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Psychiatric symptoms have consistently been associated with negative educational outcomes. However, possible confounding variables, such as comorbid mental and environmental conditions, have not been well addressed. This study examined whether mental health problems were significantly linked to academic performance in a Spanish school-based sample, after adjustment for co-occurring psychiatric symptoms and multiple contextual factors. Parents completed a questionnaire regarding child's sociodemographic characteristics (i.e., gender, age, type of school, socioeconomic status, ethnicity), stressful events (i.e., adoption, parental divorce/separation, grade retention) and lifestyle (i.e., diet, sleep, screen time), along with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Academic performance was obtained from school records. The sample comprised 7036 students aged 5-17 with full data on the CBCL. Mixed-effects ordinal logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate the association between psychopathology and academic achievement, controlling for potential confounders. When examined separately, higher scores on the CBCL scales were related to lower grades, regardless of sociodemographic factors. However, after controlling for the presence of other psychiatric symptoms, we found that students who reported more anxious/depressed and thought problems were less likely to perform poorly, while those with increased levels of attention problems and delinquent behavior had higher risk for academic underachievement. These associations remained mainly the same once stressful events and lifestyle were taken into account. This investigation demonstrates that anxious/depressed symptoms, thought problems, attention problems, and delinquent behavior are independently associated with academic performance, which emphasize the need for preventive and treatment interventions targeted at students' mental health to improve their psychological well-being and functioning at school.

Ce numéro de Cultures et Conflits invite à une sociologie politique de la nuit, en la considérant comme un temps social qui conditionne certains rapports sociaux et dont la régulation constitue un enjeu d’affrontements politiques. Espace-temps aux frontières indéterminées et mouvantes, la nuit et ses usages sont l’objet d’investissements politiques menés par différents groupes ainsi que par les autorités chargées d’arbitrer entre leurs prétentions et d’ordonner, sinon domestiquer, la vie nocturne. A partir d’analyses portant sur différents contextes politiques et sociaux (France, Russie, Sénégal, Etats-Unis) et sur différentes façons de vivre la nuit (nuit de travail, nuit festive, nuit « à la rue ») ce numéro montre comment la nuit, bien qu’objet d’interventions publiques spécifiques et temps de transgressions, est avant tout un révélateur de l’ordre social et politique.

Objetivos. El estudio pretende evaluar la utilidad del uso del endoscopio en la cirugía de la región selar a través del abordaje transesfenoidal transnasal en los adenomas hipofisarios y a través de abordajes mínimamente invasivos a la base de cráneo o el sistema ventricular en el caso de craneofaringiomas. Material y métodos. Presentamos la experiencia preliminar en once casos intervenidos mediante cirugía asistida con endoscopia. Seis pacientes presentaban macroadenomas hipofisarios y fueron intervenidos por vía transesfenoidal transnasal. Cuatro pacientes presentaban craneofaringiomas, 2 de ellos recidivantes, que fueron abordados, 3 a través de un acceso supraciliar y uno mediante un abordaje transcortical transventricular, abordaje utilizado en un quiste supraselar intraventricular. Resultados. Se consiguió la exéresis completa confirmada por RM de los adenomas hipofisarios en los que el uso del endoscopio con óptica de 30º fue de utilidad en el control de la exéresis de los tumores con expansión supraselar. En el caso de los craneofaringiomas se alcanzó la exéresis completa en 3 de ellos uno de los cuales era recidivante, 2 por vía supraciliar y otro transcortical transventricular. En el caso restante, un craneofaringioma recidivante, la exéresis fue parcial por la íntima adherencia de la cápsula tumoral a las estructuras circundantes. En los 3 casos de acceso supraciliar, el endoscopio fue útil para el control de la exéresis del tumor localizado inferior al nervio óptico y la carótida interna ipsilaterales. En el acceso intraventricular el craneofaringioma que ocupaba el tercio anterior y medio del tercer ventrículo pudo resecarse a través del foramen de Monro, mediante una óptica de 30º que permitió controlar y resecar el resto tumoral del tercio anterior. El quiste fue fenestrado. Conclusiones. En cualquiera de las posibles vías de abordaje a la región selar, el uso de la cirugía asistida por endoscopia favorece una mayor radicalidad en la resección mediante el uso de abordajes mínimamente invasivos. Objective. To evaluate the usefulness of endoscopic assisted surgery of pituitary adenomas in transesphenoidal surgery, and in surgery of craneopharyngiomas using either minimally invasive approaches to the cranial base or transventricular approaches. Material and methods. We present our preliminary experience in eleven patients operated of sellar region tumor by endoscopic assisted resection: 6 pituitary adenoma via transesphenoidal approach, 4 craneopharyngiomas 3 throung supraciliar approach and 1 by transcortical transventricular approach, and 1 suprasellar cyst. Results. By using the 30 degrees optic the use of endoscope allowed complete resection, confirmed by postoperative MRI, of all six pituitary macroadenomas providing control of resection of supraselar remnants. Complete resection was achieved in three out of four craneopharyngiomas, 2 of them being recurrences. Three were operated by using a supraciliar approach to the cranial base and in one case transcortical transventricular resection of a recurrent intraventricular craneopharyngioma was performed. In the case with partial resection remnant were let in place due to the close adherence to peritumoral structures. In the three craneopharyngiomas operated via supraciliar approach endoscope allowed better control of inferior aspect of ipsilateral optic nerve and internal carotid artery. In the case of intraventricular craneopharyngioma, the use of 30 degrees endoscope provide control of resection of the anterior part of third ventricle through the foramen of Monro with no additional opening. The suprasellar cyst was fenestrated. Conclusions. No matter which approach is going to be used in the resection of sellar tumors, endoscopy can play a crucial role in achieve complete resection with minimal morbidity by using minimally invasive procedures.

Sedatives and analgesic drugs give comfort and allow adequate respiratory support to critically ill patients in mechanical ventilation (MV). Its improper use may increase the duration of MV. Clinical guidelines suggest implementation of protocols, however this is seldom done in clinical practice.To compare in MV patients, nurse-applied guided by protocol administration of sedatives and analgesic drugs (protocol: group P) with the habitual practice using physicians criteria (control: group C).Inclusion criteria was the need of MV more than 48 h. The exclusion criteria were acute neurological diseases, hepatic cirrhosis, chronic renal failure and limitation of therapeutic efforts. Midazolam and fentanyl were used in both groups. The level of sedation was monitored with the Sedation Agitation Scale (SAS). In the P group, trained nurses applied algorithms to adjust the sedative doses according to a predefined SAS goal.Forty patients were included, 22 aged 65+/-19 years in group P and 18 aged 54+/-21 years in group C. Apache II scores were 16+/-8 and 19+/-8 in each group. SAS score was more frequently evaluated within goal boundaries in group P than in group C (44% and 32%, respectively p =0.001). No differences in the proportion of patients with inadequate sedation were observed between treatment groups. Midazolam doses were lower in P than in C group (0.04 (0.02-0.07) and 0.06 (0.03-0.08) mg/kg/h respectively, p =0.005).The implementation of sedation protocol applied by nurses improved the quality of sedation and reduced the doses of Midazolam in mechanically ventilated patients.

Background: Sedatives and analgesic drugs give comfort and allow adequate respiratory support to critically ill patients in mechanical ventilation (MV). Its improper use may increase the duration of MV. Clinical guidelines suggest implementation of protocols, however this is seldom done in clinical practice. Aun: To compare in MV patients, nurse-applied guided by protocol administration of sedatives and analgesic drugs (protocol: group P) with the habitual practice using physicians criteria (control: group C). Material and methods: Inclusión criteria was the need of MV more than 48 h. The exclusión criteria were acute neurological diseases, hepatic cirrhosis, chronic renal failure and limitation of therapeutic efforts. Midazolam and fentanyl were used in both groups. The level of sedation was monitored with the Sedation Agitation Scale (SAS). In the P group, trained nurses applied algorithms to adjust the sedative doses according to a predefined SAS goal. Results: Forty patients were included, 22 aged 65±19 years in group P and 18 aged 54±21 years in group C. Apache II scores were 16±8 and 19±8 in each group. SAS score was more frequently evaluated within goal boundaries in group P than in group C (44% and 32%, respectively p =0.001). No differences in the proportion of patients with inadequate sedation were observed between treatment groups. Midazolam doses were lower in P than in C group (0.04 (0.02-0.07) and 0.06 (0.03-0.08) mg/kg/h respectively, p =0.005). Conclusions: The implementation of sedation protocol applied by nurses improved the quality of sedation and reduced the doses of Midazolam in mechanically ventilated patients

For studying the spectrum of weak extended sources in the 1-2-microm wavelength region, a phase grid-type interferential spectrometer was made. Its principle consists of decoding by a phase grid a Fourier interferogram localized out of an appropriated plane-wave interferometer. Its description (resolving power is approximately 30,000), a comparison with other interferential spectrometers, and first experimental results are given.

Anxiety; Depression; Psychiatric disorders Ansiedad; Depresión; Desórdenes psiquiátricos Ansietat; Depressió; Trastorns psiquiàtrics Psychiatric symptoms have consistently been associated with negative educational outcomes. However, possible confounding variables, such as comorbid mental and environmental conditions, have not been well addressed. This study examined whether mental health problems were significantly linked to academic performance in a Spanish school-based sample, after adjustment for co-occurring psychiatric symptoms and multiple contextual factors. Parents completed a questionnaire regarding child’s sociodemographic characteristics (i.e., gender, age, type of school, socioeconomic status, ethnicity), stressful events (i.e., adoption, parental divorce/separation, grade retention) and lifestyle (i.e., diet, sleep, screen time), along with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Academic performance was obtained from school records. The sample comprised 7036 students aged 5–17 with full data on the CBCL. Mixed-effects ordinal logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate the association between psychopathology and academic achievement, controlling for potential confounders. When examined separately, higher scores on the CBCL scales were related to lower grades, regardless of sociodemographic factors. However, after controlling for the presence of other psychiatric symptoms, we found that students who reported more anxious/depressed and thought problems were less likely to perform poorly, while those with increased levels of attention problems and delinquent behavior had higher risk for academic underachievement. These associations remained mainly the same once stressful events and lifestyle were taken into account. This investigation demonstrates that anxious/depressed symptoms, thought problems, attention problems, and delinquent behavior are independently associated with academic performance, which emphasize the need for preventive and treatment interventions targeted at students’ mental health to improve their psychological well-being and functioning at school. This work was funded by “la Caixa” Banking Foundation, Diputació de Barcelona, Diputació de Lleida, and Ministry of Health of Generalitat de Catalunya.