, A. Hawthorne, C. Bemporad, P. Serra-Lugaresi, V. Bisi, Mario Sitta, C. Gustavino, M. Mittelbrunn, R. Fantini, A. M. Baldini, G. Tarle, G. de Cataldo, G. Ludlam, V. Chiarella, P. Bernardini, Kael Hanson, V. Valente, C. Forti, D. G. Michael, C. W. Walter, J. L. Stone, G. Giacomelli, L. Satta, M. Calicchio, M. J. Longo, M. De Vincenzi, J. T. Hong, F. Cafagna, F. Sartogo, S P Mikheyev, P. Monacelli, C. Favuzzi, Halina Bilokon, Donato Nicolo, Marco Grassi, C. Satriano, Np Longley, Fabrizio Cei, G. Auriemma, M. Spinetti, R.M. Heinz, D. Martello, S. Coutu, I. De Mitri, M. G. Castellano, Y. Lu, C. E. Lane, Vincenzo Patera, C. R. Bower, Severino Angelo Maria Bussino, Marco Monteno, J. Reynoldson, G. C. Barbarino, G. Battistoni, E. Iarocci, R. Steinberg, A. Sciubba, L. Patrizii, G. Mandrioli, P. Pistilli, C. De Marzo, R. Nolty, O. Palamara, Eugenio Scapparone, P. Guarnaccia, S. Petrera, G. Osteria, R. Pazzi, B. C. Barish, T. Bosio, T. Montaruli, Maurizio Spurio, A. Surdo, Roberto Bellotti, M. Carboni, R. Antolini, S. Cecchini, Alec Habig, M. Ambrosio, G. Mancarella, Kate Scholberg, L. Miller, D. Levin, R. Liu, N. D. Pignatano, U. Rubizzo, V. Togo, A. Marzari-Chiesa, E. Lamanna, P. Spinelli, H. Dekhissi, Ambrosio, M, Antolini, R, Auriemma, G, Baker, R, Baldini, A, Barbarino, Gc, Barish, Bc, Battistoni, G, Bellotti, R, Bemporad, C, Bernardini, P, Bilokon, H, Bisi, V, Bloise, C, Bosio, T, Bower, C, Bussino, Severino Angelo Maria, Cafagna, F, Calicchio, M, Campana, D, Carboni, M, Castellano, M, Cecchini, S, Cei, F, Chiarella, V, Corona, A, Coutu, S, Decataldo, G, Dekhissi, H, Demarzo, C, Demitri, I, Devincenzi, M, Dicredico, A, Erriquez, O, Fantini, R, Favuzzi, C, Forti, C, Fusco, P, Giacomelli, G, Giannini, G, Giglietto, N, Goretti, M, Grassi, M, Grillo, A, Guarino, F, Guamaccia, P, Gustavino, C, Habig, A, Hanson, K, Hawthorne, A, Heinz, R, Hong, Jt, Iarocci, E, Katsavounidis, E, Kearns, E, Kyriazopoulou, S, Lamanna, E, Lane, C, Levin, D, Lipari, P, Liu, G, Liu, R, Longley, Np, Longo, Mj, Lu, Y, Ludlam, G, Mancarella, G, Mandrioli, G, Neri, Am, Marini, A, Martello, D, Marzarichiesa, A, Mazziotta, Mn, Michael, Dg, Mikheyev, S, Miller, L, Mittelbrunn, M, Monacelli, P, Montaruli, T, Monteno, M, Mufson, S, Musser, J, Nicolo, D, Nolty, R, Okada, C, Orth, C, Osteria, G, Palamara, O, Parlati, S, Patera, V, Patrizii, L, Pazzi, R, Peck, Cw, Petrera, S, Pignatano, Nd, Pistilli, P, Popa, V, Raino, A, Reynoldson, J, Ronga, F, Rubizzo, U, Sanzgiri, A, Sartogo, F, Satriano, C, Satta, L, Scapparone, E, Scholberg, K, Sciubba, A, Serralugaresi, P, Severi, M, Sitta, M, Spada, Pf, Spinelli, P, Spinetti, M, Spurio, M, Steinberg, R, Stone, Jl, Sulak, Lr, Surdo, A, Tarle, G, Togo, V, Valente, V, Walter, Cw, Webb, R., M., Ambrosio, R., Antolini, G., Auriemma, R., Baker, A., Baldini, Barbarino, Giancarlo, B. C., Barish, G., Battistoni, R., Bellotti, C., Bemporad, P., Bernardini, H., Bilokon, V., Bisi, C., Bloise, T., Bosio, C., Bower, S., Bussino, F., Cafagna, M., Calicchio, D., Campana, M., Carboni, M., Castellano, S., Cecchini, F., Cei, V., Chiarella, A., Corona, S., Coutu, G., De Cataldo, H., Dekhissi, C., De Marzo, I., De Mitri, M., De Vincenzi, A., Di Credico, O., Erriquez, R., Fantini, C., Favuzzi, C., Forti, P., Fusco, G., Giacomelli, G., Giannini, N., Giglietto, M., Goretti, M., Grassi, A., Grillo, Guarino, Fausto, P., Guarnaccia, C., Gustavino, A., Habig, K., Hanson, A., Hawthorne, R., Heinz, J. T., Hong, E., Iarocci, E., Katsavounidi, E., Kearn, S., Kyriazopoulou, E., Lamanna, C., Lane, D. S., Levin, P., Lipari, G., Liu, R., Liu, N. P., Longley, M. J., Longo, Y., Lu, G., Ludlam, G., Mancarella, G., Mandrioli, A., Margiotta Neri, A., Marini, D., Martello, A., Marzari Chiesa, M. N., Mazziotta, D. G., Michael, S., Mikheyev, L., Miller, M., Mittelbrunn, P., Monacelli, T., Montaruli, M., Monteno, S., Mufson, J., Musser, D., Nicolo, R., Nolty, C., Okada, C., Orth, G., Osteria, O., Palamara, S., Parlati, V., Patera, L., Patrizii, R., Pazzi, C. W., Peck, S., Petrera, N. D., Pignatano, P., Pistilli, V., Popa, A., Rainó, J., Reynoldson, F., Ronga, U., Rubizzo, A., Sanzgiri, F., Sartogo, C., Satriano, L., Satta, E., Scapparone, K., Scholberg, A., Sciubba, P., Serra Lugaresi, M., Seven, M., Sitta, P. F., Spada, P., Spinelli, M., Spinetti, M., Spurio, R., Steinberg, J. L., Stone, L. R., Sulak, A., Surdo, G., Tarlé, V., Togo, V., Valente, C. W., Walter, and R., Webb

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Muon, Detector, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Astrophysics, MACRO, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Weakly interacting massive particles, Neutralino, Neutrino, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Macro, Atmospheric neutrino, Underground detector, Earth (classical element)
Abstract

Upward-going muon events collected with the lower half of the MACRO detector have been analyzed in order to search for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles possibly trapped in the core of the Sun and of the Earth. No statistically significant signal could be discriminated over the possible fluctuations of the atmospheric neutrino background. Assuming a particular neutralino model, the explorable neutralino mass region has been considered.

Published
1996

14. Estimate of the primary cosmic ray composition from a multi-parametric fit of MACRO multimuon events

Author

Valente, Paolo Lipari, J. Musser, Jl Stone, G. Ludlam, Marco Grassi, A. M. Baldini, F. Cafagna, Am Neri, F.J. Ronga, P. Pistilli, L. Patrizii, G. Mandrioli, Mn Mazziotta, P. Bernardini, R. Pazzi, J. T. Hong, D. G. Michael, Np Longley, M. Calicchio, Halina Bilokon, Marco Monteno, C. E. Lane, M. Goretti, S. Kyriazopoulou, Bisi, S. Cecchini, Alec Habig, Maurizio Spurio, A. Surdo, L. R. Sulak, C. Okada, M. Severi, G. C. Barbarino, E. Kearns, R. C. Webb, P. F. Spada, R. Steinberg, C. R. Bower, A. Corona, Y. Lu, M. Spinetti, C. W. Peck, R. Baker, Eugenio Scapparone, A. Marzari-Chiesa, O. Erriquez, G. Tarle, E. Lamanna, P. Spinelli, C. Bloise, P. Fusco, S. Petrera, Andrea Carlo Marini, Giovanni Mancarella, C. Satriano, G. Auriemma, M. J. Longo, L. Miller, D. Levin, D. Martello, A. Sciubba, G. Osteria, S. Parlati, T. Bosio, M. Mittelbrunn, R. Fantini, O. Palamara, N. D. Pignatano, P. Serra-Lugaresi, B. C. Barish, S. L. Mufson, E. Katsavounidis, I DeMitri, Kate Scholberg, A. Sanzgiri, L. Satta, Kael Hanson, P Guamaccia, Roberto Bellotti, R. Liu, A DiCredico, M. Carboni, M. Ambrosio, F. Guarino, G. Liu, R.M. Heinz, U. Rubizzo, D. Campana, A. Hawthorne, Patera, Severino Angelo Maria Bussino, M. Devincenzi, Donato Nicolo, C. Orth, J. Reynoldson, C. W. Walter, H. Dekhissi, Popa, Chiarella, C. Forti, Fabrizio Cei, M. G. Castellano, G. Giacomelli, G. Battistoni, A. Rainò, R. Nolty, C. Bemporad, F. Sartogo, S P Mikheyev, C. DeMarzo, P. Monacelli, G. Giannini, N. Giglietto, Togo, S. Coutu, R. Antolini, G. DeCataldo, Mario Sitta, C. Gustavino, C. Favuzzi, A. A. Grillo, E. Iarocci, T. Montaruli, Ambrosio, M, Antolini, R, Auriemma, G, Baker, R, Baldini, A, Barbarino, Gc, Barish, Bc, Battistoni, G, Bellotti, R, Bemporad, C, Bernardini, P, Bilokon, H, Bisi, V, Bloise, C, Bosio, T, Bower, C, Bussino, Severino Angelo Maria, Cafagna, F, Calicchio, M, Campana, D, Carboni, M, Castellano, M, Cecchini, S, Cei, F, Chiarella, V, Corona, A, Coutu, S, Decataldo, G, Dekhissi, H, Demarzo, C, Demitri, I, Devincenzi, M, Dicredico, A, Erriquez, O, Fantini, R, Favuzzi, C, Forti, C, Fusco, P, Giacomelli, G, Giannini, G, Giglietto, N, Goretti, M, Grassi, M, Grillo, A, Guarino, F, Guamaccia, P, Gustavino, C, Habig, A, Hanson, K, Hawthorne, A, Heinz, R, Hong, Jt, Iarocci, E, Katsavounidis, E, Kearns, E, Kyriazopoulou, S, Lamanna, E, Lane, C, Levin, D, Lipari, P, Liu, G, Liu, R, Longley, Np, Longo, Mj, Lu, Y, Ludlam, G, Mancarella, G, Mandrioli, G, Neri, Am, Marini, A, Martello, D, Marzarichiesa, A, Mazziotta, Mn, Michael, Dg, Mikheyev, S, Miller, L, Mittelbrunn, M, Monacelli, P, Montaruli, T, Monteno, M, Mufson, S, Musser, J, Nicolo, D, Nolty, R, Okada, C, Orth, C, Osteria, G, Palamara, O, Parlati, S, Patera, V, Patrizii, L, Pazzi, R, Peck, Cw, Petrera, S, Pignatano, Nd, Pistilli, P, Popa, V, Raino, A, Reynoldson, J, Ronga, F, Rubizzo, U, Sanzgiri, A, Sartogo, F, Satriano, C, Satta, L, Scapparone, E, Scholberg, K, Sciubba, A, Serralugaresi, P, Severi, M, Sitta, M, Spada, Pf, Spinelli, P, Spinetti, M, Spurio, M, Steinberg, R, Stone, Jl, Sulak, Lr, Surdo, A, Tarle, G, Togo, V, Valente, V, Walter, Cw, and Webb, R.

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Multi parametric, Primary (astronomy), Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Cosmic ray, MACRO, Composition (combinatorics), Macro, Muon underground, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Computational physics
Abstract

Multimuon data from the MACRO experiment at Gran Sasso have been analysed using a new method which allows one to estimate the primary cosmic ray fluxes. The estimated all-particle spectrum is higher and flatter than the one obtained from direct measurements but is consistent with EAS measurements. The average mass number shows a weak dependence on the primary energy below 10^{6} GeV. Even within large uncertainties our data support a possible increase of the average mass number at higher energies.

Published
1996
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15. Small-scale fading for high-altitude platform (HAP) propagation channels

Author

Fabio Dovis, R. Fantini, Patrizia Savi, and Marina Mondin

Subjects
Computer Networks and Communications, Computer science, business.industry, Scale (chemistry), Real-time computing, Ranging, Effects of high altitude on humans, Channel models, Range (aeronautics), Fading, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Communication channel, Computer network
Abstract

There has been a great interest in the development of high-altitude platforms, which are low cost stratospheric aircraft carrying payloads tailored for a wide range of applications in telecommunications and remote sensing. These platforms are capable of flying at altitudes ranging between 17 and 30 km, with a potential endurance of weeks to months, features that make them attractive for the provision of future personal communication services. This paper deals with the theoretical derivation of a channel model for the communication link between the platform and terrestrial mobile users or stations. In particular, we address the problem of modeling the small-scale fading effects. It is shown that the particular geometry of the propagation scenario leads to a specific model applicable to the stratospheric channel.

Published
2002

16. Study of primary interactions with multiple muons in MACRO

Author

F.J. Ronga, C. Forti, G. Giacomelli, M. Goretti, P. Pistilli, R. Pazzi, S P Mikheyev, A. Corona, Marco Grassi, Maurizio Spurio, A. Surdo, G. Mancarella, Kate Scholberg, A DiCredico, M. Carboni, C. Okada, P Guamaccia, Roberto Bellotti, E. Kearns, M. Spinetti, G. DeCataldo, Mario Sitta, R. Liu, L. Miller, D. Levin, M. Severi, C. Gustavino, G. Tarle, O. Erriquez, R. Baker, C. Bloise, P. Fusco, N. D. Pignatano, G. C. Barbarino, I DeMitri, M. J. Longo, D. Martello, Patera, Severino Angelo Maria Bussino, J. Musser, Andrea Carlo Marini, C. DeMarzo, A. Rainò, U. Rubizzo, S. Parlati, Jl Stone, C. Bemporad, D. G. Michael, G. Ludlam, F. Cafagna, A. Marzari-Chiesa, Popa, P. Serra-Lugaresi, Kael Hanson, Eugenio Scapparone, C. Favuzzi, E. Lamanna, P. Spinelli, Marco Monteno, J. Reynoldson, P. Bernardini, R.M. Heinz, C. R. Bower, R. Steinberg, E. Iarocci, Togo, T. Bosio, M. Mittelbrunn, R. Fantini, M. Devincenzi, S. Cecchini, M. G. Castellano, P. Monacelli, C. W. Peck, S. Petrera, Alec Habig, G. Osteria, G. Battistoni, L. Satta, S. Coutu, C. W. Walter, H. Dekhissi, A. A. Grillo, A. Hawthorne, R. Antolini, C. Satriano, R. Nolty, G. Auriemma, T. Montaruli, G. Giannini, Valente, Paolo Lipari, A. Sciubba, O. Palamara, S. Kyriazopoulou, Chiarella, Mn Mazziotta, B. C. Barish, Bisi, N. Giglietto, R. C. Webb, P. F. Spada, C. Orth, F. Sartogo, J. T. Hong, Np Longley, Fabrizio Cei, C. E. Lane, L. Patrizii, M. Ambrosio, G. Mandrioli, F. Guarino, G. Liu, Donato Nicolo, Y. Lu, E. Katsavounidis, S. L. Mufson, A. Margiotta-Neri, D. Campana, A. Sanzgiri, A. M. Baldini, L. R. Sulak, M. Calicchio, Halina Bilokon, Ambrosio, M, Antolini, R, Auriemma, G, Baker, R, Baldini, A, Barbarino, Gc, Barish, Bc, Battistoni, G, Bellotti, R, Bemporad, C, Bernardini, P, Bilokon, H, Bisi, V, Bloise, C, Bosio, T, Bower, C, Bussino, Severino Angelo Maria, Cafagna, F, Calicchio, M, Campana, D, Carboni, M, Castellano, M, Cecchini, S, Cei, F, Chiarella, V, Corona, A, Coutu, S, Decataldo, G, Dekhissi, H, Demarzo, C, Demitri, I, Devincenzi, M, Dicredico, A, Erriquez, O, Fantini, R, Favuzzi, C, Forti, C, Fusco, P, Giacomelli, G, Giannini, G, Giglietto, N, Goretti, M, Grassi, M, Grillo, A, Guarino, F, Guamaccia, P, Gustavino, C, Habig, A, Hanson, K, Hawthorne, A, Heinz, R, Hong, Jt, Iarocci, E, Katsavounidis, E, Kearns, E, Kyriazopoulou, S, Lamanna, E, Lane, C, Levin, D, Lipari, P, Liu, G, Liu, R, Longley, Np, Longo, Mj, Lu, Y, Ludlam, G, Mancarella, G, Mandrioli, G, Margiottaneri, A, Marini, A, Martello, D, Marzarichiesa, A, Mazziotta, Mn, Michael, Dg, Mikheyev, S, Miller, L, Mittelbrunn, M, Monacelli, P, Montaruli, T, Monteno, M, Mufson, S, Musser, J, Nicolo, D, Nolty, R, Okada, C, Orth, C, Osteria, G, Palamara, O, Parlati, S, Patera, V, Patrizii, L, Pazzi, R, Peck, Cw, Petrera, S, Pignatano, Nd, Pistilli, P, Popa, V, Raino, A, Reynoldson, J, Ronga, F, Rubizzo, U, Sanzgiri, A, Sartogo, F, Satriano, C, Satta, L, Scapparone, E, Scholberg, K, Sciubba, A, Serralugaresi, P, Severi, M, Sitta, M, Spada, Pf, Spinelli, P, Spinetti, M, Spurio, M, Steinberg, R, Stone, Jl, Sulak, Lr, Surdo, A, Tarle, G, Togo, V, Valente, V, Walter, Cw, Webb, R., Barbarino, Giancarlo, Guarino, Fausto, and Tha MACRO, Collaboration

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Primary (chemistry), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Comic ray, MACRO, Macro, Underground detector, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Abstract

The MACRO underground experiment has started a systematic experimental study of the structure of a very high multiplicity event sample, with the aim of gaining a better understanding of the features of the high energy showers. We present here two new analyses: a) the analysis of the distribution of the separation between pairs of high multiplicity muons (''decoherence'' function); b) the search for clusters of muons within high multiplicity events. The first results are discussed together with a comparison between the real data and the Monte Carlo predictions.

Published
1996

17. Magnetic monopole search with the MACRO detector at Gran Sasso

Author

G. Giannini, Erik Katsavounidis, L. Miller, D. Levin, N. Giglietto, S. L. Mufson, R. Baker, L. Patrizii, A. Hawthorne, G. Mandrioli, A. Sanzgiri, F. Sartogo, N. D. Pignatano, M. Spinetti, V. Chiarella, Giuseppe Osteria, R. Pazzi, S. Parlati, J. L. Stone, F. Guarino, F.J. Ronga, Roberto Bellotti, C. W. Walter, Vincenzo Patera, Pio Pistilli, Lawrence Sulak, G. Liu, C. Bemporad, Maximiliano Sioli, V. Bisi, R. Steinberg, Severino Angelo Maria Bussino, A. Sciubba, A. Baldini, Maurizio Spurio, M. Goretti, P. Monacelli, A. A. Grillo, A. Marzari-Chiesa, C. Orth, Marco Monteno, E. Lamanna, E. Kearns, R. Antolini, M. Calicchio, G. Mancarella, C. Bloise, M. Ambrosio, Halina Bilokon, F. Cafagna, P. Fusco, G. de Cataldo, Mario Sitta, C. Gustavino, A. Margiotta Neri, G. C. Barbarino, M. Carboni, A. Corona, J. Reynoldson, Teresa Montaruli, D. G. Michael, S. Petrera, Andrea Carlo Marini, S. Cecchini, C. Okada, I. De Mitri, Np Longley, C. Favuzzi, Eugenio Scapparone, G. Ludlam, J. T. Hong, E. Iarocci, C. R. Bower, C. E. Lane, G. Battistoni, Alec Habig, M. De Vincenzi, A. Surdo, C. W. Peck, R.M. Heinz, C. Satriano, G. Auriemma, Gregory Tarle, M. N. Mazziotta, C. De Marzo, R. Nolty, O. Erriquez, P. Guarnaccia, A. Rainò, M. J. Longo, P. Green, Paolo Lipari, D. Martello, J. A. Musser, V. Popa, S. Coutu, O. Palamara, D. Nicoló, A. Di Credico, V. Togo, S. Kyriazopoulou, V. Valente, R. Fantini, R. C. Webb, P. F. Spada, Fabrizio Cei, Lindsey Gray, T. Bosio, M. Grassi, P. Serra-Lugaresi, P. Spinelli, Kael Hanson, C. Forti, G. Giacomelli, Kate Scholberg, P. Bernardini, R. Liu, Barry C. Barish, S P Mikheyev, H. Dekhissi, Marcello Castellano, U. Rubizzo, L. Satta, D. Campana, Barbarino, Giancarlo, Guarino, Fausto, M., Ambrosio, R., Antolini, G., Auriemma, R., Baker, A., Baldini, G. C., Barbarino, B. C., Barish, G., Battistoni, R., Bellotti, C., Bemporad, P., Bernardini, H., Bilokon, V., Bisi, C., Bloise, T., Bosio, C., Bower, S., Bussino, F., Cafagna, M., Calicchio, D., Campana, M., Carboni, M., Castellano, S., Cecchini, F., Cei, V., Chiarella, A., Corona, S., Coutu, G., De Cataldo, H., Dekhissi, C., De Marzo, DE MITRI, Ivan, M., De Vincenzi, A., Di Credico, O., Erriquez, R., Fantini, C., Favuzzi, C., Forti, P., Fusco, G., Giacomelli, G., Giannini, N., Giglietto, M., Goretti, M., Grassi, L., Gray, P., Green, A., Grillo, F., Guarino, P., Guarnaccia, C., Gustavino, A., Habig, K., Hanson, A., Hawthorne, R., Heinz, J. T., Hong, E., Iarocci, E., Katsavounidi, E., Kearn, S., Kyriazopoulou, E., Lamanna, C., Lane, D. S., Levin, P., Lipari, G., Liu, R., Liu, N. P., Longley, M. J., Longo, G., Ludlam, Mancarella, Giovanni, G., Mandrioli, A., Margiotta Neri, A., Marini, Martello, Daniele, A., Marzari Chiesa, M. N., Mazziotta, D. G., Michael, S., Mikheyev, L., Miller, P., Monacelli, T., Montaruli, M., Monteno, S., Mufson, J., Musser, D., Nicoló, R., Nolty, C., Okada, C., Orth, G., Osteria, O., Palamara, S., Parlati, V., Patera, L., Patrizii, R., Pazzi, C. W., Peck, S., Petrera, N. D., Pignatano, P., Pistilli, P., Popa, A., Rainó, J., Reynoldson, F., Ronga, U., Rubizzo, A., Sanzgiri, F., Sartogo, C., Satriano, L., Satta, E., Scapparone, K., Scholberg, A., Sciubba, P., Serra Lugaresi, M., Sioli, M., Sitta, P. F., Spada, P., Spinelli, M., Spinetti, M., Spurio, R., Steinberg, J. L., Stone, L. R., Sulak, A., Surdo, G., Tarlé, V., Togo, V., Valente, C. W., Walter, R., Webb, Ambrosio M., Antolini R., Auriemma G., Baker R., Baldini A., Barbarino G.C., Barish B.C., Battistoni G., Bellotti R., Bemporad C., Bernardini P., Bilokon H., Bisi V., Bloise C., Bosio T., Bower C., Bussino S., Cafagna F., Calicchio M., Campana D., Carboni M., Castellano M., Cecchini S., Cei F., Chiarella V., Corona A., Coutu S., de Cataldo G., Dekhissi H., de Marzo C., de Mitri I., de Vincenzi M., di Credico A., Erriquez O., Fantini R., Favuzzi C., Forti C., Fusco P., Giacomelli G., Giannini G., Giglietto N., Goretti M., Grassi M., Gray L., Green P., Grillo A., Guarino F., Guarnaccia P., Gustavino C., Habig A., Hanson K., Hawthorne A., Heinz R., Hong J.T., Iarocci E., Katsavounidis E., Kearns E., Kyriazopoulou S., Lamanna E., Lane C., Levin D.S., Lipari P., Liu G., Liu R., Longley N.P., Longo M.J., Ludlam G., Mancarella G., Mandrioli G., Margiotta Neri A., Marini A., Martello D., Marzari-Chiesa A., Mazziotta M.N., Michael D.G., Mikheyev S., Miller L., Monacelli P., Montaruli T., Monteno M., Mufson S., Musser J., Nicolo D., Nolty R., Okada C., Orth C., Osteria G., Palamara O., Parlati S., Patera V., Patrizii L., Pazzi R., Peck C.W., Petrera S., Pignatano N.D., Pistilli P., Popa V., Raino A., Reynoldson J., Ronga F., Rubizzo U., Sanzgiri A., Sartogo F., Satriano C., Satta L., Scapparone E., Scholberg K., Sciubba A., Serra-Lugaresi P., Sioli M., Sitta M., Spada P.F., Spinelli P., Spinetti M., Spurio M., Steinberg R., Stone J.L., Sulak L.R., Surdo A., Tarle G., Togo V., Valente V., Walter C.W., Webb R., Ambrosio, M, Antolini, R, Auriemma, G, Baker, R, Baldini, A, Barbarino, Gc, Barish, Bc, Battistoni, G, Bellotti, R, Bemporad, C, Bernardini, P, Bilokon, H, Bisi, V, Bloise, C, Bosio, T, Bower, C, Bussino, Severino Angelo Maria, Cafagna, F, Calicchio, M, Campana, D, Carboni, M, Castellano, M, Cecchini, S, Cei, F, Chiarella, V, Corona, A, Coutu, S, Decataldo, G, Dekhissi, H, Demarzo, C, Demitri, I, Devincenzi, M, Dicredico, A, Erriquez, O, Fantini, R, Favuzzi, C, Forti, C, Fusco, P, Giacomelli, G, Giannini, G, Giglietto, N, Goretti, M, Grassi, M, Gray, L, Green, P, Grillo, A, Guarino, F, Guarnaccia, P, Gustavino, C, Habig, A, Hanson, K, Hawthorne, A, Heinz, R, Hong, Jt, Iarocci, E, Katsavounidis, E, Kearns, E, Kyriazopoulou, S, Lamanna, E, Lane, C, Levin, D, Lipari, P, Liu, G, Liu, R, Longley, Np, Longo, Mj, Ludlam, G, Mancarella, G, Mandrioli, G, Neri, Am, Marini, A, Martello, D, Marzarichiesa, A, Mazziotta, Mn, Michael, Dg, Mikheyev, S, Miller, L, Monacelli, P, Montaruli, T, Monteno, M, Mufson, S, Musser, J, Nicolo, D, Nolty, R, Okada, C, Orth, C, Osteria, G, Palamara, O, Parlati, S, Patera, V, Patrizii, L, Pazzi, R, Peck, Cw, Petrera, S, Pignatano, Nd, Pistilli, P, Popa, V, Raino, A, Reynoldson, J, Ronga, F, Rubizzo, U, Sanzgiri, A, Sartogo, F, Satriano, C, Satta, L, Scapparone, E, Scholberg, K, Sciubba, A, Serralugaresi, P, Sioli, M, Sitta, M, Spada, Pf, Spinelli, P, Spinetti, M, Spurio, M, Steinberg, R, Stone, Jl, Sulak, Lr, Surdo, A, Tarle, G, Togo, V, Valente, V, Walter, Cw, and Webb, R.

Subjects
Nuclear physics, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Range (particle radiation), Detector, Magnetic monopole, Flux, Cosmic ray, MACRO, Radiation, Macro, Gran Sasso
Abstract

In this letter we present the results of the search for massive magnetic monopoles in the penetrating cosmic ray radiation using the various subdetectors of the MACRO apparatus, during the period 1989-1995. Flux limits are given for the beta = v/c range 4 x 10(-5) < beta < 1; for 10(-4) < beta < 10(-1) the limits are below the Parker bound, similar to 10(-15) cm(-2)s(-1)sr(-1). (C) 1997 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

18. 4G communications based on high altitude stratospheric platforms: Channel modeling and performance evaluation

Author

R. Fantini, Fabio Dovis, Marina Mondin, and Patrizia Savi

Subjects
Mobile radio, business.industry, Computer science, Real-time computing, HAP, channel model, Telecommunications service, Ranging, Effects of high altitude on humans, Range (aeronautics), Fading, Telecommunications, business, Stratosphere, Communication channel
Abstract

In recent years great interest has arisen in the development of high altitude platforms (HAP), which are low cost stratospheric aircraft carrying payloads tailored for a wide range of applications within telecommunications and remote sensing. These platforms are able to fly at altitudes ranging between 17 and 20 km, with a potential endurance of weeks to months, features that make them attractive for the provision of future personal communication services. This paper deals with the theoretical derivation of a channel model for the communication link between the platform and terrestrial mobile users or stations. Small scale fading effects are analyzed and due to the particular geometry of the propagation scenario, a specific model for the stratospheric channel is obtained.

19. Performance of the MACRO detector at Gran Sasso: Moon shadow and seasonal variations

Author

P. Serra-Lugaresi, O. Erriquez, L. Miller, D. Levin, C. W. Walter, F. Cafagna, M. Severi, A. Di Credico, N. D. Pignatano, S. Kyriazopoulou, G. Battistoni, P. Spinelli, Kael Hanson, F.J. Ronga, R. C. Webb, G. Mancarella, P. Bernardini, G. de Cataldo, P. F. Spada, G. C. Barbarino, L. Satta, J. Reynoldson, V. Chiarella, J. L. Stone, R. Nolty, Teresa Montaruli, L. De Benedictis, D. G. Michael, M. Goretti, P. Guarnaccia, I. De Mitri, C. R. Bower, L. R. Sulak, E. Iarocci, H. Dekhissi, C. De Marzo, J. A. Musser, Vincenzo Patera, A. Sciubba, A. Baldini, A. Corona, B. C. Barish, Pio Pistilli, D. Campana, P. Monacelli, R. Pazzi, V. Togo, M. Carboni, R. Fantini, Eugenio Scapparone, Severino Angelo Maria Bussino, C. Orth, Maurizio Spurio, Kate Scholberg, C. Forti, G. Ludlam, R. Liu, A. Surdo, A. A. Grillo, G. Giacomelli, F. Guarino, R. Antolini, U. Rubizzo, Mario Sitta, C. Gustavino, M. J. Longo, G. Giannini, M. Calicchio, O. Palamara, A. Rainò, G. Liu, Halina Bilokon, S P Mikheyev, D. Martello, Marcello Castellano, M. N. Mazziotta, F. Maaroufi, E. Vilela, P. Green, N. Giglietto, Erik Katsavounidis, S. Cecchini, S. L. Mufson, C. Favuzzi, C. Bemporad, A. Margiotta-Neri, A. Sanzgiri, M. Spinetti, Alec Habig, S. Coutu, J. T. Hong, R. Baker, V. Popa, T. Bosio, M. Grassi, V. Bisi, Donato Nicolo, M. De Vincenzi, Giuseppe Osteria, C. Satriano, S. Parlati, Marco Monteno, G. Auriemma, A. Hawthorne, Paolo Lipari, V. Valente, M. Ambrosio, F. Sartogo, G. Tarle, Fabrizio Cei, Roberto Bellotti, R.M. Heinz, C. Bloise, P. Fusco, S. Petrera, Andrea Carlo Marini, C. W. Peck, R. Steinberg, A. Marzari-Chiesa, L. Patrizii, G. Mandrioli, E. Lamanna, C. Okada, E. Kearns, Np Longley, C. E. Lane, Giglietto, N., Ambrosio, M., Antolini, R., Auriemma, G., Baker, R., Baldini, A., Barbarino, G. C., Barish, B. C., Battistoni, G., Bellotti, R., Bemporad, C., Bernardini, P., Bilokon, H., Bisi, V., Bloise, C., Bosio, T., Bower, C., Bussino, S., Cafagna, F., Calicchio, M., Campana, D., Carboni, M., Castellano, M., Cecchini, S., Cei, F., Chiarella, V., Corona, A., Coutu, S., de Benedictis, L., de Cataldo, G., Dekhissi, H., de Marzo, C., de Mitri, I., de Vincenzi, M., di Credico, A., Erriquez, O., Fantini, R., Favuzzi, C., Forti, C., Fusco, P., Giacomelli, G., Giannini, G., Goretti, M., Grassi, M., Green, P., Grillo, A., Guarino, F., Guarnaccia, P., Gustavino, C., Habig, A., Hanson, K., Hawthorne, A., Heinz, R., Hong, J. T., Iarocci, E., Katsavounidis, E., Kearns, E., Kyriazopoulou, S., Lamanna, E., Lane, C., Levin, D. S., Lipari, P., Liu, G., Liu, R., Longley, N. P., Longo, M. J., Ludlam, G., Maaroufi, F., Mancarella, G., Mandrioli, G., Margiotta-Neri, A., Marini, A., Martello, D., Marzari-Chiesa, A., Mazziotta, M. N., Michael, D. G., Mikheyev, S., Miller, L., Monacelli, P., Montaruli, T., Monteno, M., Mufson, S., Musser, J., Nicoló, D., Nolty, R., Okada, C., Orth, C., Osteria, G., Palamara, O., Parlati, S., Patera, V., Patrizii, L., Pazzi, R., Peck, C. W., Petrera, S., Pignatano, N. D., Pistilli, P., Popa, V., Rainó, A., Reynoldson, J., Ronga, F., Rubizzo, U., Sanzgiri, A., Sartogo, F., Satriano, C., Satta, L., Scapparone, E., Scholberg, K., Sciubba, A., Serra-Lugaresi, P., Severi, M., Sitta, M., Spada, P. F., Spinelli, P., Spinetti, M., Spurio, M., Steinberg, R., Stone, J. L., Sulak, L. R., Surdo, A., Tarlé, G., Togo, V., Valente, V., Vilela, E., Walter, C. W., and Webb, R.

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Geography, Meteorology, Shadow, Detector, Macro, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics

20. High energy cosmic ray physics with underground muons in MACRO .1. Analysis methods and experimental results

Author

Ambrosio, M., Antolini, R., Auriemma, G., Baker, R., Baldini, A., Barbarino, G. C., Barish, B. C., Battistoni, G., Bellotti, R., Bemporad, C., Bernardini, P., Bilokon, H., Bisi, V., Bloise, C., Bosio, T., Bower, C., Bussino, S., Cafagna, F., Calicchio, M., Campana, D., Carboni, M., Castellano, M., Cecchini, S., Cei, F., Chiarella, V., Corona, A., Coutu, S., Decataldo, G., Dekhissi, H., Demarzo, C., Demitri, I., Devincenzi, M., Dicredico, A., Erriquez, O., Fantini, R., Favuzzi, C., Forti, C., Fusco, P., Giacomelli, G., Giannini, G., Giglietto, N., Goretti, M., Grassi, M., Grillo, A., Guarino, F., Guarnaccia, P., Gustavino, C., Habig, A., Hanson, K., Hawthorne, A., Heinz, R., Hong, J. T., Iarocci, Enzo, Katsavounidis, E., Kearns, E., Kyriazopoulou, S., Lamanna, E., Lane, C., Levin, D. S., Lipari, P., Longley, N. P., Longo, M. J., Mancarella, G., Mandrioli, G., Margiottaneri, A., Marini, A., Martello, D., Marzarichiesa, A., Mazziotta, M. N., Michael, D. G., Mikheyev, S., Miller, L., Monacelli, P., Montaruli, T., Monteno, M., Mufson, S., Musser, J., Nicolo, D., Nolty, R., Okada, C., Orth, C., Osteria, G., Palamara, O., Parlati, S., Patera, Vincenzo, Patrizii, L., Pazzi, R., Peck, C. W., Petrera, S., Pistilli, P., Popa, V., Raino, A., Reynoldson, J., Ricciardi, M., Ronga, F., Rubizzo, U., Sanzgiri, A., Sartogo, F., Satriano, C., Satta, Luigi, Scapparone, E., Scholberg, K., Sciubba, Adalberto, Serralugaresi, P., Severi, M., Sitta, M., Spinelli, P., Spinetti, M., Spurio, M., Steinberg, R., Stone, J. L., Sulak, L. R., Surdo, A., Tarle, G., Togo, V., Valente, V., Walter, C. W., Webb, R., Ambrosio, M, Antolini, R, Auriemma, G, Baker, R, Baldini, A, Barbarino, Gc, Barish, Bc, Battistoni, G, Bellotti, R, Bemporad, C, Bernardini, P, Bilokon, H, Bisi, V, Bloise, C, Bosio, T, Bower, C, Bussino, Severino Angelo Maria, Cafagna, F, Calicchio, M, Campana, D, Carboni, M, Castellano, M, Cecchini, S, Cei, F, Chiarella, V, Corona, A, Coutu, S, Decataldo, G, Dekhissi, H, Demarzo, C, Demitri, I, Devincenzi, M, Dicredico, A, Erriquez, O, Fantini, R, Favuzzi, C, Forti, C, Fusco, P, Giacomelli, G, Giannini, G, Giglietto, N, Goretti, M, Grassi, M, Grillo, A, Guarino, F, Guarnaccia, P, Gustavino, C, Habig, A, Hanson, K, Hawthorne, A, Heinz, R, Hong, Jt, Iarocci, E, Katsavounidis, E, Kearns, E, Kyriazopoulou, S, Lamanna, E, Lane, C, Levin, D, Lipari, P, Longley, Np, Longo, Mj, Mancarella, G, Mandrioli, G, Margiottaneri, A, Marini, A, Martello, D, Marzarichiesa, A, Mazziotta, Mn, Michael, Dg, Mikheyev, S, Miller, L, Monacelli, P, Montaruli, T, Monteno, M, Mufson, S, Musser, J, Nicolo, D, Nolty, R, Okada, C, Orth, C, Osteria, G, Palamara, O, Parlati, S, Patera, V, Patrizii, L, Pazzi, R, Peck, Cw, Petrera, S, Pistilli, P, Popa, V, Raino, A, Reynoldson, J, Ricciardi, M, Ronga, F, Rubizzo, U, Sanzgiri, A, Sartogo, F, Satriano, C, Satta, L, Scapparone, E, Scholberg, K, Sciubba, A, Serralugaresi, P, Severi, M, Sitta, M, Spinelli, P, Spinetti, M, Spurio, M, Steinberg, R, Stone, Jl, Sulak, Lr, Surdo, A, Tarle, G, Togo, V, Valente, V, Walter, Cw, Webb, R., M., Ambrosio, R., Antolini, G., Auriemma, R., Baker, A., Baldini, G. C., Barbarino, B. C., Barish, G., Battistoni, R., Bellotti, C., Bemporad, Bernardini, Paolo, H., Bilokon, V., Bisi, C., Bloise, T., Bosio, C., Bower, S., Bussino, F., Cafagna, M., Calicchio, D., Campana, M., Carboni, M., Castellano, S., Cecchini, F., Cei, V., Chiarella, A., Corona, S., Coutu, G., Decataldo, H., Dekhissi, C., Demarzo, DE MITRI, Ivan, M., Devincenzi, A., Dicredico, O., Erriquez, R., Fantini, C., Favuzzi, C., Forti, P., Fusco, G., Giacomelli, G., Giannini, N., Giglietto, M., Goretti, M., Grassi, A., Grillo, F., Guarino, P., Guarnaccia, C., Gustavino, A., Habig, K., Hanson, A., Hawthorne, R., Heinz, J. T., Hong, E., Iarocci, E., Katsavounidi, E., Kearn, S., Kyriazopoulou, E., Lamanna, C., Lane, D. S., Levin, P., Lipari, N. P., Longley, M. J., Longo, Mancarella, Giovanni, G., Mandrioli, A., Margiottaneri, A., Marini, Martello, Daniele, A., Marzarichiesa, M. N., Mazziotta, D. G., Michael, S., Mikheyev, L., Miller, P., Monacelli, T., Montaruli, M., Monteno, S., Mufson, J., Musser, D., Nicolo, R., Nolty, C., Okada, C., Orth, G., Osteria, O., Palamara, S., Parlati, V., Patera, L., Patrizii, R., Pazzi, C. W., Peck, S., Petrera, P., Pistilli, V., Popa, A., Raino, J., Reynoldson, M., Ricciardi, F., Ronga, U., Rubizzo, A., Sanzgiri, F., Sartogo, C., Satriano, L., Satta, E., Scapparone, K., Scholberg, A., Sciubba, P., Serralugaresi, M., Severi, M., Sitta, P., Spinelli, M., Spinetti, M., Spurio, R., Steinberg, J. L., Stone, L. R., Sulak, A., Surdo, G., Tarle, V., Togo, V., Valente, C. W., Walter, and R., Webb

Subjects
Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment
Abstract

In this paper, the first of a two-part work, we present the reconstruction and measurement of muon events detected underground by the MACRO experiment at Gran Sasso (E-mu greater than or equal to 1.3 TeV in atmosphere). The main aim of this work is to discuss the muon multiplicity distribution as measured in the detector. The data sample analyzed consists of 4.4 x 10(6) muon events, of which similar to 263 000 are multiple muons, corresponding to a total live time of 5850 h. In this sample, the observed multiplicities extend above N-mu = 35, with intermuon separations up to 50 m and beyond. Additional complementing measurements, such as the inclusive muon Aux, the angular distribution, and the muon separation distribution (decoherence), are also included. The physical interpretation of the results presented here is reported in the following companion paper.

Published
1997

21. Stress-strain curve and elastic behavior of the fibrotic lung with usual interstitial pneumonia pattern during protective mechanical ventilation.

Author

Tonelli R, Rizzoni R, Grasso S, Cortegiani A, Ball L, Samarelli AV, Fantini R, Bruzzi G, Tabbì L, Cerri S, Manicardi L, Andrisani D, Gozzi F, Castaniere I, Smit MR, Paulus F, Bos LDJ, Clini E, and Marchioni A

Subjects
Humans, Male, Female, Middle Aged, Aged, Elasticity, Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury physiopathology, Pulmonary Fibrosis physiopathology, Pulmonary Fibrosis metabolism, Respiratory Mechanics physiology, Stress, Mechanical, Lung Diseases, Interstitial physiopathology, Models, Theoretical, Respiration, Artificial adverse effects, Respiratory Distress Syndrome physiopathology, Lung physiopathology, Lung pathology
Abstract

Patients with acute exacerbation of lung fibrosis with usual interstitial pneumonia (EUIP) pattern are at increased risk for ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) and mortality when exposed to mechanical ventilation (MV). Yet, lack of a mechanical model describing UIP-lung deformation during MV represents a research gap. Aim of this study was to develop a constitutive mathematical model for UIP-lung deformation during lung protective MV based on the stress-strain behavior and the specific elastance of patients with EUIP as compared to that of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and healthy lung. Partitioned lung and chest wall mechanics were assessed for patients with EUIP and primary ARDS (1:1 matched based on body mass index and PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio) during a PEEP trial performed within 24 h from intubation. Patient's stress-strain curve and the lung specific elastance were computed and compared with those of healthy lungs, derived from literature. Respiratory mechanics were used to fit a novel mathematical model of the lung describing mechanical-inflation-induced lung parenchyma deformation, differentiating the contributions of elastin and collagen, the main components of lung extracellular matrix. Five patients with EUIP and 5 matched with primary ARDS were included and analyzed. Global strain was not different at low PEEP between the groups. Overall specific elastance was significantly higher in EUIP as compared to ARDS (28.9 [22.8-33.2] cmH 2 O versus 11.4 [10.3-14.6] cmH 2 O, respectively). Compared to ARDS and healthy lung, the stress/strain curve of EUIP showed a steeper increase, crossing the VILI threshold stress risk for strain values greater than 0.55. The contribution of elastin was prevalent at lower strains, while the contribution of collagen was prevalent at large strains. The stress/strain curve for collagen showed an upward shift passing from ARDS and healthy lungs to EUIP lungs. During MV, patients with EUIP showed different respiratory mechanics, stress-strain curve and specific elastance as compared to ARDS patients and healthy subjects and may experience VILI even when protective MV is applied. According to our mathematical model of lung deformation during mechanical inflation, the elastic response of UIP-lung is peculiar and different from ARDS. Our data suggest that patients with EUIP experience VILI with ventilatory setting that are lung-protective for patients with ARDS., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Published
2024
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22. The beneficial role of nano-sized Fe 3 O 4 entrapped in ultra-stable Y zeolite for the complete mineralization of phenol by heterogeneous photo-Fenton under solar light.

Author

Tammaro O, Morante N, Marocco A, Fontana M, Castellino M, Barrera G, Allia P, Tiberto P, Arletti R, Fantini R, Vaiano V, Esposito S, Sannino D, and Pansini M

Subjects
Iron chemistry, Phenols, Water, Hydrogen Peroxide chemistry, Catalysis, Phenol chemistry, Zeolites
Abstract

Highly efficient, separable, and stable magnetic iron-based-photocatalysts produced from ultra-stable Y (USY) zeolite were applied, for the first time, to the photo-Fenton removal of phenol under solar light. USY Zeolite with a Si/Al molar ratio of 385 was impregnated under vacuum with an aqueous solution of Fe 2+ ions and thermally treated (500-750 °C) in a reducing atmosphere. Three catalysts, Fe-USY500°C-2h, Fe-USY600°C-2h and Fe-USY750°C-2h, containing different amounts of reduced iron species entrapped in the zeolitic matrix, were obtained. The catalysts were thoroughly characterized by absorption spectrometry, X-ray powder diffraction with synchrotron source, followed by Rietveld analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, N 2 adsorption/desorption at -196 °C, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and magnetic measurements at room temperature. The catalytic activity was evaluated in a recirculating batch photoreactor irradiated by solar light with online analysis of evolved CO 2 . Photo-Fenton results showed that the catalyst obtained by thermal treatment at 500 °C for 2 h under a reducing atmosphere (FeUSY-500°C-2h) was able to completely mineralize phenol in 120 min of irradiation time at pH = 4 owing to the presence of a higher content of entrapped nano-sized magnetite particles. The latter promotes the generation of hydroxyl radicals in a more efficient way than the Fe-USY catalysts prepared at 600 and 750 °C because of the higher Fe 3 O 4 content in ultra-stable Y zeolite treated at 500 °C. The FeUSY-500°C-2h catalyst was recovered from the treated water through magnetic separation and reused five times without any significant worsening of phenol mineralization performances. The characterization of the FeUSY-500°C-2h after the photo-Fenton process demonstrated that it was perfectly stable during the reaction. The optimized catalyst was also effective in the mineralization of phenol in tap water. Finally, a possible photo-Fenton mechanism for phenol mineralization was assessed based on experimental tests carried out in the presence of scavenger molecules, demonstrating that hydroxyl radicals play a major role., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Published
2023
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23. Inspiratory Effort and Respiratory Mechanics in Patients with Acute Exacerbation of Idiopathic Pulmonary fibrosis: A Preliminary Matched Control Study.

Author

Tonelli R, Castaniere I, Cortegiani A, Tabbì L, Fantini R, Andrisani D, Gozzi F, Moretti A, Bruzzi G, Manicardi L, Cerbone C, Nani C, Biagioni E, Cerri S, Samarelli V, Busani S, Girardis M, Marchioni A, and Clini E

Subjects
Humans, Retrospective Studies, Respiration, Artificial, Respiratory Mechanics physiology, Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis complications, Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis therapy, Respiratory Distress Syndrome therapy
Abstract

Background: Patients with acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (AE-IPF) may experience severe acute respiratory failure, even requiring ventilatory assistance. Physiological data on lung mechanics during these events are lacking., Methods: Patients with AE-IPF admitted to Respiratory Intensive Care Unit to receive non-invasive ventilation (NIV) were retrospectively analyzed. Esophageal pressure swing (ΔP es ) and respiratory mechanics before and after 2 hours of NIV were collected as primary outcome. The correlation between positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels and changes of in dynamic compliance (dynC RS ) and PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio was assessed. Further, an exploratory comparison with a historical cohort of ARDS patients matched 1:1 by age, sequential organ failure assessment score, body mass index and PaO 2 /FiO 2 level was performed., Results: At baseline, AE-IPF patients presented a high respiratory drive activation with ΔPes = 27 (21-34) cmH2O, respiratory rate (RR) = 34 (30-39) bpm and minute ventilation (VE) = 21 (20-26) L/min. Two hours after NIV application, ΔPes, RR and VE values showed a significant reduction (16 [14-24] cmH2O, p<0.0001, 27 [25-30] bpm, p=0.001, and 18 [17-20] L/min, p=0.003, respectively) while no significant change was found in dynamic transpulmonary pressure, expiratory tidal volume (Vte), dynCRS and dynamic mechanical power. PEEP levels negatively correlated with PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio and dynC RS (r=-0.67, p=0.03 and r=-0.27, p=0.4, respectively). When compared to AE-IPF, ARDS patients presented lower baseline ΔP es , RR, VE and dynamic mechanical power. Differently from AE-IPF, in ARDS both Vte and dynC RS increased significantly following NIV (p=0.01 and p=0.004 respectively) with PEEP levels directly associated with PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio and dynC RS (r=0.24, p=0.5 and r=0.65, p=0.04, respectively)., Conclusions: In this study, patients with AE-IPF showed a high inspiratory effort, whose intensity was reduced by NIV application without a significant improvement in respiratory mechanics. In an exploratory analysis, AE-IPF patients showed a different mechanical behavior under spontaneous unassisted and assisted breathing compared with ARDS patients of similar severity., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest Authors have no competing interests with any organization or entity with a financial interest in competition with the subject, matter or materials discussed in the manuscript., (Copyright © 2022 Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Published
2023
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24. Physiological effects of lung-protective ventilation in patients with lung fibrosis and usual interstitial pneumonia pattern versus primary ARDS: a matched-control study.

Author

Tonelli R, Grasso S, Cortegiani A, Ball L, Castaniere I, Tabbì L, Fantini R, Andrisani D, Gozzi F, Moretti A, Bruzzi G, Manicardi L, Cerri S, Samarelli AV, Raineri G, Murgolo F, Carzoli A, Di Mussi R, Busani S, Rizzoni R, Grasselli G, Clini E, and Marchioni A

Subjects
Humans, Respiration, Artificial, Respiratory Mechanics physiology, Lung, Respiratory Distress Syndrome therapy, Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis, Lung Diseases, Interstitial complications, Lung Diseases, Interstitial therapy
Abstract

Background: Although patients with interstitial pneumonia pattern (ILD-UIP) and acute exacerbation (AE) leading to severe acute respiratory failure may require invasive mechanical ventilation (MV), physiological data on lung mechanics during MV are lacking. We aimed at describing the physiological effect of lung-protective ventilation in patients with AE-ILD-UIP compared with primary ARDS., Methods: Partitioned lung and chest wall mechanics were assessed in a series of AE-ILD-UIP patients matched 1:1 with primary ARDS as controls (based on BMI and PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio). Three PEEP levels (zero = ZEEP, 4-8 cmH 2 O = PEEP LOW , and titrated to achieve positive end-expiratory transpulmonary pressure P L,EE  = PEEP TITRATED ) were used for measurements., Results: Ten AE-ILD-UIP patients and 10 matched ARDS were included. In AE-ILD-UIP median P L,EE at ZEEP was - 4.3 [- 7.6- - 2.3] cmH 2 O and lung elastance (E L ) 44 [40-51] cmH 2 O/L. At PEEP LOW , P L,EE remained negative and E L did not change (p = 0.995) versus ZEEP. At PEEP TITRATED , P L,EE increased to 0.8 [0.3-1.5] cmH 2 O and E L to 49 [43-59] (p = 0.004 and p < 0.001 compared to ZEEP and PEEP LOW , respectively). ΔP L decreased at PEEP LOW (p = 0.018) and increased at PEEP TITRATED (p = 0.003). In matched ARDS control PEEP titration to obtain a positive P L,EE did not result in significant changes in E L and ΔP L ., Conclusions: In mechanically ventilated AE-ILD-UIP patients, differently than in patients with primary ARDS, PEEP titrated to obtain a positive P L,EE significantly worsened lung mechanics., (© 2023. BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.)

Published
2023
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25. Implementation of Deep-Learning-Based CSI Feedback Reporting on 5G NR-Compliant Link-Level Simulator.

Author

Riviello DG, Tuninato R, Zimaglia E, Fantini R, and Garello R

Subjects
Feedback, Knowledge, Machine Learning, Neural Networks, Computer, Deep Learning
Abstract

Advances in machine learning have widened the range of its applications in many fields. In particular, deep learning has attracted much interest for its ability to provide solutions where the derivation of a rigorous mathematical model of the problem is troublesome. Our interest was drawn to the application of deep learning for channel state information feedback reporting, a crucial problem in frequency division duplexing (FDD) 5G networks, where knowledge of the channel characteristics is fundamental to exploiting the full potential of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. We designed a framework adopting a 5G New Radio convolutional neural network, called NR-CsiNet, with the aim of compressing the channel matrix experienced by the user at the receiver side and then reconstructing it at the transmitter side. In contrast to similar solutions, our framework is based on a 5G New Radio fully compliant simulator, thus implementing a channel generator based on the latest 3GPP 3-D channel model. Moreover, realistic 5G scenarios are considered by including multi-receiving antenna schemes and noisy downlink channel estimation. Simulations were carried out to analyze and compare the performance with current feedback reporting schemes, showing promising results for this approach from the point of view of the block error rate and throughput of the 5G data channel.

Published
2023
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26. Early awake proning in critical and severe COVID-19 patients undergoing noninvasive respiratory support: A retrospective multicenter cohort study.

Author

Tonelli R, Pisani L, Tabbì L, Comellini V, Prediletto I, Fantini R, Marchioni A, Andrisani D, Gozzi F, Bruzzi G, Manicardi L, Busani S, Mussini C, Castaniere I, Bassi I, Carpano M, Tagariello F, Corsi G, d'Amico R, Girardis M, Nava S, and Clini E

Subjects
Cohort Studies, Humans, Retrospective Studies, Wakefulness, COVID-19 epidemiology, COVID-19 therapy, Respiratory Insufficiency etiology
Abstract

Background/materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted in two teaching hospitals over a 3-month period (March 2010-June 2020) comparing severe and critical COVID-19 patients admitted to Respiratory Intensive Care Unit for non-invasive respiratory support (NRS) and subjected to awake prone position (PP) with those receiving standard care (SC). Primary outcome was endotracheal intubation (ETI) rate. In-hospital mortality, time to ETI, tracheostomy, length of RICU and hospital stay served as secondary outcomes. Risk factors associated to ETI among PP patients were also investigated., Results: A total of 114 patients were included, 76 in the SC and 38 in the PP group. Unadjusted Kaplan-Meier estimates showed greater effect of PP compared to SC on ETI rate (HR = 0.45 95% CI [0.2-0.9], p = 0.02) even after adjustment for baseline confounders (HR = 0.59 95% CI [0.3-0.94], p = 0.03). After stratification according to non-invasive respiratory support, PP showed greater significant benefit for those on High Flow Nasal Cannulae (HR = 0.34 95% CI [0.12-0.84], p = 0.04). Compared to SC, PP patients also showed a favorable difference in terms of days free from respiratory support, length of RICU and hospital stay while mortality and tracheostomy rate were not significantly different., Conclusions: Prone positioning in awake and spontaneously breathing Covid-19 patients is feasible and associated with a reduction of intubation rate, especially in those patients undergoing HFNC. Although our results are intriguing, further randomized controlled trials are needed to answer all the open questions remaining pending about the real efficacy of PP in this setting., (Copyright © 2021 Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Published
2022
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27. Risk Factors for Pulmonary Air Leak and Clinical Prognosis in Patients With COVID-19 Related Acute Respiratory Failure: A Retrospective Matched Control Study.

Author

Tonelli R, Bruzzi G, Manicardi L, Tabbì L, Fantini R, Castaniere I, Andrisani D, Gozzi F, Pellegrino MR, Trentacosti F, Dall'Ara L, Busani S, Franceschini E, Baroncini S, Manco G, Meschiari M, Mussini C, Girardis M, Beghè B, Marchioni A, and Clini E

Abstract

Background: The role of excessive inspiratory effort in promoting alveolar and pleural rupture resulting in air leak (AL) in patients with SARS-CoV-2 induced acute respiratory failure (ARF) while on spontaneous breathing is undetermined., Methods: Among all patients with COVID-19 related ARF admitted to a respiratory intensive care unit (RICU) and receiving non-invasive respiratory support, those developing an AL were and matched 1:1 [by means of PaO2/FiO2 ratio, age, body mass index-BMI and subsequent organ failure assessment (SOFA)] with a comparable population who did not (NAL group). Esophageal pressure (ΔP es ) and dynamic transpulmonary pressure (ΔP L ) swings were compared between groups. Risk factors affecting AL onset were evaluated. The composite outcome of ventilator-free-days (VFD) at day 28 (including ETI, mortality, tracheostomy) was compared between groups., Results: Air leak and NAL groups ( n = 28) showed similar ΔP es , whereas AL had higher ΔP L (20 [16-21] and 17 [11-20], p = 0.01, respectively). Higher ΔP L (OR = 1.5 95%CI[1-1.8], p = 0.01), positive end-expiratory pressure (OR = 2.4 95%CI[1.2-5.9], p = 0.04) and pressure support (OR = 1.8 95%CI[1.1-3.5], p = 0.03), D-dimer on admission (OR = 2.1 95%CI[1.3-9.8], p = 0.03), and features suggestive of consolidation on computed tomography scan (OR = 3.8 95%CI[1.1-15], p = 0.04) were all significantly associated with AL. A lower VFD score resulted in a higher risk (HR = 3.7 95%CI [1.2-11.3], p = 0.01) in the AL group compared with NAL. RICU stay and 90-day mortality were also higher in the AL group compared with NAL., Conclusion: In spontaneously breathing patients with COVID-19 related ARF, higher levels of ΔP L , blood D-dimer, NIV delivery pressures and a consolidative lung pattern were associated with AL onset., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Tonelli, Bruzzi, Manicardi, Tabbì, Fantini, Castaniere, Andrisani, Gozzi, Pellegrino, Trentacosti, Dall’Ara, Busani, Franceschini, Baroncini, Manco, Meschiari, Mussini, Girardis, Beghè, Marchioni and Clini.)

Published
2022
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28. Nasal pressure swings as the measure of inspiratory effort in spontaneously breathing patients with de novo acute respiratory failure.

Author

Tonelli R, Cortegiani A, Marchioni A, Fantini R, Tabbì L, Castaniere I, Biagioni E, Busani S, Nani C, Cerbone C, Vermi M, Gozzi F, Bruzzi G, Manicardi L, Pellegrino MR, Beghè B, Girardis M, Pelosi P, Gregoretti C, Ball L, and Clini E

Subjects
Humans, Respiration, Artificial methods, COVID-19, Noninvasive Ventilation, Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Respiratory Insufficiency therapy
Abstract

Background: Excessive inspiratory effort could translate into self-inflicted lung injury, thus worsening clinical outcomes of spontaneously breathing patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF). Although esophageal manometry is a reliable method to estimate the magnitude of inspiratory effort, procedural issues significantly limit its use in daily clinical practice. The aim of this study is to describe the correlation between esophageal pressure swings (ΔP es ) and nasal (ΔP nos ) as a potential measure of inspiratory effort in spontaneously breathing patients with de novo ARF., Methods: From January 1, 2021, to September 1, 2021, 61 consecutive patients with ARF (83.6% related to COVID-19) admitted to the Respiratory Intensive Care Unit (RICU) of the University Hospital of Modena (Italy) and candidate to escalation of non-invasive respiratory support (NRS) were enrolled. Clinical features and tidal changes in esophageal and nasal pressure were recorded on admission and 24 h after starting NRS. Correlation between ΔP es and ΔP nos served as primary outcome. The effect of ΔP nos measurements on respiratory rate and ΔP es was also assessed., Results: ΔP es and ΔP nos were strongly correlated at admission (R 2  = 0.88, p < 0.001) and 24 h apart (R 2  = 0.94, p < 0.001). The nasal plug insertion and the mouth closure required for ΔP nos measurement did not result in significant change of respiratory rate and ΔP es . The correlation between measures at 24 h remained significant even after splitting the study population according to the type of NRS (high-flow nasal cannulas [R 2  = 0.79, p < 0.001] or non-invasive ventilation [R 2  = 0.95, p < 0.001])., Conclusions: In a cohort of patients with ARF, nasal pressure swings did not alter respiratory mechanics in the short term and were highly correlated with esophageal pressure swings during spontaneous tidal breathing. ΔP nos might warrant further investigation as a measure of inspiratory effort in patients with ARF., Trial Registration: NCT03826797 . Registered October 2016., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Published
2022
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29. Rehabilitation of Difficult-to-Wean, Tracheostomized Patients Admitted to Specialized Unit: Retrospective Analyses over 10-Years.

Author

Costi S, Brogneri A, Bagni C, Pennacchi G, Beneventi C, Tabbì L, Dell'Orso D, Fantini R, Tonelli R, Beghi GM, and Clini E

Subjects
Cohort Studies, Humans, Retrospective Studies, Tracheostomy, Activities of Daily Living, Ventilator Weaning
Abstract

Rehabilitation outcomes of difficult-to-wean tracheostomized patients have been reported in relatively small case studies and described for a limited time span. This study describes the characteristics and clinical outcomes of a large cohort of tracheostomized patients admitted to a specialized weaning unit over 10 years. We retrospectively analyzed data collected from January 2010 to December 2019 on difficult-to-wean tracheostomized patients who underwent comprehensive rehabilitation. Clinical characteristics collected at admission were the level of comorbidity (by the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale—CIRS) and the clinical severity (by the Simplified Acute Physiology Score—SAPS II). The proportions of patients weaned, decannulated, and able to walk; the change in autonomy level according to the Bristol Activities of Daily Living (BADL) Scale; and the setting of hospital discharge was assessed and compared in a consecutive 5-year time period (2010−2014 and 2015−2019) subgroup analysis. A total of 180 patients were included in the analysis. Patient anthropometry and preadmission clinical management in acute care hospitals were similar across years, but the categories of underlying diagnosis changed (p < 0.001) (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease—COPD—decreased), while the level of comorbidities increased (p = 0.003). The decannulation rate was 45.6%. CIRS and SAPS II at admission were both significant predictors of clinical outcomes. The proportion of patients whose gain in BADL score increased ≥ 2 points decreased over time. This study confirms the importance of rehabilitation in weaning units for the severely disabled subset of tracheostomized patients. Comorbidities and severity at admission are significantly associated with rehabilitation outcomes at discharge.

Published
2022
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30. Stenting versus balloon dilatation in patients with tracheal benign stenosis: The STROBE trial.

Author

Marchioni A, Andrisani D, Tonelli R, Andreani A, Cappiello GF, Ori M, Gozzi F, Bruzzi G, Nani C, Feminò R, Manicardi L, Baroncini S, Mattioli F, Fermi M, Fantini R, Tabbì L, Castaniere I, Presutti L, and Clini E

Abstract

Background: It is well known that benign tracheal stenosis represents an obstacle to open surgery, and that its treatment could be challenging. Two endoscopic techniques have so far been adopted to restore tracheal patency: balloon dilatation (BA) through laryngoscopy, and tracheal stenting (ST) with rigid bronchoscopy. The main objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of BA and ST to treat benign tracheal stenosis not eligible for surgery. We also compared the rate of adverse events in the two treatment groups., Methods: A retrospective, observational cohort study was carried out at the University Hospital of Modena (Italy) from November 2012 to November 2017 in two separate departments. Patients were considered to be "stabilized" (primary outcome) if they did not report significant respiratory symptoms, or restenosis in the long-term (2 years) following the endoscopic procedure., Results: Sixty-six patients were included in the study (33 in the BA and 33 in the ST group, respectively). Unadjusted Kaplan-Meier estimates showed a greater therapeutic effect of ST compared to BA at 2 years (hazard ratio = 3.9 95%CI [1.5-9.8], p  = .01). After adjusting for confounders, stratified analyses showed that this effect was significant in patients with complex stenosis, idiopathic etiology, and degree of stenosis >70%. Compared with BA, ST showed a higher rate of adverse events ( p  = .01)., Conclusions: Compared to BA, ST seems to be more effective in achieving stabilization of tracheal patency in complex benign tracheal stenosis, although burdened with a significantly higher number of adverse effects. These findings warrant future prospective study for confirmation. Level of evidence: 3., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (© 2022 The Authors. Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Triological Society.)

Published
2022
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31. Molecular Mechanisms and Physiological Changes behind Benign Tracheal and Subglottic Stenosis in Adults.

Author

Marchioni A, Tonelli R, Andreani A, Cappiello GF, Fermi M, Trentacosti F, Castaniere I, Fantini R, Tabbì L, Andrisani D, Gozzi F, Bruzzi G, Manicardi L, Moretti A, Baroncini S, Samarelli AV, Pinelli M, De Santis G, Stefani A, Marchioni D, Mattioli F, and Clini E

Subjects
Biomechanical Phenomena, Cytokines metabolism, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Humans, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins metabolism, Laryngostenosis genetics, Laryngostenosis metabolism, Mechanotransduction, Cellular, Tracheal Stenosis genetics, Tracheal Stenosis metabolism, Biomarkers metabolism, Laryngostenosis pathology, Tracheal Stenosis pathology
Abstract

Laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS) is a complex and heterogeneous disease whose pathogenesis remains unclear. LTS is considered to be the result of aberrant wound-healing process that leads to fibrotic scarring, originating from different aetiology. Although iatrogenic aetiology is the main cause of subglottic or tracheal stenosis, also autoimmune and infectious diseases may be involved in causing LTS. Furthermore, fibrotic obstruction in the anatomic region under the glottis can also be diagnosed without apparent aetiology after a comprehensive workup; in this case, the pathological process is called idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS). So far, the laryngotracheal scar resulting from airway injury due to different diseases was considered as inert tissue requiring surgical removal to restore airway patency. However, this assumption has recently been revised by regarding the tracheal scarring process as a fibroinflammatory event due to immunological alteration, similar to other fibrotic diseases. Recent acquisitions suggest that different factors, such as growth factors, cytokines, altered fibroblast function and genetic susceptibility, can all interact in a complex way leading to aberrant and fibrotic wound healing after an insult that acts as a trigger. However, also physiological derangement due to LTS could play a role in promoting dysregulated response to laryngo-tracheal mucosal injury, through biomechanical stress and mechanotransduction activation. The aim of this narrative review is to present the state-of-the-art knowledge regarding molecular mechanisms, as well as mechanical and physio-pathological features behind LTS.

Published
2022
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32. Dissecting the Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Cause or Solution.

Author

Samarelli AV, Tonelli R, Heijink I, Martin Medina A, Marchioni A, Bruzzi G, Castaniere I, Andrisani D, Gozzi F, Manicardi L, Moretti A, Cerri S, Fantini R, Tabbì L, Nani C, Mastrolia I, Weiss DJ, Dominici M, and Clini E

Abstract

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is one of the most aggressive forms of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, characterized by chronic and progressive fibrosis subverting the lung's architecture, pulmonary functional decline, progressive respiratory failure, and high mortality (median survival 3 years after diagnosis). Among the mechanisms associated with disease onset and progression, it has been hypothesized that IPF lungs might be affected either by a regenerative deficit of the alveolar epithelium or by a dysregulation of repair mechanisms in response to alveolar and vascular damage. This latter might be related to the progressive dysfunction and exhaustion of the resident stem cells together with a process of cellular and tissue senescence. The role of endogenous mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) resident in the lung in the homeostasis of these mechanisms is still a matter of debate. Although endogenous MSCs may play a critical role in lung repair, they are also involved in cellular senescence and tissue ageing processes with loss of lung regenerative potential. In addition, MSCs have immunomodulatory properties and can secrete anti-fibrotic factors. Thus, MSCs obtained from other sources administered systemically or directly into the lung have been investigated for lung epithelial repair and have been explored as a potential therapy for the treatment of lung diseases including IPF. Given these multiple potential roles of MSCs, this review aims both at elucidating the role of resident lung MSCs in IPF pathogenesis and the role of administered MSCs from other sources for potential IPF therapies., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Samarelli, Tonelli, Heijink, Martin Medina, Marchioni, Bruzzi, Castaniere, Andrisani, Gozzi, Manicardi, Moretti, Cerri, Fantini, Tabbì, Nani, Mastrolia, Weiss, Dominici and Clini.)

Published
2021
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33. Pulmonary Stretch and Lung Mechanotransduction: Implications for Progression in the Fibrotic Lung.

Author

Marchioni A, Tonelli R, Cerri S, Castaniere I, Andrisani D, Gozzi F, Bruzzi G, Manicardi L, Moretti A, Demurtas J, Baroncini S, Andreani A, Cappiello GF, Busani S, Fantini R, Tabbì L, Samarelli AV, and Clini E

Subjects
Algorithms, Alveolar Epithelial Cells metabolism, Alveolar Epithelial Cells pathology, Animals, Disease Progression, Disease Susceptibility, Extracellular Matrix metabolism, Extracellular Matrix pathology, Humans, Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis etiology, Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis metabolism, Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis pathology, Mechanical Phenomena, Models, Biological, Pulmonary Fibrosis etiology, Elasticity, Lung metabolism, Lung pathology, Mechanotransduction, Cellular, Pulmonary Fibrosis metabolism, Pulmonary Fibrosis pathology
Abstract

Lung fibrosis results from the synergic interplay between regenerative deficits of the alveolar epithelium and dysregulated mechanisms of repair in response to alveolar and vascular damage, which is followed by progressive fibroblast and myofibroblast proliferation and excessive deposition of the extracellular matrix. The increased parenchymal stiffness of fibrotic lungs significantly affects respiratory mechanics, making the lung more fragile and prone to non-physiological stress during spontaneous breathing and mechanical ventilation. Given their parenchymal inhomogeneity, fibrotic lungs may display an anisotropic response to mechanical stresses with different regional deformations (micro-strain). This behavior is not described by the standard stress-strain curve but follows the mechano-elastic models of "squishy balls", where the elastic limit can be reached due to the excessive deformation of parenchymal areas with normal elasticity that are surrounded by inelastic fibrous tissue or collapsed induration areas, which tend to protrude outside the fibrous ring. Increasing evidence has shown that non-physiological mechanical forces applied to fibrotic lungs with associated abnormal mechanotransduction could favor the progression of pulmonary fibrosis. With this review, we aim to summarize the state of the art on the relation between mechanical forces acting on the lung and biological response in pulmonary fibrosis, with a focus on the progression of damage in the fibrotic lung during spontaneous breathing and assisted ventilatory support.

Published
2021
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34. Effects of cytokine blocking agents on hospital mortality in patients admitted to ICU with acute respiratory distress syndrome by SARS-CoV-2 infection: retrospective cohort study.

Author

Coloretti I, Busani S, Biagioni E, Venturelli S, Munari E, Sita M, DallAra L, Tosi M, Clini E, Tonelli R, Fantini R, Mussini C, Meschiari M, Guaraldi G, Cossarizza A, Alfano G, and Girardis M

Abstract

Background: The use of cytokine-blocking agents has been proposed to modulate the inflammatory response in patients with COVID-19. Tocilizumab and anakinra were included in the local protocol as an optional treatment in critically ill patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) by SARS-CoV-2 infection. This cohort study evaluated the effects of therapy with cytokine blocking agents on in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients requiring mechanical ventilation and admitted to intensive care unit., Methods: The association between therapy with tocilizumab or anakinra and in-hospital mortality was assessed in consecutive adult COVID-19 patients admitted to our ICU with moderate to severe ARDS. The association was evaluated by comparing patients who received to those who did not receive tocilizumab or anakinra and by using different multivariable Cox models adjusted for variables related to poor outcome, for the propensity to be treated with tocilizumab or anakinra and after patient matching., Results: Sixty-six patients who received immunotherapy (49 tocilizumab, 17 anakinra) and 28 patients who did not receive immunotherapy were included. The in-hospital crude mortality was 30,3% in treated patients and 50% in nontreated (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.56-1.05, p=0.069). The adjusted Cox model showed an association between therapy with immunotherapy and in-hospital mortality (HR 0.40, 95% CI 0.19-0.83, p=0.015). This protective effect was further confirmed in the analysis adjusted for propensity score, in the propensity-matched cohort and in the cohort of patients with invasive mechanical ventilation within 2 hours after ICU admission., Conclusions: Although important limitations, our study showed that cytokine-blocking agents seem to be safe and to improve survival in COVID-19 patients admitted to ICU with ARDS and the need for mechanical ventilation., (Copyright: the Author(s).)

Published
2021
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35. Spontaneous Breathing and Evolving Phenotypes of Lung Damage in Patients with COVID-19: Review of Current Evidence and Forecast of a New Scenario.

Author

Tonelli R, Marchioni A, Tabbì L, Fantini R, Busani S, Castaniere I, Andrisani D, Gozzi F, Bruzzi G, Manicardi L, Demurtas J, Andreani A, Cappiello GF, Samarelli AV, and Clini E

Abstract

The mechanisms of acute respiratory failure other than inflammation and complicating the SARS-CoV-2 infection are still far from being fully understood, thus challenging the management of COVID-19 patients in the critical care setting. In this unforeseen scenario, the role of an individual's excessive spontaneous breathing may acquire critical importance, being one potential and important driver of lung injury and disease progression. The consequences of this acute lung damage may impair lung structure, forecasting the model of a fragile respiratory system. This perspective article aims to analyze the progression of injured lung phenotypes across the SARS-CoV-2 induced respiratory failure, pointing out the role of spontaneous breathing and also tackling the specific respiratory/ventilatory strategy required by the fragile lung type.

Published
2021
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36. Machine learning in predicting respiratory failure in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia-Challenges, strengths, and opportunities in a global health emergency.

Author

Ferrari D, Milic J, Tonelli R, Ghinelli F, Meschiari M, Volpi S, Faltoni M, Franceschi G, Iadisernia V, Yaacoub D, Ciusa G, Bacca E, Rogati C, Tutone M, Burastero G, Raimondi A, Menozzi M, Franceschini E, Cuomo G, Corradi L, Orlando G, Santoro A, Digaetano M, Puzzolante C, Carli F, Borghi V, Bedini A, Fantini R, Tabbì L, Castaniere I, Busani S, Clini E, Girardis M, Sarti M, Cossarizza A, Mussini C, Mandreoli F, Missier P, and Guaraldi G

Subjects
Aged, Betacoronavirus, Blood Gas Analysis, COVID-19, Female, Humans, Italy, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Statistical, Pandemics, Prospective Studies, Respiration, Artificial, Respiratory Insufficiency etiology, SARS-CoV-2, Computer Simulation, Coronavirus Infections complications, Machine Learning, Pneumonia, Viral complications, Respiratory Insufficiency diagnosis
Abstract

Aims: The aim of this study was to estimate a 48 hour prediction of moderate to severe respiratory failure, requiring mechanical ventilation, in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia., Methods: This was an observational prospective study that comprised consecutive patients with COVID-19 pneumonia admitted to hospital from 21 February to 6 April 2020. The patients' medical history, demographic, epidemiologic and clinical data were collected in an electronic patient chart. The dataset was used to train predictive models using an established machine learning framework leveraging a hybrid approach where clinical expertise is applied alongside a data-driven analysis. The study outcome was the onset of moderate to severe respiratory failure defined as PaO2/FiO2 ratio <150 mmHg in at least one of two consecutive arterial blood gas analyses in the following 48 hours. Shapley Additive exPlanations values were used to quantify the positive or negative impact of each variable included in each model on the predicted outcome., Results: A total of 198 patients contributed to generate 1068 usable observations which allowed to build 3 predictive models based respectively on 31-variables signs and symptoms, 39-variables laboratory biomarkers and 91-variables as a composition of the two. A fourth "boosted mixed model" included 20 variables was selected from the model 3, achieved the best predictive performance (AUC = 0.84) without worsening the FN rate. Its clinical performance was applied in a narrative case report as an example., Conclusion: This study developed a machine model with 84% prediction accuracy, which is able to assist clinicians in decision making process and contribute to develop new analytics to improve care at high technology readiness levels., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Published
2020
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37. Marked T cell activation, senescence, exhaustion and skewing towards TH17 in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.

Author

De Biasi S, Meschiari M, Gibellini L, Bellinazzi C, Borella R, Fidanza L, Gozzi L, Iannone A, Lo Tartaro D, Mattioli M, Paolini A, Menozzi M, Milić J, Franceschi G, Fantini R, Tonelli R, Sita M, Sarti M, Trenti T, Brugioni L, Cicchetti L, Facchinetti F, Pietrangelo A, Clini E, Girardis M, Guaraldi G, Mussini C, and Cossarizza A

Subjects
Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Biomarkers metabolism, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes metabolism, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes pathology, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes metabolism, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes pathology, COVID-19, Cellular Senescence, Coronavirus Infections blood, Coronavirus Infections pathology, Cytokine Release Syndrome, Cytokines immunology, Cytokines metabolism, Female, Humans, Immunologic Memory, Italy epidemiology, Lymphocyte Activation, Lymphocyte Count, Male, Middle Aged, Pandemics, Pneumonia, Viral blood, Pneumonia, Viral pathology, SARS-CoV-2, T-Lymphocyte Subsets metabolism, T-Lymphocyte Subsets pathology, Th17 Cells immunology, Th17 Cells metabolism, Th17 Cells pathology, Betacoronavirus immunology, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes immunology, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes immunology, Coronavirus Infections immunology, Pneumonia, Viral immunology, T-Lymphocyte Subsets immunology
Abstract

The immune system of patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 is severely impaired. Detailed investigation of T cells and cytokine production in patients affected by COVID-19 pneumonia are urgently required. Here we show that, compared with healthy controls, COVID-19 patients' T cell compartment displays several alterations involving naïve, central memory, effector memory and terminally differentiated cells, as well as regulatory T cells and PD1 + CD57 + exhausted T cells. Significant alterations exist also in several lineage-specifying transcription factors and chemokine receptors. Terminally differentiated T cells from patients proliferate less than those from healthy controls, whereas their mitochondria functionality is similar in CD4 + T cells from both groups. Patients display significant increases of proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokines, including T helper type-1 and type-2 cytokines, chemokines and galectins; their lymphocytes produce more tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-17, with the last observation implying that blocking IL-17 could provide a novel therapeutic strategy for COVID-19.

Published
2020
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38. Ventilatory support and mechanical properties of the fibrotic lung acting as a "squishy ball".

Author

Marchioni A, Tonelli R, Rossi G, Spagnolo P, Luppi F, Cerri S, Cocconcelli E, Pellegrino MR, Fantini R, Tabbì L, Castaniere I, Ball L, Malbrain MLNG, Pelosi P, and Clini E

Abstract

Protective ventilation is the cornerstone of treatment of patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); however, no studies have yet established the best ventilatory strategy to adopt when patients with acute exacerbation of interstitial lung disease (AE-ILD) are admitted to the intensive care unit. Due to the severe impairment of the respiratory mechanics, the fibrotic lung is at high risk of developing ventilator-induced lung injury, regardless of the lung fibrosis etiology. The purpose of this review is to analyze the effects of mechanical ventilation in AE-ILD and to increase the knowledge on the characteristics of fibrotic lung during artificial ventilation, introducing the concept of "squishy ball lung". The role of positive end-expiratory pressure is discussed, proposing a "lung resting strategy" as opposed to the "open lung approach". The review also discusses the practical management of AE-ILD patients discussing illustrative clinical cases.

Published
2020
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39. Respiratory Mechanics and Diaphragmatic Dysfunction in COPD Patients Who Failed Non-Invasive Mechanical Ventilation.

Author

Marchioni A, Tonelli R, Fantini R, Tabbì L, Castaniere I, Livrieri F, Bedogni S, Ruggieri V, Pisani L, Nava S, and Clini E

Subjects
Aged, Female, Humans, Lung Volume Measurements, Male, Middle Aged, Pressure, Prospective Studies, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive diagnosis, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive physiopathology, Treatment Failure, Diaphragm physiopathology, Lung physiopathology, Noninvasive Ventilation, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive therapy, Respiratory Mechanics
Abstract

Background: Although non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV) is the gold standard treatment for patients with acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) developing respiratory acidosis, failure rates still range from 5% to 40%. Recent studies have shown that the onset of severe diaphragmatic dysfunction (DD) during AECOPD increases risk of NIV failure and mortality in this subset of patients. Although the imbalance between the load and the contractile capacity of inspiratory muscles seems the main cause of AECOPD-induced hypercapnic respiratory failure, data regarding the influence of mechanical derangement on DD in this acute phase are lacking. With this study, we investigate the impact of respiratory mechanics on diaphragm function in AECOPD patients experiencing NIV failure., Methods: Twelve AECOPD patients with respiratory acidosis admitted to the Respiratory ICU of the University Hospital of Modena from 2017 to 2018 undergoing mechanical ventilation (MV) due to NIV failure were enrolled. Static respiratory mechanics and end-expiratory lung volume (EELV) were measured after 30 mins of volume control mode MV. Subsequently, transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) was calculated by means of a sniff maneuver (Pdisniff) after 30 mins of spontaneous breathing trial. Linear regression analysis and Pearson's correlation coefficient served to assess associations., Results: Average Pdisniff was 23.3 cmH 2 O (standard deviation 29 cmH 2 O) with 3 patients presenting bilateral diaphragm palsy. Pdisniff was directly correlated with static lung elastance (r=0.69, p=0.001) while inverse correlation was found with dynamic intrinsic PEEP (r=-0.73, p=0.007). No significant correlation was found with static intrinsic PEEP (r=-0.55, p=0.06), EELV (r=-0.4, p=0.3), airway resistance (r=-0.2, p=0.54), chest wall, and total elastance (r=-0-01, p=0.96 and r=0.3, p=0.36, respectively). Significant linear inverse correlation was found between Pdisniff and the ratio between Pdi assessed at tidal volume and Pdi sniff (r=-0.82, p=0.02)., Conclusion: The causes of extreme DD in AECOPD patients who experienced NIV failure might be predominantly mechanical, driven by a severe dynamic hyperinflation that overlaps on an elastic lung substrate favoring volume overload., Competing Interests: The authors have no competing interests with any organization or entity with a financial interest in competition with the subject, matter or materials discussed in the manuscript, and they report no conflicts of interest in this work., (© 2019 Marchioni et al.)

Published
2019
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40. Serial ultrasound assessment of diaphragmatic function and clinical outcome in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Author

Fantini R, Tonelli R, Castaniere I, Tabbì L, Pellegrino MR, Cerri S, Livrieri F, Giaroni F, Monelli M, Ruggieri V, Fini N, Mandrioli J, Clini E, and Marchioni A

Subjects
Aged, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis complications, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis physiopathology, Female, Humans, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, Linear Models, Male, Middle Aged, Noninvasive Ventilation, Prospective Studies, Respiratory Insufficiency etiology, Time-to-Treatment, Vital Capacity, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis diagnostic imaging, Diaphragm diagnostic imaging, Diaphragm physiopathology, Respiratory Insufficiency physiopathology, Ultrasonography
Abstract

Background: Diaphragmatic assessment by ultrasound (US) is a non-invasive and useful method in the clinical management of patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). The aim of our observational study was to evaluate the impact of serial assessment of the diaphragmatic function by US on long-term outcomes in a series of patients suffering from ALS and to correlate US indices of diaphragmatic function and respiratory function tests with these outcomes., Methods: A cohort of 39 consecutive patients has been followed up to 24 months. Both lung volume (forced vital capacity, FVC) and diaphragmatic pressure generating capacity (by sniff inspiratory nasal pressure (SNIP) and by both US thickening fraction, ΔTdi, and the ratio of the thickening fraction between tidal volume and maximal lung capacity, ΔTmax) were recorded at baseline and every 3 months. Parameters were then correlated with outcomes (nocturnal hypoventilation, daily hypercapnia, start of ventilatory support (NIV), and death at 1 year) over time., Results: The occurrence of ΔTmax > 0.75 increased the risk to start NIV (HR = 5.6, p = 0.001) and to die (HR = 3.7, p = 0.0001) compared with patients maintaining lower values. Moreover, compared with the occurrence of FVC < 50% of predicted, ΔTmax > 0.75 appeared slightly better correlated with NIV commencement within 6 months., Conclusions: Serial diaphragmatic assessment by ultrasound is a useful and accurate method to predict the initiation of NIV earlier in patients with ALS.

Published
2019
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41. High-temperature behavior of natural ferrierite: In-situ synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction study.

Author

Arletti R, Fantini R, Giacobbe C, Gieré R, Vezzalini G, Vigliaturo R, and Quartieri S

Abstract

In this paper, we report the results of the first study focused on the thermal stability and dehydration dynamics of the natural zeolite mineral ferrierite. A sample from Monastir, Sardinia [(Na 0.56 K 1.19 Mg 2.02 Ca 0.52 Sr 0.14 ) (Al 6.89 Si 29.04 )O 72 ·17.86H 2 O; a = 19.2241(3) Å; b = 14.1563(2) Å; c = 7.5106(1) Å, V = 2043.95(7) Å 3 ] was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and in-situ synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction. Thermogravimetric data show that H 2 O release begins already in the range 50-100 °C and is complete at ~600 °C. The results of the structure refinements performed in Immm space group by Rietveld analysis with data collected up to 670 °C show that ferrierite belongs to the group of zeolites that do not undergo phase transitions. Upon heating to 670 °C, ferrierite behaves as a non-collapsible structure displaying only a slight contraction of the unit-cell volume (Δ V = -3%). The unit-cell parameter reductions are anisotropic, more pronounced for a than for b and c (Δ a = -1.6%; Δ b = -0.76%; Δ c = -0.70%). This anisotropic response to a temperature increase is interpreted as due to the presence in the ferrierite framework of five-membered ring chains of SiO 4 tetrahedra, which impart a higher structural rigidity along b and c . Upon dehydration we observe: (1) the gradual H 2 O loss, beginning with the molecules hosted in the 10MR channel, is almost complete at 670 °C, in good agreement with the TG data; (2) as a consequence of the decreased H 2 O content, Mg and K migrate from their original positions, moving from the center of the 10MR channel toward the walls to coordinate the framework oxygen atoms. The observation of transmission electron microscopy selected-area electron diffraction patterns revealed defective crystals with an occasional and moderate structural disorder. Beyond providing information on the thermal stability and behavior of natural ferrierite, the results of this work have significant implications for possible technological applications. These data allow for comparison with the dehydration kinetics/mechanisms of the corresponding synthetic phases, clarifying the role played by framework and extra-framework species on the high-temperature behavior of porous materials with ferrierite topology. Moreover, the information on the thermal behavior of natural ferrierite can be used to predict the energetic performances of analogous synthetic Si-pure counterparts, namely "zeosil-electrolyte" systems, under non-ambient conditions. Specifically, the very high thermal stability of ferrierite determined in this study, coupled with the baric behavior determined in other investigations, suggests that the "Si-FER-electrolyte" system may be an excellent candidate for use as an energy reservoir. Indeed, ferrierite exhibits the so-called "spring behavior," i.e., upon compression in water or in an electrolyte solution, it converts the mechanical energy into interfacial energy, and-when pressure is released-it can completely restore the supplied mechanical energy accumulated during the compression step.

Published
2018
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42. An uncommon cause of hemoptysis: aortobronchial fistula.

Author

Fontana M, Tonelli R, Gozzi F, Castaniere I, Marchioni A, Fantini R, Coppi F, Natali F, Rovatti E, and Clini E

Abstract

Background: Hemoptysis is a frequent sign of respiratory and non-respiratory diseases. While in most cases the underlying cause is rapidly identified, sometimes the real etiology might be misdiagnosed with dramatic delay in treatment., Case Presentation: A 46-year-old man with hiatal hernia and a history of aortic surgery for aortic coarctation presented with dramatic episodes of hemoptysis and subsequent severe anemia (6,9 g/dl). Digestive and respiratory endoscopy resulted not exhaustive, thus he underwent a contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest that showed an aneurysmal dilatation of the descending thoracic aorta with suspected aortobronchial fistula. He underwent cardiac surgery that confirmed the diagnosis and successfully treated the fistula., Conclusion: We briefly review the literature to raise clinical awareness on this uncommon cause of hemoptysis., Competing Interests: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.Informed consent regarding publication was obtained from the patient included in the study.The authors declare that they have no competing interests.Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Published
2018
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43. The encaged lung: rapidly progressive idiopathic pleurisy.

Author

Castaniere I, Tonelli R, Fantini R, Marchioni A, Garofalo M, Clini EM, and Cerri S

Abstract

A 56-year-old, non-smoker male with no exposure, presented with right chest pain and a huge loss in forced vital capacity due to right lung volume reduction with consensual pleural thickening on high-resolution computed tomography. All serological and microbiological tests were negative. The surgical lung biopsy showed fibrinous pleurisy while the search for neoplastic cells resulted negative. Because of symptoms worsening he started low dose steroids without benefits until he died 3 months later for cardiac ischemic attack. We reviewed the literature to identify possible etiologies and a rapidly progressive idiopathic pleurisy revealed to be the most probable diagnosis.

Published
2018
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44. Ultrasound-assessed diaphragmatic impairment is a predictor of outcomes in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease undergoing noninvasive ventilation.

Author

Marchioni A, Castaniere I, Tonelli R, Fantini R, Fontana M, Tabbì L, Viani A, Giaroni F, Ruggieri V, Cerri S, and Clini E

Subjects
APACHE, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cohort Studies, Diagnosis, Diaphragm anatomy & histology, Diaphragm physiopathology, Female, Humans, Intensive Care Units organization & administration, Intensive Care Units statistics & numerical data, Italy, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, Male, Noninvasive Ventilation methods, Prospective Studies, Simplified Acute Physiology Score, Statistics, Nonparametric, Ultrasonography methods, Diaphragm pathology, Noninvasive Ventilation standards, Patient Outcome Assessment, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive therapy
Abstract

Background: Ultrasound (US) evaluation of diaphragmatic dysfunction (DD) has proved to be a reliable technique in critical care. In this single-center prospective study, we investigated the impact of US-assessed DD on noninvasive ventilation (NIV) failure in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) and its correlation with the transdiaphragmatic pressure assessed using the invasive sniff maneuver (Pdi sniff)., Methods: A population of 75 consecutive patients with AECOPD with hypercapnic acidosis admitted to our respiratory intensive care unit (RICU) were enrolled. Change in diaphragm thickness (ΔTdi) < 20% during tidal volume was the predefined cutoff for identifying DD+/- status. Correlations between ΔTdi < 20% NIV failure and other clinical outcomes were investigated. Correlation between ΔTdi and Pdi sniff values was analyzed in a subset of ten patients., Results: DD+ patients had a higher risk for NIV failure than DD- patients (risk ratio, 4.4; p <  0.001), and this finding was significantly associated with higher RICU, in-hospital, and 90-day mortality rates; longer mechanical ventilation duration; higher tracheostomy rate; and longer RICU stay. Huge increases in NIV failure (HR, 6.2; p < 0.0001) and 90-day mortality (HR, 4.7; p = 0.008) in DD+ patients were found by Kaplan-Meier analysis. ΔTdi highly correlated with Pdi sniff (Pearson's r = 0.81; p = 0.004). ΔTdi < 20% showed better accuracy in predicting NIV failure than baseline pH value and early change in both arterial blood pH and partial pressure of carbon dioxide following NIV start (AUCs 0.84 to DTdi < 20%, 0.51 to pH value at baseline, 0.56 to early change in arterial blood pH following NIV start, and 0.54 to early change in partical pressure of carbon dioxide following NIV start, respectively; p < 0.0001)., Conclusions: Early and noninvasive US assessment of DD during severe AECOPD is reliable and accurate in identifying patients at major risk for NIV failure and worse prognosis.

Published
2018
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45. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: lessons learned from acute respiratory distress syndrome?

Author

Marchioni A, Tonelli R, Ball L, Fantini R, Castaniere I, Cerri S, Luppi F, Malerba M, Pelosi P, and Clini E

Subjects
Humans, Lung physiopathology, Positive-Pressure Respiration methods, Respiration, Artificial standards, Respiratory Distress Syndrome therapy, Tidal Volume physiology, Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis therapy, Respiration, Artificial methods
Abstract

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fibrotic lung disease characterized by progressive loss of lung function and poor prognosis. The so-called acute exacerbation of IPF (AE-IPF) may lead to severe hypoxemia requiring mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit (ICU). AE-IPF shares several pathophysiological features with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a very severe condition commonly treated in this setting.A review of the literature has been conducted to underline similarities and differences in the management of patients with AE-IPF and ARDS.During AE-IPF, diffuse alveolar damage and massive loss of aeration occurs, similar to what is observed in patients with ARDS. Differently from ARDS, no studies have yet concluded on the optimal ventilatory strategy and management in AE-IPF patients admitted to the ICU. Notwithstanding, a protective ventilation strategy with low tidal volume and low driving pressure could be recommended similarly to ARDS. The beneficial effect of high levels of positive end-expiratory pressure and prone positioning has still to be elucidated in AE-IPF patients, as well as the precise role of other types of respiratory assistance (e.g., extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) or innovative therapies (e.g., polymyxin-B direct hemoperfusion). The use of systemic drugs such as steroids or immunosuppressive agents in AE-IPF is controversial and potentially associated with an increased risk of serious adverse reactions.Common pathophysiological abnormalities and similar clinical needs suggest translating to AE-IPF the lessons learned from the management of ARDS patients. Studies focused on specific therapeutic strategies during AE-IPF are warranted.

Published
2018
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46. Effectiveness of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with interstitial lung disease of different etiology: a multicenter prospective study.

Author

Tonelli R, Cocconcelli E, Lanini B, Romagnoli I, Florini F, Castaniere I, Andrisani D, Cerri S, Luppi F, Fantini R, Marchioni A, Beghè B, Gigliotti F, and Clini EM

Subjects
Aged, Dyspnea etiology, Fatigue etiology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Quality of Life, Severity of Illness Index, Surveys and Questionnaires, Vital Capacity, Walk Test, Exercise, Exercise Tolerance, Lung Diseases, Interstitial physiopathology, Lung Diseases, Interstitial rehabilitation
Abstract

Background: Recent evidences show that Pulmonary Rehabilitation (PR) is effective in patients with Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD). It is still unclear whether disease severity and/or etiology might impact on the reported benefits. We designed this prospective study 1) to confirm the efficacy of rehabilitation in a population of patients with ILDs and 2) to investigate whether baseline exercise capacity, disease severity or ILD etiology might affect outcomes., Methods: Forty-one patients (IPF 63%, age 66.9 ± 11 ys) were enrolled in a standard PR course in two centers. Lung function, incremental and endurance cyclo-ergometry, Six Minutes Walking Distance (6MWD), chronic dyspnea (Medical Research Council scale-MRC) and quality of life (St. George Respiratory Questionnaire-SGRQ) were recorded before and at the end of PR to measure any pre-to-post change. Correlation coefficients between the baseline level of Diffuse Lung Capacity for Carbon monoxide (DLCO), Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), 6MWD, power developed during incremental endurance test, GAP index (in IPF patients only) and etiology (IPF or non-IPF) with the functional improvement at the 6MWDT (meters), at the incremental and endurance cyclo-ergometry (endurance time) and the HRQoL were assessed., Results: Out of the 41 patients, 97% (n = 40) completed the PR course. Exercise performance (both at peak load and submaximal effort), symptoms (iso-time dyspnea and leg fatigue), SGRQ and MRC significantly improved after PR (p < .001). Patients with lower baseline 6MWD showed greater improvement in 6MWD (Spearman r score = - .359, p = .034) and symptoms relief at SGRQ (r = -.315, p = .025) regardless of underlying disease., Conclusion: Present study confirms that comprehensive rehabilitation is feasible and effective in patients with ILD of different severity and etiology. The baseline submaximal exercise capacity inversely correlates with both functional and symptom gains in this heterogeneous population.

Published
2017
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47. An uncommon cause of pneumonia: The golden diagnosis.

Author

Fabbri L, Tonelli R, Andreani A, Castaniere I, Fantini R, Marchioni A, and Clini EM

Abstract

A 28-year-old sub-Saharan African Italian non-smoker male presented with signs and symptoms of pneumonia and respiratory failure. Despite antibiotic treatment he experienced a significant worsening of respiratory conditions and admission to intensive care unit. He thus underwent chest computed tomography followed by fiberopict bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage whose macroscopic examination led to the diagnosis of acute chest syndrome. A brief literature review was conducted to discuss the first manifestation of this disease.

Published
2017
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48. Human infection with Cryptosporidium felis: case report and literature review.

Author

Cacciò S, Pinter E, Fantini R, Mezzaroma I, and Pozio E

Subjects
Adult, Animals, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Cryptosporidiosis complications, Cryptosporidiosis drug therapy, Cryptosporidium genetics, Cryptosporidium pathogenicity, DNA, Protozoan analysis, DNA, Protozoan chemistry, Genotype, HIV Infections immunology, Humans, Immunocompromised Host, Male, RNA, Ribosomal genetics, Anti-Bacterial Agents therapeutic use, Cryptosporidiosis diagnosis, Cryptosporidium classification, HIV Infections complications, Paromomycin therapeutic use
Abstract

An infection with Cryptosporidium felis in an HIV-positive man from Italy was successfully treated with paromomycin, despite the patient's having a CD4+ cell count of 31/mL. Fourteen cases of human infection with C. felis have been described, all in the past 3 years, emphasizing the public health importance of Cryptosporidium parasites other than C. parvum.

Published
2002

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