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الملخص: أهداف البحث: تلعب التغذية دورا مهما في عمل الدماغ وتطوره. فيتامين ب 6 في شكل فوسفات بيريدوكسال مطلوب للتخليق الحيوي للعديد من الناقلات العصبية. نظرا لأن فيتامين ب 6 لا يتم تصنيعه داخليا، يصبح توفر المصادر الغذائية أمرا ضروريا. بسبب مساهمته في الوظائف العصبية، يؤدي النقص الحاد في فيتامين ب 6 إلى زيادة خطر الإصابة بالاضطرابات النفسية والخرف واضطرابات النمو العصبي. هدفت الدراسة الحالية إلى إنشاء نموذج يعاني من نقص فيتامين ب 6 في حيوانات التجارب وتقييم آثار النمو العصبي في ذريتهم. طريقة البحث: تم استخدام إناث فئران ''س 57 ب ل/6 ج'' عمرها شهرين إلى ثلاثة أشهر في الدراسة. تم تقسيمهم بشكل عشوائي إلى المجموعة الضابطة وفيتامين ب 6 الناقص. تم تغذية المجموعة الضابطة بنظام غذائي منتظم يحتوي على 6 ملغ من فيتامين ب 6 / كغ من النظام الغذائي وتم تغذية المجموعة التي تعاني من نقص فيتامين ب 6 بنظام غذائي مخصص يحتوي على صفر ملغ من فيتامين ب 6 / كغ غذاء لمدة خمسة أسابيع (عدد=6). بعد خمسة أسابيع، تم تقدير فوسفات بيريدوكسال في البلازما. تم تربية الحيوانات لتولد ذرية. تم التضحية بالفئران الأمهات أيضا بعد الفطام، وتم تحديد كمية الخلايا العصبية في قرن آمون باستخدام صبغة الكريسيل البنفسجي. تم تخصيص النظام الغذائي للنسل بعد الفطام حتى عمر شهرين. تم تقييم التعلم والذاكرة باستخدام اختبار متاهة موريس المائية. النتائج: أكدت مستويات البلازما فوسفات بيريدوكسال النقص في المجموعة الناقصة بالمقارنة مع المجموعة الضابطة. أظهرت الخلايا العصبية الهرمية القابلة للحياة في منطقة ''س أ 3'' من قرن آمون فرقا كبيرا بين المجموعة الضابطة والمجموعة الناقصة. أظهر النسل المولود للفئران ذات النقص زيادة كبيرة في زمن الوصول للوصول إلى الربع المستهدف أثناء تجربة المسبار مقارنة بالمجموعة الضابطة. الاستنتاجات: يقلل نقص فيتامين ب 6 من الذاكرة في الفئران وذريتهم، مما يشير إلى أهمية فيتامين ب 6 لكل من وظائف الدماغ وتطوره. يجب القيام بالمزيد من البحث في هذه المعرفة والموقف مع مرور الوقت وتنفيذها الفعلي في الممارسة. Abstract: Objectives: Nutrition plays a critical role in the brain's function and development. Vitamin B6 in the form of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) is required for the biosynthesis of several neurotransmitters. As vitamin B6 is not endogenously synthesized, the availability of dietary sources becomes imperative. Due to its contribution to neurological functions, severe vitamin B6 deficiency leads to an increased risk of psychiatric disorders, dementia, and neurodevelopmental disorders. This study aimed to establish a vitamin B6-deficient model in experimental animals and assess the neurodevelopmental effects in their offspring. Methods: Two- to three-month-old female C57BL/6J mice were used in the study. They were randomly divided into control and vitamin B6-deficient groups. The control group was fed a regular diet containing 6 mg vitamin B6/kg and the vitamin B6-deficient group was fed a customized diet containing 0 mg vitamin B6/kg, for 5 weeks (n = 6). After 5 weeks, plasma PLP was assessed. The animals were bred to generate offspring. The dams were killed following weaning, and the hippocampal neurons were quantified using cresyl violet staining. The offspring were assigned the respective diet post-weaning up to 2 months of age. Learning and memory were assessed using the Morris water maze test. Results: The plasma PLP levels confirmed the deficiency in the deficient group compared to the control group. The viable pyramidal neurons in the cornu ammonis 3 (CA3) region of the hippocampus showed a significant difference between the control and deficient groups. Offspring born to deficient dams showed a substantial increase in latency to reach the target quadrant during the probe trial compared to the controls. Conclusion: Vitamin B6 deficiency reduces memory in dams and their offspring, suggesting the importance of vitamin B6 for both brain function and development.

The agriculture drones are flocking and hovering over the crop fields to collect data or perform tasks related to crop management. The rise of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms paved the path to innovative approaches in agriculture. Apple detection on Apple farms has been a distinguished area of expertise. The apple target recognition algorithms like YOLOv7 gained a lot of reflection and accuracy to identify, recognize and detect the apples. However, the significant problems with the accurate time detection of apples include occlusions, wiring, branching, and overlapping. So, to overcome this problem, a deep learning approach of the Apple detection model is projected to rectify the margin of error with drone-based inference on the live field.Along with the accurate detection of apples, the depth of apples from a drone offers valued data for optimizing harvesting, assessing yield, discovering diseases, handling orchards, and evolving agricultural research in the apple industry. A specific multi-head attention mechanism is applied to the model to capture spatial and channel-wise dependencies concurrently. It can help capture complex interactions between regions and features, improving apple detection accuracy. The designed model is to detect apples in complex backgrounds better. The model identifies minimal objects and enhances the quality of features to achieve accurate bounding boxes, which maximizes detection accuracy. Incorporating a function to evaluate loss further increases the model's accuracy. According to a comparative study, the proposed model using the modified YOLOv7 architecture attains a good accuracy of 0.91, 0.96, and 0.92 concerning precision, recall, and F1-score, respectively.

Rescue operations for people trapped in deep borewells provide a serious problem needing both advanced robotic technology and human expertise. This abstract focuses on the creation of a revolutionary machine-human rescuing robot that is specifically designed to respond to emergencies in deep borewells. the complicated nature of deep borewell rescues, which includes technical challenges, time-sensitive situations, and the requirement for swift and accurate action. It draws attention to the drawbacks of conventional rescue techniques and promotes the creation of a flexible robotic system that can work in tandem with human rescuers. The suggested robot is built as a hybrid system that combines human control with autonomous functionality. To deliver real-time data and visual feedback from the borewell inside, it integrates specialized sensors, cameras, and communication tools. The borewell rescue robot’s, structural frame work consists of two cylindrical pipes fastened vertically with the help of T shaped square rod, these cylindrical pipes acts as a holding platform for children hands. Lower end of the pipes are provided with mechanical straps which in turn are actuated by BLCD motors with human rescuers is a crucial component of its functionality. Skilled operators can control the robot’s movements in real time thanks to remote operating interfaces and haptic feedback systems. The significance of the robot-human rescue team in deep borewell crises is emphasized in the abstract.

In the recent advancements attention mechanism in deep learning had played a vital role in proving better results in tasks under computer vision. There exists multiple kinds of works under attention mechanism which includes under image classification, fine-grained visual recognition, image captioning, video captioning, object detection and recognition tasks. Global and local attention are the two attention based mechanisms which helps in interpreting the attentive partial. Considering this criteria, there exists channel and spatial attention where in channel attention considers the most attentive channel among the produced block of channels and spatial attention considers which region among the space needs to be focused on. We have proposed a streamlined attention block module which helps in enhancing the feature based learning with less number of additional layers i.e., a GAP layer followed by a linear layer with an incorporation of second order pooling(GSoP) after every layer in the utilized encoder. This mechanism has produced better range dependencies by the conducted experimentation. We have experimented our model on CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100 and FGVC-Aircrafts datasets considering finegrained visual recognition. We were successful in achieving state-of-the-result for FGVC-Aircrafts with an accuracy of 97%.

Composite hydraulic cylinders are used to reduce the weight of construction equipment such as aerial work platforms or excavators. The weight is compensated by manufacturing hydraulic cylinders from Carbon Fiber Reinsforced Plastic (CFRP), but this is expensive. Therefore, this study investigated a hybrid hydraulic cylinder, which is a combination of CFRP and steel, considering both performance and cost. The conventional hydraulic cylinder rods are made of steel, which can prevent failure due to buckling under push load (Push) or failure under alternating push–pull load (Push–Pull) or pull only. In this paper, we discuss how the failure threshold for these two mechanisms can be increased by making the piston rod from a hybrid material. In order to develop this lightweight hybrid piston rod for hydraulic cylinders that meets the buckling strength requirements of the original steel rod, CFRP is used as a substitute, which has significant buckling strength against compressive loading and, most importantly, is lighter than steel. The substitution is done either by replacing steel completely with CFRP or by reducing the volume of steel and sheathing it with CFRP. Numerical and experimental studies are carried out to understand the strength and behavior of piston rods when they are replaced by different combinations of composite materials for the given load. For this study, two different piston rod designs with various design parameters were considered, and their respective behavior under loading was discussed. The effect of compressive loads on CFRP wrapped steel parts and buckling strength as a function of fiber orientation, stacking angle and number of CFRP layers was investigated using experiments. The study demonstrated the usefulness of steel-CFRP composites to reduce weight and their influence on buckling load in hydraulic cylinders.

Objective: Though both clinical evaluation and MRI are complimentary in detection and precise localization of the level of lesion in patients with cervical myelopathy, there is paucity of data comparing segment specific clinical features with the MRI abnormalities in cervical myelopathy. Materials and Methods: Thirty one patients with cervical myelopathy and abnormal MRI of the cervical spine (signal changes in the cord) admitted to the neurology and neurosurgery wards during the study period were included in the study. The patients were prospectively evaluated by a detailed neurological examination. Clinically, the site of lesion was determined by highest of the pyramidal, sensory or segmental features of involvement. The MRI lesions were categorized based on the vertebral level at which the abnormalities were seen. The patients were divided into three groups according to the site of lesion on MRI: (1) cervico-medullary (foramen magnum to C1) lesions (2) upper cervical (C2-C4) lesions and (3) lower cervical (C5-T1) lesions. Comparisons of clinical symptoms, signs and level of lesion with MRI abnormalities were done and the level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Clinical evaluation showed limb weakness in all, sensory loss in 90%, sphincter disturbances in 67.7%, scissoring gait in 32.2%, diaphragmatic weakness in 12.9% of patients. Based on clinical examination the site of lesion was cervico-medullary in 9, upper cervical region in 4 and lower cervical region of involvement in five patients. The maximal antero-posterior extent of the lesion and neurological deficits were concordant (p-0.05). As compared to pyramidal signs or sensory abnormalities, segmental features – segmental sensory loss, weakness, wasting or ‘reflex’ loss – were most concordant with the MRI level of lesion (p - 0.03). Among ‘motor’, ‘sensory’ and ‘reflex’ levels, the ‘reflex (DTR)’ levels were most concordant with the MRI level of lesion (p – 0.04). Conclusion: Segmental features form the foundation for clinical localization of the level of lesion. Though the clinical level of lesion and MRI level of lesion were discordant in 14 patients, clinical evaluation may still provide useful information.

Acute stroke-like presentations due to rickettsial infections have been sparsely reported in literature. We report a young patient who presented with high grade fever and acute encephalopathy with right hemiplegia. CT head showed left cerebral, bilateral thalamic and midbrain infarcts. The stroke in young work-up for conventional and non-conventional risk factors including few infections known to cause cerebral vasculitis was negative. He did not respond to empirical antimalarials and antibiotics. With a high index of suspicion of his ‘febrile cerebrovasculitis’ like presentation, serological test for rickettsia was done and found to be positive. He responded to doxycycline. This case expands the spectrum of presentation of neurorickettsioses and highlights the importance of considering rickettsial vasculitis as one of the potentially treatable causes of infections causing stroke.

Context: Serum Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) & phosphate are considered to be indicators of vascular calcification. Link between bone metabolism, vascular calcification, cardiovascular events have been well studied in chronic kidney disease and ischemic heart disease. Aims: To determine that increased serum phosphate and alkaline phosphatase are predictors of mortality rates and recurrent vascular events in stroke. Materials and Methods: Sixty patients admitted with acute stroke (ischemic & haemorrhagic) were included in the study. Their baseline clinical characteristics and biochemical parameters including serum ALP and phosphate were noted. All patients were followed up for a period of one year. The all- cause mortality, the mortality due to cardiovascular events and recurrent vascular events without death were noted during the follow up. Statistical analyses were done to look for any correlation between mortality and baseline levels of serum ALP and phosphate. Results: Of the 60 patients, 8 (13.3%) patients were lost for follow up. Fourteen (26.9%) patients died; of which 12 deaths were due to vascular causes and 2 deaths were due to non vascular causes. Increasing levels of serum ALP and phosphate correlated with all cause mortality and recurrent vascular events without death Conclusion: Serum ALP and phosphate prove to be cost effective prognostic indicator of mortality and recurrent vascular events in stroke. This finding has to be confirmed with studies including larger population. Further research on ALP inhibitors, Vitamin D analogues and phosphate binders to improve mortality in stroke population can be encouraged.

Background: In the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), sensory neuropathies have increased in prevalence. We have documented the frequency and profile of the two most common forms of sensory neuropathies associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and looked into clinicoelectrophysiological correlates to differentiate the two entities. Methods: The study population comprised of all consecutive patients detected to be HIV positive and attending the Neurology outpatient department (from March 2011 to March 2012) who were aged ≥ 18 years and were able to give informed consent. The data were collected from the patient records (including CD4 counts and treatment details) and questionnaire based interview with each patient. All patients underwent detailed clinical examination and nerve conduction studies (NCSs). Results: Among the total study population of 50 patients, there were 31 men and 19 women. Thirty two patients were in age range of 21 - 40 years and rest were above 40 years. 25 were on antiretroviral therapy (18 on regimen containing zidovudine; seven on regimen containing stavudine). The mean duration of antiretroviral therapy was 16.6±8.4 months. Low CD4 counts ( 40 years. Subclinical neuropathy was common in those on antiretroviral therapy. Axonal neuropathy was the commonest pattern noted in patients who were receiving antiretroviral therapy and demyelinating neuropathy in patients not on antiretroviral therapy. Surprisingly no significant correlation was found between low CD4 counts and symptomatic neuropathy.

Kimura′s disease is characterized by a triad of painless subcutaneous masses, eosinophilia in the peripheral blood and in tissues with marked increase in Serum Ig E. Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (ALHE) manifests with the presence of dermal papules and nodules. Unique clinical, histopathological, and biochemical findings are noted in these individual entities. A 32-year-female presented with multiple nodules in the axillae for 2 years. Peripheral smear showed eosinophilia with AEC of 6080. Histopathological examination showed features of overlap. Antinuclear antibody immunoflorescence was was negative. CD31, CD34, and FVIII were positive in vascular component. A CT chest revealed left axillary lymphadenopathy. The patient was treated with Cryotherapy and there was complete regression of skin lesions, with no recurrence after 1 year of follow-up. ALHE and KD are common in the head and neck region, but no reports of an overlap, presenting with lesions in the axillae are available to date, to the best of our knowledge. Response of skin lesions to cryotherapy is highlighted.

Angiolipomas are benign encapsulated, well circumscribed tumours, which show excessive degree of vascular proliferation. Clinically, lesions present as sudden onset of multiple painful nodules. Pain usually does not respond to analgesics. We herein, report a case of a young male, presenting with multiple painful nodules over the forearm and back, which on histopathological examination revealed, encapsulated benign tumour, comprising of proliferated small-caliber vascular channels with microthrombi and variable amounts of mature adipose tissue. Pain subsided on treatment with intralesional steroids and the nodules were excised through a narrow-hole extrusion technique.

Al2O3 with 10 wt.% of SiC ceramic composite is synthesized at 1500°C by electrical resistance heating sintering with a holding time of 5 hours and microwave sintering methods with a holding time of 15 minutes. The samples generated by the two methods are characterized using powder X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Experiments with both samples showed that the existence of the α-Al2O3 and β-SiC phases in both samples was verified by the findings of XRD pattern on both samples. Microstructure study illustrates that the Al2O3 matrix particles have spherical-like shape and their average matrix particle size is 67 ± 5 nm for electrical resistance heating sintered sample and 38 ± 5 nm for microwave sintered sample. The lattice strain and crystallite size of Al2O3 matrix were measured using Williamson–Hall (W-H) methods, which were achieved via the use of XRD peak broadening, based on a diffraction pattern. Three modified W-H models were used to compute other parameters, including strain (ε) and stress (σ), as well as energy density (u). These models were the uniform deformation model (UDM), the uniform deformation energy density model (UDEDM), and the uniform deformation stress model (UDSM). The average crystallite sizes of α-Al2O3 attained from these three models of Williamson–Hall (W–H) methods and FESEM analysis are correlated and found very close to each other. In all three models of the W-H technique, X-ray diffraction peak profile examination of electrical resistance heating-sintered and microwave-sintered Al2O3/10 wt. % SiC ceramic composite reveals that the microwave-sintered sample has finer crystallite size with less strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]