Search

Endecous (Ramalhoecous) infernalis n. sp. (Figures 2 – 6, 7 – 15, 16 – 17, 18 – 21, 22 – 27, 28 – 31; Table 1) Material examined– Holotype, ♁, code ISLA 104838, Brazil, Bahia, municipality of Carinhanha, Água Clara cave (43°57′6.24″W, 13°48′4.25″S), 11.x.2017, R. L. Ferreira; condition: right tegmen and left legs I and II were detached and stored alongside the holotype. Paratypes, 7 ♁♁, ISLA 104839, municipality of Carinhanha, Água Clara cave (43°57′6.24″W, 13°48′4.25″S), 11.x.2017, R. L. Ferreira; ISLA 104840, 104841, 104842, municipality of Carinhanha, Água Clara cave (43°57′6.24″W, 13°48′4.25″S), 1.ix.2022, R. L. Ferreira; ISLA 104843, municipality of Carinhanha, Lapa dos Peixes I cave (43°57′25.2″W, 13°49′22.08″S), 10.x.2017, R. L. Ferreira; ISLA 104844, municipality of Coribe, Baixão da Canoa cave (44° 9′50.35′′W, 13°51′27.69″S), 20.viii.2022, R. L. Ferreira; ISLA 104837, municipality of Carinhanha, Gruna do Pedro Cassiano I cave (43°54′50.4″W, 13°47′52.8″S), 14.ix.2021, R. L. Ferreira. Etymology. The epithet “infernalis” is a Latin noun referring to those belonging to hell, or to the lower regions, thus being a reference to the subterranean habitat of the species. Combination of the following characteristics: pseudepiphallic dorsal branches (Ps.db) dorsally projected and inclined inwards, apex broad and subtriangular in shape, with a less sclerotized tip; pseudepiphallic ventral branches (A) elongated, almost fused to the pseudepiphallic dorsal branches, apex broad and triangular in shape; pseudepiphallic rami (R) underdeveloped and falciform; ectophallic arch (Ect.arc) narrow and conical; ectophallic lateral bars (Ect.lb) short and contorted on themselves, apex acute; endophallic sclerite anterior portion (End.sc.a) elongated and lacking a crest opposite to its central groove. Morphology (paratype ISLA 104837, Figs. 7–15). Body color: dorsal head yellowish brown, with irregular brown patches reaching the occiput; pronotum yellowish brown; abdomen yellowish brown dorsally and light yellowish brown ventrally (Figs. 7, 9–15); entire legs yellowish brown, whitish at their proximal portion (Figs. 18–21), cerci yellowish brown at the base (Fig. 13) and brownish towards the apex. Head: slightly pubescent, elongated in frontal view; front and gena yellowish brown; fastigium with long bristles, extending the vertex in an inclined plane pointing downwards; clypeus and labrum whitish with yellowish spots; mandibles yellowish brown and more sclerotized at the apex and margins; maxiles whitish and more sclerotized at the apex (Fig. 10); all maxillary palpomeres light yellowish brown and pubescent, the first two short and same-sized, the other three are longer, the palpomere V (2.21 mm) is claviform and whitish at the apex (Fig. 11); all labial palpomeres light yellowish brown, pubescent and increasing in size, the third one dilated from base to apex, which is whitish (Fig. 11); scape, pedicel and flagellomeres yellowish brown, distal portion whitish; compound eyes reduced, ommatidia black, ocelli absent (Figs. 9–11). Thorax: pronotum slightly pubescent, dorsal disk broader than long (2.38 and 3.86 mm in length and width respectively), lateral lobes subtriangular and leaning towards the anterior portion of the body, anterior and posterior margins arched and uneven, posterior margin with two laterally oriented small humps (Fig. 7). Legs: femur, tibia and tarsus pubescent. Leg I (Figs. 20 and 21): tibia slightly longer than the femur, with an oval tympanum on its inner side and two same-sized ventral apical spurs; first tarsomere ventrally serrated and longer than the second and third together. Leg II (Figs. 20 and 21): tibia slightly longer than the femur, with two same-sized ventral apical spurs; first tarsomere ventrally serrated and longer than the second and third together. Leg III (Figs. 18 and 19): femur developed; tibia slightly longer than the femur (11.44 and 11.11 mm, respectively); tibia armed with four subapical spurs on the outer side, the distal being the shortest, and three on the inner side (four subapical spurs on the inner side of the right leg), the proximal being the shortest, three apical spurs on the outer side (Fig. 19; a, b, c), spur “a” being the longest and “c” the shortest, and four on the inner side (Fig. 18; d, e, f, g), spurs “e” and “f” longer the “d” and “g” (three apical spurs on the inner side of the left leg, “d” probably lost during capture); first tarsomere longer than the second and third together, with two apical spurs, the inner being the longest. Right tegmen: slightly sclerotized; covering the first two urotergites (6.31 and 4.80 mm in length and width, respectively); harp with three well-marked crossveins and four cells; mirror subtriangular, with one well-marked crossvein and two cells, distal cell with a short and incomplete vertical vein; basal field with three secondary veins connecting Cu2 to 2A, secondary veins 2 and 3 connected by a crossvein, secondary vein 1 anteriorly bifurcated, 2A well-marked and proximally bifurcated, 1A absent; lateral field with two longitudinal veins and many irregular weakly marked secondary veins (Fig. 8); stridulatory file with 115 teeth. Abdomen: tergite III with an anterior semi-halved protuberance (Fig. 12), tergites IV, V, VI and VII with small and less conspicuous anterior humps; cerci short in comparison to body lenght, pubescent, with globose setae at the base, mainly on the inner side, and long bristles throughout all their extension, proximal portion dilated; sub-genital plate light yellowish brown, longer than wide, lateral margins slightly curved towards the outer side, distal margin rounded, with a small V-shaped dent in the center (Fig. 14); supra-anal plate whitish brown, distal margin rounded, shorter than the sub-genital plate, lateral projections rounded and pointing outwards, paraprocts as long as the supra-anal plate and barely visible in dorsal view (Fig. 15). Proventriculus (paratype ISLA 104843, Figs. 16–17). Proventriculus internally organized in six rows of 12 overlaid sclerotized appendices (sa); sclerotized lobes (sl) bearing a cluster of bristles are visible on each side of the sclerotized appendices; sclerotized appendices formed by a median tooth (mt), with at least four, but up to nine median denticles (md), and two lateral teeth (lt), with several lateral denticles (ld); median denticles elongated and rounded at the tip; lateral denticles also elongated and rounded at the tip; the most posterior sclerotized appendix does not have a median tooth. Male phallic sclerites (paratype ISLA 104837, Figs.2–6). Phallic complex uniformly broadened, of intermediate length and almost quadrangular contour in dorsal and ventral views. Pseudepiphallus: arms short and slightly inclined outwards in dorsal view (Fig. 2, Ps.arm); dorsal branches dorsally projected, apexes broad, subtriangular in shape, with an undeveloped and less sclerotized tip, and inclined towards the interior of the phallic complex in frontal view (Figs. 2 and 5, Ps.db); “A” sclerite well-developed, elongated, almost fused to the dorsal branch, apex broad and triangular shaped, reaching the dorsolateral central region of the parameres in lateral view (Fig. 4 and 6, A); paramere 1 and 2 fused in a single circular and concave structure, slightly projected past dorsal branches in dorsal view, ventral portion bifurcated, distal region highly sclerotized, dorsal portion sclerotized, forming a scythe-like edge that partially covers the posterior portion of the ectophallic median projections in dorsal view (Fig. 2, Ps.p); inner bars broad in frontal view, central region deeply concave, forming a basket-like structure, dorsal portion arranged in arc in dorsal view (Fig. 2, Ps.ib); rami underdeveloped, reduced to a short, scythe-shaped ventral projection in lateral view (Fig. 6, R). Ectophallic invagination: arc well-developed, expanding itself longitudinally rather than laterally, anterior and posterior central parts conical in dorsal view, posterior margin more sclerotized than the anterior margin (Fig. 3, Ect.arc); apodeme developed, ventrally positioned and inclined towards the interior of the sclerite in dorsal view (Fig. 2, Ect.ap); lateral bar developed, broad, shorter than the ectophallic median projections, slightly curved towards the exterior of the sclerite, apex acute and contorted on itself in ventral view (Fig. 3, Ect.lb); median projection long, slender and inclined inwards, reaching the parameres and fusing at the apex (Fig. 2, Ect.mp). Endophallus: anterior portion well-developed and sclerotized, elongated, rectangular in shape, with a central groove, but no crest opposite to the groove (Fig. 3, End.sc.a); duct short and mostly membranous, reaching the distal portion of the ectophallic median projections in ventral view (Fig. 3, End.sc.d); posterior portion conical, slightly sclerotized at the apex and barely exceeding the length of the ectophallic median projections in dorsal view (Fig. 2, End.sc.p). Variations in phallic sclerites (holotype and paratypes, n = 7, ISLA 104838, 104839, 104840, 104841, 104842, 104843, 104844). Phallic complexes vary slightly in size and degree of sclerotization; pseudepiphallic dorsal branches (Ps.db) vary subtly in degree of inclination towards the center of the sclerite; furthermore, its external contour and curvature also vary, ranging from less acute to more acute, with or without evident vertices; pseudepiphallic ventral branch (A) may be more or less fused to the dorsal branch; bifurcated ventral portion of the pseudepiphallic parameres (Ps.p) may be evident or slightly evident; dorsal portion of the pseudepiphallic parameres in the form of a short or long scythe, covering only the apexes of the ectophallic median projections (Ect. mp) or, at most, half of their length; pseudepiphallic inner bars (Ps.ib) perpendicular or not to the longitudinal axis of the sclerite; ectophallic lateral bar (Ect.lb) contorted on itself only at the apex, throughout all of its extension or, at least, half of its length; ectophallic median projections sinuous or almost linear, but always merging at the apex; endophallic sclerite anterior portion (End.sc.a) rectangular or narrowed at the apex; endophallic sclerite posterior portion (End.sc.p) of conical or trapezoidal shape. Variations in male right tegmen (Figs. 22–27). Stridulatory file with 122 ± 7.31 teeth (n° = 8, holotype and paratypes). Harp outline conserved; two or three diagonal crossveins; three or four cells; a short and incomplete diagonal crossvein may be present (Fig. 23); one of the main crossveins may have a few knob-like projections throughout its extension (Fig. 26). Mirror outline always subtriangular; one or two crossveins, the proximal one being V-shaped; a short vertical or horizontal incomplete crossvein may be observed (Figs. 22 and 27); the distal crossvein may branch out into two crossveins, one short and one long, yet both reach the distal margin of the mirror (Fig. 25). Basal field outline conserved; 1A may be absent (Fig. 22); secondary veins may branch out from 1A, reaching the Cu2 or the 2A, and forming small cells (Figs. 23, 25 and 26); secondary crossveins may connect Cu2 to 2A directly (Fig. 22). Lateral field with two longitudinal veins that may or may not converge, but are usually connected through secondary veins and rarely completely parallel and isolated from one another throughout their extension. Ecological remarks. Specimens of Endecous infernalis n. sp. were found in Baix„o da Canoa cave, located in the municipality of Coribe, and in other two cave systems: the Gruna da Água Clara cave system (ACCS) and Gruna do Pedro Cassiano I cave (Fig. 29), both located in the municipality of Carinhanha, southwestern Bahia state, Brazil. The Água Clara cave system represents a set of functionally interconnected caves of approximately 24 km of extension. It is composed of four limestone caves trespassed by an intermittent stream, active during the austral summer (October until March) (Souza-Silva et al. 2021). The Gruna do Pedro Cassiano I cave (Fig. 29), in turn, is a single 2.660-meter-long cave that does not belong to the ACCS, but it is located near that system (approximately 4 km in a straight line). The Baix„o da Canoa cave was only recently discovered, so it was not yet properly explored. It is safe to say, however, that the surveyed conduits have at least 1.5 km of extension. This cave has a single known entrance, which leads to a crawling conduit that connects to a wide main chamber, representing the main cave conduit, which has an intermittent drainage active during rainy periods. Differently from what is usually observed for most of the Endecous species occurring in Brazilian caves, the caves aforementioned had a very low population density of Endecous infernalis n. sp. Hence, it was relatively hard to find specimens (especially adults) in all the caves in which it occurs. Although practically the entire ACCS has been inventoried for cave invertebrates in a study carried out in 2017 (Souza-Silva et al. 2021), only few specimens were found, mainly in deep and moistened areas within the system. It is noteworthy that the two caves located at the intermediate portion of the ACCS (Gruna dos Índios and Lapa dos Peixes caves) have a quite dry main conduit due to the airflow that comes from the entrances in both sides of their main conduits and trespasses both caves. Because of that, individuals of E. infernalis n. sp. were seldom observed in this intermediate portion of the ACCS, probably due to the unstable climatic conditions of the caves. A second population was observed in the Gruna do Pedro Cassiano I cave in deeper areas within the cave, far from the entrance. Most specimens found in both cave systems were observed freely walking on the cave floor or in the caves’ walls (Figs. 30 and 31). Finally, a third population was recently discovered in the Baix„o da Canoa cave. Again, specimens were only observed in deeper and moistened areas, and, as a result of the low-density population, the individuals were thinly dispersed. A single adult male was collected, despite the sampling efforts employed along the cave. It is important to mention the distance among the Gruna da Água Clara cave system (ACCS), Gruna do Pedro Cassiano I and Baix„o da Canoa cave. While ACCS and Gruna do Pedro Cassiano I cave comprise close systems (entrances located approximately 4 km in a straight line from each other), the Baix„o da Canoa cave is located far from the first two cave systems (22 km in a straight line). All these caves are associated with the main massif of the Serra do Ramalho mountain range, which comprises a large continuous carbonate outcrop that runs from southwest to northeast. Furthermore, the Baix„o da Canoa cave is located at a higher altitude, being associated with a hydrological recharge zone in the landscape, while the ACCS and the Gruna de Pedro Cassiano caves are located at lower altitudes, being associated with the base of the outcrops in hydrological discharge zone. Thus, it is plausible to assume the existence of subterranean connectivity between those systems. An interesting observation was made in a deeper area of the Gruna da Água Clara cave (Part of the ACCS) during an expedition in 2017: an adult male was stridulating while a juvenile female was interacting with its cerci (Fig. 30). Although it was not possible to observe in detail, it seemed that the female was touching the basal region of the male’s cerci, where modified setae (globose setae) can be found, with her mouthparts. In both Grylloidea and Blattodea, club-shaped and globose setae are hypothesized to act as gravity receptors (Nicklaus 1969; Bischof 1975; Horn 1985; Hartman et al. 1987), but, as pointed out by Desutter-Grandcolas (1998a), further neuroethological studies of these insects are necessary to confirm or refute this function. Given the observed behavior, one can hypothesize that such setae may also attract females for mating, functioning eventually as a nuptial gift. Although the SEM images of such setae usually show them flattened, they are, in their natural state, swollen, due to being filled with fluid. Considering that the observed female was immature (the ovipositor was still short and not sclerotized), this behavior could represent an advantage in the case of oligotrophic environments and low-density populations, in which the encounter among specimens may be more infrequent, especially in extensive cave systems such as the ACCS. Nevertheless, such hypotheses deserve further studies in order to confirm or refute it. It is important to mention the troglomorphic traits observed in this species, which will be discussed further on. When compared to other Endecous species (most of which are troglophilic), E. infernalis n. sp. presents reduced eyes and longer legs. Other Endecous species previously considered troglobitic, as E. peruassuensis and E. apterus, presents much less regressive morphological traits than those observed in the species herein described. Bearing in mind the species distribution within the caves it inhabits (always in deeper moist regions) and the quite severe external dry habitat surrounding the caves, it is plausible to assume it is, in fact, a troglobitic (cave-restricted) species. Although Gruna do Pedro Cassiano cave receives local visitors sporadically, such visitors do not reach the cave deepest regions, where the specimens occur. The Gruna da Água Clara cave system, on the other hand, is only visited by speleologists during technical/scientific expeditions, which seldom occur. Such activities apparently do not represent a threat for the species. The Baix„o da Canoa cave was only visited once by the researchers who sampled the cave, thus it is pristinely preserved. The external environment surrounding the caves, however, is severely altered (Fig. 28). Most of the original forests were replaced by pastures or other monocultures. The forests remain only in the top and border of the limestone outcrops, in randomly dispersed patches of vegetation or alongside intermittent drainages. Such impacts may reduce the organic input to the cave ecosystems and increase the silting in all those caves, thus altering several microhabitats of this species., Published as part of Carvalho, Pedro Henrique Mendes, Junta, Vitor Gabriel Pereira, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio & Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes, 2023, Three new cricket species and a new subgenus of Endecous Saussure, 1878 (Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae) from caves in northeastern Brazil, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 5263 (1) on pages 4-14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7797711, {"references":["Souza-Silva, M., Cerqueira, R. F. V., Pellegrini, T. G. & Ferreira, R. L. (2021) Habitat selection of cave-restricted fauna in a new hotspot of subterranean biodiversity in Neotropics. Biodiversity and Conservation, 30 (14), 4223 - 4250. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10531 - 021 - 02302 - 8","Nicklaus, R. (1969) The function of the club-shaped sensilla on the cerci of crickets. Zool Ges Verh, 1969, 393 - 398.","Bischof, H. J. (1975) Die keulenf ˆ rmigen Sensillen auf den Cerci der Grille Gryllus bimaculatus als Schwererezeptoren. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 98, 277 - 288. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00656974","Horn, E. & F ˆ ller, W. (1985) Tonic and modulatory subsystems of the complex gravity receptor system in crickets, Gryllus bimaculatus. Journal of insect physiology, 31 (12), 937 - 946. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0022 - 1910 (85) 90028 - 9","Hartman, H. B., Bennett, L. P., Moulton, B. A. (1987) Anatomy of equilibrium receptors and cerci of the burrowing desert cockroach Arenivaga (Insecta, Blattodea). Zoomorphology, 107 (2), 81 - 87. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00312117","Desutter-Grandcolas, L. (1998 a) Comparative morphology of cercal structures in true crickets and their allies (Orthoptera, Ensifera): a phylogenetic perspective. Zoomorphology, 118 (4), 235 - 243."]}

Endecous (Ramalhoecous) n. subg. Diagnosis. Combination of the following characteristics: uniformly broadened phallic complex, of intermediate length and almost quadrangular contour; pseudepiphallic inner bars (Ps.ib) deeply concave; tergites III to VII bearing centrally positioned protuberances in their anterior margins; cerci short in relation to body length, and dilated at the base., Published as part of Carvalho, Pedro Henrique Mendes, Junta, Vitor Gabriel Pereira, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio & Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes, 2023, Three new cricket species and a new subgenus of Endecous Saussure, 1878 (Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae) from caves in northeastern Brazil, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 5263 (1) on page 4, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5263.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7797711

Endecous (Endecous) zaum n. sp. (Figures 67 – 71, 72 – 80, 81 – 82, 83 – 86, 87 – 92, 93 – 97; Table 3) Material examined. Holotype, ♁, code ISL 104855, Brazil, Bahia, municipality of Coribe, Serra Verde cave (44°19′26.85″W, 13°43′28.04″S), 20.ix.2021, R. L. Ferreira; condition: right tegmen, left legs and phallic complex were detached/dissected and stored alongside the holotype. Paratypes, 9 ♁♁, ISLA 104852, 104853, 104854, municipality of Coribe, Serra Verde cave (44°19′26.85″W, 13°43′28.04″S), 20.ix.2021, R. L. Ferreira; ISLA 104856, 104857, municipality of Coribe, Gruna do Enfurnado cave (44°12′7.99″W, 13°38′45.69″S), 25.viii.2022, R. L. Ferreira; ISLA 104858, 104859, 104860, 104861, municipality of Coribe, Gruna do Zeferini cave (44°14′4.52′′W, 13°46′15.55″S), 24.viii.2022, R. L. Ferreira. Etymology. The epithet “zaum” is a Russian term composed by the prefix ЗА (beyond) and ум (mind, knowledge). Hence, it literally means “beyond knowledge”. This term should be treated as a noun in apposition. Diagnosis. Combination of the following characteristics: pseudepiphallic dorsal branches (Ps.db) elongated, dorsally projected and pointing to the center of the phallic complex, distal portion turning inwards abruptly in relation to the proximal portion; pseudepiphallic ventral branches (A) elongated, apex dilated and rounded; pseudepiphallic inner bars (Ps.ib) flat and inclined inwards; pseudepiphallic rami (R) developed, forming a membranous shield that covers the most proximal portion of the ectophallic apodeme; ectophallic arc (Ect.arc) rounded at the posterior and anterior middle portions; ectophallic lateral bars (Ect.lb) elongated, sinuous and rounded at the apex; endophallic sclerite anterior portion (End.sc.a) with a crest on the opposite side of its central groove. Morphology (paratype ISLA 104854, Figs. 72–80). Body color: dorsal head yellowish brown with irregular brown patches; pronotum yellowish brown; abdomen brown dorsally and whitish ventrally (Figs. 72,74–80); entire legs yellowish brown, whitish at their proximal portion (Figs. 83–86); cerci brown at the base and yellowish brown towards the apex (Fig. 78). Head: slightly pubescent, elongated in frontal view; front brown; gena yellowish brown; fastigium with long bristles, extending the vertex in an inclined plane pointing downwards; clypeus and labrum whitish; mandibles yellowish brown and more sclerotized at the apex and margins; maxiles whitish and more sclerotized at the apex (Fig. 75); all maxillary palpomeres pubescent, the first two whitish, short and same-sized, the other three palpomeres yellowish brown and longer, the palpomere V (1.81 mm) is claviform and whitish at the apex (Fig. 76); all labial palpomeres light yellowish brown, pubescent, increasing in size, the third one dilated from base to apex, which is whitish (Fig. 76); scape, pedicel and flagellomeres yellowish brown, distal portion whitish (Fig. 76); compound eyes reduced, ommatidia black; ocelli absent (Fig. 46). Thorax: pronotum lateroanterior and lateroposterior regions with long bristles; dorsal disk broader than long (2.55 and 3.51 mm in length and width, respectively), lateral lobes rounded and leaning towards the anterior portion of the body, anterior and posterior margins arched and sub-straight (Figs. 72 and 77). Legs: femur, tibia and tarsus pubescent (Figs. 83–86). Leg I (Figs. 85 and 86): tibia slightly longer than the femur, with an oval tympanum on its inner side and two same-sized ventral apical spurs, first tarsomere ventrally serrated and longer than the second and third tarsomeres together. Leg II (Figs. 85 and 86): tibia slightly longer than the femur, with two same-sized ventral apical spurs, first tarsomere ventrally serrated and longer than the second and third tarsomeres together. Leg III (Figs. 83 and 84): femur developed; tibia longer than the femur (12.49 and 10.99 mm respectively); tibia armed with four subapical spurs on the outer side, the distal being the shortest, and three on the inner side, the proximal being the shortest, three apical spurs on the outer side (Fig. 84; a, b, c), spur “a” being the longest and “c” the shortest, and four on the inner side (Fig. 83; d, e, f, g), spurs “e” and “f” longer than the “d” and “g”; first tarsomere longer than the second and third tarsomeres together, with two apical spurs, the inner one being the longest. Right tegmen: slightly sclerotized; covering the first three urotergites (5.22 and 4.17 mm in length and width, respectively); harp with five cells and four well-marked crossveins, the two most proximal ones share the same origin point, a fifth crossvein is visible, but short and does not reach the opposite margin of the harp; mirror with two distinct crossveins and three cells; basal field with a single and short secondary vein connecting Cu2 to 1A; lateral field with two longitudinal veins and several irregular and weakly marked veins (Fig. 73); stridulatory file with 95 teeth. Abdomen: cerci pubescent, with globose setae at the base, mainly on the inner side, and long bristles throughout all their extension; sub-genital plate whitish brown, U-shaped, proximal margin broader than the distal margin, which is rounded (Fig. 79); supra-anal plate yellowish-brown, subtriangular, distal margin rounded lateral projections short and slightly curved outwards (Fig. 80); paraprocts as long as the supra-anal plate, projecting themselves laterally and, therefore, visible in dorsal view (Figs. 78 and 80). Proventriculus (paratype ISLA 104852, Figs. 81–82). Proventriculus internally organized in six rows of 11 or 12 overlaid sclerotized appendices (sa); sclerotized lobes (sl) bearing a cluster of bristles are visible on each side of the sclerotized appendices; sclerotized appendices formed by a median tooth (mt), with at least five, but up to nine median denticles (md), and two lateral teeth (lt), with several lateral denticles (ld); median denticles short and rounded at the tip; lateral denticles also short and rounded at the tip; the most posterior median tooth bears two or three short median denticles; the most posterior sclerotized appendix does not have a median tooth. Male phallic sclerites (holotype ISLA 104855, Figs. 67–71). Phallic complex broadened at the proximal and central portions, with an almost trapezoidal contour in dorsal and ventral views (Figs. 67 and 68). Pseudepiphallus: arms short and inclined inwards in dorsal view (Fig. 67, Ps.arm); dorsal branches long, projecting dorsally towards the center of the phallic complex, with the distal half virtually perpendicular to the proximal half in dorsal view, apexes slightly dilated, rounded at the tip and almost touching each other in frontal view (Fig. 70, Ps.db); “A” sclerite welldeveloped, elongated and dilated at the apex, with a rounded tip (Figs. 69–71, A); paramere 1 and 2 fused in a single circular and concave structure, bean-shaped in frontal view, distal region highly sclerotized, ventral region exceeding the length of the dorsal branches in both dorsal and ventral views, dorsal portion sclerotized, forming a scythe-like edge that reaches the ventral side of the posterior portion of the ectophallic median projections (Fig. 67, Ps.p); inner bars flat and slightly inclined downwards in dorsal view (Fig. 67, Ps.ib); rami developed, forming a membranous shield that covers only the proximal portion of the ectophallic apodeme in lateral view (Fig. 71, R). Ectophallic invagination: arc well-developed, wide, dome-shaped at both posterior and anterior central parts in ventral view (Fig. 68, Ect.arc); apodeme developed and slightly curved inwards in dorsal view (Fig. 67, Ect.ap); lateral bars welldeveloped, sinuous, slightly inclined inwards, longer than the ectophallic median projections, with a rounded apex and almost touching the parameres in ventral view (Fig. 68, Ect.lb); median projections slender, elongated, reaching the parameres, slender and slightly curved outwards in dorsal view (Fig. 67, Ect.mp). Endophallus: anterior portion well-developed and sclerotized, with a central groove and a dorsal crest, opposite to the groove in lateral view (Fig. 71, End.sc.a); duct short, membranous throughout all its extension, which subceeds the length of the ectophallic apodeme in ventral view (Fig. 68, End.sc.d); posterior portion membranous, trapeze-shaped, exceeding the length of the ectophallic median projections considerably and almost reaching the pseudepiphallic dorsal branches at their apexes in dorsal view (Fig. 67, End.sc.p). Variations in phallic sclerites (paratypes, n = 6, ISLA 104852, 104853, 104854, 104856, 104860, 104861). Phallic complexes vary slightly in degree of sclerotization; pseudepiphallic arms (Ps.arm) vary subtly in degree of inclination towards the center of the sclerite; pseudepiphallic dorsal branches (Ps.db) always bent abruptly towards the interior of the sclerite, but may not be perpendicular to the pseudepiphallic arms; pseudepiphallic inner bars (Ps. ib) may be more or less inclined to the anterior portion of the phallic complex; anterior margin of the ectophallic arch (Ect.arc) may be more or less curved; ectophallic apodeme (Ect.ap) may be more or less inclined towards the interior of the sclerite; endophallic sclerite posterior portion (End.sc.p) shape varies slightly, yet retains the trapezoidal outline. Variations in male right tegmen (Figs. 87 – 92). Stridulatory file with 87.10 ± 5.17 teeth (n° = 10, holotype and paratypes). Harp outline conserved; four or five diagonal crossveins and five or six cells; a short and irregular crossvein may be present (Figs. 87, 89 and 92). Mirror outline always triangular, with a trapezoidal apex; two complete, V-shaped crossveins (Figs. 87, 89 and 92), two incomplete veins (Fig. 88) one complete vein (Fig. 91) or one incomplete vein (Fig. 90); a third short, diagonal vein may be present (Fig. 88). Basal field outline conserved; 1A may branch out into several irregular and poorly marked veins (Fig. 88). Lateral field with two parallel longitudinal veins, which may be curved outwards. Ecological remarks. Specimens of Endecous zaum n. sp. were observed in the Serra Verde, Gruna do Enfurnado and Gruna do Zeferini caves. However, many other caves exist in the area (most of them not biologically studied), so it is likely that other populations of E. zaum n. sp. may be found in the future. Serra Verde cave (the type locality) has at least 1,730 meters of horizontal projection, but it is still under exploration, so it might be longer than currently known. Even though the cave has a relatively wide entrance (Fig. 94), there is a constriction in the main conduit around 20 meters from the entrance, which prevents the locals from accessing the cave interior. The conduit that follows this constriction is relatively dry. Nevertheless, there are signs that the runoff water penetrates the cave in rainy periods. Our team visited the cave during the dry season, hence, the substrates were predominantly dry near the entrance. Nonetheless, it is important to mention that galleries became progressively wetter as depth increased, the conduits at the final portion of the cave being drenched in water (Fig. 95). Specimens of E. zaum n. sp. were observed in the humid galleries, far from the entrance, being more frequent in deeper regions of the cave. Individuals were most often seen on the cave floor (Fig. 96). The predominant organic resources were bat guano (especially produced by vampire bats— Desmodus rotundus) and plant debris brought by the water. In previous expeditions, speleologists discovered that the inner conduits partially flood during the rainy season, thus indicating that the water table varies greatly throughout the year. For that reason, it is fair to assume that these crickets probably migrate during rainy seasons to regions closer to the entrance that are not flooded. As aforementioned, the constriction on the conduit close to the entrance of the cave hinders the access of locals to its interior, which in turn guarantees the preservation of the cave’s inner environment. The external landscape, however, is severely altered, especially close to the limestone outcrops, where only a few remnants of the original vegetation can be verified (Fig. 93). Pastures replaced most of the native forests and cattle were observed in the cave surroundings (Fig. 97), compacting the exposed soil, which is highly vulnerable to erosive processes. Additionally, since the cave entrance is located at the bottom of a valley, the external topography ends up contributing to the input of sediments to the cave during rainy periods. The soil denudation in the external landscape can, therefore, intensify erosive processes, increasing the sediment input to the cave, and, consequently, silting up important microhabitats. Accordingly, it is highly recommendable to protect the cave surroundings, especially through the reforestation of the immediate external landscape, to preserve the cave and the species that it harbors. The other two caves where specimens were found (Gruna do Enfurnado and Gruna do Zeferini caves) are quite distinct from each other and from Serra Verde cave, thus indicating the species is quite versatile in occupying different caves. Whilst Zeferini cave is mostly dry (there is only one pond on the cave), the Enfurnado cave is trespassed by a stream. The cave´s sizes are also very distinct: Zeferini cave has around 300 meters, while Enfurnado cave has more than 7.5 km in extension. As observed for the Serra Verde cave, the external surroundings of both the Zeferini and Enfurnado caves are also altered by human activities, especially farming (crops and pastures).

Erebonyx de Mello, 2021 Type-species: E. catacumbae de Mello, 2021, Published as part of Merlo, Rayanne Lays Sant'Ana, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Bento, Diego De Medeiros & Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes, 2022, A new troglophilic species of Erebonyx (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae) from Brazilian caves, pp. 83-93 in Zootaxa 5222 (1) on page 84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5222.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/7456493, {"references":["Mello, F. D. A. D. & Ferreira, R. L. (2021) Erebonyx catacumbae, n. gen. et sp.: a blind, troglobitic cricket from Brazil (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae). Zootaxa, 4975 (2), 343 - 356. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4975.2.5"]}

Erebonyx potiguar n. sp. (Figures 1, 2–7, 8–17, 18–22, 23–29, Table 1) Material examined. Holotype ♁, code ISLA 97132, Brazil, Rio Grande do Norte state, Caraúbas municipality, Casa de Homens Cave (5º 34′ 34.5792″ S; 37º 34′ 25.7052″ W), 11.vii.2021, Ferreira R. L. leg. Holotype condition: tegmen, legs I, II and III detached, and maintained in the holotype tube. Paratypes, 4♁♁, 11.vii.2021, (ISLA 97133, ISLA 97134 *, ISLA 97135 *, ISLA 97136 *) (* = nymph stage), 3♀♀, 15.v.2022 (ISLA 97129, ISLA 97130, ISLA 97131), Casa de Homens cave (5º 34′ 34.5792″ S; 37º 34′ 25.7052″ W), Caraúbas municipality, Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil; 1♁♁, 12.vii.2021, (ISLA 97128), Gruta Capoeira de João Carlos Cave (5º 30′ 56.9946″ S; 37º 31′ 41.4336″ W), Governador Dix-sept Rosado municipality, Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil. Distribution. Known from two caves: Gruta Capoeira de João Carlos (5º 30′ 56.9946″ S; 37º 31′ 41.4336″ W), Governador Dix-sept Rosado municipality; Casa de Homens Cave (5º 34′ 34.5792″ S; 37º 34′ 25.7052″ W), Caraúbas municipality. Immatures were observed in other caves in the area. Etymology. Specific epithet “potiguar” refers to a person who was born in Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil. The name is to be treated as a noun in apposition. Diagnosis. E. potiguar can be distinguished from E. catacumbae by the combination of the following characteristics: fore wings slightly developed, symmetrical layout (Figs 11 and 12, 21 and 22); tergites III, IV, V, VI and VII with bristle brushes (T.III–VI, Br., Fig. 14); median lophi developed, apex dilated and curved inward, convex shaped at apex (MPLs, Figs 2–6); paramere well developed and sclerotized, rectangular-lamellar shaped (PsP, Figs 2–6); endophallus with a pair of upper outward projections, narrow and filled, lower part elongated and tapered towards the ectophallic arch, surpassing its margin (End.Sc, Fig. 3); female copulatory papilla well sclerotized, flattened, cone shaped, apex membranous and slightly convex (a, b and c, Fig. 7). Description, male holotype. General Coloration. Body and head light brown, fore wings dark brown (Figs 8–17). Head. similar in color to the body and pronotum, slightly pubescent and with two long bristles between scapes (pers. obs. apparently some were lost after fixation), vertex slightly flattened in lateral view, occiput region vestigially darkened behind the eyes (Figs 8 and 9). Eyes. eyes sub-quadrangular rounded, compound with black ommatidia rounded by slightly margin of depigmented ommatidia, and a superior region more depigmented near the scape insertion (Figs 8 and 9); median and lateral vestigial ocellus present (Fig. 8: circle in red on left head face). Mouthparts. clypeus and labrum whitish brown, mandibles dark brown outlined (Figs 8 and 9); maxillary and labial palps lightly darkened between articulations, with distal region outlined in white (Figs 8 and 9); maxillary palp slightly pubescent, elongated, with five articulations; the first and second palpomeres of same size and shorter than the others; the third and fourth of same sized and bigger than the first two; fifth palpomere is longer than the third and fourth, claviform, dilated in distal portion (Figs 8 and 9); labial palps with three articulations of increasing size, third palpomere claviform (Figs 8 and 9). Antennae. scape slightly pubescent, oval and dilated shaped, with long bristles on interior distal portion (pers. obs. apparently some were lost after fixation); pedicel whitish brown, narrow, cylindrical and slightly compressed on middle region; antennomeres whitish at base and light brown at tip; flagellum light brown (Fig. 9). Thorax. pronotum pubescent, light brown and slightly darkened at the extremities, marked with a vertical median white stripe with darkened regions symmetrically distributed around (Figs 10 and 11); dorsal disc wider than long, lateral lobe rounded, with long bristles at the anterior and posterior margin (pers. obs. apparently some were lost after fixation) (Fig. 10); metanotum non-glandular (Fig. 14). Abdomen. light brown at the proximal part becoming darkened distally; tergites pubescent, light brown (Figs 11 and 14); tergites III, IV, V, VI and VII with bristle brushes, tergite III divided into two portions of bristle brush (dorsal view), tergite IV with a higher density of bristles compared than others (pers. obs. apparently some were broken), tergal glands are present among the aforementioned tergites (T.III–VI, Br. and Gl., Fig 13); sternites pubescent, slightly whiter than the tergites (Figs 11 and 13); subgenital plate darkened, pubescent, quadrangular shape, distal and lateral margins with long bristles, distal central region with an indentation rounded (Figs 15 and 16); supra-anal plate darkened, pubescent, trapezoidal shaped, with small lateral projections, distal portion rounded and with long bristles (Fig. 15); cerci whitish, subapical region slightly darkened (Figs 16 and 17). Legs. Leg I: femur whitish with long bristles, tibia with two subequal apical spurs; tympanum absent, internal proximal face of tibia with a slight discoloration; first tarsomere twice bigger than the second and third together, second tarsomere with one quarter of the third tarsomere length (Fig. 18). Leg II: similar to leg I, with long bristles more dispersed than leg I; tibial apical spurs longer than in leg I, tympanum absent (Fig. 19). Leg III: femur developed, proximal region slightly whitish, other regions light brown uniform, slightly pubescent on the upper inner; tibia with four outer and inner subapical spurs (S.S., Fig. 20), two outer and three inner apical spurs (a, b (outer); c, d and e (inner), Fig. 20); first tarsomere developed and serrulated with two apical spurs, the interior is slightly bigger than the external, first tarsomere is larger than the third and second in size, respectively (Fig. 20). Fore wings. slightly developed, symmetrical layout, with the right tegmen overlapping at the level of their first third of the left tegmen, both covering the first three abdominal tergites, each one becoming narrower towards at tip and triangular shaped in dorsal view (Figs 11 and 12, 21 and 22). Right tegmen. mirror undeveloped, oval shaped dilated, with one cross-vein slightly marked, forming two small cells (M) (Fig. 22); harp undeveloped, triangular shaped, with three poorly marked cross-veins, the distal is more developed, cross-veins connecting the stridulatory vein (SV) with the first cubital vein (Cu1) (Fig. 22); median inner marginal region undeveloped with two chordal veins (CVs), diagonal vein (DV) connecting the mirror with the chordal vein more inner, which present a discontinuous branch towards mirror (Fig. 22); stridulatory file vestigial and degenerated, with 51 teeth evident; lateral field with two parallel veins (Fig. 22). Female. Coloration similar to the males, but more darkened in tergites and sternites (Fig. 23); body size bigger than holotype /males (12.957 mm) (Fig. 23); fore wings absent (Fig. 23); supra-anal plate brownish, pubescent and with two proximal and medial lateral regions without bristles, distal margin U-shaped, slightly elongated, with long apical bristles (Fig. 26); subgenital plate brownish, short and U-shaped, distal margin concave at apex (Fig. 24); ovipositor shorter than the cerci, elongated, sword format at apex (5.568 mm) (Figs 27–29). Female genitalia (ISLA 97129). Copulatory papilla well sclerotized, flattened in dorsal and ventral view, elongated and dilated at tip, cone shaped, apex membranous and slightly convex (a, b and c, Fig. 7); with opening sinuous in proximal portion (dorsal view) (a, Fig. 7); slightly inclined ventrally near the tip (lateral view) (b, Fig. 7); proximal portion with a ventral arch-shaped (ventral view) (c, Fig. 7). Observations in Paratypes. Male phallic sclerites (Holotype ISLA 97132, Figs 2–6) Pseudepiphallus: median lophi elongated in dorsal, ventral and lateral view, median invagination extending from its middle portion at to apex, slightly pubescent, apex dilated and curved inward, more developed and with convex apex (not triangular) in lateral view than compared Erebonyx catacumbae (MPLs, Figs 2–6); paramere well developed and sclerotized, rectangular-lamellar shaped than compared Erebonyx catacumbae, proximal region inward facing of sclerite, distal region projecting towards MPLs apex, this regions (distal and proximal) are separated by a constriction in front view (PsP, Figs 2–6); ramus elongated, rounded at apex, slightly projected towards inner the sclerite (R, Figs 2–4 and 6). Ectophallic invagination: apodemes elongated and slightly projecting toward ramus (Ec.Ap, Fig. 3); ectophallic arch developed and horizontal shaped similar to E. catacumbae (Ect.Arc, Fig. 3); ectophallic fold less sclerotized, more elongated than E. catacumbae (Ect.F, Fig. 3). Endophallus: well developed and sclerotized, with a pair of upper outward projections, narrower and more filled than E. catacumbae (End.Sc, Fig. 3); lower part elongated and tapered towards the ectophallic arch, surpassing its margin (Fig. 3).

The Phalangopsidae crickets (Grylloidea) of the Seychelles are examined following extensive field sampling on several main islands of the archipelago (Mahé, Silhouette, Praslin, La Digue). Despite the small area of these islands, six genera (12 species) are documented, including one new genus and five new species. The type species of the genus Seychellesia Bolivar, 1912 is transferred to the genus Paragryllodes Karny, 1909 as Paragryllodes nitidula (Bolivar, 1912) n. comb. The other species described in Seychellesia are transferred to the genus Seselia Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. gen., as Seselia longicercata (Bolivar, 1912) n. comb. and Seselia patellifera (Bolivar, 1912) n. comb. Two new species are also described in the genus Seselia Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. gen., Seselia coccofessei Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. gen., n. sp. (type species of the genus) and Seselia matyoti Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. gen., n. sp. The genera Phaeogryllus Bolivar, 1912 and Phalangacris Bolivar, 1895 are redescribed, including Phalangacris ferlegro Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. sp. and Phalangacris sotsote Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. sp. that are new to science. The genus Gryllapterus Bolivar, 1912 is redescribed and transferred from the Landrevinae (Gryllidae) to the Cachoplistinae (Phalangopsidae). New tribes are defined for the genus Paragryllodes (Paragryllodini Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. tribe) on the one hand, and for Seselia Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. gen., Phalangacris, Phaeogryllus and Gryllapterus (Seselini Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. tribe) on the other, using morphological characters and the results of molecular phylogenetic studies (Warren et al. 2019). Phaloria (Papuloria) insularis (Bolivar, 1912) (Phaloriinae) is redescribed and restricted to Mahé, and its calling song is documented for the first time, while Phaloria (Papuloria) bolivari Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. sp. is newly described from Silhouette. Identification keys are proposed for the genera of Seselini Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. tribe, and for the species of Seselia Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. gen. and Phalangacris. The confusion between the Mogoplistidae Ornebius succineus Bolivar, 1912 and the Phalangopsidae Heterotrypus succineus Bolivar, 1910 is discussed, and the name Subtiloria succineus (Bolivar, 1912) considered a nomen nudum.; Les grillons Phalangopsidae (Grylloidea) des Seychelles sont étudiés sur la base d'un échantillonnage intensif sur plusieurs îles principales de l'archipel (Mahé, Silhouette, Praslin, La Digue). Malgré la petite taille de ces îles, six genres (12 espèces) sont documentés, dont un genre nouveau et cinq espèces nouvelles. L'espèce type du genre Seychellesia Bolivar, 1912 est transférée dans le genre Paragryllodes Karny, 1909 en tant que Paragryllodes nitidula (Bolivar, 1912) n. comb. Les autres espèces décrites dans Seychellesia sont transférées dans le genre Seselia Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. gen., en tant que Seselia longicercata (Bolivar, 1912) n. comb. et Seselia patellifera (Bolivar, 1912) n. comb. Le genre Seselia Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. gen. comprend d'autre part Seselia coccofessei Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. gen., n. sp. (espèce type du genre) et Seselia matyoti Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. gen., n. sp. Les genres Phaeogryllus Bolivar, 1912 et Phalangacris Bolivar, 1895 sont redécrits, Phalangacris ferlegro Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. sp.et Phalangacris sotsote Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. sp. sont nouveaux pour la science. Le genre Gryllapterus Bolivar, 1912 est redécrit et transféré des Landrevinae (Gryllidae) aux Cachoplistinae (Phalangopsidae). Des tribus nouvelles sont définies pour le genre Paragryllodes (Paragryllodini Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. tribu) d'une part, et pour Seselia Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. gen., Phalangacris, Phaeogryllus et Gryllapterus (Seselini Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. tribu) d'autre part, sur la base de la morphologie et des données de phylogénie moléculaire (Warren et al. 2019). Phaloria (Papuloria) insularis (Bolivar, 1912) (Phaloriinae) est finalement redécrite de Mahé, et son chant d'appel documenté pour la première fois, tandis que Phaloria (Papuloria) bolivari Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. sp. est nouvellement décrite de Silhouette. Des clés d'identification sont proposées pour les genres de Seselini Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. tribu, ainsi que pour les espèces de Seselia Hugel & Desutter-Grandcolas, n. gen. et Phalangacris. La confusion entre Ornebius succineus Bolivar, 1912 (Mogoplistidae) et Heterotrypus succineus Bolivar, 1910 (Phalangopsidae) est discutée, et le nom Subtiloria succineus (Bolivar, 1912) considéré comme un nomen nudum.

Bambuina zikani Souza-Dias & Borille n. sp. Figs. 1–4 Etymology. Species named after Joseph Francisco Zikán (1881–1949), a Czech entomologist who greatly contributed to the knowledge of the Brazilian insect fauna in the first half of the last century. Zikán conducted expeditions to collect insects in several localities of the Atlantic Forest, mainly in the Parque Nacional do Itatiaia (Itatiaia National Park) area, where he worked as a naturalist for many years. During his lifetime, Zikán assembled large collections, mainly Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera, which are now housed at the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC) (Rio de Janeiro). Type locality. Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Itatiaia. Type material. Holotype, allotype, and paratypes: 5 males and 4 females (MNRJ); 1 male and 1 female (MZSP). Holotype: Brasil, R[io de]J[aneiro], Itatiaia, P [arque]N[acional] do Itatiaia / Ao longo da estrada, entre o Brejo da Lapa e a Casa de Pedra — 2100 m / 20.X.2018 / Souza-Dias, Redu, & Campos col. | LDC_150 | MNRJENT6-29221 (MNRJ), condition: one foreleg removed for DNA preservation, one foreleg detached, specimen dissected. Allotype: P[arque]N[acional] do Itatiaia / Brasil, R[io de]J[aneiro], Itatiaia / Escadaria da Piscina Natural do Maromba / Alt. 1000 m / 22°26′09.1″S, 44°37′31.2″W / 12–18.III.2017 / L.D. Campos; S.S. Nihei; F.M. Gudin; D.M.A. Garcia; R.P.V. Dios col. | PSD 155 | MNRJ-ENT6-29214 (MNRJ), condition: one foreleg removed for DNA preservation, specimen dissected. Paratype males. (1) Same data as for holotype | PSD 488 |MNRJ-ENT6-29219 (MNRJ), condition: one foreleg removed for DNA preservation, one foreleg missing, specimen dissected; (2) Same data as for allotype | PSD 152 |MNRJ-ENT6-29218 (MNRJ), condition: one foreleg removed for DNA preservation, one foreleg detached, specimen dissected; | PSD 489 | PSD 182 |MNRJ-ENT6-29222 (MNRJ), condition: both forelegs removed for DNA preservation, specimen dissected; (1) Expedição Solstício, Ponto 02 / R[io de]J[aneiro], Resende, P [arque]N[acional] do Itatiaia, / caminho do Abrigo Rebouças—/ 22 o 21′52.12″S, 44 o 43′24.88″W alt. 2450 m / 26.xii.2019 / AB Kury, MA Medrano & DR Pedroso leg. (MNRJ), condition: both forelegs detached, FWs detached; (2) Brasil, R[io de]J[aneiro], Itatiaia / P[arque]N[acional do] Itatiaia. Caminho do abrigo Rebouças / 22 o 21′52.12″S, 44 o 43′24.88″W — 2450 m / 26.xii.2019 / Kury, Medrano, Pedroso cols (MNRJ) (MZSP), condition: one foreleg missing, one foreleg detached, specimen dissected. Paratype females. (3) Same data as for allotype | PSD 154 | MNRJ-ENT6-29216 (MNRJ), condition: one foreleg removed for DNA preservation; PSD 183 |MNRJ-ENT6- 29215 (MNRJ), same condition as previous paratype; PSD 186 | MNRJ-ENT6-29227 (MNRJ), same condition as previous paratypes; (2) Same data as for holotype | PSD 487 | MNRJ-ENT6-29217 (MNRJ), condition: one foreleg removed for DNA preservation, one foreleg detached, specimen dissected; MNRJ-ENT6-29224 (MZSP), condition: one foreleg missing. Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from Bambuina bambui by the following characters: proximal part of males FWs folded, metanotal glandular structures absent. Male: FWs shorter than B. bambui, not surpassing the posterior margin of first abdominal tergite, without longitudinal vein; PsP1 inner margin short, outer margin elongated, pointed; PsP2 less developed. Female: copulatory papilla rounded, proximal margin flattened, with central, distal protuberance rounded. Description. Male. General body coloration in several shades of brown, marbled (Figs. 1, 2). Head. Head elongated, in lateral view (Fig. 2E). Dorsum pubescent, light to medium brown, marbled (Fig. 2B). Occiput and vertex light to medium brown (Figs 2B–D). Fastigium medium brown, longer than wide, narrower than scape, separated from vertex by thin line yellowish brown. Three ocelli present, rounded, central flattened at bottom (Fig. 2A); eyes obovate (Figs. 2C–E). Antennal scape inner half medium brown, outer half light brown (Figs. 2A, C–E). Antenna not annulated; antennomeres medium brown, uniform (Fig. 1). Frons medium brown, with two maculae light brown below antennal scapes, four spot circular, light brown, on inferior part, two horizontal lines light brown below eyes (Fig. 2A). Frontoclypeal suture yellowish brown, with two dark brown spots (Fig. 2A). Clypeus and labrum light brown; mandibles medium brown (Figs. 2A, E). Maxillary palpi elongated, thin, medium to light brown, articles 3, 4, and 5 almost same-sized, apex of article 5 slightly upcurved, whitish ventrally (Figs. 2A, E). In lateral view, gena yellowish brown from the eye margin to posterior border, medium brown on inferior portion, with an ascendant line medium brown on posterior border (Figs. 2C, E). Thorax. Pronotum DD wider than long, slightly pubescent, light to dark brown, marbled, median portion with two large blotches light brown (Fig. 2B); inflated, divided by sagittal line light brown; cephalic margin almost straight, caudal margin slightly convex (Fig. 2B); LL medium brown, ventro-cephalic angle rounded, ventro-caudal angle oblique, ventral margin gradually ascendant (Figs. 2C, D). Legs. FI and II medium brown, annulated with light brown (Fig. 1). TI and II medium brown annulated with light brown (Fig. 1). TI with two same-sized apical spurs, TII with two same-sized apical ventral spurs. FIII light brown, three bands of several stripes medium brown on outer surface, apical third dark brown, annulated with light brown (Fig. 1). TIII medium brown, annulated with light brown. subapical spurs 4/4, the first near apical spurs; no spines between subapical spurs 1 and 2; 4-5 spines between subapical spurs 2 and 3, 3 and 4; serrulation above subapical spurs. Apical spurs more developed on inner side; inner apical spurs: median one longer (iam), dorsal almost same sized (iad), ventral smallest (iav) (iam>iad>iav); outer apical spurs: median one longer (oam), dorsal (oad) little longer than ventral (oav) (oam>oad>oav). Basitarsi I, II and III anteriorly light brown, posteriorly medium brown, pubescent (Fig. 1). Abdomen. light to medium brown, marbled (Fig. 1). Supra anal plate light to medium brown, anterior margin concave, distal angles rounded, posterior margin straight (Fig. 2H). Subgenital plate medium brown, light brown centrally, anterior margin sub-straight, posterior margin rounded (Fig. 2I). Cerci medium brown. Male. FWs medium brown, coriaceous, pubescent, short, not triangular (in comparison with. B. bambui) and not reaching posterior margin of first abdominal tergite (Figs. 1A, B, 2B); without developed veins (Fig. 4A); proximal part folded (Figs. 4B, C); apical part light brown, thickened, folded, glandular (Figs. 2B–D, 4). Metanotal glandular projections absent (Fig. 2F). Male genitalia. Pseudepiphallus: basal portion of pseudepiphallic sclerite medially constricted (Fig. 3A); pseudepiphallic arms longer than ectophallic apodeme, apex larger than basis, curved inwards, covered with bristles (Figs. 3A, C, D). PsP1 broad, with two lobes: one internal, short, truncated; one external, elongated, pointed, visible in dorsal view (Figs. 3A–C). PsP2 shorter than PsP1, between pseudepiphallic sclerite and PsP1, visible in posterior view (Figs. 3A, C, D). Ectophallic invagination: EctAp well developed, robust, shorter than pseudepiphallic arm, slanted outwards (Figs. 3A, B); arc located posteriorly to the basal margin of pseudepiphallus; ventral projections of ectophallic invagination shorter than EctAp, robust (Fig. 3B); EctF membranous, surrounding endophallic sclerite. Endophallus: End crest shaped, EndAp present (Figs. 3B, D). Female. Larger than male, coloration similar (Fig. 1). Micropterous, FW very reduced (Fig. 2G, red arrow). Supra anal plate pilose, light to medium brown, anterior margin slightly concave, posterior margin rounded (Fig. 2J); subgenital plate pilose, light to yellowish brown, anterior margin slightly concave, posterior margin centrally concave (Fig. 2K); ovipositor shorter than FIII. Female genitalia. Copulatory papilla rounded, proximal margin flattened, dark brown, with central protuberance rounded, distal, upper portion membranous (Figs. 3E–G). Remarks. Individual morphological variation was observed in the male genitalia of some specimens: the external lobe of PsP1 of the holotype is longer and the apex more acute than in paratypes. Measurements (mm). Males (n=6), mean (range): HW, 3.98 (3.86–4.1); IOD, 2.63 (2.3–2.8); PL, 2.9 (2.7–3.1); PW, 4.9 (4.7–5.2); FWL, 2.92 (2.4–3.4); FWW, 1.94 (1.6–2.1); LFIII, 17.72 (17–18.8); LTIII, 19.71 (19.2–21.1). Females (n=6), mean (range): HW, 4.43 (4.4–4.9); IOD, 2.85 (2.7–3.1); PL, 3.13 (2.8–3.3); PW, 5.55 (5.1–5.9); LFIII, 18.47 (17–19); LTIII, 20.32 (19.5–23); OL, 15.87 (14.7–23).

42. Ectecous sp.1 (Fig. 36) — i) calling song, 3.3 kHz ± 0.29 (2.9–3.6, n = 3); 1 P/s (n = 3); 14.5–19.3ºC; chirps composed of sparced pulses, each one with 0.042 s ± 0.002 (0.037 –0.046, n = 30); each train of chirps starts with 1 to 3 low amplitude chirp, followed by higher amplitude chirps (Fig. 110); ii) State of Espírito Santo, municipality of Santa Teresa (Estação Biológica de Santa Lúcia); iii) present paper. Note. We considered Ectecous sp.1 as a sonotype because the dominant frequency and pulse duration is lower when compared to Ectecous sp.2., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 223, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966

41. Adelosgryllus rubricephalus Mesa & Zefa, 2004 (Fig. 35) — i) courtship song 5.9 kHz ± 0.31 (5.4–6.4, n=14); short chirps with 0.31 s ± 0.07 (0.21–0.47, n = 14), including 14 P/ch ± 1.93 (11–19, n = 14); chirp rate was not obtained because the chirps emission occurs according to the courtship context; ii) State of Rio Grande do Sul, municipality of Capão do Leão and Jaguarão; State of Paraná, municipality of Foz do Iguaçu (Parque Nacional do Iguaçu); iii) present paper. Note: this species does not produce a calling song., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 223, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966

39. Lerneca inalata beripocone Lima et al., 2016 (Fig. 33)— i) calling song, 4.7 kHz; each chirp is formed by a single pulse greater in amplitude, followed by a group of 24 to 27 (n = 10) pulses, with a gradual increase in amplitude; 80 Ch/min, 24ºC (Fig. 108); ii) State of Mato Grosso, municipality of Poconé; State of Rio Gande do Sul, municipality of Viamão (Parque Estadual de Itapuã); State of São Paulo, municipality of Rio Claro; iii) present paper; Lima et al. (2016, 2018). Microlernec a de Mello, 1995, Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 223, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966, {"references":["Lima, R. M., Martins, L. P., Pereira, M. R., Ganchev, T. D., Jahn, O., Lhano, M. G., Marques, M. I. & Schuchmann, K. L. (2016) Lerneca inalata beripocone subsp. nov. (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae; Luzarinae): a new taxon for the northern Pantanal of Brazil. Zootaxa, 4175 (4), 366 - 376. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4175.4.6","Lima, R. M., Schuchmann, K. L., Tissiani, A. S., Nunes, L. A., Jahn, O., Ganchev, T. D., Lhano, M. G. & Marques, M. I. (2018) Tegmina-size variation in a Neotropical cricket with implications on spectral song properties. Journal of Natural History, 52, 1225 - 1241. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2018.1457728"]}

44. Ectecous sp. 3 (Fig. 38) — i) calling song, 4.9–5.1 kHz (n = 2); chirps with 2 to 4 pairs of pulses; 24–24.5ºC (Fig. 112); ii) State of Alagoas, municipality of Murici (Estação de Floração e Cruzamento Serra do Ouro); iii) present paper., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966

49. Silvastella sp. (Fig. 42) — i) calling song, 6.6 kHz; 20.5ºC; phrase composed of a group of chirps; the first chirps gradually increase in amplitude and contain 1 to 3 pulses; the amplitude stabilizes on subsequent pulses, which are composed of 3 to 4 pulses (Fig. 117); ii) State of Espírito Santo, municipality of Sooretama, Reserva Biológica Sooretama; iii) present paper., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966

50. Endecous (Endecous) alejomesai Zefa, 2010 (Fig. 43) — i) calling song, 4.8 kHz; chirp rate was not obtained, because the song recording is very short, 28ºC; phrases with 3–12 chirps, each one composed of a pair of pulses (Fig. 118); ii) State of Goiás, municipality of Vila Propício; iii) Zefa et al. (2010)., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 225, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966, {"references":["Zefa, E., Mesa, A. & Martins, L. P. (2010) New Brazilian species of Endecous Saussure, 1878: Phallic sclerites, calling song and tegmen morphometry (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsinae). Entomological Science, 13 (1), 150 - 155. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1479 - 8298.2010.00371. x"]}

53. Endecous (Endecous) chape Souza-Dias & de Mello, 2017 (Fig. 46) — i) calling song, 4.2 kHz ± 0.57 (3.47– 5.42, n = 5); phrase rate was not obtained because the phrases were emitted intermittently along the night; phrases with 11.1 chirps ± 1.90 (5–14, n = 29); each chirp contain 4.63 pulses ± 1.61 (1–12, n = 324), 23–27ºC); phrase amplitude may gradually increase or remain constant (Fig. 120); ii) State of Paraná, municipality of Foz do Iguaçu (Parque Nacional do Iguaçu); iii) present paper; calling song (Souza-Dias et al. 2017).

47. Paragryllus sp.3 (Fig. 41) — i) calling song, 4.8 kHz ± 0.06 (4.7–4.9, n = 8); chirp rate was not obtained because the song recording is very short, 20.2–24ºC; chirps with 13.1 P/ch ± 1,83 (9–15, n = 19); chirp duration = 0,68 s ± 0,101 (0,46—0,81, n = 19) (Fig. 115); ii) State of Espírito Santo, municipalities of Linhares (Reserva Natural da Vale) and Sooretama (Reserva Biológica de Sooretama); iii) present paper., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966

55. Endecous (Endecous) itatibensis Rehn, 1918 (Fig. 48) — i) calling song, 3.2 kHz ± 0.09 (3–33, n = 6), 25–28ºC; individual from municipality of Corumbataí emitted phrases with 3 to 18 pairs of pulses, and individuals from Itatiba phrases with 1 to 3 pairs of pulses; Ph/min was not obtained because the phrases rhythm is irregular (Fig. 121); ii) State of São Paulo, municipalities of Anhembi, Botucatu, Corumbataí, Ipeúna, Itatiba, Itirapina, Piracicaba, Rio Claro and Tapiraí; State of Rio de Janeiro, municipality of Itatiaia (Parque Nacional de Itaitaia); iii) present paper; de Mello & Pellegatti-Franco (1998); Zefa (2006)., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 225, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966, {"references":["De Mello, F. A. G. & Pellegatti-Franco, F. (1998) A new cave cricket of the genus Endecous from southeastern Brazil and characterization of male and female genitalia of Endecous itatibensis Rehn, 1918 (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae: Luzarinae). Journal of Orthoptera Research, 7, 185 - 188. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3503517","Zefa, E. (2006) Comparison of calling song songs in three allopatric populations of Endecous itatibensis (Orthoptera, Phalangopsinae). Iheringia, Serie Zoologia, 96 (1), 13 - 16. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0073 - 47212006000100002"]}

57. Endecous (Endecous) painensis Castro-Souza et al., 2020 (Fig. 50) — i) courtship song, 3.3 kHz ± 0.18 (2.8– 3.6, n = 18); phrases with varied number of double pulses, and also elaborated phrases composed of pairs os pulses followed by a train of low amplitude pulses ending with a burst of pulses that gradually increases in amplitude; chirp or phrase rate was not obtained because the emission varies according to the courtship context; ii) State of Minas Gerais, municipality of Pains (Brega and Mastodonte caves); iii) present paper; Castro-Souza et al. (2020)., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 225, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966, {"references":["Castro-Souza, R. A., Zefa, E. & Ferreira, R. L. (2020) New troglobitic and troglophilic syntopic species of Endecous (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae) from a Brazilian cave: a case of sympatric speciation? Zootaxa, 4810 (2), 271 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4810.2.3"]}

51. Endecous (Endecous) betariensis de Mello & Pellegatti-Franco, 1998 (Fig. 44) — i) courtship song with 2.8 kHz, 25ºC; chirp rate was not obtained because the chirp emission varies according to the courtship context; ii) State of São Paulo, municipality of Iporanga (Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto do Ribeira, PETAR); iii); courtship song described in present paper; calling song presented by de Mello & Pellegatti-Franco (1998)., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 225, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966, {"references":["De Mello, F. A. G. & Pellegatti-Franco, F. (1998) A new cave cricket of the genus Endecous from southeastern Brazil and characterization of male and female genitalia of Endecous itatibensis Rehn, 1918 (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae: Luzarinae). Journal of Orthoptera Research, 7, 185 - 188. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3503517"]}

48. Paragryllus sp.4 —i) calling song, 2.2 kHz, 19.7ºC; chirps predominantly with 3 pulses; chirp rate was not obtained because the song recording is very short (Fig. 116); ii) State of Espírito Santo, municipality of Sooretama (Reserva Biológica Sooretama); iii) present paper., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966

52. Endecous (Endecous) cavernicola Costa Lima, 1940 (Fig. 45) — i) calling song, 3.1 kHz; phrases with 7 to 13 pairs of pulses; 8 Ph/min, 22ºC (Fig. 119); ii) State of Minas Gerais, municipality of Matozinhos, Gruta da Escada; iii) present paper., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 225, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966

45. Paragryllus sp.1 (Fig. 39) — i) calling song, 3.2 kHz ± 0.27 (2.9–3.6, n = 4); 19.6ºC ± 2.75 (16.5–23.2, n = 3); phrase composed of a group of chirps; the first chirp gradually increase in amplitude and contain irregular pulse arrangement; the amplitude stabilizes on subsequent pulses, which are composed of a single initial pulse, followed by 3 to 5 (or more) pairs of pulses; chirp rate was not obtained because the song recording was very short (Fig. 113); ii) State of Bahia, municipality of Itamaraju (Parque Nacional do Monte Pascoal); State of Espírito Santo, municipality of Santa Teresa (Estação Biológica de Santa Lúcia); iii) present paper. Note: both individuals from Itamaraju emitted phrases with the first chirp composed of one pulse, while individuals from Santa Teresa present the first chirp with two pulses. Despite this difference, we chose to consider the four individuals within the same sonotype, as the recordings were very short, and this type of variation may be common., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966

54. Endecous (Pedroecous) didymus Castro-Souza et al., 2020 (Fig. 47) — i) courtship song 3.5 kHz ± 0.08 (3.4– 3.6, n = 4), 22–24.4ºC; phrases composed of 6 to 30 pairs of pulses; chirp rate was not obtained because the chirp emission varies according to the courtship context; ii) State of Minas Gerais, municipality of Luislândia (Cave Lapa Sem Fim); iii) song parameters obtained of Castro-Souza et al. (2020)., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 225, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966, {"references":["Castro-Souza, R. A., Zefa, E. & Ferreira, R. L. (2020) New troglobitic and troglophilic syntopic species of Endecous (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae) from a Brazilian cave: a case of sympatric speciation? Zootaxa, 4810 (2), 271 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4810.2.3"]}

43. Ectecous sp.2 (Fig. 37) — i) calling song, 4.5 kHz ± 0.25 (4.3–5.1, n = 19); 1 to 2 P/s (n = 19); 23.9ºC ± 0.67 (22–24.7, n = 19); phrases composed of a train of sparced pulses, each one with 0.023s ± 0.003 (0.018 –0.028, n = 30); each train of pulses start with 1 to 3 low amplitude chirp, followed by higher amplitude chirps (Fig. 111); ii) State of Alagoas, municipality of Murici (Estação de Floração e Cruzamento Serra do Ouro); State of Ceará, municipality of Ubajara (Parque Nacional de Ubajara), and municipality of Crato (Floresta Nacional do Araripe-Apodi); iii) present paper., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 223, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966

58. Endecous (Pedroecous) troglobius Castro-Souza et al., 2020 (Fig. 51) — i) courtship song, 3.9 kHz ± 0.16 (3.6–4, n = 4); phrases with 4 to 30 pairs of pulses; phrase rate was not obtained because the emission varies according to the courtship context; ii) State of Minas Gerais, municipality of Luislândia (Lapa Sem Fim cave); iii) song parameters obtained of Castro-Souza et al. (2020)., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 225, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966, {"references":["Castro-Souza, R. A., Zefa, E. & Ferreira, R. L. (2020) New troglobitic and troglophilic syntopic species of Endecous (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae) from a Brazilian cave: a case of sympatric speciation? Zootaxa, 4810 (2), 271 - 304. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4810.2.3"]}

46. Paragryllus sp.2 (Fig. 40) — i) calling song, 2.2 kHz ± 0.09 (2.1–2.4, n = 6); 21–22ºC; chirps with two or three pulses, which are irregularly arranged; we chose do not to include the chirp rate because the chirps emission varied greatly between and among the individuals analyzed (Fig. 114); ii) State of Ceará, municipality of Crato (Floresta Nacional do Araripe-Apodi); iii) present paper. Note. the songs were emitted by individuals near to each other (about half a meter in the same trunk), and also by males present in trunks of other nearby trees (about 5 meters from each other); we observed different stridulation rhythms of males present in these trunks, probably in response to the bats’ activity flying between the trunks while the crickets chirped asynchronously., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 224, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966

40. Microlerneca sp. (Fig. 34) — i) calling song, 3.8 kHz (n = 3); 7 P/s, 23.4 to 24.2ºC; trill composed of double pulses, with the first one markedly small in amplitude and number of song waves (Fig. 109); ii) State of Espírito Santo, municipality of Linhares (Reserva Natural da Vale); iii) present paper., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 223, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966

56. Endecous (Notendecous) onthophagus (Berg, 1891) (Fig. 49) — i) calling song, 4.4 kHz ± 0.4 (4.3–4.4, n = 1); phrases present 6 pulses, and may occur phrases with 5 to 9 pulses; Ph/min was not obtained because the phrases rhythm is irregular, (Fig. 122); ii) State of Rio Grande do Sul, municipality of Pelotas; iii) present paper; Acosta et al. (2020)., Published as part of Zefa, Edison, Martins, Luciano De Pinho, Demari, Christian Peter, Acosta, Riuler Corrêa, Centeno, Elliott, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Oliveira, Gabriel Lobregat De, Miyoshi, Akio Ronaldo, Fianco, Marcos, Redü, Darlan Rutz, Timm, Vitor Falchi, Costa, Maria Kátia Matiotti Da & Szinwelski, Neucir, 2022, Singing crickets from Brazil (Orthoptera: Gryllidea), an illustrated checklist with access to the sounds produced, pp. 211-237 in Zootaxa 5209 (2) on page 225, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5209.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7325966, {"references":["Acosta, R. C., Timm, V. F., Szinwelski, N., Costa, M. K. M. da & Zefa, E. (2020) Mating behavior and acoustic communication of the long-legged cricket Endecous (Notendecous) onthophagus (Berg, 1891) from Southern Brazil (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae). Zootaxa, 4743 (3), 427 - 437. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4743.3.10"]}

Phalangopsis Serville, 1831 Phalangopsis Serville, 1831 (type species: P. longipes Serville, 1831, designated by Kirby (1906). Lucina Walker, 1869 (type species by original designation: Lucina opilioides Walker, 1869). Paralucina Kirby, 1910 (nomen novum pro Lucina Walker, 1869; pre-occupied by Lucina Bruguière, 1797 in Bivalvia); synonymized by Chopard (1968). Note. A complete taxonomic history can be accessed in the Orthoptera Species File in: http://orthoptera.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=1126277, Published as part of Souza-Dias, Pedro G. B., Valente, Roberta M., Bolfarini, Márcio P. & Ruiz, Gustavo R. S., 2022, On the Amazonian cricket Phalangopsis Serville, 1831 (Orthoptera: Grylloidea Phalangopsidae): biology, morphology, and a new species, pp. 540-560 in Zootaxa 5194 (4) on page 542, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/7156935, {"references":["Serville, J. G. A. (1831) Revue methodique des insectes l'ordre des Orthopteres. Annales des sciences naturelles, zoologie et biologie animale, 22 (86), 166 - 167.","Kirby, W. F. (1906) A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera. Order of the Trustees of the British Museum, London, 604 pp.","Walker, F. (1869) Catalogue of specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria and supplement to the Blattariae in the collection of the British Museum. The British Museum, London, 224 pp.","Kirby, W. F. (1910) A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera. Vol. III, Orthoptera Saltatoria. Part II, (Locustidae vel Acridiidae). Order of the Trustees of the British Museum, 674 pp.","Bruguiere J. G. (1797) Encyclopedie methodique ou par ordre de matieres. Histoire naturelle des vers. Vol. 1. Pancoucke, Paris, 344 pp.","Chopard, L. (1968). Gryllides. In: Beier, M. (Ed.), Orthopterorum Catalogus. Pars 12. Dr. W. Junk N. V. ' s, Gravenhage, pp. 215."]}

Aclodes paz Cadena-Castañeda & Castellanos-Morales n. sp. (Figs. 1–6) http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid:Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:518317 Type material. Holotytpe. Male. Colombia, Santander, La Paz, Vda San Pablo, La Cuchara 2 (spoon—2 cave), 6°11’12.91”N, 73°34’1.37”W. elev. 1.880 m. 28 oct. 2015. C. Castellanos-Morales. Paratypes. La Cuchara —2 (“spoon cave—1”), Vda. San Pablo, 6°11’12.91”N, 73°34’1.37”W. elev. 1.880 m. 28 oct. 2015. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 2 male and 2 female, La Cuchara —1 (“spoon cave—1”), Vda. San Pablo, 06°10’46,5”N, 73°34’30,4”W. elev. 1.836 m. 27 oct. 2015. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 4 male, 4 females, 1 female subadult, and 3 immatures La Remolina —1 cave (“ Swirl cave —1”), Vda. Casas Blancas, 06°07’23.3”N, 73°34’35.4”W. elev. 1.890 m. 8 Feb. 2016. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 1 female adult and 2 female subadult, 4 males. Melchor Cave, Vda. El Tigre, 06°08’38”N, 73°35’43,7”W. elev 1.867 m. 5 Feb. 2016. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 3 male, 1 male immature, 7 female immature, 2 female subadults. El Tigre cave (“ Tiger cave ”), Vda. El Tigre, 06°08’32,8”N, 73°35’19,6”W. elev 1.959 m. 6 Feb. 2016. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 1 male, 1 female and 1 female subadult. El Toro cave (“ Bull cave ”), Vda. El Tigre, 06°08’12,9”N, 73°34’10,2”W. elev. 1.611 m. 14 Dec. 2015. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 3 females. La Lajita —1 cave, Vda. El Amarillo, 06°06’58,6”N, 73°34’10,2”W. elev. 1.612 m. 1 4 may. 2016. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 3 males. El Indio cave (“ Indian cave ”), Vda. Casas Blancas, 06°08’48,4”N, 73°37’30”W. elev 2.132 m. 20 may. 2016. C. Castellanos-Morales & L. Toro. leg. 1 female. El Molino cave (“ Mill cave ”), Vda. El Tigre, 06°08’50.7”N, 73°35’02.8”W. elev. 1767 m. 10 dec. 2015. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 3 immatures. Hoyo Colombia (“ Colombia pit cave”), Vda. El Tigre, 06°08’13.7”N, 73°35’15.4”W. elev. 1858 31 oct. 2015. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. Gedania cave, Vda. El Amarillo, 06°08’7.9”N, 73°35’50.4”W. elev. 1870 7 Feb. 2016. C. Castellanos-Morales & L. Toro leg 2 male, 2 female and 3 immatures. Colombia, Santander, El Carmen de Chucurí, La Peña cave, 06°06´24.42”N, 073°26´38”W. 1177 m. C. Castellanos-Morales leg. 1 male and 2 females (CAUD). Etymology. This species is named after the La Paz municipally (type locality). But we also want to dedicate the name of this species to the desire for peace of Colombians and many people from other countries, who have various conflicts in their territories. We keep “ paz ” as a specific epithet for the type locality, but it also means peace in Spanish, Italian and Portuguese, coming from the Latin “ Pax ”. Description. Male. Mid-sized (Figs. 1A,B). Body predominantly ochre brown with dark brown and yellow stripes. Head brown with almost yellowish and grey spots and stripes; antennal scape partly light, flagellum dark brown without light spots (Fig. 1C). Pronotum mostly brown, pronotal disc with few yellow-brown stripes (Fig. 2A), lateral lobes dark brown (Fig. 1D). Fore and middle femora and tibiae brown spotted, with rings, to the femora with one or two rings on the mid-distal section, to the tibiae with three rings, one on the base, the next on the middle, and the last at the apex. Hind femora ochre with numerous brownish oblique lines on the outer surface and several spots on inner surface and apex, tarsi almost ochre. Tegmina brown with several yellow short hairs (Fig. 1E). Abdomen and terminalia dark brown with diffuse ochre spots (Fig. 2D). Head rounded, almost as wide as high in frontal view (Fig. 1C); maxillary palpi mid-sized, third and fourth subequal and cylindrical, the fifth flattened, dilated from the middle to the apex, and distally truncated (Fig. 1D). Thorax. Pronotal disc rather short, wider than long, anterior margin slightly concave, posterior margin straight (Fig. 2A), lateral margins curved and most prominent at the anterior part and upcurved to the posterior margin (Fig. 1D). Meso- and metanotum without glands or modifications. Legs. Fore tibia with tympana small and ovoid, only on inner side, and armed at the apex with a small spur on each side; mid tibia armed with two mid-sized spurs at the apex on each side. Hind tibia with three inner spurs and four outer spurs dorsally, and between them with small spines; apex with three apical spurs on both sides, the mid spur of outer margin is longer than the others one; the mid and ventral spurs almost similar in length and longer than the dorsal one. First tarsomere of the hind leg, with one spine on inner side close to apex and four dorsal spines on outer side, apex armed with a spur on both sides, the inner spur longer than the outer one. Tegmina ovoid, reaching to the third abdominal tergite (Figs. 1E, 2A). Mirror subtriangular, wider than long, with reticulated veins; harp with four or five dividing veins; chordal with two main veins (Fig. 2B); lateral field with three to four veins; stridulation file with 135–148 teeth (Fig. 2C). Abdomen with a pair of tentorial depressions for each tergite (Fig. 2D). Epiproctus rectangular longer than wide with the apex almost straight (Fig. 2E). Subgenital plate rectangular, longer than wide, and distally with a mid-undulation. Male genitalia. Ps.s. with the distal edge wavy in dorsal view and with a notch in the center (Fig. 3A). Ps.a.l. cylindrical, slightly curving towards the dorsal margin and latero-laterally flattened, with a few hairs on its surface, more conspicuous at the apex (Figs. 3A,B). Ps.p. quadrangular, ventrally with a small hook-shaped extension; distal edge wavy and longer on the outer edge (Fig. 3B). Ec.f. elongated and sclerotic, thickening from the anterior to the posterior region, diverging distally and connecting with a rounded prolongation and abundant microstructures (Fig. 3B, C). En.s. connecting with the ec.f., and sclerosed (Fig. 3B). Ec.a. dorsoventrally flattened rod-shaped, connected anteriorly with endophalic cavity, and posteriorly with ps.p. (Figs. 3B, C). R. wide and sclerotic, internally concave (Fig. 3B). Female. Similar to the male in shape and size, ocher or yellowish regions with lighter shades than the male (Fig. 4), being more noticeable on the face (Fig. 5A). Tegmina reduced (Fig. 5B), located on each side and covering the mesonotum and the base of the metanotum (Figs. 5C, D). Tenth tergite unmodified with rounded posterior edge. Epiproctus rectangular, wider than long, with two semicircular scars dorsally (Fig. 5E). Subgenital plate subtriangular, with the apex truncated (Fig. 5F). Ovipositor almost as length to the posterior femur; apex in dorsal view flattened and with denticulations on outer edges of upper valves, lower valves protruding into middle of upper valves, and with rounded distal edge (Fig. 5G); in lateral view, the apex of the ovipositor is lanceolate in shape and gently widens towards the apex (Fig. 5H). Variations. The main variation noted is between the two sexes; females have lighter shades than males in the yellowish and ocher areas. Some males have four or five veins dividing the harp. Measurements (in mm.). male/female: LB: 22–25/20–27. Pr: 3.5–4/4–4.5. Teg: 6–7/1–1.5. HF: 15–18/15– 19. HT: 17–20/17–20. Ov: 12–15. Comparison. Aclodes paz n. sp. is related to some species included in the subgenus Euacla (sensu Gorochov, 2007). Regarding the genitalia, the closest species is Aclodes chamocoru Nischk & Otte, 2000, which differs from the new species. Its tegmina cover the abdomen, and the harp has nine; the mirror is subovoid, wider than long, and crossed with two veins. In contrast, A. paz n. sp. has four or five veins on the harp, the mirror is subtriangular and with reticulate veins. The Ps.al. of A. chamocoru, is conical, and Ps.p. without ventral accessory extension; En.s. is tubuliform, and Ec.f. it does not expand, and difference in the connection area of these two structures. Comments. The specimens of the type series are slightly variable in size, as has been observed for other species of the genus. But one of the males from the “Colombian Hole” is unusually small. This male has all diagnostic characteristics to be identified as A. paz n. sp., such as wing venation and genital structure. Measurements of this specimen were not included in the species measurement ranges previously provided and are included below. Measurements (in mm.). LB: 14. Pr: 3. Teg: 6. HF: 12. HT: 13. Ecological data from type cave. The cave La Cuchara —2 is situated around four kilometers east from the La Paz town, on the eastern side of the Colombian Andean Mountain range. An area of different sedimentary lithostratigraphic units from the Cretaceous age, which are gathered in the formations: Rosablanca, Paja, Tablazo, Simiti and Luna (Medoza-Parada et al. 2009). The La Cuchara cave has a circular-shaped entrance of around 1.5 meters with narrow, rocky, passageways, stalagmites, and stalactites few developed were observed. Inside the cave, there is a narrow stream with shallow pools forms. The bottom of each well is rocky and contains abundant fine sediment. The water temperature was 17.9°C, the cave temperature 18.1°C, and the water pH was 6.7. The fauna is scarce; there were a few colonies of bats (cf. Carollia sp.) inhabiting the cave ceiling. The base of the food chain is probably limited to crickets and their predators, spiders. Crickets usually occupy the middle and upper parts of rocky cave walls, where they form groups of varying sizes and different stages of development (Fig. 6). This cave has not as yet been registered in any recent speleological inventory of Santander (Castellanos-Morales & Moreno 2018, Dulcey-Ulloa & Lasso 2019)., Published as part of Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando, Rodríguez, Diana Marcela Tru- Jillo, Sarmiento, Juan Pablo Prias & Castellanos-Morales, Cesar A., 2022, Studies on Neotropical crickets: Aclodes paz n. sp. a new phalangopsid cricket (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) from the Santander caves, Colombia, pp. 568-580 in Zootaxa 5141 (6) on pages 571-576, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5141.6.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6598032, {"references":["Gorochov, A. V. (2007) New and little known crickets of the subfamily Phalangopsinae (Orthoptera, Gryllidae). 4. Neotropical genus Uvaroviella. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 86 (10), 1183 - 1195. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0013873806040087","Nischk, F. & Otte, D. (2000) Bioacoustics, ecology and systematics of Ecuadorian rainforest crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Phalangopsinae), with a description of four new genera and ten new species. Journal of Orthoptera Research, 9, 229 - 254. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3503651","Castellanos-Morales, C. A. & Moreno, F. (2018) Cuevas, hoyos y grutas del municipio de La Paz (Santander, Colombia). Maria Elina Bichuette [and others authors], Castellanos-Morales & Moreno (academic editors), Villavicencio, Universidad Santo Tomas, Manila, Metro Manila, Colombia, 104 pp.","Dulcey-Ulloa, J. & Lasso, C. A. (2019) Estado del conocimiento, uso y conservacion de las cuevas y cavernas del departamento de Santander (Andes), Colombia. In: Lasso, C. A., Barriga, J. C. & Fernandez-Auderset, J. (Eds.), Biodiversidad subterranea y epigea de los sistemas carsticos de El Penon (Andes), Santander, Colombia. VII. Serie Fauna Silvestre Neotropical. Instituto de Investigacion de Recursos Biologicos Alexander von Humboldt. Bogota, D. C., pp. 227 - 255."]}

Tribe Aclodini Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992 Comments. This tribe was proposed by Desutter-Grandcolas (1992), initially as the group “Aclodae”, including Aclodes Hebard, 1928, Paraclodes Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992 and Uvaroviella Chopard, 1923. The author defines the group and suggests that two species of Heterogryllus Saussure, 1874, H. crassicornis Saussure, 1878, and H. bordoni Chopard, 1970, were located in Aclodes and Paraclodes, respectively. Desutter-Grandcolas (1992), mentions that Heterogryllus only includes H. ocellaris Saussure, 1874, represented by a female collected in Brazil, without precise locality, and that, due to its morphological characteristics, it should be included in Neoaclini (sensu Desutter 1987). Nischk & Otte (2000) described several taxa for Ecuador, one species for Paraclodes and three species for Aclodes. Otte (2006) describes five additional species from Costa Rica. Otte & Perez-Gelabert (2009) added 16 species to Uvaroviella, distributed on several Caribbean islands. Subsequently, several taxa described by the above authors will be reassigned to other genera or synonymized, and not all species will retain their original combinations. Gorochov (2007) proposed that the Aclodae group comprises a single genus. Uvaroviella, the oldest genus, retained generic status, the others as subgenera: four originally described as genera (Acla Hebard, 1928, Aclodes, Paraclodes, and Uvaroviella s.s.) and five as new subgenera (Subacla, Euacla, Reacla, Holacla, and Topacla). The same author adds six species in Uvaroviella s.l., and keeps this taxon in the tribe Phalangopsini; for Paragryllini, it gives a new status, including subtribes described as tribes by Desutter (Paragryllina s.s., Neoaclina and Strogulomorphina). This contribution initiated some synonymization of taxa described by Otte and other authors (Gorochov 2011). Gorochov (2014) proposed a classification for the Phalangopsinae subfamily group. Uvaroviella and Heterogryllus are included in the subtribe Heterogryllina (Phalangopsini), sugesting the probable relationship between both taxa, and indicating that Aclodae is probably junior synonym of Heterogryllina (Gorochov 2014, 2015). Desutter-Grandcolas (2014) officially proposed Acla, as a synonym of Aclodes, something that apparently was missing in the author’s contribution of 1992, where A. crassicornis (Saussure, 1878) is included in Aclodes, without any formal nomenclatural act. Recently, Desutter-Grandcolas & Faberon (2020) revalidated and elevated Aclodini (=Aclodae) to tribal status and provided the initial opinion on the position of Heterogryllus and the non-relationship with the other Aclodini (Desutter-Grandcolas 1992). Likewise, they contrast with the Chintauan-Marquier et al. (2016) molecular study and other unpublished studies, highlighting that the Aclodini are a well-defined monophyletic clade within the Paragryllinae, thus supporting the new tribal status (Desutter-Grandcolas 2014, Desutter-Grandcolas & Faberon 2020). Also, they morphologically redefine Aclodini, returning to the 1992 classification, assigning generic status to Aclodes and Paraclodes, and synonymizing all the subgenera proposed by Gorochov (2007). They emphasize the incomplete study of morphological characters and that monophyly was not reflected in Gorochov’s proposal (Desutter-Grandcolas & Faberon 2020). As noted in the history of the classification of the Aclodae / Aclodini / Heterogryllina, cricket taxonomy remains in constant debate and turmoil. At the Neotropical level, it is based on the classification proposed either by Desutter-Grandcolas or Gorochov. Based on the author a tribe can be a genus or subtribe, and according to the opinion of some other authors the taxa can be in different subfamilies (Cadena-Castañeda & Tíjaro 2020, Cadena-Castañeda & García García 2020, Cadena-Castañeda et al. 2021b)., Published as part of Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando, Rodríguez, Diana Marcela Tru- Jillo, Sarmiento, Juan Pablo Prias & Castellanos-Morales, Cesar A., 2022, Studies on Neotropical crickets: Aclodes paz n. sp. a new phalangopsid cricket (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) from the Santander caves, Colombia, pp. 568-580 in Zootaxa 5141 (6) on page 570, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5141.6.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6598032, {"references":["Hebard, M. (1928) Studies in the Dermaptera and Orthoptera of Colombia. Fifth paper. Orthopterous family Gryllidae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 54 (2), 79 - 124.","Desutter, L. (1987) Structure et evolution du complexe phallique de Gryllidea (Orthopteres) et classification des genres neotropicaux de Grylloidea. Premiere partie. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, New Series, 23 (3), 213 - 239.","Nischk, F. & Otte, D. (2000) Bioacoustics, ecology and systematics of Ecuadorian rainforest crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Phalangopsinae), with a description of four new genera and ten new species. Journal of Orthoptera Research, 9, 229 - 254. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3503651","Otte, D. (2006) Eighty-four new cricket species (Orthoptera: Grylloidea) from La Selva, Costa Rica. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 132 (3 - 4), 299 - 418.","Otte, D. & Perez-Gelabert, D. E. (2009) Caribbean crickets. The Orthopterists' Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, iii + 792 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.3157 / 0002 - 8320 (2006) 132 [299: ENCSOG] 2.0. CO; 2","Gorochov, A. V. (2007) New and little known crickets of the subfamily Phalangopsinae (Orthoptera, Gryllidae). 4. Neotropical genus Uvaroviella. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 86 (10), 1183 - 1195. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0013873806040087","Gorochov, A. V. (2011) New and little known Phalangopsinae (Orthoptera, Gryllidae) 7. Neotropic taxa of the tribes Paragryllini and Luzarini. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 90 (9), 1055 - 1069.","Gorochov, A. V. (2014) Classification of the Phalangopsinae subfamily group, and new taxa from the subfamilies Phalangopsinae and Phaloriinae (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Zoosystematica Rossica, 23 (1), 7 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.31610 / zsr / 2014.23.1.7","Gorochov, A. V. (2015) New and little-known crickets of the subfamily Phalangopsinae (Orthoptera, Gryllidae). 8. The genus Paragryllodes and notes on the subfamily classification. Entomological Review, 95 (5), 600 - 611. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 001387381505005 X","Desutter-Grandcolas, L. (2014) New taxa and data for Neotropical Phalangopsidae (Orthoptera, Grylloidea). Zootaxa, 3866 (3), 398 - 420. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3866.3.5","Chintauan-Marquier, I., Legendre, F., Robillard, T., Hugel, S., Nel, A., Grandcolas, P., Zuccon, D. & Desutter-Grandcolas, L. (2016) Laying the foundation of a new, phylogenetic classification of crickets (Insecta, Orthoptera): a multilocus phylogenetic approach. Cladistis, 32 (1), 54 - 81. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / cla. 12114","Cadena-Castaneda, O. J. & Tijaro, M. H. (2020) Studies in Colombian Ensifera and adjacent countries: New taxa of smallest field crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Gryllinae). Zootaxa, 4809 (3), 571 - 581. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4809.3.10","Cadena-Castaneda, O. J. & Garcia Garcia, A. (2020) Studies in Colombian Ensifera and adjacent countries: Gigagryllus, a new genus of giant field crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) with comments on current Neotropical field crickets classification. Zootaxa, 4830 (2), 273 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4830.2.3"]}

Genus Aclodes Hebard, 1928 Comments. This genus is very speciose, and currently includes 35 species, with a wide distribution from Costa Rica to Peru and northern South America, with a presence on a couple of islands near Venezuela (Cigliano et al. 2022). It differs from the morphologically similar genus Paraclodes, in that the males have the tegmina projecting from the middle of the abdomen onwards and with strong parallel longitudinal veins. The females are distinguished by their tegmina, often reaching the first abdominal tergite posterior margin (Desutter-Grandcolas 1992), except Aclodes cryptos (Nischk & Otte 2000), with the tegmina reaching the middle of the abdomen. Uvaroviella, is a Caribbean genus with 17 species that need to be re-studied. Possibly, the three continental species still included in Uvaroviella, which are only known from their females, should be included in the future in Aclodes, after finding the respective males that allow their generic affiliation to be identified. For Colombia, Hebard (1928) mentions the presence of Aclodes maculatum (Caudell 1918), described initially from Peru but with notable morphological differences. Hebard, at that time, did not study the internal genitalia; it was not a common practice of the time for the descriptions of Orthoptera. Perhaps with the study of the male genitalia it will be possible to resolve this problem, with the tegmina moderately developed, as occurs in many recently described species. Recently, Cadena-Castañeda et al. (2016) recorded the presence of Aclodes nebulosa (Gorochov, 2007) (then known as Uvaroviella (Holacla) nebulosa Gorochov, 2007), in the Rio Ñambi Nature Reserve, south of the department of Nariño. This is the only species with a reliable and confirmed record for Colombia. Now the second species of Aclodes for the country is described, coming from the caves of the Andes in northern Colombia., Published as part of Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando, Rodríguez, Diana Marcela Tru- Jillo, Sarmiento, Juan Pablo Prias & Castellanos-Morales, Cesar A., 2022, Studies on Neotropical crickets: Aclodes paz n. sp. a new phalangopsid cricket (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) from the Santander caves, Colombia, pp. 568-580 in Zootaxa 5141 (6) on pages 570-571, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5141.6.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6598032, {"references":["Hebard, M. (1928) Studies in the Dermaptera and Orthoptera of Colombia. Fifth paper. Orthopterous family Gryllidae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 54 (2), 79 - 124.","Cigliano, M. M., Braun, H., Eades, D. C. & Otte, D. (2022) Orthoptera Species File. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Orthoptera. SpeciesFile. org (accessed 30 April 2022)","Nischk, F. & Otte, D. (2000) Bioacoustics, ecology and systematics of Ecuadorian rainforest crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Phalangopsinae), with a description of four new genera and ten new species. Journal of Orthoptera Research, 9, 229 - 254. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3503651","Cadena-Castaneda, O. J., Gutierrez, Y. & Bacca, T. (2016) New and little known Orthoptera (Ensifera and Caelifera) from the Nambi River Natural Reserve, Narino, Colombia. Zootaxa, 4162 (2), 201 - 224. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4162.2.1","Gorochov, A. V. (2007) New and little known crickets of the subfamily Phalangopsinae (Orthoptera, Gryllidae). 4. Neotropical genus Uvaroviella. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 86 (10), 1183 - 1195. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0013873806040087"]}

Adelosgryllus ferratilis n. sp. (Figures 2–6, 7–14, 15–17, 18–19, 20-24, Table 2) Material examined. Holotype ♂, code ISLA 66166, Brazil, Pará state, municipality of Curionópolis, SL-110 cave (5º 57’ 32.351” S; 49º 37’ 49.592” W), 16.i.2012, CARSTE leg. Holotype condition: right tegmen and legs were detached, and maintained in holotype’s tube. Paratypes, 1 ♂, 03.xi.2012 ( ISLA 66154), CARSTE leg. SL-94 cave (5º 57’ 6.291” S; 49º 37’ 56.475” W) and 1 ♂, 16.i.2012 (ISLA 66165), CARSTE leg. SL-109 (5º 57’ 32.350” S; 49º 37’ 49.591” W), all specimens collected in same municipality of holotype. Distribution. Known for six caves: SL-79 (05º 57’ 53.438” S; 49º 38’ 19.786” W) (photographic register), SL-82 (05º 57’ 30.961” S; 49º 38’ 14.866” W) (photographic register), SL-94 (5º 57’ 6.291” S; 49º 37’ 56.475” W), SL-109 (5º 57’ 32.350” S; 49º 37’ 49.591” W), SL-110 (5º 57’ 32.351” S; 49º 37’ 49.592” W) and SL-121 (05º 55’ 44.369” S; 49º 40’ 30.007” W (photographic register) (Fig. 1, dark stars), well sampled only on SL-94, SL-109 and SL-110, all localities distributed in the municipality of Curionópolis, Pará state, Brazil. Etymology. The specific epithet ferratilis refers to the presence of this species in iron caves. Diagnosis. Combination of the following characteristics: paramere 1 well developed, C-shaped (very similar to A. spurius and A. lucifugus), inner basal margin acuminated, apex dilated and curved inward (Ps.P1.p, Figs 2–6); rami elongated (very similar to A. spurius and A. lucifugus), narrow and well sclerotized slightly curved inside and apex triangular shaped (R, Figs 2, 3, 4 and 6); ectophallic fold well sclerotized, with the lateral border directed outward, central part slightly convex at apex and linear shaped bottom borders (Ec.F, Fig. 3); endophallus circularshaped and vertically elongated, with short ventral crest (End.Sc), similar to A. lucifugus, but more sclerotized and slightly developed (End.Sc), connected to ectophallic fold by an inverted V-shaped membrane (End.Sc, Figs 3 and 5). Description, male holotype. General Coloration. Body light brown and head slightly yellowish, possibly discoloration occurred after fixation in ethanol 70% (Fig. 7—14); Head. slightly pubescent with long bristles between the scapes (Fig. 7), around the eyes and on the posterior and occiput margins of the head almost no bristles are evident (apparently lost after fixation in ethanol 70%), occiput region slightly darkened behind the eyes (Fig. 8); Eyes. compound eyes black and with depigmented upper region near the scape insertion (Fig. 8); ocelli absent (Fig. 7); Mouthparts. clypeus and labrum whitish, mandibles dark outline (Figs 7 and 8); maxillary and labial palps yellowish and whitish brown between the articulations (Figs 7 and 8, picture shows only the first three); maxillary palp slightly pubescent, elongated, with five articulations; first and second palpomeres similar in size and shorter than the others; third and fourth similar in size and shorter than fifth; fifth palpomere longest of all, claviform shape, dilated in distal portion (Figs 7 and 8, picture shows only the first three); labial palps less pubescent than maxillary palps, with three articulations of increasing size, third palpomere claviform shape (Figs 7 and 8); Antennae. scape pubescent, dorsal portion whitish brown and with some slightly darkened spots, oval and dilated shape, inner distal portion with long bristles (Fig. 7); pedicel dark brown with whitish regions on outer face, narrow, cylindrical and slightly compressed on median portion; antennomeres with dark brown base and whitish distal region, slightly pubescent, twice as short than pedicel (Figs 7 and 8). Thorax. pronotum pubescent with few long bristles on the edges (with lost bristles after fixation in ethanol 70%), darkened brown towards the extremities and whitish in the medial portion, marked with a whitish vertical and horizontal median band, and two small symmetrical white spots near the proximal portion, dorsal disc wider than long, lateral lobe rounded (Fig. 9). Legs. Leg I: femur proximal part whitish becoming brownish distally, tibia brownish and with two subequal apical spurs, tibia with an oval auditory tympanum at inner side, first tarsomere twice as large than second and third together, second tarsomere with one quarter of the third tarsomere length, all tarsomeres brownish between the articulations, pre-tarso broken (Fig. 17). Leg II: similar to leg I, with tibial apical spurs longer than leg I. Leg III: same appearance as legs I and II, femur developed, whitish towards proximal region, articulation between femur and tibia with a reddish-brown color with black spots at basilateral inner and outer regions, distal portion brownish; tibia slightly brownish, with three inner (SS Int., Fig. 16) and three outer subapical spurs (SS Ext., Fig. 15), and four inner (d, e, f, and g, Fig. 16) and three outer apical spurs (a, b, and c, Fig. 15), first tarsomere developed with two apical spurs, inner slightly bigger than outer (Figs 15 and 16). Right tegmen. Light brown, covering the first four abdominal tergites (Figs 10 and 11). Lateral field (in lateral view, Figs 10 and 19): diagonal vein (DV) poorly marked in its distal region; subcostal vein (SC) well marked, reaching a third of the lateral field, with one branch on the lateral margin, the branch connects with R vein in the medial region of the wing length; subcostal (SC), radial (R) and medial (M) veins parallelly distributed in the lateral field; R with a median branch, curved to the distal direction of the wing; between the parallel veins M and R can be seen some cross-vein poorly marked (three or more); Field (in ventral view, Fig. 18): anal area, chordal area, harp area and the mirror area well developed; anal region with veins anal 1 (1A), anal 2 (2A) and anal 3 (3A) poorly marked, 1A more narrow than 2A and 3A; chordal area with veins 1A, 2A and curbital 2 (Cu2) well marked; Cu2* modified in stridulatory file; harp with a median-longitudinal vein (L), and three crossed veins (Hcv), forming four well demarked cells, connecting Cu2* towards the lateral field, the first two external veins crossing L; mirror triangular oval, with one crossed vein (Mcv) connected to a distal cross vein in the opposite orientation, Mcv with a poorly marked vertical upper branch, one cell distal is present below the Cu2; stridulatory file with 92 teeth. Abdomen. tergites pubescent, light brown and slightly darkened dorsally (Figs 10 and 11); sternites pubescent, slightly whiter than the tergites and with a pattern of dark spots above the light brown spot in the most central region of each sternite (Fig. 10); subgenital plate pubescent, light brown and slightly darkened towards the side edges, distal and side margin with long bristles, quadrangular shape, distal central region with a slightly indentation (Fig. 12); supra-anal plate pubescent, darkened throughout the structure than subgenital plate, trapezoidal shaped, with small lateral projections, distal portion rounded and with long bristles (Fig. 14); cerci light brown and whitish at the base (Fig. 13). Observations in Paratypes. Male phallic sclerites (paratype ISLA 66165, Figs 2–6) Pseudepiphallic: pseudepiphallic median lophy claviform and thin, apex rounded and slightly curved inward, with bristles (Ps.m.l, Figs 2, 4, 5 and 6); paramere 1 well developed, C-shaped (very similar to A. spurius and A. lucifugus), inner basal margin acuminated, apex dilated and curved inward (Ps.P1.p, Figs 2–6); paramere 2 connected to paramere 1 by membranous tissue, slightly more bulging and sclerotized than A. spurius and A. lucifugus (Ps.P2, Figs 5 and 6); rami elongated (very similar to A. spurius and A. lucifugus), narrow and well sclerotized slightly curved inside and triangular shaped at the tip (R, Figs 2, 3, 4 and 6). Ectophallic invagination: ectophallic sclerite H-shaped shortened (similar to A. spurius and A. lucifugus) (Figs 2 and 3), apex of posterior projections quadrangular-shaped in ventral view, dilated and well sclerotized, following the shape of the internal basal margin of pseudepiphallic paramere and connected to the Ps.P1 by membranous tissue (Ec.Pr, Figs 2–4 and 6); ectophallic arc slightly longer and wider than A. spurius and A. lucifugus (Ec.Arc, Figs 2 and 3); ectophallic fold well sclerotized, with the lateral border towards outside, central part slightly convex at the top and linear shaped bottom borders (Ec.F, Fig. 3). Endophallus: circular-shaped and vertically elongated, with a short ventral crest (End.Sc), similar to A. lucifugus, but more sclerotized and slightly developed (End.Sc), connected to the ectophallic fold by an inverted V-shaped membrane (End.Sc, Fig. 3 and 5). Ecological Remarks Specimens of Adelosgryllus ferratilis n. sp. were found in Curionópolis municipality, Pará state, Brazil. The caves where specimens were observed are located in an area regionally known as “Serra Leste”. This area presents several iron-ore caves, but also some quartzite caves. The species was observed in several caves in the area, especially those ferruginous. Such caves are usually small (few dozens of meters) and several cavities only comprises rock shelters, without aphotic areas. The main organic resources observed in those caves is the bat guano and vegetable organic debris, deposited by wind or water. Although the area was originally covered by a tropical rainforest (Amazon rainforest), it is currently highly impacted, by both the replacement of the forests by pastures and by mining activities. The populations of A. ferratilis n. sp. are usually small inside the caves, so that the species may use the caves only sporadically. However, since the external environments were not sampled, it is currently impossible to establish the actual distribution of this species (Figs 20–24).

Adelosgryllus endogeus n. sp. (Figures 72–76, 77–84, 85–87, 88–89, 90–96, 97–101, Table 1) Material examined. Holotype ♂, code ISLA 66155, Brazil, Minas Gerais state, municipality of Pains, endogenous habitat near the Santuário cave (20º 25’ 8.640” S; 45º 46’ 21.790” W), 24.iv.2021 – 25.v.2021, Ferreira R.L. leg. Holotype condition: right tegmen and legs detached, and maintained in holotype tube. Paratypes, 1 ♀♀, 26.v.2021 – 25.vi.2021 (ISLA 66156), Ferreira R. L. leg., same locality of holotype. Distribution. Known only to the sampled area, near the Santuário cave (20º 25’ 8.640” S; 45º 46’ 21.790” W), Pains municipality, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the specimen's association with soil interstitials. From the Latin “ endogeus ”, endo = within, geus = origin. Diagnosis. Combination of the following characteristics: pseudepiphallic paramere 1 oval shaped, sclerotized with proximal region (connected to ectophallic projection) concave (Ps.P1, Fig. 73); paramere 2 lightly curved and uniformly sharpened (Ps.P2, Figs 75 and 76); ectophallic projection strongly sclerotized and dilated in its proximal region (connected to Ps.P1) (Ec.Pr, Fig. 73); ectophallic fold well sclerotized and C-shaped, lateral edges facing horizontally forward (in ventral view) (Ec.F, Fig. 73); endophallus less sclerotized, circular and vertically elongated (similar to A. cruscastaneus) (End.Sc, Fig. 73). Description, male holotype. Similar to A. ferratilis n. sp. with the following differences: body dark brown, with very darkened regions and head dark orange, possibly there was less discoloration in this species, because a priori it was collected in formalin, later fixed in ethanol 70% (Figs 77–84); occiput region is slightly darkened behind the eyes (Figs 77 and 78), compound eyes less unpigmented in upper region near the scape insertion (Figs 77 and 78); pronotum darkened, with a vertical band slightly whitish, without horizontal band (Fig. 79); tergites darkened (Fig. 80). Right tegmen: dark brown, very sclerotic, covering the first six abdominal tergites (Fig. 80). Lateral field (in lateral view, Fig. 89): subcostal (SC) and radial (R) veins with poorly marked irregular veins, medial (M) and radial (R) veins connected to each other by poorly marked irregular veins. Field (in ventral view, Fig. 88): harp with a median-longitudinal vein (L) fusing the first proximal cross vein (Hcv), with reticular veins in the first three distal cells; mirror with a narrower proximal part of triangular shape and reticular veins in all cells, one crossed vein (Mcv), broken distal and proximal portion; subgenital plate extremely darkened, elongated, pubescent in all marginal extension, rounded at apex (Figs 82 and 83); subgenital plate extremely darkened (Figs 35–37); stridulatory file with 81 teeth. Observations in Paratypes. Male phallic sclerites: similar to A. similis Zefa & Corrêa 2018, with the following differences: Pseudepiphallic: pseudepiphallic median lophy narrow claviform, developed and acuminate at apex (Ps.m.l, Figs 72, 74–76); parameres 1 and 2 connected, forming a lenticular structure, paramere 1 with more uniform sclerotization, with a more concave proximal region (connected to the ectophallic projection), paramere 2 is more sclerotized and more straight vertically (Figs 74–76); rami broken, well sclerotized in base and apparently similar to A. similis (R, Figs 72 and 73). Ectophallic invagination: apex of the ectophallic apodeme broken, medial portion well sclerotized, apparently similar to A. similis (Ect.Ap, Figs 72 and 73); posterior projections well sclerotized, lenticular shape, apex rounded at tip, membranous and dilated (Ec.Pr. Figs 73, 74 and 76); ectophallic fold well sclerotized, U-shaped, upper extremities more elongated than A. similis (Ec.F, Fig. 73). Endophallus: rectangularshaped rounded and vertically elongated, but narrow and elongated than A. cruscastaneus (End. Sc, Fig. 73). Female (Figs 90–96, ISLA 66156). Body of same coloration to holotype, head more dark orange than males (Fig. 90), body size bigger than the holotype (9.272 mm); small wings triangular-shaped (Fig. 90); supra-anal plate darkened, trapezoidal-shaped, with two small lateral projections, rounded at apex, with long apical bristles (Figs 92 and 93); subgenital plate darkened, short, V-shaped (Figs 91 and 92); ovipositor well sclerotized, elongated and thin (3.970 mm), size proportional to tibia III, sword format at apex (Figs 90–92 and 94–96). Copulatory Papilla. lost during clarification procedure in potassium hydroxide (KOH). Ecological Remarks Specimens of Adelosgryllus endogeus n. sp. were found in Pains municipality, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. The individuals were sampled by a set of subterranean traps buried in the soil, installed to collect surface subterranean fauna. These traps consist of plastic pots interconnected by a central rod (Fig. 100) and introduced into PVC pipes with perforations every 10 cm. Each set of perforations in the pipes allow only the organisms from each stratum to fall into each pot, as each pot is internally coupled to the pipe in order to prevent access to the other levels. At each sampling point, three sets of traps were installed (Fig. 99), totaling thirty collection pots per point (three pots at each level, starting at 5 cm and along the area, always in places close to cave entrances. The traps were inspected monthly, when the contents (4% formalin containing the collected invertebrates) were removed and replaced. Along the 12 months of the project, 2,160 samples of different depth were obtained. Even with this sampling effort, only two specimens of A. endogeus n. sp. were collected, both at the same point (Figs 97 and 98). The holotype (male) was the first to be collected, between April and May 2021. As the traps remained in the field for about a month, it is not possible to determine the exact date of collection. The female was sampled in the next interval, in the exact location of the male. Both specimens were trapped at 45 cm deep in the soil (Figs 101 and 102). It is interesting noting that although many caves in the area have been sampled along the last is important karstic province years, specimens of A. endogeus n. sp. were never observed, thus suggesting that they might be preferably associated to soil interstitials. The reduced size of this species (which is smaller than all the congeners) corroborate this hypothesis, although it is also important to conduct samplings in other epigean substrates in the area in order to determine the distribution of this species., Published as part of Merlo, Rayanne Lays Sant'Ana, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Antônio, Junta, Vitor Gabriel Pereira & Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes, 2022, Expanding the taxonomic knowledge of Adelosgryllus Mesa & Zefa, 2004 (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae): description of four new species for Brazilian subterranean habitats, pp. 83-109 in Zootaxa 5133 (1) on pages 102-107, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5133.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/6521377, {"references":["Correa, R. C., Pereira, M. R., Da Costa, M. K. M., Szinwelski, N. & Martins, L. D. (2018) Two new species of crickets Adelosgryllus Mesa & Zefa, 2004 (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae) from the Araripe-Apodi National Forest, state of Ceara, Brazil. Zootaxa, 4420 (1), 97 - 112. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4420.1.5"]}

Adelosgryllus megapterus n. sp. (Figures 46–51, 52–59, 60–62, 63–64, 65–71, Table 3) Material examined. Holotype ♂, code ISLA 66157, Brazil, Minas Gerais state, Conceição do Mato Dentro municipality, Resgate cave (18º 55’ 41.593” S; 43º 25’ 10.146” W), 12.iv.2018, CARSTE leg. Holotype condition: right tegmen and legs detached, and maintained in holotype’s tube. Paratypes, 3 ♂♂ (ISLA 64193, ISLA 64208 and ISLA 64206) and 1♀♀ (ISLA 64165), ISLA 64193 and 64206 same data of holotype, ISLA 64208 and 64165 collected in 05.v.2018, all specimens collected in same locality of holotype. Distribution. Known only to Resgate cave (18º 55’ 41.593” S; 43º 25’ 10.146” W), Conceição do Mato Dentro municipality, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the presence and size from second pair membranous wings present in some adult males of this species, from the Latin “ megapterus ”, mega = large, pterus = wing. Diagnosis. Combination of the following characteristics: superior inner base of paramere 1 quadrangular-shaped with slight bulging (ventral view) (Ps.P1, Fig. 47); paramere 2 slightly inclined towards pseudepiphallic median projection (dorsal view) (Ps.P2, Fig. 46); rami dilated, acuminate apex and poorly sclerotized (very similar to A. spurius) (R, Figs 47, 48 and 50); pseudepiphallic posterior projections poorly sclerotized, quadrangular-shaped, a little less developed compared to A. lucifugus and A. xambioa n. sp. (Ec.Pr, Fig. 50); ectophallic fold well sclerotized, lateral border slightly directed outward (Ec.F, Fig. 47); endophallus slightly less sclerotized (when compared to A. ferratilis n. sp.), circular-shaped and vertically elongated (similar to A. ferratilis n. sp.) (End.Sc, Fig. 47). Description, male holotype. Similar to A. ferratilis n. sp. with the following differences: body dark brown and head slightly orange, possibly discoloration occurred after fixation in ethanol 70% (Figs 52 and 53); compound eyes with a depigmented well pronounced upper region near the scape insertion (Fig. 52), vestigial ocelli; pronotum dark brown, well darkened and pubescent, marked with a whitish vertical band and a slight horizontal band, absence white spots (Fig. 54); Right tegmen: well sclerotized, covering the first four or five abdominal tergites (Fig. 55). Lateral field (in lateral view, Figs 55 and 64): diagonal (DV) and subcostal (SC) veins well marked, connected to each other by poorly marked irregular veins; radial (R) vein with five branches towards outside; medial (M) and radial (R) veins connected to each other by well-marked irregular veins. Field (in ventral view, Fig. 63): harp with reticular veins in the first three distal cells; mirror with reticular veins in all cells, with a narrower proximal part of triangular shape (similar to A. xambioa n. sp.); second pair membranous wings developed occur below the tegmina (Figs 55 and 56); subgenital plate darker and acuminate at apex (Fig. 57); supra-anal plate darker (Figs 58 and 59); stridulatory file with 102 teeth. Observations in Paratypes. Male phallic sclerites: Similar to A. ferratilis n. sp. with the following differences: phallic complex less sclerotized, but more sclerotized than A. xambioa n. sp. (Figs 46–50); Pseudepiphallic: superior inner base of paramere 1 quadrangular-shaped with slight bulging (ventral view) (Ps.P1, Fig. 47); paramere 2 slightly inclined towards pseudepiphallic median projection (dorsal view) (Ps.P2, Fig. 46); rami dilated, acuminate apex and poorly sclerotized (very similar to A. spurius) (R, Figs 47, 48 and 50); Ectophallic invagination: posterior projections poorly sclerotized, quadrangular-shaped, a little less developed compared to A. lucifugus and A. xambioa n. sp. (Ec.Pr, Fig. 50); ectophallic fold well sclerotized, lateral border slightly towards outside (Ec.F, Fig. 47). Endophallus: endophallic sclerite slightly less sclerotized (End.Sc, Fig. 26). Female (Figs 65–71, ISLA 64165). Same coloration as holotype (Fig. 65), body size bigger than the holotype (11.382 mm); small wings triangular-shaped (Fig. 65); supra-anal plate darkened and with white spots, trapezoidalshaped, with two small lateral projections, rounded at apex, with long apical bristles (Figs 67 and 68); subgenital plate light brown, short, V-shaped (Figs 66 and 67); ovipositor elongated and thin (5.255 mm), size proportional to tibia III, sword format at apex (Figs 65–67 and 69–71). Copulatory Papilla (Fig. 51: a, b and c, ISLA 64165): well sclerotized, circular-shaped (similar to A. lucifugus), with an extensive opening, in the half moon shape, reaching more than 2/3 of the structure in dorsal view (Fig. 51c); lateral face sclerotized (similar to A. lucifugus) (Fig. 51b), apex slightly concave, with a ventral indentation followed by a less sclerotized region (in white), base with a large membranous opening half moon shape in ventral view (Fig. 51a). Ecological Remarks Since the specimens of Adelosgryllus megapterus n. sp. were not collected by any of the authors of this study, there is no information regarding its habitat preferences. However, as for other species herein described, despite the fact that the species was only found inside a cave, it does not exhibit any troglomorphic traits, thus not being a caverestricted species. Accordingly, it is likely that the species’ distribution is much wider than currently known.

Adelosgryllus xambioa n. sp. (Figures 25–29, 30–37, 38–40, 41–42, 43–45, Table 1) Material examined. Holotype ♂, code ISLA 66153, Brazil, Tocantins state, Xambioá municipality, Explosão cave (6º 25’ 19.301” S; 48º 24’ 34.880” w), 22.ii.2018, Ferreira R.L. leg. Holotype condition: right tegmen and legs detached, and maintained in holotype tube. Distribution. Known only to Explosão cave (6º 25’ 19.301” S; 48º 24’ 34.880” W) municipality of Xambioá, Tocantins state, Brazil. Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the municipality of Xambioá, Tocantins state, where the species was found. Diagnosis. Combination of the following characteristics: superior inner base of paramere 1 more rounded (Ps.P1, Figs 26 and 28) (compared to A. lucifugus and A. ferratilis n. sp.), inner basal margin from paramere 1 with dilatation more pronounced (ventral, diagonal and front view) (Ps.P1.p, Figs 25, 28 and 29) (compared to A. lucifugus and A. ferratilis n. sp.); paramere 2 slightly dilated toward paramere 1 (dorsal view) (Ps.P2, Fig. 25); rami elongated and poorly sclerotized (R, Figs 25, 27 and 29); ectophallic fold poorly sclerotized, lateral border slightly towards outside (Ec.F, Fig. 26); endophallic sclerite underdeveloped (End.Sc, Fig. 26). Description, male holotype. Similar to A. ferratilis n. sp. with the following differences: body dark brown with head orange (in vivo) (Fig. 45) (body pale dark brown and head pale yellow after fixation in ethanol 70%) (Figs 30–37); compound eyes were depigmented due to ethanol fixation (comparation between figs 30 and 45, same individual); pronotum pale dark brown, poorly marked with a whitish vertical and without horizontal median band, two small symmetrical diagonal white spots near the distal portion (Fig. 32); Right tegmen: less sclerotized, covering the first five abdominal tergites (Fig. 33). Lateral field (in lateral view, Figs 33 and 42): diagonal vein (DV), subcostal (SC) and radial (R) with poorly marked irregular veins. Field (in ventral view, Fig. 41): harp with a median-longitudinal vein (L) more toward out, and four crossed veins (Hcv), the first forms a small cell, below curbital 2 (Cu2); mirror with a narrower proximal part of triangular shape, with two crossed veins (Mcv), unbranched; subgenital and supra-anal plates dark brown, shapes changed after fixation in ethanol (Figs 35–37); stridulatory file with 94 teeth. Observations in holotype phallic sclerites: Similar to A. ferratilis n. sp. with the following differences: phallic complex less sclerotized (Figs 25–29). Pseudepiphallic: superior inner base of paramere 1 more rounded (ventral view) (Ps.P1, Fig 26), inner basal margin from paramere 1 with a dilatation more pronounced (ventral, diagonal and front view) (Ps.P1.p, Figs 25, 28 and 29); paramere 2 slightly dilated toward paramere 1 (dorsal view) (Ps.P2, Fig. 25); rami poorly sclerotized (R, Figs 25, 27 and 29). Ectophallic invagination: posterior projections poorly sclerotized and quadrangular-shaped (similar to A. lucifugus) (Ec.Pr, Fig. 26); ectophallic fold poorly sclerotized, lateral border slightly towards outside (Ec.F, Fig. 26). Endophallus: endophallic sclerite underdeveloped (End.Sc, Fig. 26). Ecological Remarks The single observed specimen of Adelosgryllus xambioa n. sp. was found in the Explosão cave, which is a marble cave with 1203 meters of horizontal projection. A quarry that used to remove marble from the outcrop led to the collapse of the main cave entrance. Therefore, in order to access the cave, one should enter through a small opening located at the base of the outcrop, leading to a very narrow passage (Fig. 43). The floor along most part of the cave is covered with sediments (Fig. 44), although a few fallen blocks are also present. The organic resources in the cave are especially bat guano produced by several bat species although deposits produced by hematophagous bats are the most common. Additionally, vegetal debris transported by water during strong rains also occur in some areas. The cave is devoid of any regular water flow, but several areas can be partially flooded during the rainy period. The single collected specimen was observed freely walking on the cave floor (Fig. 45), close to a guano pile. It is important to mention that the cave was not entirely surveyed during our sampling, since a flashflood occurred forcing the team to quickly leave the cave. Accordingly, there is no information regarding the size of the species’ population and its density inside the cave. The region presents a climate Aw5 (according to the Köppen classification system), with an average annual precipitation of 1558 mm and an average annual temperature of 26.3ºC. The external area is altered, especially due to the removal of the natural vegetation and its replacement by Eucalyptus plantations. However, secondary forest surrounds the outcrop where the cave is located. As for the other species herein described, the epigean environments surrounding the cave were not sampled, so it is currently impossible to determine the habitat preference for this species. It is important to mention that despite the fact that the species was only found inside a cave, it does not exhibit any troglomorphic traits, thus not being a cave-restricted species. Since the external area was not sample, it is likely that the species’ distribution is much wider than currently known.

Arachnopsita cavicola (Saussure, 1897) (Figures 24���29, 30���36, 37���40, 41���45, Table 2) Material examined. Topotype 3 ♂♂ (ISLA 12431; 12432; 12433) and 1 ♀♀ (ISLA 12430), Guatemala, Alta Verapaz, municipality of Lanquin, Cueva de Lanqu��n (15��34���49.5��� N; 89��59���26.1��� W), 26.vi.2017, Pacheco, G. S. M., leg. near of type locality, 7 ♂♂ (ISLA 12420; 12421; 12423; 12424; 12425; 12426; 12429) and 3 ♀♀ (ISLA 12422; 12427; 12428), Guatemala, Alta Verapaz, municipality of Lanquin, Cueva Chipix (15��33���34.6��� N; 89��59���43.1��� W), 22.vi.2017, Pacheco, G. S. M., leg.. Additional description, male topotype ♂ (ISLA 12432). Body color: dorsal head, pronotum and abdomen uniformly dark yellowish brown and whitish ventrally, darker than in A. maya n. sp. (Figs 32 and 33); entire legs brownish, whitish at its proximal portion (Figs 37���40), leg III with smaller whitish portion compared to A. maya n. sp. (Figs 37 and 38); cerci uniformly brown (Fig. 34). Head: slightly pubescent and with long bristles at the base of vertex (some which were lost probably in fixation), elongated at frontal view (3.274 and 2.905 mm, length and width respectively), fastigium extending the vertex in an inclined plane (Figs 30 and 31); gena with a darkened strip connecting the compound eyes to the mandible insertion, front dark yellowish brown, clypeus and labrum greyish brown, mandibles dark yellowish brown and sclerotized at the apex; all maxillary palpomeres pubescent, whitish brown and lightly grayish than in A. maya n. sp., first two short and same size, last three are bigger and similar size, fifth palpomere claviform, arched and whitish at the tip (Figs 30 and 31), all labial palpomeres pubescent, whitish brown and lightly grayish than in A. maya n. sp., increasing in size, third palpomere claviform (Figs 30 and 31); scape whitish at the base and brown next to the pedicel, pedicel dark brown, antennomeres uniformly dark brown (Figs 30���32); compound eyes black and lightly reduced compared to A. maya n. sp., elongated, border of ommatidia lightly depigmented, ocelli absent (Figs 30���32). Thorax: pronotum slightly pubescent and more brownish compared to A. maya n. sp.; anterior, medial and posterior portion with less sclerotized regions (appearance of whitish spots) distributed along the sagittal axis in dorsal view (Figs 32 and 33); dorsal disk broader than long, lateral lobes rounded, anterior and posterior margins sub-straight, anterior margin with long bristles, posterior and lateral margins with possibly lost bristles in fixation (Fig. 32). Legs. In general, femur, tibia and tarsus pubescent; femur smaller than tibia in length (�� = 9.796 �� 1.476 mm; �� = 11.164 �� 1.603 mm, femur and tibia respectively, Leg III, n = 9) (Figs 37���40). Leg I (Figs 39 and 40): tibia armed with two same-sized ventral apical spurs, tympanum absent; first tarsomere ventrally serrated and twice longer than second and third together. Leg II (Figs 39 and 40): tibia armed with two same-sized ventral apical spurs (Fig. 39; ε and Fig. 40; ��); first tarsomere ventrally serrated and twice longer than the second and third together. Leg III: femur dilated; tibia serrulated, armed with four subapical spurs on outer side (Fig. 37; w, x, y, z), the distal being smaller (Fig. 37, z), and three on inner side (Fig. 38; ��, ��, ��), three apical spurs on outer (Fig. 37; a, b, c) and four on the inner side (Fig. 38; d, e, f, g), the inner being the longest; first tarsomere about twice longer than the second and third together, armed with two apical spurs (Figs 37 and 38). Right Tegmen: absent (Fig. 32). Abdomen: cerci long and pubescent, mainly in the base (Fig. 34); sub-genital plate dark brown, wider than longer, spheroidal shape, convex distally (pers. obs. the shape of the structure was possibly damaged by fixation to ethanol and your bristles are lost) (Figs 34 and 35); supra-anal plate dark brown, quadrangular, pubescent, proximal margin V-shaped and with two lateral projections, lightly convex distally, with two distal-lateral globular projections with long bristles (Figs 34 and 36). Male phallic sclerites (ISLA 12431, Figs 24���28). Pseudepiphallus: arm long and curved inward (Fig. 25, Ps.arm); ventral projection reduced and globular shaped compared to A. maya n. sp. (Figs 24, 26���28, Ps.vp); inner bars well sclerotized, curved inward forming a central acuminate projection (Fig. 25, Ps.ib); membranous shield broad and flat, more sclerotized compared to A. maya n. sp. (Figs 26 and 27, Ps.ms); paramere 1 well developed, cone shaped frontally and globular dorsally, with a band less sclerotized, forming a smaller portion dorsally and a larger portion ventrally (Figs 25���27, Ps.P1); paramere 2 reduced and undeveloped, connected with Ps.P1, flattened and projecting towards C-sclerite basal plate (C-bp) (Figs 25���27, Ps.P2); A sclerite well sclerotized, starting from the Ps.arm, thin and involving the paramere 1 (Figs 25, 26 and 28, A). C-sclerite: in general is the most sclerotized part of the sclerite; ventral projection globular (Fig. 26, C-vp); laterobasal spine very reduced and underdeveloped compared to A. maya n. sp. (Figs 24 and 25, 27 and 28, C-lbs); basal plate less broad compared to A. maya n. sp., slightly concave medially, inclining inward and almost reaching the Ps.P2 (Figs 25 and 26, C-bp). Ectophallic invagination: arc developed, straight at the upper and curved in central part (Fig. 24, Ect.Arc); lateral bars elongated and projected inwards (Fig. 24, Ect.lb); apodemes developed, flatted, dilated and projected outwards of the sclerite, at dorsal and ventral view, with its distal portion rounded and degree of opening is bigger compared to Arachnopsita maya n. sp. (Figs 25 and 28, Ect.ap); Endophallus: endophallic fold small, forming V-shaped and narrower compared to Arachnopsita maya n. sp. (Figs 24, 27 and 28, End.F); sclerotized extension of endophallic fold reduced and horizontally projected (Figs 24 and 28, End.s); apodemes curved dorsally and close to each other, apex dilated and less sclerotized (Figs 25 and 28, End.Ap). Female (ISLA 12422): same appearance in relation to males, body size slightly bigger than male (♀ �� = 18.097 �� 1.291 mm, n = 4); apterous; femur always smaller than tibia; sub-genital plate brown and pubescent, short, Vshaped, distal margin lightly forked compared to A. maya n. sp. (Fig. 41); supra-anal plate whitish with dark spots and pubescent, distal margin rounded with long bristles, proximal with two small projections (Fig. 42); ovipositor dark yellowish brown, elongated, sword shaped, with a constriction near the apex, pointed apex (Figs 43���45). Female genitalia (ISLA 12430, Fig. 29). Copulatory papilla elongated, flat ventrally, lateral margins slightly bulging ventrally and dorsally, slightly narrow towards at apex (Fig. 29, a and b); with the presence of a slightly convex bulge towards at base compared to A. maya n. sp., evident laterally (Fig. 29, c)., Published as part of Junta, Vitor Gabriel Pereira, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Ant��nio & Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes, 2022, A new species of Arachnopsita (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae) from caves in Guatemala, pp. 409-434 in Zootaxa 5094 (3) on pages 418-421, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5094.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5974200, {"references":["Saussure, H., Bormans, A., Zehntner, L., Pictet, A. & Hollick, A. T. (1897) Biologia Centrali-Americana: Insecta. Orthoptera. Vol. 1. R. H. Porter, London, 458 pp."]}

Arachnopsita uncinata Desutter-Grandcolas, 1997 (Figures 46���51, 52���58, 59���62, 63���67, Table 3) Material examined. Near of type locality, 3 ♂♂ (ISLA 12434; 12436; 12437) and 1 ♀♀ (ISLA 12435), Guatemala, Alta Verapaz, municipality of Lanqu��n, Cueva Coral (15��33���27.7��� N; 89��57���48.7��� W), 22.vi.2017, Pacheco, G. S. M., leg.. Additional description, male ♂ (ISLA 12434), near of type locality (Cueva Coral). Body color: dorsal head, pronotum and abdomen light yellowish brown with some small dark spots (different than A. maya n. sp. and A. cavicola which do not show evident stains), grayish brown ventrally (Figs 54 and 55); legs light yellowish brown with dark spots at the femur and tibia, slightly whitish at its proximal portion (Figs 59���62); cerci uniformly brown (Fig. 56). Head: slightly pubescent and with the long bristles at base of vertex (some which were lost probably in fixation), elongated at frontal view (3.938 and 2.937 mm, length and width respectively) (Figs 52 and 53); fastigium extending the vertex in an inclined plane (Fig. 54); gena with a darkened strip connecting the compound eyes to the mandible insertion (more pronounced compared to A. maya n. sp. and A. cavicola), front light yellowish brown, clypeus and labrum whitish brown, mandibles yellowish brown and sclerotized at the apex (Figs 52���54); all maxillary palpomeres pubescent and yellowish brown, first two short and same size, last three are bigger and similar size, fifth palpomere claviform, arched and whitish at the tip (Figs 52 and 53), all labial palpomeres pubescent and light yellowish brown, increasing in size, third palpomere claviform (Figs 52 and 53); scape whitish at the base and dark yellowish brown next to the pedicel, pedicel dark yellowish brown, antennomeres uniformly dark yellowish brown (Figs 52���54); compound eyes black and more developed than in A. maya n. sp. and A. cavicola, elongated, border of ommatidia lightly depigmented, ocelli absent (Figs 52���54). Thorax: pronotum slightly pubescent, lighter than in A. maya n. sp. and A. cavicola, anterior, medial and posterior portion with less sclerotized regions (appearance of whitish spots) and dark spots distributed along the sagittal axis in dorsal and lateral view (Figs 54 and 55); dorsal disk broader than long (less long compared to A. maya n. sp. and A. cavicola), lateral lobes rounded, anterior and posterior margins sub-straight, anterior margin with long bristles, posterior and lateral margins with possibly lost bristles in fixation (Figs 54 and 55). Legs. In general, femur, tibia and tarsus pubescent; femur smaller than tibia (�� = 13.736 �� 0.001 mm; �� = 15.153 �� 1.395 mm, femur and tibia respectively, Leg III, n = 2) (Figs 59���62). Leg I (Figs 61 and 62): tibia armed with two same-sized ventral apical spurs, tympanum absent; first tarsomere ventrally serrated and twice longer than second and third together. Leg II (Figs 61 and 62): tibia armed with two same-sized ventral apical spurs (Fig. 61; ε and Fig. 62; ��); first tarsomere ventrally serrated and twice longer than the second and third together. Leg III: femur dilated; tibia serrulated, armed with four subapical spurs on outer side (Fig. 59; w, x, y, z), the distal being smaller (Fig. 59, z) and three on inner side (Fig. 60; ��, ��, ��), three apical spurs on outer (Fig. 59; a, b, c) and four on the inner side (Fig. 60; d, e, f, g), the inner being the longest, the apical spur b is more broader than in A. maya n. sp. and A. cavicola; first tarsomere about twice longer than the second and third together, armed with two apical spurs (Figs 59 and 60). Right Tegmen: absent (Fig. 54). Abdomen: cerci long and pubescent, mainly in the base (Fig. 56); sub-genital plate dark brown, sub-quadrangular, pubescent, distal margin lightly curved inward, with a small central groove, proximal margin slightly wider (Figs 56 and 57); supra-anal plate dark brown, with some lighter spots, pubescent, proximal margin lightly V-shaped and with two lateral projections, slightly concave distally in side margins, and with two small distal-lateral globular projections with long bristles (Figs 56 and 58). Male phallic sclerites (ISLA 12436, Figs 46���50). Pseudepiphallus: arm short and curved inward (Fig. 47, Ps.arm); ventral projection reduced and slightly acuminate (Figs 46, 48���50, Ps.vp); inner bars well sclerotized, curved inward forming a central acuminate projection (Fig. 47, Ps.ib); membranous shield broad and flat, narrower horizontally compared to A. maya n. sp. and A. cavicola in front view (Figs 48 and 49, Ps.ms); paramere 1 well developed, dilated with globular and sub-quadrangular projections, with less sclerotized portion in most of its extension, evident in the frontal and diagonal view (Figs 47���49, Ps.P1); paramere 2 undeveloped, connected to Ps.P1 and same texture less sclerotized than this one, flattened and projecting towards C-sclerite basal plate (C-bp) (Figs 47���49, Ps.P2); A sclerite well sclerotized, starting from the Ps.arm, broader than in A. maya n. sp. and involving the paramere 1 (Figs 47 and 50, A). C-sclerite: in general is the most sclerotized part of the sclerite; ventral projection rounded and little developed compared to A. maya n. sp. and A. cavicola (Fig. 48, C-vp); laterobasal spine well developed, elongated, claviform (similar to a dilated hook), with a spine at apex of the inner face slightly curved internally (Figs 46���50, C-lbs); basal plate more broad and less elongated compared to A. maya n. sp. and A. cavicola, inclining inward and reaching the Ps.P2 (Fig. 47, C-bp). Ectophallic invagination: arc developed, upper and lower central part curved up (Fig. 46, Ect.Arc); lateral bars elongated and projected inwards, more narrow distally compared to A. maya n. sp. and A. cavicola (Fig. 46, Ect.lb); apodemes developed and dilated, more flatted and less elongated compared to A. maya n. sp. and A. cavicola, projected outwards of the sclerite, at dorsal and ventral view, with its distal portion lightly acuminate at the apex (Figs 47 and 50, Ect.ap); Endophallus: endophallic fold small and narrow towards the at apex compared to A. maya n. sp. and A. cavicola (Figs 46 and 50, End.F); sclerotized extension of endophallic fold reduced and horizontally projected (Figs 46 and 50, End.s); endophallic apodeme little sclerotized, less elongated, more dilated and thin compared to A. maya n. sp. and A. cavicola (Figs 47 and 50, End. Ap). Female (ISLA 12435): same appearance in relation to males, with the same pattern of small dark spots, body size apparently slightly bigger than male (♀ 20.748 mm); apterous; femur always smaller than tibia; sub-genital plate brown and pubescent, short, V-shaped, distal margin forked (Fig. 63); supra-anal plate brown whitish with whitish spots and pubescent, distal margin rounded with long bristles, proximal with two small lightly pointed projections (Fig. 64); ovipositor yellowish brown and elongated, sword shaped, with a constriction near the apex, pointed apex (Figs 65���67). Female genitalia (ISLA 12435, Fig. 51). Copulatory papilla elongated and cone shaped, narrowing ventraly, dorsally and lateral margins towards at apex (Fig. 51, a-c); with an oval opening near the apex at ventral view (Fig. 51, a). Ecological Remarks: Individuals of both Arachnopsita cavicola (Fig. 72) and A. uncinata (Fig. 73) were observed in some caves in the Lanqu��n region, exibiting simpatric populations in at least two caves (Gruta de Lanqu��n and Cueva Chipix caves). In the Cueva Coral cave, only specimens of A. uncinata were found. Individuals of both species were only observed in aphotic areas of the caves, but not necessarily far from entrances. They were mostly observed walking on speleothems, usually on the cave��s walls. The organic resources occurring in those caves were bat guano, which, in some cases, was represented by huge deposits (as in the innermost part of the Gruta de Lanqu��n cave), and vegetal debris brought by streams (as the case of the Cueva Chipix cave) (Pacheco et al. 2020). It is interesting noting that the population densities of both species are quite reduced, contrarily to what is usually observed for many key cave cricket species (Lavoie et al. 2007). Individuals of both species were randomly observed inside the caves, and no aggregation was observed in any cave. Furthermore, there seems not to occur any segregation among the species populations within the cave, both occurring in simpatry. Curiously, even in the big bat guano pile located in the Gruta de Lanquin cave, only few specimens were found, contrasting with hundreds of cockroaches and millipedes. In the Cueva Chipix cave, only few bat guano piles were observed, and the main organic resource occurring in the cave was vegetal debris brought by the stream which sinks in the cave. Hence, it seems that both species are opportunistic feeders, foraging any available organic debris occurring in caves. The main predator of both cricket species, which were observed in all caves in the region, was the phrynid amblypygid Paraphrynus williamsii Moreno, 1940. The Lanquin region represents one of the most important tourist destinations in Guatemala, presenting some astonishing landscapes (Figs 68 and 69). Among the touristic destinations, the caves are highly sought after. The region presents a national park created in 1955 (Grutas de Lanqu��n National Park) which receives a large number of visitors during the whole year (Dreux 1974; Dudeck 2000). This park virtually covers only the external immediate surroundings of the Gruta de Lanqu��n cave (Figs 70 and 71), which is highly explored touristically, albeit without presenting almost any control of the touristic influx inside the cave (Pacheco et al. 2020). Despite the uncontrolled tourism in the Gruta de Lanqu��n cave, both species seem not to be threatened, since only part of the cave is used for touristic purposes. Furthermore, both species were recorded in other caves, and considering that there are dozens of caves in the area, populations are probably widespread. However, it is important to highlight that agriculture might represent a concern, since several areas were deforested for crops, some of them in the surroundings of caves (Fig. 74). Considering that both species are troglophilic, it is likely that external populations do exist, that may act connecting cave populations. Thus, it is advisable to both protect some caves as their surroundings, especially those presenting bigger populations., Published as part of Junta, Vitor Gabriel Pereira, Castro-Souza, Rodrigo Ant��nio & Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes, 2022, A new species of Arachnopsita (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae) from caves in Guatemala, pp. 409-434 in Zootaxa 5094 (3) on pages 424-431, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5094.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/5974200, {"references":["Desutter-Grandcolas, L. (1997 [1999]) Are troglobitic taxa troglobiomorphic? A test using phylogenetic inference. International Journal of Speleology, 26 (1 - 2), 1 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.5038 / 1827 - 806 X. 26.1.1","Pacheco, G. S. M., Silva, M. S., Cano, E. & Ferreira, R. L. (2020) The role of microhabitats in structuring cave invertebrate communities in Guatemala. International Journal of Speleology, 49 (2), 161 - 169. https: // doi. org / 10.5038 / 1827 - 806 X. 49.2.2333","Lavoie, K., Helf, K. L. & Poulson, T. L. (2007) The biology and ecology of North American cave crickets. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 69 (1), 114 - 134.","Saussure, H., Bormans, A., Zehntner, L., Pictet, A. & Hollick, A. T. (1897) Biologia Centrali-Americana: Insecta. Orthoptera. Vol. 1. R. H. Porter, London, 458 pp.","Dreux, D. (1974) Recherches du C. E. R. S. M. T. au Guatemala. Travaux de l' Institute de Speoologie \" Emile Racovitza \", 13, 205 - 2011.","Dudeck, J. (2000) Showcaves of the World. Available from: https: // www. showcaves. com / english / gt / showcaves / Lanquin. html (accessed 20 December 2021)"]}

Arachnopsita maya n. sp. (Figures 2–7, 8–14, 15–18, 19–23, Table 1) Material examined. Holotype ♂, code ISLA 12418, Guatemala, Alta Verapaz, municipality of Raxruhá, Cúpula de los Murcielagos (15°52’58.71” N; 90°11’20.64” O), 26.vi.2017, Pacheco, G. S. M., leg. Paratypes, 7 ♂♂ (ISLA 12410; 12411; 12412; 12413; 12414; 12416; 12419) and 2 ♀ ♀ (ISLA 12415; 12417), same data of holotype. Distribution. Cúpula de los Murcielagos, Cueva Blanca, Cueva el Rostro and Cueva del Venado caves, municipality of Raxruhá, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Etymology. Specific epithet “ maya ” refers to the Maya civilization, who inhabited the Mesoamerican region, mainly between A.D. 250 and A.D. 900, known as its Classical Period (Saunders 2005). Diagnosis. Combination of the following characters: pseudepiphallic ventral projection acute, triangular shaped, as a spine (Figs 2, 4–6, Ps.vp); C-sclerite ventral projection globular (Fig. 4, C-vp); C-sclerite laterobasal spine well developed, thin, hooked shape and projecting towards the Ps.P1 (Figs 2–6, C-lbs); C-sclerite basal plate broad, concave medially, inclining inward and reaching Ps.P2 (Figs 3 and 4, C-bp); copulatory papilla with the presence of a convex bulge towards at base, evident laterally (Fig. 7, b). Description, male holotype ♂. Body color: dorsal head, pronotum and abdomen uniformly yellowish brown, and whitish ventrally (Figs 10 and 11); entire legs brownish, whitish at its proximal portion (Figs 15–18); cerci uniformly brown (Fig. 12). Head: slightly pubescent and with long bristles at base of vertex (some which were lost probably in fixation), elongated at front view (3.132 and 2.612 mm, length and width respectively), fastigium extending the vertex in an inclined plane; gena with a darkened strip connecting the compound eyes to the mandible insertion, front yellowish brown, clypeus and labrum light greyish, mandibles yellowish brown and sclerotized at apex; all maxillary palpomeres pubescent and whitish brown, first two short and same size, last three are bigger and similar size, fifth palpomere claviform at apex and whitish at the tip (Figs 8 and 9), all labial palpomeres pubescent and whitish brown, increasing in size, third palpomere claviform (Figs 8 and 9); scape whitish at the base and dark brown next to the pedicel, pedicel dark brown, antennomeres uniformly dark brown (Figs 8 and 9); compound eyes black, elongated, border of ommatidia lightly depigmented, ocelli absent (Figs 8 and 9). Thorax: pronotum slightly pubescent, anterior, medial and posterior portion with less sclerotized regions (appearance of whitish spots) distributed along the sagittal axis in dorsal view (Figs 10 and 11); dorsal disk broader than long, lateral lobes rounded, anterior and posterior margins sub-straight, anterior margin with long bristles, posterior and lateral margins with possibly lost bristles in fixation (Fig. 10). Legs: In general, femur, tibia and tarsus pubescent; femur smaller than tibia in length (μ = 9.731 ± 0.790 mm; μ = 11.346 ± 1.127 mm, femur and tibia respectively, Leg III, n = 8) (Figs 15–18). Leg I (Figs 17 and 18): tibia armed with two same-sized ventral apical spurs, tympanum absent; first tarsomere ventrally serrated and twice longer than second and third together. Leg II (Figs 17 and 18): tibia armed with two same-sized ventral apical spurs (Fig. 17; ε and Fig. 18; ζ); first tarsomere ventrally serrated and twice longer than the second and third together. Leg III: femur dilated; tibia serrulated, armed with four subapical spurs on outer side (Fig. 15; w, x, y, z), the distal being smaller (Fig. 15, z), and three on inner side (Fig. 16; α, β, γ), three apical spurs on outer (Fig. 15; a, b, c) and four on the inner side (Fig. 16; d, e, f, g), the inner being the longest (Fig. 16, e); first tarsomere about twice longer than the second and third together, armed with two apical spurs (Figs 15 and 16). Right Tegmen: absent (Fig. 10). Abdomen: cerci long and pubescent, mainly in the base (Fig. 12): sub-genital plate light yellowish brown, longer than wide, sub-quadrangular, pubescent, with long bristles in distal margin, proximal margin slightly wider (Figs 12 and 13); supra-anal plate light yellowish brown, quadrangular, pubescent, proximal margin lightly V-shaped and with two lateral projections, concave distally in side margins, and with two small distal-lateral globular projections with long bristles (Figs 12 and 14). Observations in Paratypes. Male phallic sclerites (paratype ISLA 12414, Figs 2–6) Pseudepiphallus: arm long and slightly cambered inward (Fig. 3, Ps.arm); ventral projection acute, triangular shaped, as a spine (Figs 2, 4–6, Ps.vp); inner bars well sclerotized, curved inward forming a central acuminate projection (Fig. 3, Ps.ib); membranous shield broad and flat (Figs 4 and 5, Ps.ms); paramere 1 well developed, cone shaped frontally and globular dorsally, with a band less sclerotized, forming a smaller portion dorsally and a larger portion ventrally (Figs 3–5, Ps.P1); paramere 2 reduced and undeveloped, connected with Ps.P1, flattened and projecting towards C-sclerite basal plate (C-bp) (Figs 3–5, Ps.P2); A sclerite well sclerotized, starting from the Ps.arm, thin and involving the paramere 1, almost merging with this paramere (Figs 3, 4 and 6, A). C-sclerite: in general is the most sclerotized part of the sclerite; ventral projection globular (Fig. 4, C-vp); laterobasal spine well developed, thin, hooked shape and projecting towards the Ps.P1 (Figs 2–6, C-lbs); basal plate broad, concave medially, inclining inward and reaching Ps.P2 (Figs 3 and 4, C-bp). Ectophallic invagination: arc developed, upper and lower central part curved (Fig. 2, Ect.Arc); lateral bars elongated and projected inwards (Fig. 2, Ect.lb); apodemes developed, flatted, dilated and projected outwards of the sclerite, at dorsal and ventral view, with its distal portion acuminate at the apex (Figs 3 and 6, Ect.ap). Endophallus: endophallic fold small and V-shaped (Figs 2, 5–6, End.F); sclerotized extension of endophallic fold reduced and horizontally projected (Figs 2 and 6, End.s); apodemes curved dorsally and close to each other, apex dilated and less sclerotized (Figs 3 and 6, End.Ap). Female: same appearance in relation to males, body size slightly bigger than male (♀ µ = 20.389 ± 2.044 mm, n = 2); apterous; femur always smaller than tibia; sub-genital plate light yellowish brown and pubescent, short, Vshaped, distal margin forked (Fig. 19); supra-anal plate whitish brown and pubescent, distal margin rounded with long bristles, proximal with two small projections (Fig. 20); ovipositor yellowish brown and elongated, sword shaped, with a constriction near the apex, pointed apex (Figs 21–23). Female genitalia (ISLA 12415, Fig. 7). Copulatory papilla elongated and flat ventrally, lateral margins sub-straight ventrally and dorsally, with the apex rounded and sharper than the base (Fig. 7, a and c); with the presence of a convex bulge towards at base, evident laterally (Fig. 7, b). Arachnopsita maya n. sp. Ecological Remarks: Individuals of Arachnopsita maya n. sp. were found in 4 caves in the Raxruhá municipality (Cúpula de los Murcielagos, Cueva Blanca, Cueva el Rostro and Cueva del Venado caves). Specimens were also preferentially observed in dark zones, as for A. cavicola and A. uncinata, although few specimens were found in twilight zones. The populational densities are very low, and immature specimens are more easily found. Cúpula de los Murcielagos (Fig. 75) and Cueva Blanca (Fig. 76) caves present some touristic activity, although only guided groups enter such caves. Furthermore, tourist activities are restricted to some areas of those caves, thus keeping other areas preserved. Cueva del Venado and Cueva el Rostro caves do not present touristic use. The higher densities were observed in the later caves, thus indicating that the presence of human visitors (even occasional) may drive specimens off those caves or eventually reduce their densities, although this is speculative, thus deserving further research. The specimens were observed in both speleothems and cave floor. The main organic resources observed in all caves was bat guano, although some vegetal debris (especially brought by wind) were also observed in some caves, mostly in areas closer to entrances. It is likely that A. maya n. sp. also feed in several organic debris, as for other cave crickets, being an opportunistic detritivore. The main predator of this species is also the phrynid amblypygid Paraphrynus williamsii Moreno, 1940, observed in several caves in the area. The external forests surrounding the caves are well preserved mainly over the “Mogotes” (steep-sided residual hills of carbonate rock surrounded by alluvial plains) and their immediate surroundings (Fig. 74). In most of the areas in between the mogotes, there are crops or pastures. Considering that this species is troglophilic (as A. cavicola and A. uncinata), external populations certainly do exist, being also advisable to both protect some caves as their surroundings.

Souzaius Cadena-Casta��eda n. subgen. http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:516604 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 4E4FE5E6-9928-43EE-8D45-069913923CBF Diagnosis. Small size (15.5 mm). Harp of the tegmina with 4���5 veins and mirror divided by seven veins, apical area reduced (Fig. 3E). Pseudepiphallic lobes without bristles and poorly pronounced. Ectophallic fold protruding markedly in the middle of the pseudepiphallus (Figs 3F���G). Pseudepiphallic arm mid-sized, branching about at half of its length in lateral view, and with the ventral branch obliquely truncated ventrally, rectangular and with similar width from the base to the apex in ventral view (Fig. 3H). Endophallic sclerite well developed; ectophallic fold considerably prolonged in the middle of the pseudepiphallus (Figs. 3F���G). Taxa included. Paragryllus (Souzaius) minutus Gorochov, 2009 Etymology. This taxon is dedicated to Pedro Guilherme B Souza-Dias, friend and great Brazilian orthopterist, in recognition of his contributions to the crickets of his country. The gender of the name is being established as neuter., Published as part of Cadena-Casta��eda, Oscar J., P��ez, Geraldine, Buitrago, Oscar, Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando & Tavares, Gustavo Costa, 2021, Studies of Neotropical crickets: New Paragryllina taxa (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) with comments on several previously described species, pp. 60-76 in Zootaxa 5081 (1) on pages 69-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5081.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5769299, {"references":["Gorochov, A. V. (2009) New and little known crickets of the subfamily Phalangopsinae (Orthoptera, Gryllidae). 5. Neotropical taxa of the tribe Paragryllini. Entomological Review, 89 (5), 564 - 577. https: // doi. org / 10.1134 / S 0013873809050066"]}

Melloius Cadena-Castañeda n. subgen. http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:516603 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 5874E715-AC87-4B22-86CE-414E2E852182 Diagnosis. Medium size (19 mm). Harp and mirror of the tegmina divided by five veins, apical area little pronounced (Fig. 3A). Pseudepiphallic lobes with bristles (Figs. 3B), with a pronounced lower branch in lateral view (Figs. 3C–D). Pseudepiphallic arm long, branching at the apex and with wavy dorsal margin in lateral view (Fig. 3D). Endophallic sclerite reduced and ectophallic fold short and slightly overhanging in the middle of the pseudepiphallus (Fig. 3C). Taxa included. Paragryllus (Melloius) temulentus Saussure, 1878 Etymology. This taxon is dedicated to Francisco de Assis Ganeo de Mello, a legendary orthopterist, in recognition of a lifetime in the study of crickets in his country, and a pioneer in the systematics of crickets in Brazil, teacher of many fellow orthopterists. The gender of the name is being established as neuter.

Paragryllus Gu��rin-M��neville, 1844 Comments. The species of this genus are distinguished by their well-developed wings, males with numerous arched veins; female tegmina with a vein separating the dorsal area from the lateral one; in the dorsal area, the veins are irregular. The males have the third internal apical spur of the hind tibia widened, possibly of a glandular type; epiproctus with ornamentations. Regarding the male genitalia, the endophallic sclerite has an inverted ���V��� shape, accompanied by two terminal apodemes, the endophallic cavity is membranous and more or less compressed; the ectophallic apodemes, rami, pseudepiphallus, and its parameres are well developed. The copulatory papilla of the female is compressed, subrectangular, curved at the apex, which can be straight or divided (Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992; Gorochov, 2007; 2014). Three recently described species from Trinidad and Tobago have taxonomic conflicts. Paragryllus cocos Otte & Perez-Gelabert, 2009 nomen nudum: there is no valid original description that meets the minimum requirements of the zoological nomenclature code. Only the repository collection and a couple of photographs were cited for this species, without morphological information. Paragryllus arima Otte & Perez-Gelabert, 2009 n. syn. is proposed as a synonym under Ectecous insolitus (Otte & Perez-Gelabert, 2009) n. comb. ( originally described as Paragryllus). Both species have the same male genital structure and wing venation. The two species fit the diagnostic characters of Ectecous Saussure, 1878 (Paragryllini: Neoaclina), such as the presence of the elongated tympanum on the outer margin of fore tibia, and male genitalia with pseudepiphallic sclerite regressed, without a median process; dorsal valves more or less hypertelic (Desutter- Grandcolas, 1992). E. insolitus n. comb. is the first species of the genus known for Trinidad and Tobago, Caribbean region. The species currently known are distributed from French Guyana (Cayena) to Brazil (Espirito Santo), and with this new record, their distribution should be even wider in northern South America. Paragryllus is the most widely distributed of the tribe, occurring from Mexico to Brazil, including islands from the Caribbean region, and two species of doubtful affiliation from Africa, which must be studied to clarify their status. Based on the differences found in the species with neotropical distribution, they are grouped into three subgenera. African species are kept as incertae sedis (Paragryllus simplex Chopard, 1948 and Paragryllus tricaudatus (Fairmaire, 1858)), and possibly should be included in a different genus., Published as part of Cadena-Casta��eda, Oscar J., P��ez, Geraldine, Buitrago, Oscar, Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando & Tavares, Gustavo Costa, 2021, Studies of Neotropical crickets: New Paragryllina taxa (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) with comments on several previously described species, pp. 60-76 in Zootaxa 5081 (1) on pages 63-64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5081.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5769299, {"references":["Desutter-Grandcolas, L. (1992) Les Phalangopsidae de Guyane francaise (Orthopteres, Grylloidea): systematique, elements de phylogenie et de biologie. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Section A Zoologie, Biologie et Ecologie Animales, 14 (1), 93 - 177.","Gorochov, A. V. (2007) Taxonomic study of Mexican Phalangopsinae (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Zoosystematica Rossica, 16 (2), 177 - 200. https: // doi. org / 10.31610 / zsr / 2007.16.2.177","Gorochov, A. V. (2014) Classification of the Phalangopsinae subfamily group, and new taxa from the subfamilies Phalangopsinae and Phaloriinae (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Zoosystematica Rossica, 23 (1), 7 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.31610 / zsr / 2014.23.1.7","Otte, D. & Perez-Gelabert, D. E. (2009) Caribbean crickets. The Orthopterists' Society, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, iii + 792 pp.","Saussure, H. (1878) Melanges orthopterologiques. VI. fascicule Gryllides. Memoires de la Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve, 25 (2), 369 - 704."]}

Paragryllus (Paragryllus) eclogos Otte, 2006 Comments. Unfortunately, this species is very poorly described, and the sparse data are confusing, perhaps erroneous and not informative: e.g., ��� File teeth with long wings��� (how can a stridulatory file or teeth file have long wings? There is evidence of a lapse in character, perhaps the author was referring to the fact that the insect has long wings.). ���With no obvious metanotal glands. With small inner and no outer tympanum��� (this character must be reviewed in the type specimen; once the other described and valid species have tympana on both sides of the fore tibia). ���Antennae with bristles ���. It is necessary to redescribe this species, detailing and reviewing the morphological characteristics. Another problem is the holotype specimen which was designated a female, but it is actually a male. The female is not known., Published as part of Cadena-Casta��eda, Oscar J., P��ez, Geraldine, Buitrago, Oscar, Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando & Tavares, Gustavo Costa, 2021, Studies of Neotropical crickets: New Paragryllina taxa (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) with comments on several previously described species, pp. 60-76 in Zootaxa 5081 (1) on page 65, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5081.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5769299, {"references":["Otte, D. (2006) Eighty-four new cricket species (Orthoptera: Grylloidea) from La Selva, Costa Rica. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 132 (3 - 4), 299 - 418. https: // doi. org / 10.3157 / 0002 - 8320 (2006) 132 [299: ENCSOG] 2.0. CO; 2"]}

Souzaius Cadena-Castañeda n. subgen. http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:516604 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 4E4FE5E6-9928-43EE-8D45-069913923CBF Diagnosis. Small size (15.5 mm). Harp of the tegmina with 4‒5 veins and mirror divided by seven veins, apical area reduced (Fig. 3E). Pseudepiphallic lobes without bristles and poorly pronounced. Ectophallic fold protruding markedly in the middle of the pseudepiphallus (Figs 3F–G). Pseudepiphallic arm mid-sized, branching about at half of its length in lateral view, and with the ventral branch obliquely truncated ventrally, rectangular and with similar width from the base to the apex in ventral view (Fig. 3H). Endophallic sclerite well developed; ectophallic fold considerably prolonged in the middle of the pseudepiphallus (Figs. 3F–G). Taxa included. Paragryllus (Souzaius) minutus Gorochov, 2009 Etymology. This taxon is dedicated to Pedro Guilherme B Souza-Dias, friend and great Brazilian orthopterist, in recognition of his contributions to the crickets of his country. The gender of the name is being established as neuter.

Melloius Cadena-Casta��eda n. subgen. http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:516603 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 5874E715-AC87-4B22-86CE-414E2E852182 Diagnosis. Medium size (19 mm). Harp and mirror of the tegmina divided by five veins, apical area little pronounced (Fig. 3A). Pseudepiphallic lobes with bristles (Figs. 3B), with a pronounced lower branch in lateral view (Figs. 3C���D). Pseudepiphallic arm long, branching at the apex and with wavy dorsal margin in lateral view (Fig. 3D). Endophallic sclerite reduced and ectophallic fold short and slightly overhanging in the middle of the pseudepiphallus (Fig. 3C). Taxa included. Paragryllus (Melloius) temulentus Saussure, 1878 Etymology. This taxon is dedicated to Francisco de Assis Ganeo de Mello, a legendary orthopterist, in recognition of a lifetime in the study of crickets in his country, and a pioneer in the systematics of crickets in Brazil, teacher of many fellow orthopterists. The gender of the name is being established as neuter., Published as part of Cadena-Casta��eda, Oscar J., P��ez, Geraldine, Buitrago, Oscar, Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando & Tavares, Gustavo Costa, 2021, Studies of Neotropical crickets: New Paragryllina taxa (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) with comments on several previously described species, pp. 60-76 in Zootaxa 5081 (1) on page 65, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5081.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5769299, {"references":["Saussure, H. (1878) Melanges orthopterologiques. VI. fascicule Gryllides. Memoires de la Societe de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve, 25 (2), 369 - 704."]}

Paragryllus (Paragryllus) lyrae Cadena-Casta��eda n. sp. http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Orthoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:516602 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 0AA05DFB-E3CD-4079-AA22-E3464A75E43B (Figures 4���5) Etymology. Dedicated to the memory of Carmen Lyra, pseudonym of Mar��a Isabel Carvajal Quesada (1887���1949), in recognition of her valuable contributions to Costa Rican education and literature, as well as the defense of her political cause. A historical, heroic, and fighter woman. Type material. Holotype. Male. Costa Rica, Puntarenas, District of Golfito, Guaycar��, La Gamba Biological Station. 8��42���2.49���N, 83��12���7.79���W. 80 m. April 2018. F. Etl. (CAUD). Description. In addition to characters to the genus and subgenus. Male. Mid-sized. Body predominantly ocher brown with dark brown and yellow stripe (Figs 4A���C). Head ochre with almost grey-brown spots and stripes; antennal scape partly light, and dark brown antennal flagellum having sparse, small, and almost indistinct lightish spots (Fig. 4B). Pronotum mostly brown, pronotal disc ochre, posterior margin of pronotal disc outlined in yellow. Fore and middle femora brown spotted; hind femora ochre with numerous brownish oblique lines on the outer surface and several spots on inner surface and apex, tarsi almost dark brown. Tegmina with lateral and anterior part ochregrey, not dark; veins of lateral field gold; hind wings greyish (Fig. 4C). Abdomen and terminalia dark brown. Head almost as wide as high in frontal view; maxillary palpi mid-sized, third and fourth subequal and cylindrical, the fifth flattened, slightly dilated from the base to the apex. Pronotum rather short, wider than long, anterior margin slightly concave, posterior margin straight (Fig. 4C). Legs. Fore tibia with tympana small and ovoid, on both sides, and armed at the apex with a small spur on each side; mid tibia armed with two mid-sized spurs at the apex on each side. Hind tibia dorsally with three apical spurs on both sides, the mid spur of outer margin is longer than the modified spur on the inner side. Tegmina with oval and transverse mirror, wider than long, with six dividing veins; harp with eight dividing veins; apical area moderately pronounced (Fig. 4C); stridulation file with 178 teeth (Fig. 4E). Abdomen. Epiproctus with long paired processes, 2.5 times longer than epiproctus, digitiform, and dorsoventrally flattened. Subgenital plate rectangular, longer than wide, and distally with a mid and small notch. Male genitalia. Pseudepiphallic sclerite with bristles on median lobes (Fig. 5); lateral lobe conical, with apex rounded, and slightly curved downward (Figs 5A, D). Pseudepiphallic paramere is divided into two branches, slim and thin ventral branch with a sharp ventrolateral prolongation before the apex; dorsal branch lanceolate with a ventral and small prolongation at the mid of its length in lateral view (Fig. 5D). In dorsal view, arc with a mid-U-shaped notch (Fig. 5A). Ectophallic fold cylindrical, with rounded apex, moderately long, prolonged to median lobe level (Figs. 5A���B). Endophallic sclerite flattened, and divergent (Fig. 5B). Rami as a lateral plate curved inward on ventral and dorsal margin (Fig. 5D). Ectophallic apodeme mostly membranous, longer than rami, and with the same thickness from the base to the apex (Figs 5A, B, D). Female. Unknown. Measurements (in mm). Holotype: LB: 24. Pr: 4.2. Teg: 18.5. HF: 17. HT: 18. Comparison. P. (P.) lyrae n. sp. is the second species of the genus reported for Costa Rica (south of the country, near the Pacific coast), the first species was P. (P.) eclogos (south of the country, near the Atlantic coast). The new species is closer to P. (P.) eclogos, but this differs from the new species because, according to its original description, it only has a small inner and no outer tympanum. Also, the ectophallic fold is short, slightly apparent in the middle of the pseudepiphallic sclerite in dorsal view; on the other hand, the branches of the pseudepiphallic paramere do not have the additional and pointed ventral prolongations, which are present in the new species. P. (P.) lyrae n. sp., is smaller (24 mm) and with fewer teeth in the stridulatory file (178 teeth) vs P. (P.) eclogos 25 mm length and 299 teeth., Published as part of Cadena-Casta��eda, Oscar J., P��ez, Geraldine, Buitrago, Oscar, Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando & Tavares, Gustavo Costa, 2021, Studies of Neotropical crickets: New Paragryllina taxa (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) with comments on several previously described species, pp. 60-76 in Zootaxa 5081 (1) on pages 64-65, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5081.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5769299

Paragryllus (Paragryllus) Gu��rin-M��neville, 1844 s.s. Diagnosis. Medium to large size (19���28 mm.). Harp of the tegmina with 5���6 veins; the mirror of the tegmina divided by more than six veins (only P. circularis with five veins), apical area pronounced or moderately reduced (Figs. 3I, 4C). Pseudepiphallic lobes with bristles, well-pronounced and with cylindrical or conical shape in lateral view. Pseudepiphallic arm mid-sized, branching about at half of its length in lateral view, tapering towards the apex, and ending in a hook; in ventral view, intersecting with the other parallel branch. Endophallic sclerite well���developed and ectophallic fold arising slightly in the middle of the pseudepiphallus (Figs. 3J���L). Taxa included. Paragryllus (Paragryllus) martinii Gu��rin-M��neville, 1844 (Type species), P. (P.) circularis Gorochov, 2007 (with two subspecies), P. (P.) concolor Gorochov, 2007, P. (P.) rex Saussure, 1874, P. (P.) eclogos Otte, 2006, P. (P.) elapsus Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992 (with two subspecies), P. (P.) ovalis Gorochov, 2007 and P. (P.) lyrae Cadena-Casta��eda n. sp., Published as part of Cadena-Casta��eda, Oscar J., P��ez, Geraldine, Buitrago, Oscar, Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando & Tavares, Gustavo Costa, 2021, Studies of Neotropical crickets: New Paragryllina taxa (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) with comments on several previously described species, pp. 60-76 in Zootaxa 5081 (1) on page 64, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5081.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5769299, {"references":["Gorochov, A. V. (2007) Taxonomic study of Mexican Phalangopsinae (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Zoosystematica Rossica, 16 (2), 177 - 200. https: // doi. org / 10.31610 / zsr / 2007.16.2.177","Otte, D. (2006) Eighty-four new cricket species (Orthoptera: Grylloidea) from La Selva, Costa Rica. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 132 (3 - 4), 299 - 418. https: // doi. org / 10.3157 / 0002 - 8320 (2006) 132 [299: ENCSOG] 2.0. CO; 2","Desutter-Grandcolas, L. (1992) Les Phalangopsidae de Guyane francaise (Orthopteres, Grylloidea): systematique, elements de phylogenie et de biologie. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Section A Zoologie, Biologie et Ecologie Animales, 14 (1), 93 - 177."]}

Key to Paragryllina genera (modified from Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992 and Desutter-Grandcolas & Feberon, 2020) 1. Hind tibiae with three outer and two or three inner subapical spurs (sometimes only one in Rumea, in which the second inner spur can be regressed or even absent). Species not so flattened (head deeper than wide in frontal view, pronotum lateral lobes longer). Forewings exceeding abdominal tip in males and females. Fastgium narrow, half as wide as the first antennal segment. Median ocellus nearly apical............................................................................ 2 - Hind tibiae with three outer and one inner subapical spur. Species flattened (head wider than deep in frontal view, pronotum lateral lobes very short). Forewings not exceeding or slightly exceeding abdominal tip. Fastigium broad, as wide as first antennal segment. Median ocellus subapical on fastigium........................................ Benoistellae n. stat....3 2. Hind tarsomeres mostly with a single row of spines. Hind tibiae mostly with three inner subapical spurs. Male genitalia: pseudepiphallic sclerite and parameres not regressed; ectophallic fold simple, membranous, its apex visible dorsally between pseudepiphallic parameres. Female forewings: transversal veins as marked as longitudinal veins.... Paragryllae n. stat....5 - Hind tarsomeres with two rows of spines. Hind tibiae with two inner subapical spurs (sometimes only one). Male genitalia: pseudepiphallic sclerite and parameres regressed; ectophallic fold hypertelic, sclerotized (Figs. 1A���C). Female forewings: longitudinal veins stronger than transversal veins........................................ Rumeae n. stat.... Rumea 3. Tympanum present on both sides of the fore tibia. Tibiae very short, and hind tibiae thick. Male genitalia: pseudepiphallic parameres elongated and not curved on the dorsal margin, obliquely truncated at the apex in lateral view. The lateral lobe rounded at the distal edge and undivided. Female genitalia: copulatory papilla sclerotized, cone-shaped, more or less elongated at the apex (copulatory papilla of Izerskya species, unknown)....................................................... 4 - Fore tibia with a prominent inner tympanum and no outer tympanum. Tibiae more elongated, not or little thickened. Male genitalia: pseudepiphallic parameres short, curving distally, not obliquely truncated at the apex in lateral view. The lateral lobe moderately divided in lateral view, with an upper lobe larger than the lower one (Figs. 1D���F). Female genitalia: copulatory papilla barely sclerotized, long, plicated over its whole length (Fig. 1G)................................... Silvastella 4. Mid-size (12���15 mm). General coloration of body yellowish with some veins bluish green. Male genitalia: Pseudopiphallic sclerite short, with two large membranous areas; pseudopiphallic parameres conical and parallel; ectophallic fold not reduced (Figs. 1H���J). Female genitalia: copulatory papilla sclerotized, cone-shaped, more or less elongated at apex (Fig. 1K).................................................................................................. Benoistella - Small-size (8���10 mm). General coloration of body greyish with some veins white or grey. Male genitalia: Pseudopiphallic sclerite without membranous areas. Pseudopiphallic parameres thin and divergent distally. Ectophallic fold strongly reduced (Figs. L���N).................................................................................... Izerskya 5. Fore tibia with tympanum on both sides. Hind tibia without spur modified as a quadrangular plate. Hind tarsomeres with a single row of spines. Male genitalia symmetrical............................................................ 6 - Fore tibia with tympanum only on the outer side. Hind tibia with the last outer subapical spur modified as a quadrangular plate. Hind tarsomeres with two rows of spines. Male genitalia highly asymmetrical (Figs. 2A���C).................. Dambachia 6. Male genitalia tubular and elongated���shaped; pseudepiphallic lateral lobe connected with the pseudepiphallic median lobe..................................................................................................... 7 - Male genitalia not tubular���shaped; pseudepiphallic lateral lobe not connected with the pseudepiphallic median lobe....... 8 7. Mirror and harp membranous and occupying much of the tegmina, with clearly defined veins. Pseudepiphallus not fused in its tubular section, without conspicuous streaks or channels; lateral lobe without long spine or if it is present, as a very short prolongation (Figs. 2D���F)..................................................................... Aclogryllus - Mirror and harp slightly membranous, with similar thickness of the rest of the tegmina and with reduced size; dividing veins moderately defined (Fig. 6A). Pseudepiphallus fused much as a tubular section, most notably in dorsal view and with striae or channels in the distal area. Lateral lobe as a long spine, almost as long as the medial prolongation of the pseudepiphallus (Figs. 6B���D).............................................................................. Alfarogryllus n. gen. 8. Male epiproctus with a pair of thin and long processes (Figs. 3N). Dorsal surface of the hind tibia with three inner and three outer spurs; one conspicuous and glandular apical spur. Ventral valves of female ovipositor apically with ventral edge bearing denticles.................................................................................... Paragryllus - Male epiproctus without processes or notable modifications (Fig. 3M). Dorsal surface of the hind tibia with less than three spurs on both margins; no glandular apical spur. Ventral valves of female ovipositor apically without denticules............................................................................................................ Bolivacla, Published as part of Cadena-Casta��eda, Oscar J., P��ez, Geraldine, Buitrago, Oscar, Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando & Tavares, Gustavo Costa, 2021, Studies of Neotropical crickets: New Paragryllina taxa (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) with comments on several previously described species, pp. 60-76 in Zootaxa 5081 (1) on pages 62-63, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5081.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5769299, {"references":["Desutter-Grandcolas, L. (1992) Les Phalangopsidae de Guyane francaise (Orthopteres, Grylloidea): systematique, elements de phylogenie et de biologie. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Section A Zoologie, Biologie et Ecologie Animales, 14 (1), 93 - 177.","Desutter-Grandcolas, L. & Feberon, L. (2020) Phalangopsidae crickets (Orthoptera, Grylloidea) from the Mitaraka biological survey, French Guiana. Zoosystema, 42 (32), 739 - 797. https: // doi. org / 10.5252 / zoosystema 2020 v 42 a 32"]}