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Fluoroquinolones (FQs) have achieved significant success in both human and veterinary medicine. However, regulatory authorities have recommended limiting their use, firstly because they can have disabling side effects; secondly, because of the need to limit the spread of antibiotic resistance. This review addresses another concerning consequence of the excessive use of FQs: the freshwater environments contamination and the impact on non-target organisms. Here, an overview of the highest concentrations found in Europe, Asia, and the USA is provided, the sensitivity of various taxa is presented through a comparison of the lowest EC50s from about a hundred acute toxicity tests, and primary mechanisms of FQ toxicity are described. A risk assessment is conducted based on the estimation of the Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC). This is calculated traditionally and, in a more contemporary manner, by constructing a normalized Species Sensitivity Distribution curve. The lowest individual HC5 (6.52 µg L−1) was obtained for levofloxacin, followed by ciprofloxacin (7.51 µg L−1), sarafloxacin and clinafloxacin (12.23 µg L−1), and ofloxacin (17.12 µg L−1). By comparing the calculated PNEC with detected concentrations, it is evident that the risk cannot be denied: the potential impact of FQs on freshwater ecosystems is a further reason to minimize their use.

BackgroundChatGPT was not intended for use in health care, but it has potential benefits that depend on end-user understanding and acceptability, which is where health care students become crucial. There is still a limited amount of research in this area. ObjectiveThe primary aim of our study was to assess the frequency of ChatGPT use, the perceived level of knowledge, the perceived risks associated with its use, and the ethical issues, as well as attitudes toward the use of ChatGPT in the context of education in the field of health. In addition, we aimed to examine whether there were differences across groups based on demographic variables. The second part of the study aimed to assess the association between the frequency of use, the level of perceived knowledge, the level of risk perception, and the level of perception of ethics as predictive factors for participants’ attitudes toward the use of ChatGPT. MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted from May to June 2023 encompassing students of medicine, nursing, dentistry, nutrition, and laboratory science across the Americas. The study used descriptive analysis, chi-square tests, and ANOVA to assess statistical significance across different categories. The study used several ordinal logistic regression models to analyze the impact of predictive factors (frequency of use, perception of knowledge, perception of risk, and ethics perception scores) on attitude as the dependent variable. The models were adjusted for gender, institution type, major, and country. Stata was used to conduct all the analyses. ResultsOf 2661 health care students, 42.99% (n=1144) were unaware of ChatGPT. The median score of knowledge was “minimal” (median 2.00, IQR 1.00-3.00). Most respondents (median 2.61, IQR 2.11-3.11) regarded ChatGPT as neither ethical nor unethical. Most participants (median 3.89, IQR 3.44-4.34) “somewhat agreed” that ChatGPT (1) benefits health care settings, (2) provides trustworthy data, (3) is a helpful tool for clinical and educational medical information access, and (4) makes the work easier. In total, 70% (7/10) of people used it for homework. As the perceived knowledge of ChatGPT increased, there was a stronger tendency with regard to having a favorable attitude toward ChatGPT. Higher ethical consideration perception ratings increased the likelihood of considering ChatGPT as a source of trustworthy health care information (odds ratio [OR] 1.620, 95% CI 1.498-1.752), beneficial in medical issues (OR 1.495, 95% CI 1.452-1.539), and useful for medical literature (OR 1.494, 95% CI 1.426-1.564; P

BackgroundBreast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. Studies about the genomic landscape of metastatic breast cancer (MBC) have predominantly originated from developed nations. There are still limited data on the molecular epidemiology of MBC in low- and middle-income countries. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of mutations in the PI3K-AKT pathway and other actionable drivers in estrogen receptor (ER)+/HER2- MBC among Brazilian patients treated at a large institution representative of the nation’s demographic diversity.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective observational study using laboratory data (OC Precision Medicine). Our study included tumor samples from patients with ER+/HER2- MBC who underwent routine tumor testing from 2020 to 2023 and originated from several Brazilian centers within the Oncoclinicas network. Two distinct next-generation sequencing (NGS) assays were used: GS Focus (23 genes, covering PIK3CA, AKT1, ESR1, ERBB2, BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, TP53, but not PTEN) or GS 180 (180 genes, including PTEN, tumor mutation burden [TMB] and microsatellite instability [MSI]).ResultsEvaluation of tumor samples from 328 patients was undertaken, mostly (75.6%) with GS Focus. Of these, 69% were primary tumors, while 31% were metastatic lesions. The prevalence of mutations in the PI3K-AKT pathway was 39.3% (95% confidence interval, 33% to 43%), distributed as 37.5% in PIK3CA and 1.8% in AKT1. Stratification by age revealed a higher incidence of mutations in this pathway among patients over 50 (44.5% vs 29.1%, p=0.01). Among the PIK3CA mutations, 78% were canonical (included in the alpelisib companion diagnostic non-NGS test), while the remaining 22% were characterized as non-canonical mutations (identifiable only by NGS test). ESR1 mutations were detected in 6.1%, exhibiting a higher frequency in metastatic samples (15.1% vs 1.3%, p=0.003). Additionally, mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2, or PALB2 were identified in 3.9% of cases, while mutations in ERBB2 were found in 2.1%. No PTEN mutations were detected, nor were TMB high or MSI cases.ConclusionWe describe the genomic landscape of Brazilian patients with ER+/HER2- MBC, in which the somatic mutation profile is comparable to what is described in the literature globally. These data are important for developing precision medicine strategies in this scenario, as well as for health systems management and research initiatives.

Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are frequently detected in the environment and are linked to adverse reproductive health outcomes in humans. Although legacy PFAS have been phased out due to their toxicity, alternative PFAS are increasingly used despite the fact that information on their toxic effects on reproductive traits is particularly scarce. Here, we exposed male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) for a short period (21 days) to an environmentally realistic concentration (1 ppb) of PFOA, a legacy PFAS, and its replacement compound, GenX, to assess their impact on reproductive traits and gene expression. Exposure to PFAS did not impair survival but instead caused sublethal effects. Overall, PFAS exposure caused changes in male sexual behaviour and had detrimental effects on sperm motility. Sublethal variations were also seen at the transcriptional level, with the modulation of genes involved in immune regulation, spermatogenesis, and oxidative stress. We also observed bioaccumulation of PFAS, which was higher for PFOA than for GenX. Our results offer a comprehensive comparison of these two PFAS and shed light on the toxicity of a newly emerging alternative to legacy PFAS. It is therefore evident that even at low concentrations and with short exposure, PFAS can have subtle yet significant effects on behaviour, fertility, and immunity. These findings underscore the potential ramifications of pollution under natural conditions and their impact on fish populations.

Abstract Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution.

Oral melanoma (OM) is the most common malignant oral tumour among dogs and shares similarities with human mucosal melanoma (HMM), validating the role of canine species as an immunocompetent model for cancer research. In both humans and dogs, the prognosis is poor and radiotherapy (RT) represents a cornerstone in the management of this tumour, either as an adjuvant or a palliative treatment. In this study, by means of RNA-seq, the effect of RT weekly fractionated in 9 Gray (Gy), up to a total dose of 36 Gy (4 weeks), was evaluated in eight dogs affected by OM. Furthermore, possible transcriptomic differences in blood and biopsies that might be associated with a longer overall survival (OS) were investigated. The immune response, glycosylation, cell adhesion, and cell cycle were the most affected pathways by RT, while tumour microenvironment (TME) composition and canonical and non-canonical WNT pathways appeared to be modulated in association with OS. Taking these results as a whole, this study improved our understanding of the local and systemic effect of RT, reinforcing the pivotal role of anti-tumour immunity in the control of canine oral melanoma (COM).

Background and purposeIsolated insular strokes (IIS) are a rare occurrence due to the frequent concomitant involvement of adjacent territories, supplied by the M2 segment of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), and clinical aspects are sometimes contradictory. We aimed to describe clinical and radiological characteristics of a pure IIS case series, focusing on its functional outcome and cardiac involvement.MethodsWe identified 15 isolated insular ischemic strokes from a pool of 563 ischemic strokes occurred between January 2020 and December 2021. Data collection consisted of demographic and baseline clinical characteristics, comorbidities, electrocardiograms, echocardiograms, stroke topography and etiology, reperfusive treatments, and outcome measures. Descriptive statistical analysis was carried out.ResultsNewly detected cardiovascular alterations were the prevalent atypical presentation. Cardioembolism was the most frequent etiology. Most of patients had major neurological improvement at discharge and good outcome at 3-months follow-up.Discussion and conclusionIIS are extremely rare, representing according to our study about 2.6% ischemic strokes cases per year, and patients have peculiar clinical manifestations, such as dysautonomia and awareness deficits. Our data suggest the possibility for these patients to completely recover after acute ischemic stroke notwithstanding the pivotal role of the insula in cerebral connections and the frequent association with MCA occlusion. Moreover, given the central role of the insula in regulating autonomic functions, newly detected cardiac arrhythmias must be taken into consideration, as well as a full diagnostic work-up for the research of cardioembolic sources. To our knowledge, this is the largest monocentric case series of IIS and it might be useful for future systematic reviews.

With the growing popularity of clear aligners, more patients have chosen to use them instead of traditional orthodontic braces to correct their malocclusions. Clear aligners offer distinct advantages over conventional fixed braces, such as limited aesthetic impact, the convenience of easily removing them for meals, improved accessibility for brushing and flossing, and a treatment approach that avoids the use of metal, minimizing potential irritation to the cheeks and gums. Manufacturers point out a disadvantage that can be administered in this type of treatment. Still, to our knowledge, a comprehensive review of the published literature assessing the adverse/negative effects of clear aligners has not yet been conducted. A systematic review, with or without meta-analysis, will be performed. The inclusion criteria will be studies involving individuals using clear aligners and reporting potential adverse/negative effects during or after treatment. No restrictions about time or language will be applied. The studies screening will be conducted in two stages. Two independent reviewers will initially evaluate the title and abstract under the eligibility criteria. Subsequently, the same two reviewers will examine the articles' full text in-depth. The results will be synthesized in the form of a narrative description and incorporate a meta-analysis if justified. Furthermore, we will present details regarding the sample characteristics, intervention, study objectives, methodologies employed, and primary findings. This study aims to investigate the potential adverse effects and their frequency among orthodontic patients wearing clear aligners. Moreover, the outcomes of this review have the potential to illuminate specific inherent limitations of aligner therapy as a comprehensive orthodontic approach.

Research Purpose: To analyze aspects of relief and land use in relation to environmental preservation, in order to evaluate more favorable areas for viticulture, using data from medium resolution satellites and free GIS software. Methodology: The digital elevation model (DEM) of ALOS image with a resolution of 12.5 m was used to obtain hypsometry, slope and sun exposure. A Sentinel 2 image was used to obtain land use by MAXVER classification, highlighting native forest with field support. The data were processed in the QGIS program and the integration of the data was done by crossing relief, land use and environmental aspects. The permanent preservation areas (PPA) were obtained by geoprocessing in GIS. Findings: Permanent preservation areas associated with the margin of rivers, lakes and slopes above 45% were generated. The areas of vineyards, some planted since the 1970s in the region, coincided in part with the areas recommended in this study, as well as a soil zoning done previously. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the territorial and environmental management of the viticultural area of Encruzilhada do Sul, Brazil, and can be used for other activities. Viticulture can also be expanded to areas indicated as favorable, as well as encouraging to be extended to other areas of the Serra do Sudeste wine region.

Aim: The influence of different heat treatments on the mechanical properties of CAD/CAM ceramics was assessed. Methodology: A systematic search in five databases and gray literature was performed. In vitro studies providing data about the influence of various thermal treatments on the mechanical properties of CAD/CAM ceramics were included. Results: Out of 6500 articles found, 15 were included for results analysis. In the disilicate group, e.max CAD showed the best results in flexural strength (FS) and Vita Suprinity in microhardness (MH) and fracture toughness (FT). In the zirconium oxide group, Incoris exhibited better performance in FS while Razor Zirconia demonstrated superior MH and FT. Eleven studies had low and four had a moderate risk of bias (RoB). Conclusions: Both reinforced vitreous ceramics and zirconia ceramics, when subjected to high temperatures for short periods of time, significantly improve their mechanical properties. Favoring the biomechanical behavior of restorations present in the oral cavity, they are always subjected to constant changes in temperature, forces of different nature, intensity, or direction, changes in acidity, presence of moisture, etc., which make this a difficult environment for their clinical survival.

Soil compaction is one of the main causes of soil degradation, and some parameters have been used to characterize it, like those related to compressibility and the degree of compactness. To evaluate the rotational grazing time during winter and the presence and absence of grazing, on the compressibility and degree of compactness of a Cambisol, an experiment was installed and consisted of corn planting for silage, a fallow and pasture planting period, with two treatments evaluating the amount of rotational grazing (two and three times in a period of, respectively, 2 and 3 months), subdivided into the presence and absence of dairy cattle grazing. The mean bulk density value of 1.47 Mg/m3 separates the occurrence (plastic deformation) or not (elastic deformation) of additional soil compaction, while the traffic of machinery and animal trampling should occur with soil moisture lower than 0.23 kg/kg, when the soil has a larger load-bearing capacity. For the conservation of soil structure, our study recommends the permanence of cattle in the plots for 30 to 40 min/day and an exit when the pasture height is 0.07 to 0.10 m, with two or three grazing in a period of, respectively, 2 and 3 months.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o impacto do isolamento social no desempenho acadêmico e psicológico de universitários em aulas on-line durante a COVID-19. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática com buscas em cinco bases de dados eletrônicas. De 187 estudos identificados, sete foram incluídos para a síntese qualitativa. Alunos e professores expõem desafios vivenciados neste período pandêmico, como falta de infraestrutura e recursos tecnológicos, dificuldades socioeconômicas e fatores psicológicos. Entretanto, frente à impossibilidade de aulas presenciais, há uma avaliação positiva da decisão das universidades, mas a maior parte do público-alvo anseia pelo retorno acadêmico totalmente presencial.

Abstract In a time of rapid global change, the question of what determines patterns in species abundance distribution remains a priority for understanding the complex dynamics of ecosystems. The constrained maximization of information entropy provides a framework for the understanding of such complex systems dynamics by a quantitative analysis of important constraints via predictions using least biased probability distributions. We apply it to over two thousand hectares of Amazonian tree inventories across seven forest types and thirteen functional traits, representing major global axes of plant strategies. Results show that constraints formed by regional relative abundances of genera explain eight times more of local relative abundances than constraints based on directional selection for specific functional traits, although the latter does show clear signals of environmental dependency. These results provide a quantitative insight by inference from large-scale data using cross-disciplinary methods, furthering our understanding of ecological dynamics.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by progressive loss of both upper and lower motor neurons, resulting in clinical features such as muscle weakness, paralysis, and ultimately, respiratory failure. Nowadays, there is not effective treatment to reverse the progression of the disease, that leads to death within 3–5 years after the onset. Nevertheless, the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) technology could be the answer, providing disease modelling, drug testing, and cell-based therapies for this pathology. The aim of this work was to conduct a literature review of the past 5 years about the role of iPS in ALS, to better define the neurobiological mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis and the potential future therapies. The review also deals with advanced and currently available technologies used to reprogram cell lines and generate human motor neurons in vitro, which represent the source to study the pathological processes, the relationship between phenotype and genotype, the disease progression and the potential therapeutic targets of these group of disorders. Specific treatment options with stem cells involve Advance Gene Editing Technology, neuroprotective agents, and cells or exosomes transplantation, aimed to replace dead or damaged nerve cells. In summary, this review comprehensively addresses the role of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in motor neuron diseases (MND), with a focus on physiopathology, diagnostic and prognostic implications, specific and potential future treatment options. Understanding the biological mechanisms and practical implications of hPSCs in MND is crucial for advancing therapeutic strategies and improving outcomes for patients affected by these devastating diseases.

Several herbal and other natural products are used as ingredients in food supplements to strengthen immunity even if, very often, marketed products are proposed without a clear rationale or experimental evidence. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect on human monocytes (THP-1) and on ex vivo human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of two formulations, one containing Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bl-04® with β-glucans (for adults) and one containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 with elderberry extract (for children). We compared formulations with single ingredients, with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the drug pidotimod; cytokines expression level was evaluated testing different concentrations of samples at two exposure times. As expected, LPS caused a non-specific huge upregulation of cytokines expression both in THP-1 and in PBMC, whereas pidotimod mainly upregulated IL-2 in PBMC and IL-8 in THP-1. The two formulations showed a difference between a pro-inflammatory stimulus such as LPS, and also from an immunostimulant drug, such as pidotimod, as they mainly upregulated the expression of IL-6 and IL-10 in PBMC but not in THP-1, in a concentration-dependent mode. Probiotics were shown to play a major role, but β-glucans and elderberry extract exerted a synergistic activity. This work demonstrated that combining selected probiotics with other natural products having immunomodulatory properties is an interesting strategy to develop innovative formulations in the sector of food supplements.

ABSTRACT Objective: Identify the librarian presence in dentistry systematic reviews. The primary outcome was the frequency and role of librarian presence. The secondary outcomes were to assess whether there are differences regarding impact factor, strategy availability, number of databases, and registration of protocol, in the systematic reviews that included or not a librarian. Methods: It were included systematic reviews in dentistry, in English, published in dental journals, indexed from July 1st, 2018 to July 1st, 2019 available on MEDLINE/PubMed. For statistical analysis, the T-test and Pearson's chi-squared test were used. The significance level was 5%. Results: Among 280 included studies 14% systematic reviews mention librarian participation, 9% as consultants and 5% as co-authors. There was no statistical difference for impact factor (p=0.928) outcomes, search strategy available (p=0.850), and number of database (p=0.240) among the studies that had or not the presence of the librarian. The number of systematic reviews registered was higher when the librarian was present. The databases mentioned more frequently were MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Embase. Conclusion: The frequency of librarian participation in the included systematic reviews was 14%. The most frequent participation was as consultants. Systematic reviews with a librarian on the team were associated with more protocol registration.

Objetivo: A anestesia de molares mandibulares irreversivelmente inflamados está atrelada a taxas de falha que variam de 43% a 83% após o Bloqueio do Nervo Alveolar Inferior (BNAI). Portanto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi revisar a literatura disponível sobre técnicas anestésicas primárias e complementares, para auxiliar o clínico a alcançar anestesia profunda durante o tratamento de urgência de molares mandibulares com pulpite irreversível. Materiais e métodos: Foram pesquisados, na base de dados PubMed, ensaios clínicos randomizados cuja população abrangeu pacientes com pulpite irreversível em molares mandibulares procurando atendimento de urgência. Foi avaliado o sucesso anestésico através do relato de dor durante a abertura coronária e/ou instrumentação dos canais radiculares utilizando a escala visual analógica. Dos 82 estudos encontrados sobre técnicas anestésicas primárias, 7 foram incluídos, enquanto para as técnicas complementares, dos 21 estudos encontrados, foram incluídos 8. Revisão de literatura: A técnica Intraóssea (IO) chegou a apresentar 100% de sucesso em dentes em que a BNAI havia falhado. Já, as técnicas Intraligamentar (IL) e Infiltração Mandibular (IM), aumentaram de 28,1% para 75% e 65,6% respectivamente, as taxas de sucesso anestésico. Discussão: O uso de anestesia IO como técnica complementar ao BNAI, ou ainda, o uso deste, combinado com as anestesias IL e IM aumentam de forma significativa os percentuais de sucesso para alcançar anestesia pulpar. Conclusão: Embora a conquista da anestesia profunda de molares inferiores inflamados seja desafiadora, técnicas anestésicas podem ser combinadas para proporcionar ao paciente um conforto maior durante o tratamento.

Most people develop mild or moderate symptoms of COVID-19, but some people develop severe symptoms, leading to hospitalizations. The objective of the research was to analyze the prevalence of confirmed cases of COVID-19, hospitalization for this disease in Intensive Care Units, and the occupancy rate of beds resulting from the same in these units in the municipality of Rondonopolis, Mato Grosso. This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study with a quantitative approach, with data from secondary sources of epidemiological bulletins in Rondonopolis, Mato Grosso, from June 2020 to May 2021. The average number of hospitalized cases per month and the occupancy rate of intensive care beds were calculated. All cases reported with COVID-19 and hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit of public hospitals in the municipality were included. Analyses were performed with R Software and the chi-square goodness-of-fit test and Kendall's correlation were performed. A total of 28,443 new cases of COVID-19 were reported during the study period, with the highest average of hospitalizations in the intensive care unit in the public health network was in May 2021 (n=51.1) and the bed occupancy rate was in September 2020 (129.17%). In all regions analyzed in comparison with this study, the ICUs operated in a state of calamity with high occupancy rates. A relationship between the increase in the number of cases and hospitalizations and occupancy rates of Intensive Care Units was identified, which are findings that indicate the need to control COVID-19.

Abstract Background Recently, interest in the use of herbs and phytogenic compounds has grown because of their potential role in the production and health of livestock animals. Among these compounds, several tannins have been tested in poultry, but those from chestnut wood and grape-industry byproducts have attracted remarkable interest. Thus, the present study aimed to gain further insights into the mechanisms involved in the response to the dietary supplementation with extracts of chestnut wood or grape pomace. To this purpose, 864 broiler chickens were fed a control diet (C) or the same diet supplemented 0.2% chestnut wood (CN) extract or 0.2% grape pomace (GP) extract from hatching until commercial slaughtering (at 45 days of age) to assess their effects on performance, meat quality, jejunum immune response and whole-transcriptome profiling in both sexes at different ages (15 and 35 d). Results Final live weight and daily weight gain significantly increased (P < 0.01) in chickens fed GP diets compared to CN and C diets. The villi height was lower in chickens fed the CN diet than in those fed the C diet (P < 0.001); moreover, a lower density of CD45+ cells was observed in chickens fed the CN diet (P < 0.05) compared to those fed the C and GP diets. Genes involved in either pro- or anti-inflammatory response pathways, and antimicrobial and antioxidant responses were affected by GP and CN diets. There was no effect of the dietary treatment on meat quality. Regarding sex, in addition to a lower growth performance, females showed a lower occurrence of wooden breast (16.7% vs. 55.6%; P < 0.001) and a higher occurrence of spaghetti meat (48.6% vs. 4.17%; P < 0.001) in pectoralis major muscles after slaughtering than those in males. Based on the results of whole-transcriptome profiling, a significant activation of some molecular pathways related to immunity was observed in males compared with those of females. Conclusions The GP supplementation improved chicken performance and promoted immune responses in the intestinal mucosa; moreover, age and sex were associated with the most relevant transcriptional changes.

Objetivo: Dificuldades anestésicas podem decorrer de cenários de infecção e inflamação, como são os casos de pulpite irreversível. Logo, o propósito da presente revisão sistematizada foi auxiliar o clínico a alcançar anestesia profunda durante o tratamento de urgência endodôntica de molares mandibulares com pulpite irreversível. Materiais e métodos: Foram selecionados via PubMed, ensaios clínicos randomizados realizados com pacientes com pulpite irreversível em molares mandibulares procurando atendimento de urgência. Estes deveriam avaliar o sucesso anestésico através do relato de dor durante a abertura coronária e/ou instrumentação dos canais radiculares. Dois desfechos primários distintos eram alvo deste estudo (soluções anestésicas e condutas alternativas). Para soluções anestésicas, foram incluídos 18 estudos, e para condutas alternativas, 10 estudos. Revisão de literatura: Diversas estratégias têm sido investigadas para aumentar o percentual de sucesso anestésico, como o uso de técnicas complementares ao bloqueio do nervo alveolar inferior (BNAI), o aumento do volume de anestésico ou do vasoconstritor, o tamponamento das soluções e condutas alternativas. Discussão: Constatou-se que não há diferença na taxa de sucesso no BNAI e para técnicas anestésicas complementares para os diferentes agentes anestésicos. Além disso, a maior concentração de adrenalina, o aumento do volume da solução utilizada, substâncias capazes de tamponar a solução anestésica, a administração ou injeção de anti-inflamatórios, a crioterapia e o óxido nitroso também parecem melhoram as taxas de sucesso anestésico. Conclusão: Diversos métodos alternativos parecem promissores para potencializar uma anestesia profunda, e devem ser mais bem investigados para a adoção de parâmetros em prol de seu emprego definitivo.

Optic neuritis (ON) is an inflammatory condition affecting the optic nerve, leading to vision impairment and potential vision loss. This manuscript aims to provide a comprehensive review of the current understanding of ON, including its definition, epidemiology, physiology, genetics, molecular pathways, therapy, ongoing clinical studies, and future perspectives. ON is characterized by inflammation of the optic nerve, often resulting from an autoimmune response. Epidemiological studies have shown a higher incidence in females and an association with certain genetic factors. The physiology of ON involves an immune-mediated attack on the myelin sheath surrounding the optic nerve, leading to demyelination and subsequent impairment of nerve signal transmission. This inflammatory process involves various molecular pathways, including the activation of immune cells and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Genetic factors play a significant role in the susceptibility to ON. Several genes involved in immune regulation and myelin maintenance have been implicated in the disease pathogenesis. Understanding the genetic basis can provide insights into disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Therapy for ON focuses on reducing inflammation and promoting nerve regeneration. Future perspectives involve personalized medicine approaches based on genetic profiling, regenerative therapies to repair damaged myelin, and the development of neuroprotective strategies. Advancements in understanding molecular pathways, genetics, and diagnostic tools offer new opportunities for targeted therapies and improved patient outcomes in the future.

(1) Background: Increasing evidence supports the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective role of perampanel (PER), mediated by decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and by interference with apoptosis processes. Therefore, the use of PER to treat status epilepticus (SE) with suspected inflammatory etiology is appealing and deserves further investigation. (2) Methods: We retrospectively analyzed seven patients (five F, two M; median age: 62 years) with refractory and super-refractory SE due to a probable or defined inflammatory etiology and treated with PER. (3) Results: PER was administered as the third (4/7) or fourth drug (3/7), with a median loading dose of 32 mg/day (range: 16–36 mg/day) and a median maintenance dose of 10 mg/day (range: 4–12 mg/day). In five cases, SE was focal, while in two patients, it was generalized. SE was caused by systemic inflammation in three patients, while in the other four subjects, it was recognized to have an autoimmune etiology. SE resolution was observed after PER administration in all cases, particularly within 24 h in the majority of patients (4/7, 57.1%). (4) Conclusions: Our data support the efficacy of PER in treating SE when first- and second-line ASMs have failed and suggest a possible earlier use in SE cases that are due to inflammatory/autoimmune etiology.

The objective of this study is to characterize and compare the relationships between dendrometric variables in Dipteryx spp. stands in the Western Amazon by fitting linear regression equations for total height (ht) and crown diameter (dc). Six forest stands were evaluated in three municipalities. The variables collected included diameter at 1.3 m height (dbh), ht, and dc. Simple and multiple linear regression equations were fitted to characterize the relationships between ht and dc. The aboveground biomass and carbon stock of the stands were estimated. Most dendrometric variables were positively correlated (97.5%). The general equations presented an R2adj. greater than 0.7, and all coefficients were significant. Equations with non-significant coefficients were common in settlement adjustments (45%). The error for these equations varied between 1.1 and 23.6 m. The trees averaged 22 t ha−1 of aboveground biomass in the stands. There was a variation in carbon sequestration potential among stands, ranging from 5.12 to 88.91 t CO2 ha−1. Single-input equations using dbh as an independent variable are recommended for estimating dc and ht for individual Dipteryx spp. stands. Stands in the Western Amazon play a significant role in carbon sequestration and accumulation. Trees can sequester an average of 4.8 tons of CO2 per year.

African swine fever (ASF) is a lethal disease in pigs that has grave socio-economic implications worldwide. For the development of vaccines against the African swine fever virus (ASFV), immunogenic antigens that generate protective immune responses need to be identified. There are over 150 viral proteins—many of which are uncharacterized—and humoral immunity to ASFV has not been closely examined. To profile antigen-specific antibody responses, we developed luciferase-linked antibody capture assays (LACAs) for a panel of ASFV capsid proteins and screened sera from inbred and outbred animals that were previously immunized with low-virulent ASFV before challenge with virulent ASFV. Antibodies to B646L/p72, D117L/p17, M1249L, and E120R/p14.5 were detected in this study; however, we were unable to detect B438L-specific antibodies. Anti-B646L/p72 and B602L antibodies were associated with recovery from disease after challenges with genotype I OUR T88/1 but not genotype II Georgia 2007/1. Antibody responses against M1249L and E120R/p14.5 were observed in animals with reduced clinical signs and viremia. Here, we present LACAs as a tool for the targeted profiling of antigen-specific antibody responses to inform vaccine development.

Este estudio de caso utiliza el análisis de la conversación para examinar la interacción verbal en las conversaciones didácticas de tres manuales de español como lengua extranjera (de ahora en adelante ELE) empleados en la educación secundaria sueca. La observación de dichas conversaciones revela algunos patrones problemáticos en cuanto a la secuencialidad de las acciones, a la presencia sistemática de silencios entre turnos de palabra y, en general, a la falta de coordinación entre co-participantes. Otros fenómenos típicos de la interacción espontánea, como por ejemplo los solapamientos entre turnos de palabra, las reparaciones o las co-construcciones faltan por completo en los materiales analizados. En la perspectiva de una enseñanza de idiomas comunicativa y orientada a la acción, el artículo sostiene que en la preparación de este tipo de soportes didácticos habría que tener más en cuenta la estrecha relación existente entre lengua hablada y acción social.

O surgimento do Covid-19 mudou significativamente as notícias veiculadas nas mídias tradicionais e na web. Preocupações como cozinhar em casa ou pedir alimentos por aplicativo (apps), saúde, realizar compras pelo ­e-commerce ou trabalhar em casa, passaram a fazer parte do cotidiano das famílias. A falta de alguns itens, filas e restrições nos supermercados, e as disputas externas por itens alimentícios também foram noticiados. Nessa perspectiva, buscou-se analisar as implicações iniciais da pandemia no agronegócio, por meio das notícias numa mídia brasileira. Para isso, realizou-se a coleta de reportagens sobre o agronegócio e o Covid-19 datados no início da pandemia, no portal do Jornal Folha de São Paulo (FSP), na internet. Foram obtidas 184 notícias, cujo conteúdo foi analisado com auxílio do software QDA Miner. Observou-se que os principais tópicos tratados nas publicações da FSP, nesse período inicial da pandemia, estavam relacionados ao mercado externo, a pobreza e ao preço dos alimentos. Abstract: The emergence of Covid-19 has significantly changed the news broadcast in traditional media and on the web. Concerns such as cooking at home or ordering food through apps, health, shopping on e-commerce, or working from home became part of everyday life for families. Shortages of some items, queues and restrictions at supermarkets, and outside disputes over food items were also reported. From this perspective, we sought to analyze the initial implications of the pandemic on agribusiness through the news in a Brazilian media outlet. To this end, the collection of news reports on agribusiness and Covid-19 dating from the beginning of the pandemic was carried out in the internet portal of the newspaper Folha de São Paulo (FSP). We obtained 184 news reports, whose content was analyzed with the help of the QDA Miner software. It was observed that the main themes addressed in the FSP publications, in this initial period of the pandemic, were related to the foreign market, poverty and food prices.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) induces lipid peroxidation and mortality in bovine foetal hepatocyte-derived cells (BFH12), with underlying transcriptional perturbations associated mainly with cancer, cellular damage, inflammation, bioactivation, and detoxification pathways. In this cell line, curcumin and resveratrol have proven to be effective in mitigating AFB1-induced toxicity. In this paper, we preliminarily assessed the potential anti-AFB1 activity of a natural polyphenol, quercetin (QUE), in BFH12 cells. To this end, we primarily measured QUE cytotoxicity using a WST-1 reagent. Then, we pre-treated the cells with QUE and exposed them to AFB1. The protective role of QUE was evaluated by measuring cytotoxicity, transcriptional changes (RNA-sequencing), lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde production), and targeted post-transcriptional modifications (NQO1 and CYP3A enzymatic activity). The results demonstrated that QUE, like curcumin and resveratrol, reduced AFB1-induced cytotoxicity and lipid peroxidation and caused larger transcriptional variations than AFB1 alone. Most of the differentially expressed genes were involved in lipid homeostasis, inflammatory and immune processes, and carcinogenesis. As for enzymatic activities, QUE significantly reverted CYP3A variations induced by AFB1, but not those of NQO1. This study provides new knowledge about key molecular mechanisms involved in QUE-mediated protection against AFB1 toxicity and encourages in vivo studies to assess QUE’s bioavailability and beneficial effects on aflatoxicosis.

(1) Background: More than one-third of patients with meningiomas experience at least one seizure during the course of their disease, and in the 20–50% of cases, seizure represents the onset symptom. After surgery, up to 30% of patients continue to have seizures, while others may experience them later; (2) Methods: The study analyzed retrospectively the risk factors for pre-operative seizures in a large cohort of 358 patients who underwent surgery for newly diagnosed brain meningioma; (3) Results: We identified age, peritumor edema, and location as risk factors for seizure at the onset. Patients with seizures differed from patients without seizures for the following characteristics: younger average age, lower pre-operative Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS), location on the convexity, lower Simpson Grade, lower incidence of pre-operative neurological deficits, and higher incidence of pre-operative peritumor edema. After 24 months, 88.2% of patients were classified as Engel class Ia, and no correlation with disease progression was observed; (4) Conclusions: Meningioma-related epilepsy has generally a positive outcome following surgery and it seems not to be linked to disease progression, even if further studies are needed.

Agroforestry systems (AFSs) are defined as areas with mixed production of trees and crops, including forage for livestock. The objective is to maintain production in a sustainable way. In this study, we evaluated the production of sweet potato in different agroforestry arrangements. This tuber was chosen because it has a short cycle, ranging from 90 to 120 days, and has good market acceptance. The experiment was carried out at the experimental farm of the Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará (UFOPA), located in the municipality of Santarém, in the western region of Pará state. The soil of the experimental area is classified as an ardissolic dystrophic yellow latosol, with levels of sand between 439 and 679g/kg, silica from 64 to 99g/kg and clay between 234 and 479g/kg. The experimental design adopted was a completely randomized, consisting of 3 plots (1x5m) in each treatment. The planting areas had been submitted to two reforestation practices and a control with cultivation in full sun. The shaded areas chosen for the experiment were planted with teak (Tectona grandis) and African mahogany (khaya sp), both with 3x2m spacing, with 5 years of age. After choosing the planting space, measurements were made of the plots that had similar sizes in the three treatments: full sun, teak and African mahogany. For planting, windrows were established in the form of a mound higher than the surrounding ground, approximately 30 cm high. The tuberous roots of sweet potatoes were planted and were harvested after 138 days, when the potatoes reached physiological maturity. After harvesting, the material was taken to the UFOPA forest seed laboratory, where all morphometric analysis procedures were performed. Results showed that the treatment in full sun was superior to the shaded treatments (Teak and African Mahogany). In full sun, 90 potatoes were produced, in Teca 13 potatoes were produced and in mahogany 19 potatoes. These results show that sweet potato is not well adapted to shaded areas.

Agroforestry systems (AFSs) are defined as areas with mixed production of trees and crops, including forage for livestock. The objective is to maintain production in a sustainable way. In this study, we evaluated the production of sweet potato in different agroforestry arrangements. This tuber was chosen because it has a short cycle, ranging from 90 to 120 days, and has good market acceptance. The experiment was carried out at the experimental farm of the Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará (UFOPA), located in the municipality of Santarém, in the western region of Pará state. The soil of the experimental area is classified as an ardissolic dystrophic yellow latosol, with levels of sand between 439 and 679g/kg, silica from 64 to 99g/kg and clay between 234 and 479g/kg. The experimental design adopted was a completely randomized, consisting of 3 plots (1x5m) in each treatment. The planting areas had been submitted to two reforestation practices and a control with cultivation in full sun. The shaded areas chosen for the experiment were planted with teak (Tectona grandis) and African mahogany (khaya sp), both with 3x2m spacing, with 5 years of age. After choosing the planting space, measurements were made of the plots that had similar sizes in the three treatments: full sun, teak and African mahogany. For planting, windrows were established in the form of a mound higher than the surrounding ground, approximately 30 cm high. The tuberous roots of sweet potatoes were planted and were harvested after 138 days, when the potatoes reached physiological maturity. After harvesting, the material was taken to the UFOPA forest seed laboratory, where all morphometric analysis procedures were performed. Results showed that the treatment in full sun was superior to the shaded treatments (Teak and African Mahogany). In full sun, 90 potatoes were produced, in Teca 13 potatoes were produced and in mahogany 19 potatoes. These results show that sweet potato is not well adapted to shaded areas.

Abstract Agrivoltaic (AV) systems are designed to coproduce photovoltaic (PV) energy on lands simultaneously supporting agriculture (food/forage production). PV infrastructure in agroecosystems alters resources critical for plant growth, and water‐limited agroecosystems such as grasslands are likely to be particularly sensitive to the unique spatial and temporal patterns of incident sunlight and soil water inherent within AV systems. However, the impact of resource alteration on forage production, the primary ecosystem service from managed grasslands, is poorly resolved. Here, we evaluated seasonal patterns of soil moisture (SM) and diurnal variation in incident sunlight (photosynthetic photon flux density [PPFD]) in a single‐axis‐tracking AV system established in a formerly managed semiarid C3 grassland in Colorado. Our goals were to (1) quantify dynamic patterns of PPFD and SM within a 1.2 MW PV array in a perennial grassland, and (2) determine how aboveground net primary production (ANPP) and photosynthetic parameters responded to the resource patterns created by the PV array. We hypothesized that spatial variability in ANPP would be strongly related to SM patterns, typical of most grasslands. We measured significant reductions in ANPP directly beneath PV panels, where SM and PPFD were both low. However, in locations with significantly increased SM from the shedding and redistribution of precipitation by PV panels, ANPP was not increased. Instead, ANPP was greatest in locations where plants were shaded in the afternoon but received high levels of PPFD in the morning hours, when air temperatures and vapor pressure deficits were relatively low. Thus, contrary to expectations, we found relatively weak relationships between SM and ANPP despite significant spatial variability in both. Further, there was little evidence that light‐saturated photosynthesis (Asat) and quantum yield of CO2 assimilation (ϕCO2) differed for plants growing directly beneath (lowest PPFD) versus between (highest PPFD) PV panels. Overall, the AV system established in this semiarid managed grassland did not alter patterns of ANPP in ways predictable from past studies of controls of ANPP in open grasslands. However, our results suggest that the diurnal timing of low versus high periods of PPFD incident on plants is an important determinant of productivity patterns in grasslands.

The world annual hydrogen demand continues to increase with a direct impact on the global CO2 emissions. A potential solution is the production of CO2-neutral hydrogen (green hydrogen) using renewable resources. In addition to electrolytic hydrogen, biogenic hydrogen can increase productivity and enable the expansion of the H2 economy for regions with low availability of solar and wind, such as central Europe. In this work, the design of a decentralized biogas-to-hydrogen process (50 Nm3 h-1 H2 productivity) based on an electrically heated reformer was developed. An economic analysis has established the viability of this suggested production route: the Hydrogen production price remains below 6 € kg-1. It results that this innovative process requires approximately 0.6 Nm3 of biogas and 1.25 kWh of renewable electricity to produce 1 Nm3 of hydrogen.

Introduction: The objective of this systematic review was to compare the apexification techniques of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), or mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), with the pulp regeneration technique, using cohort studies, and non-randomized and randomized clinical trials. Methods: The methodology was based on electronic research in the following databases: PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, SciELO, and LILACS. In addition, a manual search was carried out using the references that were listed in the articles found. Results: A total of 403 potentially eligible studies were found, with seven being included in the inclusion criteria of this systematic review. The seven studies involved a total of 312 teeth. The minimum time of a follow-up period was 12 months. The irrigation solution most used was sodium hypochlorite, for both of the apexification and revascularization techniques. The medication commonly chosen in the apexification groups was Ca(OH)2, with antibiotic triple paste in the revascularization groups. The clinical rate of success in the groups treated with revascularization varied from 76% to 100%, while in the groups treated with apexification, it ranged from 68% to 100%. Only two studies reached a success rate equal to 100%. Conclusions: Variable levels of evidence were observed in relation to the treatments. However, it was confirmed that revascularization is an excellent option since its outcomes produced a greater gain of thickness and root length, besides developing a decrease in the apical foramen.

Aim: The aim of this literature review is to investigate and critically analyze the use of intracanal cryotherapy during endodontic treatment and, through scientific findings, elaborate well grouded references that justify or not, carrying out such auxiliary protocol during endodontic intervention. Literature Review: The therapeutic alternative known as cryotherapy is a technique that has existed for years, which has been frequently applied in Medicine for the treatment of pain and postoperative care. Recently, the use of cryotherapy in Endodontics, through a final root canal irrigation protocol, has been examined in several randomized clinical trials. Discussion: The reviewed studies showed that the use of cold saline solution as a final irrigating agent for chemical-mechanical preparation has the potential to reduce pain levels of a possible painful symptomatology after endodontic treatment, in addition to being a method of easy application and low cost. Conclusion: Although there are few studies on the subject, scientific evidences available and reviewed in this article properly support the effect of intracanal cryotherapy in reducing the postoperative pain of an endodontic intervention. However, new studies should be placed to investigate possible harmful effects and to prepare a predictable and safe protocol.

Increasing antibiotic resistance and the decline in the pharmaceutical industry’s investments have amplified the need for novel treatments for multidrug-resistant bacteria. Quorum sensing (QS) inhibitors reduce pathogens’ virulence without selective pressure on bacteria and provide an alternative to conventional antibiotic-based therapies. P. aeruginosa uses complex QS signaling to control virulence and biofilm formation. We aimed to identify inhibitors of P. aeruginosa QS acting on acyl-homoserine lactones (AHL)-mediated circuits. Bioluminescence and qRT-PCR assays were employed to screen a library of 81 small phenolic derivatives to reduce AHL-dependent signaling. We identified GM-50 as the most active compound inhibiting the expression of AHL-regulated genes but devoid of cytotoxic activity in human epithelial cells and biocidal effects on bacteria. GM-50 reduces virulence factors such as rhamnolipids, pyocyanin, elastase secretion, and swarming motility in P. aeruginosa PAO1 laboratory strain. By molecular docking, we provide evidence that GM-50 highly interacts with RhlR. GM-50 significantly improved aztreonam-mediated biofilm disruption. Moreover, GM-50 prevents adhesion of PAO1 and inflammatory damage in the human A549 cell line and protects Galleria mellonella from PAO1-mediated killing. GM-50 significantly reduces virulence factors in 20 P. aeruginosa clinical isolates from patients with respiratory tract infections. In conclusion, GM-50 inhibits AHL-signaling, reduces virulence factors, enhances the anti-biofilm activity of aztreonam, and protects G. mellonella larvae from damage induced by P. aeruginosa. Since GM-50 is active on clinical strains, it represents a starting point for identifying and developing new phenolic derivatives acting as QS-inhibitors in P. aeruginosa infections.

Objectives: The aim of the present systematic review was to evaluate the dimensional influence of the epithelialized tissue graft harvested from the palate in the postoperative pain. Material and Methods: Research was conducted in electronic databases Cochrane Library, Embase, LILACS, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science upwards May 15, 2022. Studies that reported the influence of graft dimensions of palatal epithelized harvesting on postoperative pain were eligible. The evaluation was made using the methodological quality assessment by Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for randomized clinical trials and non-randomized studies and the level of evidence according to GRADE. Results: Four studies were included. The clinical and methodological heterogeneity among studies led to an analysed narrative. The postoperative pain was assessed during the period of 1 to 28 postoperative days. It was determined by using visual analog score in three studies, while the evaluation was performed indirectly based on analgesics intake in one study. According to three studies, bigger graft sizes were associated with higher postoperative pain. The methodological quality assessment categorized two study as high (one randomized control trial and one non-randomized), and two as moderate (one randomized control trial and one non-randomized). The data was considered moderate. Conclusions: Based on the moderate certainty level, bigger graft sizes of palatal epithelized harvesting appear to promote more postoperative pain. Understanding the postoperative pain as a response to a graft extension may assist some clinical decisions regarding the surgical periodontal and peri-implant planning.

Among veterinary antibiotics, flumequine (FLU) is still widely used in aquaculture due to its efficacy and cost-effectiveness. Although it was synthesized more than 50 years ago, a complete toxicological framework of possible side effects on non-target species is still far from being achieved. The aim of this research was to investigate the FLU molecular mechanisms in Daphnia magna, a planktonic crustacean recognized as a model species for ecotoxicological studies. Two different FLU concentrations (2.0 mg L−1 and 0.2 mg L−1) were assayed in general accordance with OECD Guideline 211, with some proper adaptations. Exposure to FLU (2.0 mg L−1) caused alteration of phenotypic traits, with a significant reduction in survival rate, body growth, and reproduction. The lower concentration (0.2 mg L−1) did not affect phenotypic traits but modulated gene expression, an effect which was even more evident under the higher exposure level. Indeed, in daphnids exposed to 2.0 mg L−1 FLU, several genes related with growth, development, structural components, and antioxidant response were significantly modulated. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work showing the impact of FLU on the transcriptome of D. magna.