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Employing perylene diimide supermolecule (PDI) as metal-free cocatalyst, a novel PDI/g-C

AIMS Our study aimed to determine the impact of genetic polymorphisms of ABCB1 and CES1 on the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of dabigatran in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). METHODS We conducted a prospective study and enrolled NVAF patients treated with dabigatran. Blood samples were obtained from each patient and used for genotyping and determination of plasma dabigatran concentration (PDC) and coagulation parameters including activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and thrombin time. Patients' demographics and clinical outcomes from scheduled follow-up visits were all recorded. Statistical analysis was performed to identify the impact of genetic polymorphisms on the PK/PD and bleeding risk of dabigatran. RESULTS A total of 198 patients were included in analysis. For the ABCB1 polymorphisms rs4148738 and rs1045642, no significant association was found with dabigatran PK/PD. For the CES1 polymorphism rs8192935, the minor allele(C) was associated with increased trough PDCs (ANOVA: P < .001; CC vs. TT genotype, P < .001; CT vs. TT genotype, P = .014) and with APTT values at trough level (P = .015). For the CES1 polymorphism rs2244613, the minor allele(A) carriers had higher levels of trough PDC than noncarriers (ANOVA: P < .001; AA vs. CC genotype, P < .001; CA vs. CC genotype, P = .004) and increased risk for minor bleeding (P = .034; odds ratio = 2.71, 95% confidence interval 1.05-7.00). CONCLUSION Our study indicated that the minor allele(C) on the CES1 SNP rs8192935 was associated with PDCs and APTT values at trough level. The minor allele(A) on the CES1 SNP rs2244613 was associated with increased trough PDCs and higher risk for minor bleeding in NVAF patients treated with dabigatran.

Tri(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), a common organophosphate flame retardant, was frequently detected in the environment and posed threats to human health. In this work, the main component of ilmenite FeTiO

Aim: The purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness and safety of 110 mg dabigatran in non-valve atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients with different eGFRs.Methods: We conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study to investigate the effectiveness and safety of 110 mg dabigatran for NVAF patients between January 2017 and December 2018 based on the eGFR category.Results: A total of 560 NVAF patients who treated with 110 mg dabigatran were included for analysis. In 12 months, the Kaplan-Meier survival curves indicated that the lower eGFR subgroups were more likely to experience thrombosis, bleeding, and cumulative events earlier (P = 0.021 for thrombosis; P = 0.026 for bleeding; P = 0.001 for cumulative events). Gastrointestinal bleeding occurred more frequently in the moderate group than in other groups (6.94% in the moderate group vs. 1.54% in the mild group vs. 1.22% in the normal group, P = 0.028). By multivariate analysis, chronic kidney disease (P = 0.043; OR = 4.273, 95% CI 1.043–17.543) and diabetes mellitus (P = 0.023; OR = 2.194, 95% CI 1.114–4.323) were independent predictors of the composite endpoints. A positive linear relationship was observed between eGFR levels and occurrence rate of thrombosis and bleeding under anticoagulation patients with 110 mg dabigatran (R2 = 0.432 and R2 = 0.784, respectively).Conclusions: Impaired renal function was associated with decreased safety and increased thrombosis risks in NVAF patients taking low dose dabigatran.

Xiaoye Li,* Chengchun Zuo,* Qiuyi Ji, Ying Xue, Zi Wang, Qianzhou Lv Department of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Qianzhou LvDepartment of Pharmacy, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-21-64041990Fax +86-21-34160880Email 13916088938@163.comBackground: Considering that the current fixed dose of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) might have insufficient anticoagulation effect for overweight patients, the aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness and safety of anticoagulation between dabigatran and rivaroxaban in different body mass index (BMI) population.Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 2402 DOAC anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation who underwent catheter ablation (1290 dabigatran, 53.7% and 1112 rivaroxaban, 46.3%) between January 2017 and December 2018. Patients were distributed based on the BMI into nonobese (1362, BMI < 25 kg/m2), preobese (521, BMI 25.0– 29.9 kg/m2), class I obese (344, BMI 30.0– 34.9 kg/m2) and class II+ obese (175, BMI ≥ 35.0 kg/m2). We collected information regarding clinical features, laboratory data, bleeding complications and systemic embolic events from the electrical medical records system during 12 months.Results: The incidence of systemic embolism and stroke complications was higher in the class II+ obese group (P=0.001 and P=0.003). The incidence of bleeding complications and the levels of anticoagulation parameters under the bleeding threshold were similar among the four groups (P> 0.05). Cumulative Kaplan–Meier analysis illustrated that rivaroxaban-treated patients who belonged to higher BMI subgroups were more likely to experience shorter time to thrombosis (TTT) (12-month TTT rates of 0.5% for nonobese vs 1.7% for class I obese patients, HR=3.716, P=0.005; 12-month TTT rates of 0.5%, for nonobese vs 4.0% for class II+ obese patients, HR=6.843, P=0.001). However, no statistical significant difference in terms of the time to bleeding complications and the time to cumulative events among the four groups was observed. By multivariate analysis, a higher BMI value (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) (P=0.019; OR=2.094, 95%CI: 1.129– 3.883) was an independent predictor for thrombosis in patients treated with dabigatran or rivaroxaban. Positive linear relationship was observed between BMI levels and occurrence rate of thrombosis and bleeding in under anticoagulation patients with NVAF (R2=0.451 and R2=0.383, respectively).Conclusion: The fixed dose of 15 mg rivaroxaban might carry a risk of under exposure, which would lead to an increase of thromboembolic complications in patients with high BMI. Therefore, rivaroxaban dose increase was suggested for obese patients. Use of DOACs appears to have considerable safety in obese patients.Keywords: body mass index, direct oral anticoagulants, thrombosis, bleeding, composite cardiovascular endpoints

A novel n-n type inorganic/organic heterojunction of flaky-like BiOCl/PDI photocatalyst was constructed by water bath heating method. Meanwhile, a simple method - secondary self-assembly was used to prepare the BiOCl/PDI with a special band structure. The photocatalytic activities were evaluated by degrading aqueous organic pollutants under visible light (λ > 420 nm). The removal rates of 5 mg L−1 phenol (non-ionic type), methyl orange (MO, anionic type), rhodamine B (RhB, cationic type) and 10 mg L−1 RhB by secondary self-assembly BiOCl/PDI (BiOCl/PDI-2) were 8.0%, 3.4%, 27.8% and 78.9% higher than self-assembly BiOCl/PDI (BiOCl/PDI-1) under visible light (λ > 420 nm). The better photocatalytic activity for BiOCl/PDI-2 was attributed to the optimization of energy-band structures, which arose from different exposed surfaces, narrower interplanar spacing and stronger visible light absorption performance. Under acidic condition, BiOCl/PDI-2 showed a good photocatalytic activity, which was not affected by neutral ionic intensity and had good recycling properties. Moreover, the photocatalytic mechanism was explored by free radical capture test and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and contribution of active species was calculated. The main active species of BiOCl/PDI-2 were ·O2−, 1O2 and h+. Our work may provide a route to design efficient inorganic/organic heterojunctions for organic pollutants degradation.

Clopidogrel use before coronary artery bypass graft surgery may increase risk for perioperative hemorrhage. The effect of genetic polymorphisms related to clopidogrel responses on bleeding during or after off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery is unknown.This prospective study included 206 coronary artery disease patients scheduled for off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Genotypes were determined using Sequenom MassARRAY system. Severe bleeding was defined by the universal definition of perioperative bleeding in cardiac surgery.Patients carrying the ABCB1 3435 wild-type genotype (CC) had a higher risk of severe perioperative bleeding compared with patients carrying the variant genotype (CT or TT; 33.9% vs 16.5%, P = .009). Low baseline hemoglobin level (odds ratio 0.944; 95% confidence interval, 0.917 to 0.972; P.001), low baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (odds ratio 0.977; 95% confidence interval, 0.956 to 0.999; P = .041), discontinuing clopidogrel 5 days or less before surgery (odds ratio 2.458; 95% confidence interval, 1.044 to 5.786; P = .039), and the ABCB1 wild-type genotype (CC; odds ratio 2.941; 95% confidence interval, 1.250 to 6.944; P = .014) were independent risk factors for severe perioperative bleeding.Patients carrying the ABCB1 wild-type genotype (CC) had a higher rate of severe perioperative bleeding compared with patients carrying the variant genotype (CT or TT). Discontinuation of clopidogrel 5 days or less before surgery and the ABCB1 wild-type genotype (CC) were independent risk factors for severe perioperative bleeding.

Aim: To assess platelet (PLT) function and bleeding risks in patients with acute coronary syndrome after tirofiban infusion.Methods: Patients diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome from May 2016 to February 2018 in the Department of Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Zhongshan Hospital, were enrolled. They were symmetrically allocated into two groups: tirofiban treatment group or control group (without tirofiban treatment). Blood samples were collected 24 h postoperation for the evaluation of antiplatelet effect of tirofiban. We applied thromboelastography to detect on-treatment PLT reactivity and conducted laboratory tests to assess the risk of bleeding following tirofiban treatment. After discharge, telephone follow-up and outpatient interview were carried out. The primary clinical endpoint was major adverse cardiovascular events, including cardiovascular death, cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction, and revascularization for the targeted vascular lesion.Results: There were a total of 196 patients with acute coronary syndrome after screening with the inclusion criteria and the exclusion criteria. Ninety-eight patients were assigned to receive either tirofiban treatment or control treatment. Patients treated with tirofiban had more coronary lesions and stents implanted compared with the control group (P = 0.000). After tirofiban infusion, inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by thromboxane A2 and adenosine diphosphate was significantly higher compared to patients without tirofiban infusion (80.3% ± 19.6% vs. 72.6% ± 13.0%, P = 0.002; and 81.0% ± 19.8% vs. 75.4% ± 12.4%, P = 0.020, respectively). There was no significant difference in the reduction of hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), and PLT after administration of tirofiban, compared with baseline (P > 0.05). In addition, no significant differences were identified between the two groups with respect to Hb, Hct, and PLT after tirofiban infusion. However, C-reactive protein level, referred to as an inflammation marker, was significantly lowered after infusion tirofiban compared with the control group (11.9 ± 14.2 vs. 17.9 ± 21.2, P = 0.020). During the 1-year follow-up, the incidence rate of major adverse cardiovascular events remains indiscriminate between the two groups (P = 0.208). The assessments of cardiac biomarkers showed that tirofiban could decrease incidence of procedural myocardial infarction (odds ratio [OR] = 0.250, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.067–0.925, P = 0.027). At follow-up, the morbidity of left atrial dilation in tirofiban-treated patients, defined as enlargement of left atrial diameter >40mm, was lower compared to the control group (OR = 0.533, 95% CI = 0.301–0.945, P = 0.031).Conclusion: Tirofiban infusion could decrease PLT activation in patients with acute coronary syndrome without increasing the risk of bleeding. As a concomitant medication, tirofiban shows no benefit in reducing the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events.

Identifying the spatial effects of cobalt cations in cobalt-based heterogeneous catalysts contributes to develop effective peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activators in water treatment. Herein, we investigated typical tetrahedral and octahedral cobalt ions in CoAl2O4 and ZnCo2O4 via an inactive cation substitution strategy towards spinel Co3O4. ZnCo2O4 (0.095 min−1) performs remarkably better than CoAl2O4 (0.007 min−1) for degrading rhodamine B, while non-radical 1O2 is the dominant reactive oxygen species. Then, interface kinetics characterized by systemic electrochemical techniques indicate the feasibility of Co2+/Co3+ transformation and charge transfer resistance at catalyst-electrolyte interface determine intrinsic activity. Octahedral cobalt species exhibit superior intrinsic activities comparing with tetrahedral ones on the removal of several dye and aromatic pollutants. Additionally, flat band potentials of cobalt-based oxides reflecting Fermi level positions is a thermodynamic factor to activate PMS. Our work attempts to further understand spatial occupation-activity relationship of cobalt sites to design efficient PMS activators.

Persulfate (PS) is extensively employed as an oxidant to develop the sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes for removing organic pollutants and various PS activation methods have been explored. Iohexol (IOH), as a typical iodinated X-ray contrast media, poses a threat to human health and ecological environment, which is difficult to be removed by conventional treatment methods. In our work, a photocatalytic coupling persulfate system was constructed for efficient IOH degradation. A novel binary photocatalyst of biochar loaded with perylene diimide (PDI/BC, PB) was successfully prepared via a one-pot water bath heating method, which achieved BC acidification and PDI self-assembly simultaneously. Different mass ratios of BC and PDI lead to variance in average particle size, electronegativity, bandgap width and electron/hole separation efficiency. The optimized efficiency of 10 mg/L IOH on PB-9 (PDI:BC = 1:9, w/w) reached 100% in 2 h with 1.5 mM sodium persulfate under visible light irradiation. Based on the results of trapping experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance, holes and hydroxyl radicals were the dominant active species and the free radical chain reaction and mutual conversion reaction of active species occurred. The amide hydrolysis, amine and C-OH oxidation, hydrogen extraction, deiodination and OH addition were observed during the degradation process. Density functional theory calculation was conducted to confirm the free radical attack sites. The findings of this work demonstrate that metal-free supramolecular loaded photocatalyst has the potential for application in the removal of organic pollutants for water remediation.

A novel Co3O4/g-C3N4/Bi2O2CO3 (BCCN) photocatalyst with p-n/n-n heterojunction was synthesized through a solvent-thermal method. The degradation efficiency of 20 mg/L iohexol reached 94 % in 60 min (kapp =0.0417 min−1) in BCCN/light/PS system, which was 2.8 and 6.5 times higher than systems of BCCN/light (kapp =0.0150 min−1) and BCCN/PS (kapp =0.0064 min−1). The g-C3N4 addition lowered conduction band of the prepared material to produce superoxide radicals, activate persulfate and further prevent the recombination of photoelectrons and holes. Superoxide radicals and singlet oxygens were dominant radicals for iohexol degradation. Besides, persulfate could act as electron acceptor to enhance efficiency of electron transfer. The interaction between sulfate, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals improved singlet oxygens production. Furthermore, theoretical calculation and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry were performed to analyze degradation pathway of iohexol in the system. Ultimately, the BCCN/light/PS system can provide a new method to degrade organic pollutants in aquatic environments.

A photodegradation technology based on the combination of ultraviolet radiation with H

A novel PDI/PS/Vis system was constructed and the photocatalytic activity of PDI with various degrees of self-assembly was explored. Perylene diimide (PDI) as photocatalysts possesses excellent charge separation efficiency and the electron injection from the PDI to persulfate (PS) can produce active species more efficiently. With the PDI/PS/Vis system, 5 mg/L bisphenol A (BPA, 50 mL) could be completely removed in 15 min with 0.5 g/L photocatalyst and 1.5 mM PS under visible light (λ>420 nm). Nearly 71.1 % of BPA was mineralized after 1 h degradation. Radical quenching tests and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra revealed that h+, ·O2−, ·OH and SO4·- all contributed to organics elimination with radical process. Based on the results of theoretical calculations and toxicity assessment, BPA will eventually be converted into non-toxic ring-opening products. Therefore, the highly efficient PDI/PS/Vis system has great potential for application in water environment remediation.

Background To investigate the predictive value of platelet-related microRNAs (miRNAs) for bleeding during and after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG) and the influence of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) on miRNAs. Methods This prospective study included 59 patients scheduled for OPCABG. The plasma miR-126 and miR-223 levels were measured and platelet aggregation was determined by thromboelastography during DAPT. The plasma miRNA levels were compared between patients treated with ticagrelor or clopidogrel. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the independent risk factors for bleeding during and after surgery. Active bleeding was defined as a blood loss >1.5 mL/kg/h for 6 consecutive hours within the first 24 hours or in case of reoperation during the first 12 postoperative hours. Severe perioperative bleeding was defined using the universal definition of perioperative bleeding in adult cardiac surgery. Results Higher circulating miR-223 levels [odds ratio (OR) =1.348, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.001-1.814, P=0.047] and lower body mass index (OR =0.648, 95% CI: 0.428-0.980, P=0.040) were independent predictors for severe perioperative bleeding in OPCABG. Ticagrelor treatment led to significant increases in circulating miR-223 levels compared with clopidogrel treatment. Conclusions The plasma miR-223 levels served as a predictor for bleeding during and after OPCABG. Circulating miR-223 levels were significantly elevated with ticagrelor treatment compared with clopidogrel treatment. MiR-223 may be a novel biomarker for bleeding in cardiac surgery and can help explain the different efficacies of ticagrelor and clopidogrel.

A photodegradation technology based on the combination of ultraviolet radiation with H2O2 (UV/H2O2) for degrading tri(chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) was developed. In ultrapure water, a pseudo-first order reaction was observed, and the degradation rate constant reached 0.0035 min−1 (R2 = 0.9871) for 5 mg L−1 TCPP using 250 W UV light irradiation with 50 mg L−1 H2O2. In detail, the yield rates of Cl− and PO43− reached 0.19 mg L−1 and 0.58 mg L−1, respectively. The total organic carbon (TOC) removal rate was 43.02%. The pH value of the TCPP solution after the reaction was 3.46. The mass spectrometric detection data showed a partial transformation of TCPP into a series of hydroxylated and dechlorinated products. Based on the luminescent bacteria experimental data, the toxicity of TCPP products increased obviously as the reaction proceeded. In conclusion, degradation of high concentration TCPP in UV/H2O2 systems may result in more toxic substances, but its potential application for real wastewater is promising in the future after appropriate optimization, domestication and evaluation.

Organic matter-induced black bloom frequently occurs in a number of large eutrophic shallow lakes; this can result in the release of malodorous compounds and has a negative impact on water quality. In the study, a microcosm system containing Zizania latifolia (Z. latifolia), a common aquatic plant, was established and the release of seven taste and odour compounds, dimethyl sulphide (DMS), dimethyl disulphide (DMDS), dimethyl trisulphide (DMTS), 2-methylisoborneol (MIB), geosmin (GSM), β-cyclocitral, and β-ionone, was investigated. The results showed that these compounds were all detected during Z. latifolia decay, and that volatile organic sulphur compounds (VOSCs), such as DMS, DMDS, and DMTS, were the main factors responsible for the strong foul odour (the maximum reached 5.0 μg L−1). The release of odorous compounds was stronger during the initial seven days, and then progressively decreased in the middle stage of the experiment. Furthermore, large amounts of nutrients were released into the overlying water; nutrient concentration increased with increasing plant biomass. A positive correlation was observed between the odorant concentration and plant biomass. These results indicate that the density of aquatic plants should be controlled as part of future management of aquatic ecosystems.

In this study, a ZnO doped Er2O3 photocatalyst is employed to degrade diesel pollutant in seawater under visible light irradiation. The photocatalyst was prepared by a precipitation method and was characterized by SEM and XRD analysis. The experimental results proved that the nanocrystalline photocatalysts were highly active in the visible region. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of diesel was analysed by various experimental parameters namely dosage, doping ratio, initial concentration of diesel, pH value, concentration of H2O2 and illumination time. The degradation of diesel pollution in seawater was optimized by orthogonal experiment. According to the results, the removal rate of diesel is less than 30 % without any catalysts (only evaporation). The best effect exists when the dose of catalysts was 0.6 g/L, doping ratio of catalysts was 10%, initial concentration of diesel was 0.2 g/L, pH value was 8, concentration of H2O2 was 10 mg/L, illumination time was 1 h. The removal rate of diesel can reach 99.38 %. This study would make ZnO utilize sunlight more efficiently and accelerate the practical application of photocatalytic technology in organic pollutants treatment region.