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There are limited data around sex differences in the risk profile, treatments and outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in chronic total occlusion (CTO) lesions in contemporary interventional practice. We investigated the impact of sex on clinical and procedural characteristics, complications and clinical outcomes in a national cohort.We created a longitudinal cohort (2006-2018, n = 30,605) of patients with stable angina who underwent CTO PCI in the British Cardiovascular Intervention Society (BCIS) database. Clinical, demographic, procedural and outcome data were analysed in two groups stratified by sex: male (n = 24,651), female (n = 5954). Female patients were older (68 vs 64 years, P0.001), had higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HTN) and prior stroke. Utilization of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), drug eluting stents (DES), radial or dual access and enabling strategies during CTO PCI were higher in male compared to female patients. Following multivariable analysis, there was no significant difference in in-patient mortality (adjusted odds ratio (OR):1.40, 95 % CI: 0.75-2.61, P = 0.29) and major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) (adjusted OR: 1.01, 95 % CI: 0.78-1.29, P = 0.96). The crude and adjusted rates of procedural complications (adjusted OR: 1.37, 95 % CI: 1.23-1.52, P0.001), coronary artery perforation (adjusted OR: 1.60, 95 % CI: 1.26-2.04, P0.001) and major bleeding (adjusted OR: 2.06, 95 % CI: 1.62-2.61, P0.001) were higher in women compared with men.Female patients treated by CTO PCI were older, underwent lesser complex procedures, but had higher adjusted risk of procedural complications with a similar adjusted risk of mortality and MACCE compared with male patients.

Complex High-risk but indicated Percutaneous coronary interventions (CHiPs) is increasingly common in contemporary practice. However, data on ethnic differences in CHiP types, outcomes, and trends in patients with stable angina are limited; this is pertinent given the population of Black, Asian, and other ethnic minorities (BAME) in Europe is increasing. We conducted a retrospective analysis of CHiP procedures undertaken in patients with stable angina using data obtained from the BCIS (British Cardiovascular Intervention Society) registry (2006 to 2017). CHiP cases were identified and categorized by ethnicity into White and BAME groups. We then performed multivariable regression analysis and propensity score matching to determine adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of in-hospital mortality, major bleeding, and major adverse cardiovascular and cerebral events (MACCEs) in BAME compared with Whites. Of 424,290 procedure records, 105,949 were CHiP (25.0%) (White 89,038 [84%], BAME 16,911 [16%]). BAME patients were younger (median 68.1 vs 70.6 years). Previous coronary artery bypass surgery (33.4% vs 38.3%), followed by chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention (31.9% vs 32%) were common CHiP variables in both groups. The third common variable was age 80 years and above (23.6%) in White patients and severe vascular calcifications in BAME patients (18.8%). BAME patients had higher rates of diabetes (41.1 vs 23.6%), hypertension (68 vs 66.5%), previous percutaneous coronary intervention (43.7 vs 37.6%), and previous myocardial infarction (44.9 vs 42.5%), (p

AimsThe optimum timing of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) implantation is unknown. We explored long-term outcomes after CRT in relation to the time interval from a first heart failure hospitalization (HFH) to device implantation.Methods and resultsA database covering the population of England (56.3 million in 2019) was used to quantify clinical outcomes after CRT implantation in relation to first HFHs. From 2010 to 2019, 64 968 patients [age: 71.4 ± 11.7 years; 48 606 (74.8%) male] underwent CRT implantation, 57% in the absence of a previous HFH, 12.9% during the first HFH, and 30.1% after ≥1 HFH. Over 4.54 (2.80–6.71) years [median (interquartile range); 272 989 person-years], the time in years from the first HFH to CRT implantation was associated with a higher risk of total mortality [hazard ratio (HR); 95% confidence intervals (95% CI)] (1.15; 95% CI 1.14–1.16, HFH (HR: 1.26; 95% CI 1.24–1.28), and the combined endpoint of total mortality or HFH (HR: 1.19; 95% CI 1.27–1.20) than CRT in patients with no previous HFHs, after co-variate adjustment. Total mortality (HR: 1.67), HFH (HR: 2.63), and total mortality or HFH (HR: 1.92) (all P < 0.001) were highest in patients undergoing CRT ≥2 years after the first HFH.ConclusionIn this study of a healthcare system covering an entire nation, delays from a first HFH to CRT implantation were associated with progressively worse long-term clinical outcomes. The best clinical outcomes were observed in patients with no previous HFH and in those undergoing CRT implantation during the first HFH.Condensed abstractThe optimum timing of CRT implantation is unknown. In this study of 64 968 consecutive patients, delays from a first heart failure hospitalization (HFH) to CRT implantation were associated with progressively worse long-term clinical outcomes. Each year from a first HFH to CRT implantation was associated with a 21% higher risk of total mortality and a 34% higher risk of HFH. The best outcomes after CRT were observed in patients with no previous HFHs and in those undergoing implantation during their first HFH.

Standardized data definitions are essential for monitoring and benchmarking the quality of care and patient outcomes in observational studies and randomized controlled trials. There are no contemporary pan-European data standards for the acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The European Unified Registries for Heart Care Evaluation and Randomised Trials (EuroHeart) project of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) aimed to develop such data standards for ACS and PCI. Following a systematic review of the literature on ACS and PCI data standards and evaluation of contemporary ACS and PCI registries, we undertook a modified Delphi process involving clinical and registry experts from 11 European countries, as well as representatives from relevant ESC Associations, including the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI) and Acute CardioVascular Care (ACVC). This resulted in final sets of 68 and 84 ‘mandatory’ variables and several catalogues of optional variables for ACS and PCI, respectively. Data definitions were provided for these variables, which have been programmed as the basis for continuous registration of individual patient data in the online EuroHeart IT platform. By means of a structured process and the interaction with major stakeholders, internationally harmonized data standards for ACS and PCI have been developed. In the context of the EuroHeart project, this will facilitate country-level quality of care improvement, international observational research, registry-based randomized trials, and post-marketing surveillance of devices and pharmacotherapies.

Background: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is increasingly used as a treatment option for unprotected left main stem artery (unprotected left main stem percutaneous intervention) disease. However, whether patient outcomes have improved over time is uncertain. Methods: Using the United Kingdom national PCI database, we studied all patients undergoing unprotected left main stem percutaneous intervention between 2009 and 2017. We excluded patients who presented with ST-segment–elevation, cardiogenic shock, and with an emergency indication for PCI. Results: Between 2009 and 2017, in the study-indicated population, 14 522 unprotected left main stem percutaneous intervention procedures were performed. Significant temporal changes in baseline demographics were observed with increasing patient age and comorbid burden. Procedural complexity increased over time, with the number of vessels treated, bifurcation PCI, number of stents used, and use of intravascular imaging and rotational atherectomy increased significantly through the study period. After adjustment for baseline differences, there were significant temporal reductions in the occurrence of peri-procedural myocardial infarction (P Conclusions: Despite trends for increased patient and procedural complexity, in-hospital patient outcomes have improved after unprotected left main stem percutaneous intervention over time.

Axial-flow ventricular assist devices are being increasingly used to support hemodynamically compromised patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Periprocedural valvular complications have been recognized in a few case reports. We present a unique case of entanglement of the Impella within he mitral subvalvular apparatus, retrieved successfully using a snare under fluoroscopic guidance. (Level of Difficulty: Advanced.), Central Illustration

Objectives The aims of this study were to use a national percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) registry to study temporal changes in procedure volumes of PCI using rotational atherectomy (ROTA-PCI), the patient and procedural factors associated with differing quartiles of operator ROTA-PCI volume, and the relationship between operator ROTA-PCI volumes and in-hospital patient outcomes. Background Whether higher operator volume is associated with improved outcomes after ROTA-PCI is poorly defined. Methods Data from the British Cardiovascular Intervention Society national PCI database were analyzed for all ROTA-PCI procedures performed in the United Kingdom between 2013 and 2016. Individual logistic regressions were performed to quantify the independent association between annual operator ROTA-PCI volume and in-hospital outcomes. Results In total, 7,740 ROTA-PCI procedures were performed, with a negatively skewed distribution and an annualized operator volume median of 2.5 procedures/year (range 0.25 to 55.25). Higher volume operators undertook more complex procedures in patients with greater comorbid burdens than lower volume operators. A significant inverse association was observed between operator ROTA-PCI volume and in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR]: 0.986/case; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.975 to 0.996; p = 0.007) and major adverse cardiac and cerebral events (OR: 0.983/case; 95% CI: 0.975 to 0.993; p Conclusions In-hospital adverse outcomes occurred less frequently as ROTA-PCI operator volume increased. These data suggest that operator volume is an important factor determining outcome after ROTA-PCI.

Objectives: We assessed the association between total center volume, operator volume, and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) volume. Background: Variations between OHCA PCI volume, hospital total PCI, and primary PCI volume are not well studied and are unlikely to be clinically justifiable. Methods: Patients undergoing PCI for the acute coronary syndrome (ACS) between January 1, 2014, and March 31, 2019, in England and Wales were grouped as OHCA PCI and non-OHCA PCI. Spearman's correlation was used to determine the degree of correlation between each hospital PCI volume and OHCA PCI volume. Results: Out of 250,088 PCI procedures undertaken for ACS, 12,016 (4.8%) were performed for OHCA, and 238,072 (95.2%) were non-OHCA PCI procedures. The OHCA PCI group were younger [mean age (SD) 63.2 (12.3) and 65.6 (12.5, p < 0.001)], less likely to be female (20.2% vs. 26.9%, p < 0.001) or Black, Asian, and Minority Ethnicity (11.5% vs. 14.8%, p < 0.001) compared to the non-OHCA PCI group. Although there was a degree of correlation between total PCI and OHCA PCI, there was wide variation for both ACS cohort (Spearman correlation R 2 = 0.50) and total PCI volume (Spearman correlation R 2 = 0.60). Furthermore, the correlation between primary PCI volume and OHCA PCI within centers was weak (R 2 = 0.10). Similarly, wide variations between operator PCI volume and OHCA PCI volume were observed. Conclusion: These national data demonstrate wide variation in the practice of OHCA PCI both between centers and individuals. These variations are not expected according to clinical factors and require further investigation.

ObjectiveTo investigate percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) practice in an international cohort of patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD). To explore factors associated with complications and study angiographic and longer term outcomes.MethodsSCAD patients (n=215, 94% female) who underwent PCI from three national cohort studies were investigated and compared with a matched cohort of conservatively managed SCAD patients (n=221).ResultsSCAD-PCI patients were high risk at presentation with only 8.8% undergoing PCI outside the context of ST-elevation myocardial infarction/cardiac arrest, thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) 0/1 flow or proximal dissections. PCI complications occurred in 38.6% (83/215), with 13.0% (28/215) serious complications. PCI-related complications were associated with more extensive dissections (multiple vs single American Heart Association coronary segments, OR 1.9 (95% CI: 1.06–3.39),p=0.030), more proximal dissections (proximal diameter per mm, OR 2.25 (1.38–3.67), p=0.001) and dissections with no contrast penetration of the false lumen (Yip-Saw 2 versus 1, OR 2.89 (1.12–7.43), p=0.028). SCAD-PCI involved long lengths of stent (median 46mm, IQR: 29–61mm). Despite these risks, SCAD-PCI led to angiographic improvements in those with reduced TIMI flow in 84.3% (118/140). Worsening TIMI flow was only seen in 7.0% (15/215) of SCAD-PCI patients. Post-PCI major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) and left ventricular function outcomes were favourable.ConclusionWhile a conservative approach to revascularisation is favoured, SCAD cases with higher risk presentations may require PCI. SCAD-PCI is associated with longer stent lengths and a higher risk of complications but leads to overall improvements in coronary flow and good medium-term outcomes in patients.

Background Published data suggest worse outcomes in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients and concurrent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Mechanisms remain unclear. Objectives The purpose of this study was to report the demographics, angiographic findings, and in-hospital outcomes of COVID-19 ACS patients and compare these with pre–COVID-19 cohorts. Methods From March 1, 2020 to July 31, 2020, data from 55 international centers were entered into a prospective, COVID-ACS Registry. Patients were COVID-19 positive (or had a high index of clinical suspicion) and underwent invasive coronary angiography for suspected ACS. Outcomes were in-hospital major cardiovascular events (all-cause mortality, re–myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, unplanned revascularization, or stent thrombosis). Results were compared with national pre–COVID-19 databases (MINAP [Myocardial Ischaemia National Audit Project] 2019 and BCIS [British Cardiovascular Intervention Society] 2018 to 2019). Results In 144 ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and 121 non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) patients, symptom-to-admission times were significantly prolonged (COVID-STEMI vs. BCIS: median 339.0 min vs. 173.0 min; p, Central Illustration

Background The fear of contagion during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may have potentially refrained patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) from accessing the emergency system, with subsequent impact on mortality. Objectives The ISACS-STEMI COVID-19 registry aims to estimate the true impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the treatment and outcome of patients with STEMI treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI), with identification of “at-risk” patient cohorts for failure to present or delays to treatment. Methods This retrospective registry was performed in European high-volume PPCI centers and assessed patients with STEMI treated with PPPCI in March/April 2019 and 2020. Main outcomes are the incidences of PPCI, delayed treatment, and in-hospital mortality. Results A total of 6,609 patients underwent PPCI in 77 centers, located in 18 countries. In 2020, during the pandemic, there was a significant reduction in PPCI as compared with 2019 (incidence rate ratio: 0.811; 95% confidence interval: 0.78 to 0.84; p, Central Illustration

Objectives The authors used the British Cardiovascular Intervention Society (BCIS) national percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) database to explore temporal changes in the use of intravascular imaging for unprotected left main stem PCI (uLMS PCI), defined the associates of imaging use, and correlate clinical outcomes including survival with imaging use. Background Limited registry data support the use of intravascular imaging during uLMS PCI to improve outcomes. Methods Data were analyzed from 11,264 uLMS PCI procedures performed in England and Wales between 2007 and 2014. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify associates of imaging use. Propensity matching created 5,056 pairs of subjects with and without imaging and logistic regression was performed to quantify the association between imaging and outcomes. Multivariate logistic regression to identify the independent predictors of 12-month mortality was performed. Results Imaging use increased from 30.2% in 2007 to 50.2% in 2014 (p for trend Conclusions The observed lower mortality with use of intravascular imaging to guide uLMS PCI justifies the undertaking of a large-scale randomized trial.

This study examines the safety and feasibility of same-day discharge (SDD) in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to coronary chronic total occlusions (CTOs) and explores independent associations of clinical and procedural characteristics with SDD.While the recently published consensus statements recommend SDD following uncomplicated CTO-PCI, there are limited studies to support this approach.Data were obtained from the British Cardiovascular Intervention Society (BCIS) registry dataset including 21,330 patients who underwent CTO-PCI electively from 2007 to 2014 in England and Wales. We used multiple logistic regression to evaluate associations with SDD and the BCIS national risk model to examine for safety of SDD.Although overnight stay remained the standard of care following elective CTO-PCI, SDD practice increased from 21.7% to 44.7%. Women were less likely to have SDD than males. SDD was more common in higher CTO volume centers (36.3%) than low CTO volume centers (31.6%), and SDD patient profiles grew riskier over time, with the average age of SDD patients increasing from 61.4 years to 63.2 years. Transradial PCI was most strongly independently associated with SDD (odds ratio [OR], 1.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.80-2.09). Finally, the SDD observed 30-day mortality rates were not different vs those predicted by the BCIS risk model, and SDD was not independently associated with 30-day mortality (OR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.25-1.15).This study illustrates that SDD is safe in selected patients undergoing CTO-PCI.

ObjectiveTo define the incidence and risk factors for infective endocarditis (IE) following surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) and transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI).MethodsAll patients who underwent first SAVR or TAVI in England between 2007 and 2016 were identified from the NICOR databases. Hospital admissions with a primary diagnosis of IE were identified by linkage with the NHS Hospital Episode Statistics database. Approval was obtained from the NHS Research Ethics Committee.Results2057 of 91 962 patients undergoing SAVR developed IE over a median follow-up of 53.9 months—an overall incidence of 4.81 [95% CI 4.61 to 5.03] per 1000 person-years. Correspondingly, 140 of 14 195 patients undergoing TAVI developed IE over a median follow-up of 24.5 months—an overall incidence of 3.57 [95% CI 3.00 to 4.21] per 1000 person-years. The cumulative incidence of IE at 60 months was higher after SAVR than after TAVI (2.4% [95% CI 2.3 to 2.5] vs 1.5% [95% CI 1.3 to 1.8], HR 1.60, pConclusionsIE is a rare complication of SAVR and TAVI. In our population, the incidence of IE was higher after SAVR than after TAVI.

OBJECTIVE: To assess sex-based differences in clinical outcomes following complex and high-risk but indicated percutaneous coronary intervention (CHiP). BACKGROUND: CHiP is increasingly common in contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) practice. Data on sex differences in the type of CHiP procedures undertaken or their associated clinical outcomes are limited. METHODS: Patients with stable coronary artery disease who underwent CHiP between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2017, were included. All procedures were stratified by sex. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the sex-specific adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of in-hospital outcomes. RESULTS: Out of 424,290 PCI procedures, 141,610 (33.37%) were CHiP procedures. Overall, 32,129 (23%) of CHiP were undertaken in females. Females were older than males (median: 74.8 vs. 69.1 years). Males had a higher prevalence of previous myocardial infarction (MI) (44.6% vs. 35.6%) and previous PCI (40% vs. 32.5%). The most common variable observed in female patients undergoing CHiP was age >80 (35.4%), followed by prior coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) (24.3%) and severe coronary calcification (22.6%). In contrast, the most common variable in male patients was prior CABG (36%), followed by chronic thrombus occlusion (CTO) PCI (34.4%) and severe coronary calcification (22%). Females had higher odds (aOR) for mortality (aOR: 1.78, 95% CI: [1.4, 2.2]), bleeding (aOR: 1.99, 95% CI: [1.72, 3.2]), and major adverse cardiovascular and cerebral events (aOR: 1.23, 95% CI: [1.09, 1.38]) compared to males. CONCLUSION: In this national analysis of CHiP procedures over 12 years, there were significant sex differences in the type of CHiP procedures undertaken, with females at increased odds for mortality and in-hospital adverse outcomes.

Background This study was designed to evaluate temporal trends in elective rates of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for stable angina and, specifically, to study the impact of the COURAGE and ORBITA trials on real-life practice. Methods We analyzed a large, longitudinal PCI cohort containing more than 1.2 million patients undergoing PCI for stable angina between January 2006 and December 2019. Patient demographics, procedural details, and clinical outcome data were analyzed, and temporal trends in the proportion of PCI for stable angina were compared before and after the publication of COURAGE and ORBITA trials, respectively. Results Out of 1,297,919 PCI procedures, 430,248 (33.1%) were for stable angina. The number of elective PCI procedures per year (30,823 in 2006 to 34,103 in 2019) and per 100,000 population estimates (50.7% in 2006 to 51.1% in 2019) remained stable (Fig. 1). The proportion of patients undergoing elective PCI without angina almost doubled from 5.1% to 9.7%. The rates of PCI remained stable after the publication of the COURAGE trial (46.5% to 44.7%) and the ORBITA trial (35.3% to 35.1%). Subgroup analysis of ORBITA participating centers showed similar stable trends in clinical and procedural profiles before and after the publication of the ORBITA trial. Conclusion In this nationwide analysis, rates of elective PCI for stable angina have remained stable over a 15-year period in England and Wales. Publication of COURAGE and ORBITA trials had no impact on elective PCI activity or the clinical profile of patients undergoing PCI for stable angina.

To assess the impact of balloon use for predilation, valve implantation, or postdilation on in-hospital mortality among patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR).TAVR utilizes self-expanding, mechanically expanding, or balloon-expandable valves. Balloon inflation is inherent to deployment of balloon-expandable valves. Balloons may additionally be used with all valve types for pre- and postdilation. The relationships between valve mechanism, balloon use, and in-hospital mortality are not fully characterized.Prospective data were collected on 4063 patients undergoing TAVR for aortic stenosis at 4 high-volume centers in the United Kingdom. In-hospital mortality was analyzed according to valve expansion mechanism, use of balloons for pre- and postdilation, and specific cause of death.Mean patient age was 83 ± 8 years. Implanted valves were self expanding (n = 2241; 55%), mechanically expanding (n = 1092; 27%), or balloon expandable (n = 727; 18%). In-hospital death occurred in 66 cases (1.6%). Thirty-six deaths (54.5%) were classified as implantation-related mortalities, with rates of 0.8%, 0.5%, and 1.7% (P=.04) among self-expanding, mechanically expanding, and balloon-expandable technologies, respectively. Patients who underwent balloon inflation at any stage of their procedure (n = 2556; 63%) had significantly higher implantation-related mortality than those who did not (1.3% vs 0.3%, respectively; P.01). Balloon-expandable valve procedures were associated with significantly higher all-cause mortality (2.6% vs 1.4%; P=.02) and implantation-related mortality (1.7% vs 0.7%; P=.02) than non-balloon-expandable valve procedures. Balloon-related complications accounted for 18 cases (26%) of total in-hospital mortality, including all 12 cases (17.4%) of annular rupture and 5 cases (7.2%) of coronary occlusion.Balloon use for predilation, valve implantation, or postdilation was associated with an increased mortality risk. Balloon-related complications were the largest contributor to in-hospital mortality, comprising all cases of annular rupture and the majority of coronary occlusion cases.

Background and aims SARS-Cov-2 predisposes patients to thrombotic complications, due to excessive inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, platelet activation, and coagulation/fibrinolysis disturbances. The aim of the present study was to evaluate clinical characteristics and prognostic impact of SARS-CoV-2 positivity among STEMI patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). Methods We selected SARS-CoV-2 positive patients included in the ISACS-STEMI COVID-19, a retrospective multicenter European registry including 6609 STEMI patients treated with PPCI from March 1st until April 30th, in 2019 and 2020. As a reference group, we randomly sampled 5 SARS-Cov-2 negative patients per each SARS-CoV-2 positive patient, individually matched for age, sex, and hospital/geographic area. Study endpoints were in-hospital mortality, definite stent thrombosis, heart failure. Results Our population is represented by 62 positive SARS-CoV-2 positive patients who were compared with a matched population of 310 STEMI patients. No significant difference was observed in baseline characteristics or the modality of access to the PCI center. In the SARS-CoV-2 positive patients, the culprit lesion was more often located in the RCA (p, Graphical abstract Image 1

Data were collected on patients admitted to the Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham with type-1 myocardial infarction during 2016 and 2017 inclusively, who were treated by percutaneous intervention and had pre-discharge transthoracic echocardiography. The data were obtained from prospectively maintained hospital databases and records. Echocardiography was performed and reported contemporaneously by accredited echocardiographers. The purpose was to understand the prevalence and characteristics of mitral regurgitation (MR) after acute MI, including patients with ST-elevation (STEMI) and non-ST elevation MI (NSTEMI). MR was observed in 294/1000 patients with the following relative severities: mild = 76%, moderate = 21%, severe = 3% [1]. MR was graded by multiparametric quantification including proximal isolvelocity surface area (PISA), vena contracta (VC), effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA) and regurgitant volume (RVol). Amongst all patients with MR (n=294), PISA was performed in 89/294 (30%), VC 75/294 (26%), EROA in 53/294 (18%) and RVol in 26/294 (9%). Amongst patients with moderate or severe MR (n=70), PISA was performed in 57/70 (81%), VC in 55/70 (79%), EROA in 46/70 (66%) and RVol in 25/70 (36%). Characteristics of MR following acute MI were also assessed including frequency of reported leaflet thickness (259/294 = 88%) and mitral annular calcification (102/294 = 35%). Furthermore, the effect of MI on pre-existing MR was investigated and patients with pre-existing MR who continue to have MR after acute MI were found to have progression of MR by one grade in approximately 25% of cases. Finally, using Cox proportional hazards univariate analysis, significant factors associated with mortality in patients with MR post-MI include age (HR 1.065; 95% CI 1.035-1.096; p

The authors used the BCIS (British Cardiovascular Intervention Society) database to define the factors associated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedural complexity.Complex high-risk indicated percutaneous coronary intervention (CHIP-PCI) is an emerging concept that is poorly defined.The BCIS (British Cardiovascular Intervention Society) database was used to study all PCI procedures in the United Kingdom 2006-2016. A multiple logistic regression model was developed to identify variables associated with in-hospital major adverse cardiac or cerebrovascular events (MACCE) and to construct a CHIP score. The cumulative effect of this score on patient outcomes was examined.A total of 313,054 patients were included. Seven patient factors (age ≥80 years, female sex, previous stroke, previous myocardial infarction, peripheral vascular disease, ejection fraction 30%, and chronic renal disease) and 6 procedural factors (rotational atherectomy, left main PCI, 3-vessel PCI, dual arterial access, left ventricular mechanical support, and total lesion length60 mm) were associated with increased in-hospital MACCE and defined as CHIP factors. The mean CHIP score/case for all PCIs increased significantly from 1.06 ± 1.32 in 2006 to 1.49 ± 1.58 in 2016 (P 0.001 for trend). A CHIP score of 5 or more was present in 2.5% of procedures in 2006 increasing to 5.3% in 2016 (P 0.001 for trend). Overall in-hospital MACCE was 0.6% when the CHIP score was 0 compared with 1.2% with any CHIP factor present (P 0.001). As the CHIP score increased, an exponential increase in-hospital MACCE was observed. The cumulative MACCE for procedures associated with a CHIP score 4+ or above was 3.2%, and for a CHIP score 5+ was 4.4%. All other adverse clinical outcomes were more likely as the CHIP score increased.Seven patient factors and 6 procedural factors were associated with adverse in-hospital MACCE and defined as CHIP factors. Use of a CHIP score might be a future target for risk modification.

Background The covid-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on healthcare service delivery. Acute cardiovascular care however remains a priority despite the pandemic. Patients presenting with non-ST elevation MI (NSTEMI) have been poorly characterized during the pandemic. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of patients diagnosed with NSTEMI during the peak of the pandemic between April-May 2020 at our tertiary centre in the UK. Data were collected from electronic patient clinical records including time from admission to angiography, length of stay, mortality, prescription of secondary prevention pharmacotherapy, and referral to cardiac rehabilitation. We compared this data to the same time period in 2019. Results As can be seen from table 1, in 2020, the mean age, median time to angiography, and length of stay were all significantly lower than the control period of 2019. Prescription of secondary prevention medication (Aspirin, P2Y12 inhibitor, Beta-blocker, Statin, and ACEi/ARB) and referral to cardiac rehabilitation also improved in 2020, however, neither was statistically significant. During the 2020 period, 1 patient died due to late presentation NSTEMI and multi-organ failure. There were 3 deaths in 2019: complications following coronary bypass surgery, upper GI bleed and a subarachnoid haemorrhage. Table 1 Comparison of NSTEMI patients in 2019 and 202020192020 p-valueAge (years) 71.2 ± 12.265.0 ± 12.1 p

Background Coronary artery perforation (CAP) is a life-threatening complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). This study aims to identify CAP predictors using contemporary data. Methods Retrospective cohort study on all PCIs performed at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham between January 2010 and October 2020. Patient demographics, comorbidities, modified Ellis perforation class and perforation treatments were collected. The CAP population was split into two cohorts (1 and 2), representing the first and second 5-year period in the decade. Results During a 10-year period, 9,504 PCI procedures were performed with CAP occurring in 66 cases. According to the Ellis criteria, 4.5% of CAPs were type I, 13.6% type II, 45,5% type III, and 34.8% type V. Definitive management included balloon inflation only in 27%, covered stents 20%, conservative 20%, balloon inflation with heparin reversal 12%, coronary coils 12%, heparin reversal 4.5%, emergency surgery 3%, coil and covered stent 1.5%. Overall mortality within the total perforation cohort was 14%. Emergency pericardiocentesis was required in 13 patients; in this group mortality was 46%.The difference in trends is illustrated in the table 1. Conclusion The data demonstrates increased incidence of CAP and mortality in the second half of the decade. This may be explained by an increase in CTO, rotablation and IVUS use (surrogates for complex PCI) and an older population with more comorbidities. Cardiac tamponade was associated with a higher mortality in those with CAP. Conflict of Interest none

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate national temporal trends in same-day discharge (SDD) and compare clinical outcomes with those among patients admitted for overnight stay undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for stable angina. Background Overnight observation has been the standard of care following PCI, with no previous national analyses around changes in practice or clinical outcomes from health care systems in which SDD is the predominant practice for elective PCI. Methods Data from 169,623 patients undergoing elective PCI between 2007 and 2014 were obtained from the British Cardiovascular Intervention Society registry. Multiple logistic regressions and the British Cardiovascular Intervention Society risk model were used to study the association between SDD and 30-day mortality. Results The rate of SDD increased from 23.5% in 2007 to 57.2% in 2014, with center SDD median prevalence varying from 17% (interquartile range: 6% to 39%) in 2007 to 66% (interquartile range: 45% to 77%) in 2014. The largest independent association with SDD was observed for radial access (odds ratio: 1.69; 95% confidence interval: 1.65 to 1.74; p Conclusions SDD has become the predominant model of care among elective PCI cases in the United Kingdom, in increasingly complex patients. SDD appears to be safe, with 30-day mortality rates in line with those calculated using the national risk prediction score used for public reporting. Changes toward SDD practice have important economic implications for health care systems worldwide.

Aims\ud The British Cardiovascular Intervention Society (BCIS) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) registry is hosted by the National Institute of Cardiovascular Outcomes Research (NICOR) at Bart’s Heart Centre and collects clinical characteristics, indications, procedural details and outcomes of all patients undergoing PCI in the United Kingdom. The data are used for audit and research to monitor and improve PCI practices and patient outcomes.\ud \ud Interventions\ud Bespoke live data analysis and structured monthly reports are used to provide real time feedback to all participating hospitals about the provision of care. Risk-adjusted analyses are used as a quality metric and benchmarking PCI practices.\ud \ud Population & Settings\ud Consecutive patients undergoing PCI in all PCI performing hospitals in the UK.\ud \ud Years\ud From 1994 to present.\ud \ud Baseline data\ud 113 variables encompassing patient demographics, indication, procedural details, complications and in-hospital outcomes are recorded.\ud \ud Data Capture\ud Prospective data is collected electronically and encrypted before transfer to central database servers.\ud \ud Data quality\ud Data is validated locally and further range checks, sense checks and assessments of internal consistency are applied during data uploads. Analyses of uploaded data including an assessment of data completeness are provided to all hospitals for validation, with repeat validation rounds prior to public reporting.\ud \ud Endpoints\ud In-hospital PCI complications, bleeding and mortality. All-cause mortality is obtained via linkage to the Office of National Statistics. No other linkages are available at present.\ud \ud Data access\ud Available for research by application to NICOR at http://www.nicor.org.uk/ using a data sharing agreement

Objectives\ud This study aims to examine in-hospital gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, its predictors and clinical outcomes, including long-term outcomes, in a national cohort of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in England and Wales.\ud \ud Background\ud GI bleeding remains associated with significant morbidity, mortality and socioeconomic burden.\ud \ud Methods\ud We examined the temporal changes in in-hospital GI bleeding in a national cohort of patients undergoing PCI between 2007-2014 in England and Wales, its predictors and prognostic consequences. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors between GI bleeding and 30-day mortality. Survival analysis was performed comparing patients with, and without, GI bleeding. \ud \ud Results\ud There were 480 in-hospital GI bleeds in 549,298 patients (0.09%). Overall, rates of GI bleeding remained stable over time but a significant decline was observed for patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The strongest predictors of bleeding events were STEMI - odds ratio (OR) 7.28 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 4.82-11.00), glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor use OR 3.42 (95% CI 2.76-4.24) and use of circulatory support OR 2.65 (95% CI 1.90-3.71). Anti-platelets/coagulants (clopidogrel, prasugrel and warfarin) were not independently associated with GI bleeding. GI bleeding was independently associated with a significant increase in all-cause 30-day mortality (OR 2.08 (1.52-2.83)). Patients with in-hospital GI bleed who survived to 30-days had increased all-cause mortality risk at 1 year compared to non-bleeders (HR 1.49 (1.07-2.09)).\ud \ud Conclusions\ud In-hospital GI bleeding following PCI is rare but is a clinically important event associated with increased 30-day and long-term mortality.

Aim: To study the association between time of hospitalization and in-hospital mortality for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods and Results: Patients admitted with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-STEMI (NSTEMI) across 243 hospitals in England and Wales between 1st January 2004 and 31st March 2013 were included. The outcome measure was in-hospital mortality. Adjusted odds ratios for in-hospital mortality were estimated across six four-hourly time periods over the 24-hour clock using multilevel logistic regression, inverse-probability weighting propensity score and instrumental variable analysis. Among 615,035 patients (median age 70.0 years, IQR 59.0 - 80.0 years; 406,519 (66.0%) men), there were 52,777 (8.8%) in-hospital deaths. At night, patients with NSTEMI were more frequently co-morbid, and for STEMI had longer symptom-onset-to-reperfusion times. For STEMI, unadjusted in-hospital mortality was highest between 20:00 and 23:59 (four-hour period range 8.4% to 9.9%; OR compared with 00:00 to 03:59 reference 1.13, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.20), and for NSTEMI highest between 12:00 to 15:59 (8.0% to 8.8%; OR compared with 00:00 to 03:59 reference 1.07, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.12). However, these differences were only apparent in the earlier years of the study, and were attenuated by adjustment for demographics, co-morbidities and clinical presentation. Differences were not statistically significant after adjustment for acute clinical treatment provided. Conclusions: There is little evidence to support an association between time of hospitalization and in-hospital mortality for acute myocardial infarction; variation in in-hospital mortality may be explained by case mix and the use of treatments.

Objectives Using the British Cardiovascular Intervention Society percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) database, temporal trends, predictors, and outcomes of radial access (RA) versus femoral access (FA) for unprotected left main stem percutaneous coronary intervention (LMS-PCI) were studied. Background Data on arterial access site for LMS-PCI are poorly defined. Methods Data were analyzed from 19,482 LMS-PCI procedures performed in England and Wales between 2007 and 2014. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify predictors of access site choice and its association with outcomes. Results The frequency of FA use fell from 77.7% in 2007 to 31.7% in 2014 (p Conclusions In contemporary practice, the radial artery is the predominant access site for unprotected LMS-PCI, and its use is associated with shorter length of stay, less vascular complications, and less major bleeding than femoral access.

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text., Background: Aortic stenosis requires timely treatment with either surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) or transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). This study aimed to investigate the indirect impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on national SAVR and TAVR activity and outcomes. Methods: The UK TAVR Registry and the National Adult Cardiac Surgery Audit were used to identify all TAVR and SAVR procedures in England, between January 2017 and November 2020. The number of isolated aortic valve replacement (AVR), AVR+coronary artery bypass graft surgery, AVR+other surgery, and TAVR procedures per month was calculated. Separate negative binomial regression models were fit to monthly procedural counts, with functions of time as covariates, to estimate the expected change in activity during COVID-19. Results: We included 15 142 TAVR cases, 13 357 isolated AVR cases, 8550 AVR+coronary artery bypass graft cases, and 6773 AVR+other cases. Before March 2020 (UK lockdown), monthly TAVR activity was rising, with a slight decrease in the SAVR activity during 2019. We observed a rapid and significant drop in TAVR and SAVR activity during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially for elective cases. Cumulatively, over the period March to November 2020, we estimated an expected 4989 (95% CI, 4020–5959) cases of aortic stenosis who have not received treatment. Conclusions: This study has demonstrated a significant decrease in TAVR and SAVR activity in England following the COVID-19 outbreak. This situation should be monitored closely, to ensure that monthly activity rapidly returns to expected levels. There is potential for significant backlog in the near-to-medium term and potential for increased mortality in this population.

Objectives: To describe outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients who would usually have undergone coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Background: In the United Kingdom, cardiac surgery for coronary artery disease (CAD) was dramatically reduced during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Many patients with “surgical disease” instead underwent PCI. Methods: Between 1 March 2020 and 31 July 2020, 215 patients with recognized “surgical” CAD who underwent PCI were enrolled in the prospective UK-ReVasc Registry (ReVR). 30-day major cardiovascular event outcomes were collected. Findings in ReVR patients were directly compared to reference PCI and isolated CABG pre-COVID-19 data from British Cardiovascular Intervention Society (BCIS) and National Cardiac Audit Programme (NCAP) databases. Results: ReVR patients had higher incidence of diabetes (34.4% vs 26.4%, P =.008), multi-vessel disease with left main stem disease (51.4% vs 3.0%, P

Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Aims The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a decline in hospitalizations for non-COVID-19 related conditions. We explored the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cardiac operations and interventions undertaken in England. Methods An administrative database covering hospital activity for England, the Health Episodes Statistics, was used to assess a total of 286,697 hospitalizations for cardiac operations and interventions, as well as 227,257 hospitalizations for myocardial infarction (MI) and 453,799 for heart failure (HF) from 7th January 2019 to 26th July 2020. Results Over the 3 months of ‘lockdown’, total numbers and mean reductions in weekly rates (n [-%]), compared with the same time period in 2019, were: coronary artery bypass grafting (-2507 [-64%]); percutaneous coronary intervention (-5245 [-28%]; surgical (-1324 [-41%]) and transcatheter (-284 [-21%]) aortic valve replacement; mitral valve replacement; implantation of pacemakers (-6450 [-44%]), cardiac resynchronization therapy with (-356 [-42%]) or without (-491 [-46%] defibrillation devices, and implantable cardioverter defibrillators (-501 [-45%]); atrial fibrillation ablation (-1902 [-83%]), and other ablations (-1712 [-64%]) (all p Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic has led to substantial reductions in the number of cardiac operations and interventions undertaken. An alternative strategy for healthcare delivery to patients with cardiac conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic is urgently needed. Abstract Figure.

Aims To determine the current state of the use of reperfusion and adjunctive therapies and in-hospital outcomes in European Society of Cardiology (ESC) member and affiliated countries for patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) complicated by cardiogenic shock (CS). Methods and results ESC EurObservational Research Programme prospective international cohort study of admissions with STEMI within 24 h of symptom onset (196 centres; 26 ESC member and 3 affiliated countries). Of 11 462 patients enrolled, 448 (3.9%) had CS. Patients with compared to patients without CS, less frequently received primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) (65.5% vs. 72.2%) and fibrinolysis (15.9% vs. 19.0), and more often had no reperfusion therapy (19.0% vs. 8.5%). Mechanical support devices (intraaortic ballon pump 11.2%, extracoporeal membrane oxygenation 0.7%, other 1.1%) were used infrequently in CS. Bleeding definition academic research consortium 2–5 bleeding complications (10.1% vs. 3.0%, P Conclusion In this multi-national registry, patients with STEMI complicated by CS less frequently receive reperfusion therapy than patients with STEMI without CS. Early mortality in patients with CS not treated with primary PCI is very high. Therefore, strategies to improve clinical outcome in STEMI with CS are needed.

Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background Covid-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on healthcare service delivery. Acute cardiovascular care however remains a priority despite the pandemic. Patients presenting with non-ST elevation MI (NSTEMI) have been poorly characterised during the pandemic. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of patients diagnosed with NSTEMI during the peak of the pandemic between April-May 2020 at our tertiary centre in the UK. Data was collected from electronic patient clinical records including time from admission to angiography, length of stay, mortality, prescription of secondary prevention pharmacotherapy and referral to cardiac rehabilitation. We compared this data to the same time period in 2019. Results As can be seen from Table 1, in 2020, the mean age, median time to angiography and length of stay were all significantly lower than the control period of 2019. Prescription of secondary prevention medication (Aspirin, P2Y12 inhibitor, Beta-blocker, Statin and ACEi/ARB) and referral to cardiac rehabilitation also improved in 2020, however neither was statistically significant. During the 2020 period, 1 patient died due to late presentation NSTEMI and multi-organ failure. There were 3 deaths in 2019: complications following coronary bypass surgery, upper GI bleed and a subarachnoid haemorrhage. Conclusion Our results show that the mean age of the patients presenting with NSTEMI during the peak of Covid-19 pandemic was younger suggesting that elderly patients failed to present. Compared to 2019, there was significant improvement in patient treatment times with a significantly shorter stay in hospital, probably as a result of the reduction in elective activity allowing un-restrained access to the catheter labs. We also saw improvement in prescription for secondary prevention and referral to cardiac rehabilitation services during this time suggesting that there may have been improved focus on these aspects of care again. Table 120192020p-valueAge (years)71.2 ± 12.265.0 ± 12.1p

Service Specification for TAVI: Recommendations of the British Cardiovascular Intervention Society – Updated July 2019 Severe AS (sAS) is the most common primary valve disease leading to surgery or catheter intervention in Europe and North America, with a growing prevalence due to the ageing population.[3] It is a degenerative condition in which the outflow of blood from the heart is restricted by progressive narrowing of the aortic valve. This leads to symptoms of breathlessness, exertional chest pain or blackouts. Untreated, the condition causes left ventricular failure and death, with up to 40% of patients dying within 1 year of symptom onset. No medical therapy can improve outcome for this condition and therefore valve intervention is the only treatment option that alters prognosis. The standard of care for this condition has historically been surgical aortic valve replacement (sAVR), but around one-third of patients are ineligible for sAVR due to a combination of age and comorbidities. TAVI is a transformational technology; it is a much less invasive approach than sAVR and involves implantation of a new valve without the need for complex surgery or the use of a heart–lung bypass machine. This is most commonly done via the femoral arteries (transfemoral or TF approach), but it may also be accomplished via the subclavian arteries or via minimally invasive access using the cardiac apex between the ribs, directly into the aorta through a small incision. Less common approaches via the carotid arteries, axillary artery and the femoral veins or abdominal aorta have also been described. Therefore, for most patients undergoing TAVI, the procedure is performed via the femoral artery, under local anaesthesia or conscious sedation in a catheter laboratory. This results in quicker patient recovery, a shorter hospital stay and reduced use of expensive and limited resources such as cardiac operating theatres and intensive care unit beds, as well as postoperative nursing care. A number of different valve designs are available, including balloon-expandable and self-expandable devices. Each has different performance characteristics, which may be tailored to specific anatomical or patient-specific features. TAVI has been proven to be superior to medical therapy for inoperable patients and superior to sAVR in patients who are high risk for sAVR (Society of Thoracic Surgeons [STS] or Euroscore II >8%).[4–6] Trials have also shown that patients with intermediate surgical risk (STS or Euroscore II >4%) who are eligible for a TF approach have superior outcomes with TAVI.[7–9] Moreover, randomised trials have shown TAVI to be superior to sAVR in patients classified as low risk (STS