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Many cities of developing countries experience widespread poverty due to accelerated migration of people from rural to urban areas as well as high population growth rates. The city of Jos in Plateau State is experiencing rapid population growth as well, with the attendant problems of food insecurity, insufficient income, unemployment and environmental degradation. This study assessed the role that urban vegetable production plays in providing a source of livelihood to small-scale farmers in Jos. The farmers were registered with the third Fadama Project in Nigeria. Such projects derive their name from the native Hausa word 'fadama' which means irrigable lands on flood-prone and low-lying plains. Forty percent (40%) of urban vegetable farmers were randomly selected to have a sample size of 94 participants. A mixed method approach was used and this involved questionnaire-administered interviews. The primary data obtained were transcribed and subjected to ANOVA and t-test analysis. From the results obtained, most of the vegetables farm plots are located predominantly in the southern part of the study area. Results indicated that vegetable farming is playing an important role in providing 84% part-time and 5% full-time employment opportunities as well as reducing food insecurity among the study participants. In addition, most farmers achieved an income of more than the minimum wage of [??]30, 000 (US$ 72. 24) as approved by the Nigerian Government. The results also showed that lack of credit facilities, seasonal variations and the high cost of farm inputs and equipment are the most serious problems faced by participants. Other challenges associated with small-scale urban farming entailed the negative environmental impacts that may lead to the decline of environmental quality, thus undermining long term sustainability. Furthermore, there were no statistically significant differences among participants in terms of the relationship between the type of vegetables they produce, incomes generated, environmental impacts and their demographical attributes. These attributes are the age, gender, marital status, and educational background of participants. Based on these findings, and the socio-economic importance of vegetable farming in this study area, governments and financial institutions should establish better policies in order to solve the problems faced by small-scale vegetable farmers in urban areas. Key words: Vegetable cultivation, urban farming, agriculture, Jos, employment, food security, income, INTRODUCTION It is widely recognised that most developing countries have the world's highest rates of poverty in urban areas. Moreover, the percentage of the urban poor in Africa is expected [...]

This study examines the impact of trade openness, poverty, and inequality on inclusive growth in developing economies, taking Jordan as an example. Using panel data from 1990 to 2015, it examines the relationship between trade openness policies, growth rates, poverty, and income inequality in various provinces of Jordan. The empirical analysis assesses whether trade openness policies and reforms have enhanced income equality, and reduced poverty across provinces. Further, within the framework of inclusive growth, the study explores how per capita income growth has changed after trade openness reform. Different econometric techniques, such as the generalized method of moments, fully modified ordinary least square, and dynamic ordinary least square, are employed to assess the relationship between trade openness, poverty, inequality, and inclusive growth. To determine the univariate properties of the series under investigation, two panel unit root tests, based on Levin, Lin and Chu (2002) and Hadri (2000), are implemented. Both aggregate and provincial level panel data are used. Furthermore, two panel cointegration tests are employed--Kao (1999) and Pedroni's (1999) residual cointegration-based tests. The empirical results show that trade openness has a positive and significant effect on inclusive growth, though it is substantially weakened by poverty and income inequality at the national and provincial levels. This inequality is the likely cause for the small contribution of trade openness to inclusive growth. The effect of trade on inclusive growth is significantly positive for all provinces, but the contribution of trade openness varies according to local and provincial factors. Consequently, this study recommends better policies for promoting sustainable and inclusive growth--policies that amend inequality and reduce poverty are more likely to enforce the positive effect of trade openness on inclusive growth. Finally, the study contributes to existing literature, and assists local and international policymakers in understanding the effect of trade openness on inclusive growth at the country and provincial levels. To the best of our knowledge, this is possibly the first attempt to analyze inclusive growth in Jordan. JEL Classifications: F1, F4, F6 Keywords: Inclusive Growth, Trade Openness, Inequality, Poverty, Developing Countries, Jordan Corresponding Author's Email Address: talah.arabiyat@htu.edu.jo, INTRODUCTION Rapid global economic and financial integration has motivated many developing countries to adopt trade openness to enhance inclusive growth and development. In fact, trade openness may benefit developing countries [...]

Summary written by: Justin Holt In 2021, the Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) for children in the United States was 5.2 percent, which was the lowest rate on record. Also, the [...]

Introduction: The incidence of breast cancer was investigated in various health district, in the state of Mississippi. We have compared the Southwest region, public health district VII to the Delta region, public health district III, in regards to health care disparities and accessibility. These two regions differ significantly from the remainding 7 districts in breast cancer incidence, mortality rates, SEER (surveillance, epidemiology, end results) staging, insurance coverage and socioeconomic status. Materials: Data were collected from the Mississippi Cancer Registry for the years 2003-2013. The study was approved by University of Mississippi Medical Center Institutional Review Board (IRB) and was granted an exemption for de-identified data. A total of 20,083 records were obtained and a total of 20,008 were used in analysis. Data was segregated into individual groups based on health districts as defined by the Mississippi Department of Health. Two different statistical programs were used for analysis: STATA 14 and Excel 2016 statistical package. Results: In a global analysis, the nine public health districts were compared to each other. Then a comparison was made between the District VII and the remaining 8 other health districts, followed by specific comparison between District VII and District III. The incidence and mortality rates for breast cancer among African American women in Districts VII and III are statistically higher than in the other seven health districts of Mississippi. Further, African American (AA) women were diagnosed at an older age and later stage of disease based on SEER staging as compared to Caucasian (CAU) women. In addition, the majority of AA women were living in poverty, less educated, and had public health care providers. Conclusions: Public health District III is in the heart of the Mississippi Delta and has long been known for dramatic health disparities. This study indicated that the southwestern region of Mississippi, District VII is not statistically different from the traditional Delta. Future plans to improve the health of all Mississippians must now also include efforts to address health disparities in District VII as well as the Delta in order to achieve the Healthy People 2020 goals. Keywords:, INTRODUCTION Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women in Mississippi. It has been shown that African American women in Mississippi have an age specific incidence in [...]

Farm households in rural areas of Nigeria are naturally prone to various forms of idiosyncratic and covariate shocks. The frequent occurrence of shocks among the households coupled with lack of effective shock coping mechanisms in the region has made the households vulnerable to poverty. Idiosyncratic shocks affects only an individual household, for example illness or death of a household member. On the other hand, covariate shocks impinge an impact on a larger group of population in the same area at the same time, for instance adverse weather condition. In the absence of functioning formal coping mechanisms, the households resort to borrowing, adjustment in food intake, sale of goods or removing children from formal school. However, little is known about the impact of shocks on household consumption. To contribute to literature, this paper used the nationally representative survey data of rural farm household in Nigeria to empirically examine the effect of both idiosyncratic and covariate shocks on their consumption expenditure, using ordinary least square method. The least square method deemed to be appropriate for the analysis because of the exogeneity nature of shocks to consumption. In contrast to the existing works, the study measures shock as a continuous variable and also disaggregated the sample into and non-poor households on the basis of world poverty line of $ 1.20 per day with a view to recommend possible social protection measures to cope with adverse effect of shocks on household consumption. The framework of the study was developed from Permanent income hypothesis which postulates that any transitory changes in income will not have no any effect on permanent income and hence on actual consumption. The result of the ordinary least square regression used in the analysis revealed that whilst idiosyncratic and climatic shocks have no significant effect on household consumption, price shock is having a significant negative impact on household consumption. Further, the result of disaggregated sample suggests that that the non-poor households are able to adequately insure against the effect of idiosyncratic shocks as well as the climatic shock on their consumption while the poorer ones had not been able to insure against the effect of shocks related to death, livestock loss, climate change and price changes on their consumption. This implies that both poor and non-poor farm households should be provided with an adequate and effective social protection measures that would mitigate the effect of shocks on their consumption and welfare. JEL Classifications: O15; 132; D13; Q12 Keywords: Shocks; Household Consumption; Farm Household; Rural Nigeria, INTRODUCTION The predominance of farm households in rural areas of developing countries are vulnerable to poverty as a result of the frequent occurrence of climatic shocks and their limited access [...]

Despite its centrality to contemporary inequality, working poverty is often popularly discussed but rarely studied by sociologists. Using the Luxembourg Income Study (2009), we analyze whether an individual is working poor across 18 affluent democracies circa 2000. We demonstrate that working poverty does not simply mirror overall poverty and that there is greater cross-national variation in working than overall poverty. We then examine four explanations for working poverty: demographic characteristics, economic performance, unified theory, and welfare generosity. We utilize Heckman probit models to jointly model the likelihood of employment and poverty among the employed. Our analyses provide the least support for the economic performance explanation. There is modest support for unified theory as unionization reduces working poverty in some models. However, most of these effects appear to be mediated by welfare generosity. More substantial evidence exists for the demographic characteristics and welfare generosity explanations. An individual's likelihood of being working poor can be explained by (a) a lack of multiple earners or other adults in one's household, low education, single motherhood, having children and youth; and (b) the generosity of the welfare state in which he or she resides. Also, welfare generosity does not undermine employment and reduces working poverty even among demographically vulnerable groups. Ultimately, we encourage a greater role for the welfare state in debates about working poverty. Keywords: poverty, work, working poor, social policy, labor markets. DOI: 10.1525/sp.2010.57.4.559.

In this article I argue that the way poverty is framed in mainstream politics and the media illuminates some aspects of the issue, while obscuring others. This framing may to some extent be responsible for the lack of improvement in the situations in which poor people live worldwide, as efforts to alleviate poverty may not be addressing its real causes. Rethinking how we talk about poverty, one of the most pressing issues of our time, can help us to see what is missing from dominant explanations of poverty. This article gives an insight into the history of the concept of 'the poor', and presents some critiques of thinking on poverty and of actions to alleviate poverty.

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.01.002 Byline: Bin Fang Abstract: This study presents an integrated framework for the analysis of options of agricultural development and natural resource management at the ecosystem level. Pujiang County in Zhejiang Province, China, is used as a case-study area. The IMGLP model is applied to maximize regional agricultural economic surplus and labor market conditions in Pujiang. The consequences of four poverty reduction strategies (intensification of production, diversification toward livestock production, land expansion, and exit from agriculture) are determined for a set of regional poverty and biodiversity indicators. Diversification seems to be the most promising poverty reduction strategy, but requires an efficient use of animal manure in cropping systems to avoid environmental problems. Improved nutrient management in cropping systems is effective in reducing the regional nitrogen surplus, but less effective in increasing per capita income. The exit strategy is beneficial for reducing poverty and achieving biodiversity, but may have important social consequences that are not addressed in this study. Further reduction of rural poverty is hampered by labor constraints during the harvesting period for high-value crops such as vegetables and fruits. These constraints can be overcome by intensive research and development in the field of agricultural mechanization. Author Affiliation: College of Land Management, School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangshu 210046, China Article History: Received 9 April 2007; Revised 14 December 2008; Accepted 8 January 2009 Article Note: (footnote) [star] Foundation item: Project supported by post doctorate research (20060391067) and the European Economic Commission (No. ICA4-CT-2001-10055).

To purchase or authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8462.2008.00521.x Byline: Peter Saunders ([dagger]), Trish Hill ([dagger]) Abstract: Abstract This paper examines the sensitivity of estimates of income poverty rates and trends to variations in the poverty line and to whether or not certain households are included or excluded from the sample used to estimate poverty. The approach draws on the concept of consistent poverty, which has been used to identify those with incomes below the poverty line who also experience deprivation. Our approach involves excluding households with incomes below the poverty line if they report zero or negative income or are self-employed, have expenditure well in excess of their income, have substantial wealth holdings, or if they do not report having experienced financial stress over the past year. The combined impact of all four exclusions is to reduce the half-median income poverty rate from 9.9 per cent to 5.4 per cent, but also suggests that poverty increased by more over the decade to 2003-04 than the original estimates indicate. Author Affiliation: ([dagger])Social Policy Research Centre, The University of New South Wales Article History: First version received February 2008;final version accepted July 2008 (Eds).

Byline: Bruce Headey (1) Keywords: Poverty; Consumption; Net worth; Low income; Household financial accounts Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to suggest an improved measure of financial poverty, based on household consumption and wealth as well as income. Data come from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics Australia (HILDA) Survey, which appears to be the first national socio-economic panel survey to provide longitudinal data on all three measures of household economic well-being. National measures of poverty in Australia and other Western countries are usually based only on low income. But this is conceptually incorrect the measures lack validity. To be poor is to have a low material standard of living--involuntarily. So measures of poverty should also take account of household consumption and wealth. If a household has an adequate current level of consumption, it should not be classified as poor right now, even if its current income is low. Similarly, if it has substantial wealth (net worth), it should not be viewed as poor because it could draw down on wealth to boost current consumption. The invalidity of income-based measures has long been recognised in principle (Ringen 1987, The possibility of politics. Oxford: Clarendon Press). In practical terms, the problem is to combine measures of wealth and income, and especially consumption, in the same survey. In the 2005 HILDA Survey a battery of household expenditure items was included which, benchmarked against the Australian Bureau of Statistics' Household Expenditure Survey for 2003--04, appeared to provide valid measurement of 53.4% of total household expenditure. These well measured items correlated 0.76 with total expenditure and, in combination with standard demographic variables, accounted for 78.3% of the variance in the total. This paper uses 2005--06 HILDA data to construct revised measures of financial poverty. The value of these measures for public policy and research purposes is illustrated. In particular, the new measures give much lower estimates of poverty than income-based measures. They can also be used to predict which households are at risk of future poverty. Author Affiliation: (1) Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic & Social Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia Article History: Registration Date: 17/12/2007 Received Date: 05/09/2007 Accepted Date: 17/12/2007 Online Date: 18/01/2008

Objective Eradication of poverty is Target 1 of the first of eight Millennium Development Goals, which were adopted by world leaders at the United Nations General Assembly in the year 2000. This study aims to explore the influence of political and social context in the achievement of poverty eradication. Methods A retrospective ecological study was carried out to explore associations between progress towards the achievement of Target 1 in 2002 and political and social context variables. The study contained cross-sectional estimates in 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2002. The analysis and observation unit was the countries (n = 88). A descriptive analysis was made, as well as simple and multiple analyses with logistic regression. Findings Of the 88 countries studied, 71 (80.7%) are not on track to achieving the target of eradicating poverty. The factor most associated with non-attainment of this goal was reduced government consumption.per capita (odds ratio, OR: 13.8; 95% confidence interval, CI: 2.92-65.26). In the multiple regression analysis, the most significant factors are: reduced government consumption per capita (OR: 9.8; 95% CI: 1.82-52.75), losses in the balance between imports and exports (OR: 5.3; 95% CI: 1.32-21.54) and more inequality in family income (OR: 4.7; 95% CI: 1.12-20.01). Conclusion Progress towards achievement of Target 1 seems to be hindered, fundamentally, by the significant reduction in government consumption in certain countries and the absence of redistribution policies. To understand the political determinants of poverty, more attention must be paid to the national and international political milieu, which seem to have a relevant impact on this problem and hence on population health. Une traduction en francais de ce resume a figure a la fin de l'ardcle. Al final del articulo se facilita una traduccion al espanol. Objectif L'eradication de la pauvrete est le premier des huit objectifs du Millenaire pour le developpement qui ont ete adoptes par les dirigeants du monde lors de l'Assemblee generale des Nations Unies en 2000. La presente etude s'efforce d'etudier l'influence du contexte politique et social sur la realisation de l'eradication de la pauvrete. Methodes Une etude ecologique retrospective a ete effectuee pour etudier les associations entre les progres vers la realisation en 2002 de l'objectif 1 et ales facteurs relevant du contexte politique et social. L'etude fournit des estimations transversales pour 1990, 1995, 2000 et 2002. Les analyses et les observations ont ete realisees a l'echelle nationale (dans 88 pays). Une analyse descriptive, ainsi que des analyses simples et multiples de regression Iogistique, ont ete realisees. Resultats Parmi les 88 pays etudies, 71 (80,7 %) ne sont pas sur la voie ri'une realisation de robjectif 1 d'eradication de la pauvrete. Le facteur le plus frequemment associe a la non realisation de cet objectif est la baisse des depenses publiques par habitant (odds ratio, OR : 13,8, intervalle de confiance a 95 %, IC = 2,92 65,26). D'apres l'analyse de regression multiple, les facteurs les plus importants sont :la diminution des depenses publiques par habitant (OR = 9,8, IC a 95 % = 1,82 - 52,75), l'insuffisance des importations par rapport aux exportations (OR = 5,3; IC a 95 % = 1,32 - 21,54) et une plus forte inegalite des revenus familiaux (OR = 4,7; IC a 95 % = 1,12 - 20,01). Conclusion Les progres vers la realisation de l'objectif 1 semblent etre entraves essentiellement par la baisse importante des depenses publiques dans certains pays et l'absence de politique de redistribution. Pour comprendre les determinants politiques de la pauvrete, il faut s'interesser de plus pres au milieu politique national et international, qui semble avoir une influence notable sur cette problematique et ainsi sur la sante de la population. Objetivo La erradicacion de la pobreza es la meta 1 del primero de los ocho Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio adoptados por los lideres mundiales en la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas en el ano 2000. La finalidad del presente estudio ha sido analizar la influencia del contexto politico y social en el logro de la erradicacion de la pobreza. Metodos Se Ilevo a cabo un estudio ecologico retrospectivo para determinar el grado de asociacion entre los progresos hacia la meta 1 en 2002 y diversas variables relacionadas con el contexto politico y social. El estudio incluyo estimaciones transversales realizadas en 1990, 1995, 2000 y 2002. La unidad de analisis y observacion empleada fueron los paises (n = 88). Se hizo un analisis descriptivo, asi como analisis de regresion logistica simple y multiple. Resultados De los 88 paises estudiados, 71 (80,7%) no estan bien encaminados para alcanzar la meta de erradicacion de la pobreza. El factor mas relacionado con el fracaso en la consecucion de esa meta fue la disminucion del consumo del sector publico por habitante (razon de posibilidades, OR: 13,8; intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95%: 2,92-65,26). El analisis de regresion multiple revela que los factores mas importantes con miras a la erradicacion son el aumento del consumo del sector publico por habitante (OR: 9,8; IC95%: 1,82-52,75), el predominio de las exportaciones sobre las importaciones (OR: 5,3; IC95%: 1,32-21,54), y el incremento de la igualdad en los ingresos familiares (OR: 4,7; IC95%: 1,12-20,01). Conclusion Los progresos hacia la meta 1 parecen verse frenados fundamentalmente por una reduccion considerable del consumo publico en algunos paises y por la ausencia de politicas de redistribucion. A fin de comprender los determinantes politicos de la pobreza, es necesario prestar mas atencion al entorno politico nacional e internacional, que parece tener una importante influencia en este problema y, por consiguiente, en la salud de la poblacion., Introduction The eradication of poverty is one of the main priorities for the United Nations since its consequences have been--and continue to be--representing a structural barrier to development. (1) Poverty [...]

Objectives. To better understand the trajectory that propels people from poverty to poor health, we investigated health resilience longitudinally among African American families with incomes below 250% of the federal poverty level. Methods. Health resilience is the capacity to maintain good health in the face of significant adversity. With higher levels of tooth retention as a marker of health resilience, we used a social-epidemiological framework to define capacity for health resilience through a chain of determinants starting in the built environment (housing quality) and community context (social support) to familial influences (religiosity) and individual mental health and health behavior. Results. Odds of retaining 20 or more teeth were 3 times as likely among adults with resilience versus more-vulnerable adults (odds ratio=3.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.3, 7.4). Children of caregivers with resilience had a lower incident rate of noncavitated tooth decay at 18- to 24-month follow-up (incidence risk ratio=0.8; 95% CI =0.7, 0.9) compared with other children. Conclusions. Health resilience to poverty was supported by protective factors in the built and social environments. When poverty itself cannot be eliminated, improving the quality of the built and social environments will foster resilience to its harmful health effects.

The average annual poverty rates fell over the 1990s especially among female-headed families but the incidence of poverty spells actually increased. Women had higher but more variable incomes by the early 2000s and it is conjectured that women's economic fortunes have been tied to the labor market which exposes them to spells of poverty.

Examination of the volatility of poverty rates over time and across demographic groups reveal that certain eras have exposed members of particular demographic groups to more poverty risk than others. Poverty volatility is also contrasted with the aggregate economic activity.

Byline: Robyn von Maltzahn (1), Kevin Durrheim (1) Keywords: Poverty; Southern Africa; Measurement; Units of analysis; Dimensions Abstract: This paper contests the major emphasis placed on the multidimensional nature of poverty measurement. Instead, it argues that poverty pictures created by different measures and at different units of analysis tend to converge. This argument is derived from a comparison of poverty pictures created using income and asset-based measures at the national and household level in five South African Development Community countries. Although multidimensional measures have value in illuminating subtle differences, the findings indicate a single dimension of poverty that runs throughout all the measures and levels of analysis. However, despite the single poverty picture provided by different measures, the abandonment of these different measures is not supported. Multidimensional measures provide insight into particular elements of poverty that is useful and relevant to poverty interventions. Author Affiliation: (1) School of Psychology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermartizburg, 3209, South Africa Article History: Registration Date: 06/03/2007 Received Date: 30/01/2007 Accepted Date: 01/03/2007 Online Date: 02/05/2007

"As the traditional development challenge of reducing poverty is increasingly met, a new challenge for the twenty-first century emerges: that of ensuring a livable, peaceful, and prosperous world."

Poverty is perhaps one of the most difficult challenges bedeviling the developing countries of the world today. Statistical evidences show that there has been a surge in poverty since 1960 in Nigeria. The level of poverty between 2004 and 2010, rose from 54.4%, to 69% and by 2011, relative poverty had risen to about 71.5% (National Bureau of Statistics NBS (2012). Poverty alleviation has been a rather herculean venture because the causes of poverty are ubiquitous and the solution to the problem would require a mix of interventions and programmes in an integrated manner. Microfinance was adopted by Nigeria as a tool for poverty alleviation after the worldwide acceptance of a Grameen Bank model. It targets poor women because they lack assets that can be used as collateral to obtain loans from commercial banks. However, because loan given is non collaterized, adequate information provides a social collateral, but the problem of information asymmetry between the banks and the clients is a major reason why the banks deny these women opportunity to access loans. Data collection was done through the use of well-structured questionnaires. A total of 50 questionnaires were distributed to the Managing Directors of the 50 Microfinance Banks in Oyo State. A total of 39 Banks (78%) returned their questionnaire. 623 women were randomly selected out of which 529 (85%) submitted filled questionnaire. This study adopted descriptive, correlation and regression statistical analysis. The descriptive analysis used includes frequency distributions, means and percentages between the identified variables. The correlation and regression analysis measure, explain and predict the linkage between the variables. Correlation and regression analysis were also used to test the hypothesis, answer the research questions and to determine the relationships among Information Asymmetry and Lending by Microfinance Banks to the Poor Women in Oyo State. The analysis of the hypothesis gave values (r = .606, N= 529, P Keywords: Microfinance, Information Asymmetry, Poverty Alleviation, Microfinance lending, Poverty Level, 1.0 Introduction Poverty is a chronic problem being experienced by many countries of the world today. Its effect includes lack and deprivation of the basic necessities of life. In Nigeria, [...]

Many economists dismiss inequality's relevance over poverty alleviation. Tackling inequality is important because income received is also a tangible recognition of how society values them as a person.

This article explores the intellectual dilemma of reconciling Southeast Asia's imperial past and colonial legacy with the realities and validity of indigenous agency, By critiquing notions of disrupted historical trajectories, this paper attempts to move Southeast Asian studies away from reified and teleologically confining narratives of imperial determinism white simultaneously negotiating the risks associated with overly discursive and relativistic approaches to colonial pasts, In conclusion, the paper offers a unique perspective on historical inquiry, which offers an alternative to the strictures of teleological history. Keywords: imperial past, colonial legacy, Southeast Asia, teleological history, imperial past, colonial legacy, realities, validity, indigenous agency, historical inquiry., Reconciling Southeast Asia's imperial past and colonial legacy with the reality of indigenous agency is perhaps the most challenging issue currently facing the field. When writing colonial and post-colonial histories [...]

ABSTRACT Background Both food insufficiency and HIV infection are major public health problems in sub-Saharan Africa, yet the impact of food insufficiency on HIV risk behavior has not been systematically [...]

Access to health care is a major health and development issue. Most governments declare that their citizens should enjoy universal and equitable access to good quality care. However, even within [...]

It is often asserted that AIDS is at the core of a "vicious circle", whereby the impacts of AIDS increase poverty and social deprivation, while poverty and social deprivation increase [...]