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1. Observing Strategy for the Legacy Surveys

Author

Burleigh, Kaylan J., Landriau, Martin, Dey, Arjun, Lang, Dustin, Schlegel, David J., Nugent, Peter E., Blum, Robert, Findlay, Joseph R., Finkbeiner, Douglas P., Herrera, David, Honscheid, Klaus, Juneau, Stéphanie, McGreer, Ian, Meisner, Aaron M., Moustakas, John, Myers, Adam D., Patej, Anna, Schlafly, Edward F., Valdes, Francisco, Walker, Alistair R., Weaver, Benjamin A., and Yèche, Christophe

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

The Legacy Surveys, a combination of three ground-based imaging surveys, have mapped 16,000 deg$^2$ in three optical bands ($g$, $r$, and $z$) to a depth 1--$2$~mag deeper than the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Our work addresses one of the major challenges of wide-field imaging surveys conducted at ground-based observatories: the varying depth that results from varying observing conditions at Earth-bound sites. To mitigate these effects, two of the Legacy Surveys (the Dark Energy Camera Legacy Survey, or DECaLS; and the Mayall $z$-band Legacy Survey, or MzLS) employed a unique strategy to dynamically adjust the exposure times as rapidly as possible in response to the changing observing conditions. We present the tiling and observing strategies used by these surveys. We demonstrate that the tiling and dynamic observing strategies jointly result in a more uniform-depth survey that has higher efficiency for a given total observing time compared with the traditional approach of using fixed exposure times., Comment: v1: 14 pages, 3 tables and 5 figures; v2: 15 pages, 3 tables and 6 figures. Changes in response to referee comments; matches published version

Published
2020
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2. Dynamic Observing and Tiling Strategies for the DESI Legacy Surveys

Author

Burleigh, Kaylan J, Landriau, Martin, Dey, Arjun, Lang, Dustin, Schlegel, David J, Nugent, Peter E, Blum, Robert, Findlay, Joseph R, Finkbeiner, Douglas P, Herrera, David, Honscheid, Klaus, Juneau, Stéphanie, McGreer, Ian, Meisner, Aaron M, Moustakas, John, Myers, Adam D, Patej, Anna, Schlafly, Edward F, Valdes, Francisco, Walker, Alistair R, Weaver, Benjamin A, and Yèche, Christophe

Subjects
Space Sciences, Physical Sciences, Affordable and Clean Energy, Sky surveys, Astronomical methods, astro-ph.IM, Astronomical and Space Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Astronomical sciences, Particle and high energy physics
Abstract

The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument Legacy Surveys, a combination of three ground-based imaging surveys, have mapped 16,000 deg2 in three optical bands (g, r, and z) to a depth 1-2 mag deeper than the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Our work addresses one of the major challenges of wide-field imaging surveys conducted at ground-based observatories: the varying depth that results from varying observing conditions at Earth-bound sites. To mitigate these effects, the Legacy Surveys (the Dark Energy Camera Legacy Survey, or DECaLS; the Mayall z-band Legacy Survey, or MzLS; and the Beiijing-Arizona Sky Survey, or BASS) employed a unique strategy to dynamically adjust the exposure times as rapidly as possible in response to the changing observing conditions. We present the tiling and observing strategies used by the first two of these surveys. We demonstrate that the tiling and dynamic observing strategies jointly result in a more uniform-depth survey that has higher efficiency for a given total observing time compared with the traditional approach of using fixed exposure times.

Published
2020

3. The Extremely Luminous Quasar Survey in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey footprint. III. The South Galactic Cap Sample and the Quasar Luminosity Function at Cosmic Noon

Author

Schindler, Jan-Torge, Fan, Xiaohui, McGreer, Ian D., Yang, Jinyi, Wang, Feige, Green, Richard, Fynbo, Johan P. U., Krogager, Jens-Kristian, Green, Elisabeth M., Huang, Yun-Hsin, Kadowaki, Jennifer, Patej, Anna, Wu, Ya-Lin, and Yue, Minghao

Subjects
Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract

We have designed the Extremely Luminous Quasar Survey (ELQS) to provide a highly complete census of unobscured UV-bright quasars during the cosmic noon, $z=2.8-5.0$. Here we report the discovery of 70 new quasars in the ELQS South Galactic Cap (ELQS-S) quasar sample, doubling the number of known extremely luminous quasars in $4,237.3\,\rm{deg}^2$ of the SDSS footprint. These observations conclude the ELQS and we present the properties of the full ELQS quasar catalog, containing 407 quasars over $11,838.5\,\rm{deg}^2$. Our novel ELQS quasar selection strategy resulted in unprecedented completeness at the bright end and allowed us to discover 109 new quasars in total. This marks an increase of $\sim36\%$ (109/298) to the known population at these redshifts and magnitudes, while we further are able to retain a selection efficiency of $\sim80\%$. On the basis of 166 quasars from the full ELQS quasar catalog, who adhere to the uniform criteria of the 2MASS point source catalog, we measure the bright-end quasar luminosity function (QLF) and extend it one magnitude brighter than previous studies. Assuming a single power law with exponential density evolution for the functional form of the QLF, we retrieve the best fit parameters from a maximum likelihood analysis. We find a steep bright-end slope of $\beta\approx-4.1$ and we can constrain the bright-end slope to $\beta\leq-3.4$ with $99\%$ confidence. The density is well modeled by the exponential redshift evolution, resulting in a moderate decrease with redshift ($\gamma\approx-0.4$)., Comment: 30 pages, 11 figures, ApJ accepted

Published
2018
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4. The Extremely Luminous Quasar Survey (ELQS) in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey footprint. II. The North Galactic Cap Sample

Author

Schindler, Jan-Torge, Fan, Xiaohui, McGreer, Ian D., Yang, Jinyi, Wang, Feige, Green, Richard, Garavito-Camargo, Nicolas, Huang, Yun-Hsin, O'Donnell, Christine, Patej, Anna, Pucha, Ragadeepika, Rees, Jon M., and Spalding, Eckhart

Subjects
Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract

We present the North Galactic Cap sample of the Extremely Luminous Quasar Survey (ELQS-N), which targets quasars with $M_{1450}<-27$ at $2.8 \leq z < 5$ in an area of $\sim7600\,\rm{deg}^2$ of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) footprint with $90\text{\textdegree}<\rm{RA}<270\text{\textdegree}$. Based on a near-infrared/infrared \textit{JKW2} color cut, the ELQS selection efficiently uses random forest methods to classify quasars and to estimate photometric redshifts; this scheme overcomes some of the difficulties of pure optical quasar selection at $z\approx3$. As a result, we retain a completeness of $>70\%$ over $z\sim3.0-5.0$ at $m_{i}\lesssim17.5$, limited toward fainter magnitudes by the depth of the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS). The presented quasar catalog consists of a total of 270 objects, of which 39 are newly identified in this work with spectroscopy obtained at the Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope and the MMT $6.5\,\rm{m}$ telescope. In addition to the high completeness, which allowed us to discover new quasars in the already well-surveyed SDSS North Galactic Cap, the efficiency of our selection is relatively high at $\sim79\%$. Using 120 objects of this quasar sample we are able to extend the previously measured optical quasar luminosity function (QLF) by one magnitude toward the bright end at $2.8 \leq z \leq 4.5$. A first analysis of the QLF suggests a relatively steep bright-end slope of $\beta\approx-4$ for this sample. This result contrasts with previous results in the same redshift range, which find a much flatter slope around $\beta\sim-2.5$, but agrees with recent measurements of the bright-end slope at lower and higher redshifts. Our results constrain the bright-end slope at $z=2.8-4.5$ to $\beta<-2.94$ with a 99\% confidence., Comment: 23 pages, 13 figures, submitted to ApJ

Published
2018
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5. Overview of the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys

Author

Dey, Arjun, Schlegel, David J., Lang, Dustin, Blum, Robert, Burleigh, Kaylan, Fan, Xiaohui, Findlay, Joseph R., Finkbeiner, Doug, Herrera, David, Juneau, Stephanie, Landriau, Martin, Levi, Michael, McGreer, Ian, Meisner, Aaron, Myers, Adam D., Moustakas, John, Nugent, Peter, Patej, Anna, Schlafly, Edward F., Walker, Alistair R., Valdes, Francisco, Weaver, Benjamin A., Zou, Christophe Yeche Hu, Zhou, Xu, Abareshi, Behzad, Abbott, T. M. C., Abolfathi, Bela, Aguilera, C., Alam, Shadab, Allen, Lori, Alvarez, A., Annis, James, Ansarinejad, Behzad, Aubert, Marie, Beechert, Jacqueline, Bell, Eric F., BenZvi, Segev Y., Beutler, Florian, Bielby, Richard M., Bolton, Adam S., Buckley-Geer, Cesar Briceno Elizabeth J., Butler, Karen, Calamida, Annalisa, Carlberg, Raymond G., Carter, Paul, Casas, Ricard, Castander, Francisco J., Choi, Yumi, Comparat, Johan, Cukanovaite, Elena, Delubac, Timothee, DeVries, Kaitlin, Dey, Sharmila, Dhungana, Govinda, Dickinson, Mark, Ding, Zhejie, Donaldson, John B., Duan, Yutong, Duckworth, Christopher J., Eftekharzadeh, Sarah, Eisenstein, Daniel J., Etourneau, Thomas, Fagrelius, Parker A., Farihi, Jay, Fitzpatrick, Mike, Font-Ribera, Andreu, Fulmer, Leah, Gansicke, Boris T., Gaztanaga, Enrique, George, Koshy, Gerdes, David W., Gontcho, Satya Gontcho A, Gorgoni, Claudio, Green, Gregory, Guy, Julien, Harmer, Diane, Hernandez, M., Honscheid, Klaus, Lijuan, Huang, James, David, Jannuzi, Buell T., Jiang, Linhua, Joyce, Richard, Karcher, Armin, Karkar, Sonia, Kehoe, Robert, Kneib, Jean-Paul, Kueter-Young, Andrea, Lan, Ting-Wen, Lauer, Tod, Guillou, Laurent Le, Van Suu, Auguste Le, Lee, Jae Hyeon, Lesser, Michael, Levasseur, Laurence Perreault, Li, Ting S., Mann, Justin L., Marshall, Bob, Martinez-Vazquez, C. E., Martini, Paul, Bourboux, Helion du Mas des, McManus, Sean, Meier, Tobias Gabriel, Menard, Brice, Metcalfe, Nigel, Munoz-Gutierrez, Andrea, Najita, Joan, Napier, Kevin, Narayan, Gautham, Newman, Jeffrey A., Nie, Jundan, Nord, Brian, Norman, Dara J., Olsen, Knut A. G., Paat, Anthony, Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie, Peng, Xiyan, Poppett, Claire L., Poremba, Megan R., Prakash, Abhishek, Rabinowitz, David, Raichoor, Anand, Rezaie, Mehdi, Robertson, A. N., Roe, Natalie A., Ross, Ashley J., Ross, Nicholas P., Rudnick, Gregory, Safonova, Sasha, Saha, Abhijit, Sanchez, F. Javier, Savary, Elodie, Schweiker, Heidi, Scott, Adam, Seo, Hee-Jong, Shan, Huanyuan, Silva, David R., Slepian, Zachary, Soto, Christian, Sprayberry, David, Staten, Ryan, Stillman, Coley M., Stupak, Robert J., Summers, David L., Tie, Suk Sien, Tirado, H., Vargas-Magana, Mariana, Vivas, A. Katherina, Wechsler, Risa H., Williams, Doug, Yang, Jinyi, Yang, Qian, Yapici, Tolga, Zaritsky, Dennis, Zenteno, A., Zhang, Kai, Zhang, Tianmeng, Zhou, Rongpu, and Zhou, Zhimin

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

The DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys are a combination of three public projects (the Dark Energy Camera Legacy Survey, the Beijing-Arizona Sky Survey, and the Mayall z-band Legacy Survey) that will jointly image approximately 14,000 deg^2 of the extragalactic sky visible from the northern hemisphere in three optical bands (g, r, and z) using telescopes at the Kitt Peak National Observatory and the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory. The combined survey footprint is split into two contiguous areas by the Galactic plane. The optical imaging is conducted using a unique strategy of dynamically adjusting the exposure times and pointing selection during observing that results in a survey of nearly uniform depth. In addition to calibrated images, the project is delivering a catalog, constructed by using a probabilistic inference-based approach to estimate source shapes and brightnesses. The catalog includes photometry from the grz optical bands and from four mid-infrared bands (at 3.4, 4.6, 12 and 22 micorons) observed by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) satellite during its full operational lifetime. The project plans two public data releases each year. All the software used to generate the catalogs is also released with the data. This paper provides an overview of the Legacy Surveys project., Comment: 47 pages, 18 figures; accepted for publication in the Astronomical Journal

Published
2018
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6. Overview of the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys

Author

Dey, Arjun, Schlegel, David J, Lang, Dustin, Blum, Robert, Burleigh, Kaylan, Fan, Xiaohui, Findlay, Joseph R, Finkbeiner, Doug, Herrera, David, Juneau, Stéphanie, Landriau, Martin, Levi, Michael, McGreer, Ian, Meisner, Aaron, Myers, Adam D, Moustakas, John, Nugent, Peter, Patej, Anna, Schlafly, Edward F, Walker, Alistair R, Valdes, Francisco, Weaver, Benjamin A, Yèche, Christophe, Zou, Hu, Zhou, Xu, Abareshi, Behzad, Abbott, TMC, Abolfathi, Bela, Aguilera, C, Alam, Shadab, Allen, Lori, Alvarez, A, Annis, James, Ansarinejad, Behzad, Aubert, Marie, Beechert, Jacqueline, Bell, Eric F, BenZvi, Segev Y, Beutler, Florian, Bielby, Richard M, Bolton, Adam S, Briceño, César, Buckley-Geer, Elizabeth J, Butler, Karen, Calamida, Annalisa, Carlberg, Raymond G, Carter, Paul, Casas, Ricard, Castander, Francisco J, Choi, Yumi, Comparat, Johan, Cukanovaite, Elena, Delubac, Timothée, DeVries, Kaitlin, Dey, Sharmila, Dhungana, Govinda, Dickinson, Mark, Ding, Zhejie, Donaldson, John B, Duan, Yutong, Duckworth, Christopher J, Eftekharzadeh, Sarah, Eisenstein, Daniel J, Etourneau, Thomas, Fagrelius, Parker A, Farihi, Jay, Fitzpatrick, Mike, Font-Ribera, Andreu, Fulmer, Leah, Gänsicke, Boris T, Gaztanaga, Enrique, George, Koshy, Gerdes, David W, Gontcho, Satya Gontcho A, Gorgoni, Claudio, Green, Gregory, Guy, Julien, Harmer, Diane, Hernandez, M, Honscheid, Klaus, Huang, Lijuan, James, David J, Jannuzi, Buell T, Jiang, Linhua, Joyce, Richard, Karcher, Armin, Karkar, Sonia, Kehoe, Robert, Jean-Paul, Kneib, Kueter-Young, Andrea, Lan, Ting-Wen, Lauer, Tod R, Le Guillou, Laurent, Le Van Suu, Auguste, Lee, Jae Hyeon, Lesser, Michael, Levasseur, Laurence Perreault, Li, Ting S, Mann, Justin L, and Marshall, Robert

Subjects
Space Sciences, Physical Sciences, catalogs, surveys, astro-ph.IM, Astronomical and Space Sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Astronomical sciences, Particle and high energy physics
Abstract

The DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys (http://legacysurvey.org/) are a combination of three public projects (the Dark Energy Camera Legacy Survey, the Beijing-Arizona Sky Survey, and the Mayall z-band Legacy Survey) that will jointly image ≈14,000 deg2 of the extragalactic sky visible from the northern hemisphere in three optical bands (g, r, and z) using telescopes at the Kitt Peak National Observatory and the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory. The combined survey footprint is split into two contiguous areas by the Galactic plane. The optical imaging is conducted using a unique strategy of dynamically adjusting the exposure times and pointing selection during observing that results in a survey of nearly uniform depth. In addition to calibrated images, the project is delivering a catalog, constructed by using a probabilistic inference-based approach to estimate source shapes and brightnesses. The catalog includes photometry from the grz optical bands and from four mid-infrared bands (at 3.4, 4.6, 12, and 22 μm) observed by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer satellite during its full operational lifetime. The project plans two public data releases each year. All the software used to generate the catalogs is also released with the data. This paper provides an overview of the Legacy Surveys project.

Published
2019

7. Analyzing Baryon Acoustic Oscillations in Sparse Spectroscopic Samples via Cross-Correlation with Dense Photometry

Author

Patej, Anna and Eisenstein, Daniel J.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

We develop a formalism for measuring the cosmological distance scale from baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) using the cross-correlation of a sparse redshift survey with a denser photometric sample. This reduces the shot noise that would otherwise affect the auto-correlation of the sparse spectroscopic map. As a proof of principle, we make the first on-sky application of this method to a sparse sample defined as the z>0.6 tail of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey's (SDSS) BOSS/CMASS sample of galaxies and a dense photometric sample from SDSS DR9. We find a 2.8sigma preference for the BAO peak in the cross-correlation at an effective z=0.64, from which we measure the angular diameter distance D_M(z=0.64) = (2418 +/- 73 Mpc) (r_s/r_{s,fid}). Accordingly, we expect that using this method to combine sparse spectroscopy with the deep, high quality imaging that is just now becoming available will enable higher precision BAO measurements than possible with the spectroscopy alone., Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures; updated references

Published
2017
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8. The DESI Experiment Part I: Science,Targeting, and Survey Design

Author

DESI Collaboration, Aghamousa, Amir, Aguilar, Jessica, Ahlen, Steve, Alam, Shadab, Allen, Lori E., Prieto, Carlos Allende, Annis, James, Bailey, Stephen, Balland, Christophe, Ballester, Otger, Baltay, Charles, Beaufore, Lucas, Bebek, Chris, Beers, Timothy C., Bell, Eric F., Bernal, José Luis, Besuner, Robert, Beutler, Florian, Blake, Chris, Bleuler, Hannes, Blomqvist, Michael, Blum, Robert, Bolton, Adam S., Briceno, Cesar, Brooks, David, Brownstein, Joel R., Buckley-Geer, Elizabeth, Burden, Angela, Burtin, Etienne, Busca, Nicolas G., Cahn, Robert N., Cai, Yan-Chuan, Cardiel-Sas, Laia, Carlberg, Raymond G., Carton, Pierre-Henri, Casas, Ricard, Castander, Francisco J., Cervantes-Cota, Jorge L., Claybaugh, Todd M., Close, Madeline, Coker, Carl T., Cole, Shaun, Comparat, Johan, Cooper, Andrew P., Cousinou, M. -C., Crocce, Martin, Cuby, Jean-Gabriel, Cunningham, Daniel P., Davis, Tamara M., Dawson, Kyle S., de la Macorra, Axel, De Vicente, Juan, Delubac, Timothée, Derwent, Mark, Dey, Arjun, Dhungana, Govinda, Ding, Zhejie, Doel, Peter, Duan, Yutong T., Ealet, Anne, Edelstein, Jerry, Eftekharzadeh, Sarah, Eisenstein, Daniel J., Elliott, Ann, Escoffier, Stéphanie, Evatt, Matthew, Fagrelius, Parker, Fan, Xiaohui, Fanning, Kevin, Farahi, Arya, Farihi, Jay, Favole, Ginevra, Feng, Yu, Fernandez, Enrique, Findlay, Joseph R., Finkbeiner, Douglas P., Fitzpatrick, Michael J., Flaugher, Brenna, Flender, Samuel, Font-Ribera, Andreu, Forero-Romero, Jaime E., Fosalba, Pablo, Frenk, Carlos S., Fumagalli, Michele, Gaensicke, Boris T., Gallo, Giuseppe, Garcia-Bellido, Juan, Gaztanaga, Enrique, Fusillo, Nicola Pietro Gentile, Gerard, Terry, Gershkovich, Irena, Giannantonio, Tommaso, Gillet, Denis, Gonzalez-de-Rivera, Guillermo, Gonzalez-Perez, Violeta, Gott, Shelby, Graur, Or, Gutierrez, Gaston, Guy, Julien, Habib, Salman, Heetderks, Henry, Heetderks, Ian, Heitmann, Katrin, Hellwing, Wojciech A., Herrera, David A., Ho, Shirley, Holland, Stephen, Honscheid, Klaus, Huff, Eric, Hutchinson, Timothy A., Huterer, Dragan, Hwang, Ho Seong, Laguna, Joseph Maria Illa, Ishikawa, Yuzo, Jacobs, Dianna, Jeffrey, Niall, Jelinsky, Patrick, Jennings, Elise, Jiang, Linhua, Jimenez, Jorge, Johnson, Jennifer, Joyce, Richard, Jullo, Eric, Juneau, Stéphanie, Kama, Sami, Karcher, Armin, Karkar, Sonia, Kehoe, Robert, Kennamer, Noble, Kent, Stephen, Kilbinger, Martin, Kim, Alex G., Kirkby, David, Kisner, Theodore, Kitanidis, Ellie, Kneib, Jean-Paul, Koposov, Sergey, Kovacs, Eve, Koyama, Kazuya, Kremin, Anthony, Kron, Richard, Kronig, Luzius, Kueter-Young, Andrea, Lacey, Cedric G., Lafever, Robin, Lahav, Ofer, Lambert, Andrew, Lampton, Michael, Landriau, Martin, Lang, Dustin, Lauer, Tod R., Goff, Jean-Marc Le, Guillou, Laurent Le, Van Suu, Auguste Le, Lee, Jae Hyeon, Lee, Su-Jeong, Leitner, Daniela, Lesser, Michael, Levi, Michael E., L'Huillier, Benjamin, Li, Baojiu, Liang, Ming, Lin, Huan, Linder, Eric, Loebman, Sarah R., Lukić, Zarija, Ma, Jun, MacCrann, Niall, Magneville, Christophe, Makarem, Laleh, Manera, Marc, Manser, Christopher J., Marshall, Robert, Martini, Paul, Massey, Richard, Matheson, Thomas, McCauley, Jeremy, McDonald, Patrick, McGreer, Ian D., Meisner, Aaron, Metcalfe, Nigel, Miller, Timothy N., Miquel, Ramon, Moustakas, John, Myers, Adam, Naik, Milind, Newman, Jeffrey A., Nichol, Robert C., Nicola, Andrina, da Costa, Luiz Nicolati, Nie, Jundan, Niz, Gustavo, Norberg, Peder, Nord, Brian, Norman, Dara, Nugent, Peter, O'Brien, Thomas, Oh, Minji, Olsen, Knut A. G., Padilla, Cristobal, Padmanabhan, Hamsa, Padmanabhan, Nikhil, Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie, Palmese, Antonella, Pappalardo, Daniel, Pâris, Isabelle, Park, Changbom, Patej, Anna, Peacock, John A., Peiris, Hiranya V., Peng, Xiyan, Percival, Will J., Perruchot, Sandrine, Pieri, Matthew M., Pogge, Richard, Pollack, Jennifer E., Poppett, Claire, Prada, Francisco, Prakash, Abhishek, Probst, Ronald G., Rabinowitz, David, Raichoor, Anand, Ree, Chang Hee, Refregier, Alexandre, Regal, Xavier, Reid, Beth, Reil, Kevin, Rezaie, Mehdi, Rockosi, Constance M., Roe, Natalie, Ronayette, Samuel, Roodman, Aaron, Ross, Ashley J., Ross, Nicholas P., Rossi, Graziano, Rozo, Eduardo, Ruhlmann-Kleider, Vanina, Rykoff, Eli S., Sabiu, Cristiano, Samushia, Lado, Sanchez, Eusebio, Sanchez, Javier, Schlegel, David J., Schneider, Michael, Schubnell, Michael, Secroun, Aurélia, Seljak, Uros, Seo, Hee-Jong, Serrano, Santiago, Shafieloo, Arman, Shan, Huanyuan, Sharples, Ray, Sholl, Michael J., Shourt, William V., Silber, Joseph H., Silva, David R., Sirk, Martin M., Slosar, Anze, Smith, Alex, Smoot, George F., Som, Debopam, Song, Yong-Seon, Sprayberry, David, Staten, Ryan, Stefanik, Andy, Tarle, Gregory, Tie, Suk Sien, Tinker, Jeremy L., Tojeiro, Rita, Valdes, Francisco, Valenzuela, Octavio, Valluri, Monica, Vargas-Magana, Mariana, Verde, Licia, Walker, Alistair R., Wang, Jiali, Wang, Yuting, Weaver, Benjamin A., Weaverdyck, Curtis, Wechsler, Risa H., Weinberg, David H., White, Martin, Yang, Qian, Yeche, Christophe, Zhang, Tianmeng, Zhao, Gong-Bo, Zheng, Yi, Zhou, Xu, Zhou, Zhimin, Zhu, Yaling, Zou, Hu, and Zu, Ying

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

DESI (Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument) is a Stage IV ground-based dark energy experiment that will study baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) and the growth of structure through redshift-space distortions with a wide-area galaxy and quasar redshift survey. To trace the underlying dark matter distribution, spectroscopic targets will be selected in four classes from imaging data. We will measure luminous red galaxies up to $z=1.0$. To probe the Universe out to even higher redshift, DESI will target bright [O II] emission line galaxies up to $z=1.7$. Quasars will be targeted both as direct tracers of the underlying dark matter distribution and, at higher redshifts ($ 2.1 < z < 3.5$), for the Ly-$\alpha$ forest absorption features in their spectra, which will be used to trace the distribution of neutral hydrogen. When moonlight prevents efficient observations of the faint targets of the baseline survey, DESI will conduct a magnitude-limited Bright Galaxy Survey comprising approximately 10 million galaxies with a median $z\approx 0.2$. In total, more than 30 million galaxy and quasar redshifts will be obtained to measure the BAO feature and determine the matter power spectrum, including redshift space distortions.

Published
2016

9. The DESI Experiment Part II: Instrument Design

Author

DESI Collaboration, Aghamousa, Amir, Aguilar, Jessica, Ahlen, Steve, Alam, Shadab, Allen, Lori E., Prieto, Carlos Allende, Annis, James, Bailey, Stephen, Balland, Christophe, Ballester, Otger, Baltay, Charles, Beaufore, Lucas, Bebek, Chris, Beers, Timothy C., Bell, Eric F., Bernal, José Luis, Besuner, Robert, Beutler, Florian, Blake, Chris, Bleuler, Hannes, Blomqvist, Michael, Blum, Robert, Bolton, Adam S., Briceno, Cesar, Brooks, David, Brownstein, Joel R., Buckley-Geer, Elizabeth, Burden, Angela, Burtin, Etienne, Busca, Nicolas G., Cahn, Robert N., Cai, Yan-Chuan, Cardiel-Sas, Laia, Carlberg, Raymond G., Carton, Pierre-Henri, Casas, Ricard, Castander, Francisco J., Cervantes-Cota, Jorge L., Claybaugh, Todd M., Close, Madeline, Coker, Carl T., Cole, Shaun, Comparat, Johan, Cooper, Andrew P., Cousinou, M. -C., Crocce, Martin, Cuby, Jean-Gabriel, Cunningham, Daniel P., Davis, Tamara M., Dawson, Kyle S., de la Macorra, Axel, De Vicente, Juan, Delubac, Timothée, Derwent, Mark, Dey, Arjun, Dhungana, Govinda, Ding, Zhejie, Doel, Peter, Duan, Yutong T., Ealet, Anne, Edelstein, Jerry, Eftekharzadeh, Sarah, Eisenstein, Daniel J., Elliott, Ann, Escoffier, Stéphanie, Evatt, Matthew, Fagrelius, Parker, Fan, Xiaohui, Fanning, Kevin, Farahi, Arya, Farihi, Jay, Favole, Ginevra, Feng, Yu, Fernandez, Enrique, Findlay, Joseph R., Finkbeiner, Douglas P., Fitzpatrick, Michael J., Flaugher, Brenna, Flender, Samuel, Font-Ribera, Andreu, Forero-Romero, Jaime E., Fosalba, Pablo, Frenk, Carlos S., Fumagalli, Michele, Gaensicke, Boris T., Gallo, Giuseppe, Garcia-Bellido, Juan, Gaztanaga, Enrique, Fusillo, Nicola Pietro Gentile, Gerard, Terry, Gershkovich, Irena, Giannantonio, Tommaso, Gillet, Denis, Gonzalez-de-Rivera, Guillermo, Gonzalez-Perez, Violeta, Gott, Shelby, Graur, Or, Gutierrez, Gaston, Guy, Julien, Habib, Salman, Heetderks, Henry, Heetderks, Ian, Heitmann, Katrin, Hellwing, Wojciech A., Herrera, David A., Ho, Shirley, Holland, Stephen, Honscheid, Klaus, Huff, Eric, Hutchinson, Timothy A., Huterer, Dragan, Hwang, Ho Seong, Laguna, Joseph Maria Illa, Ishikawa, Yuzo, Jacobs, Dianna, Jeffrey, Niall, Jelinsky, Patrick, Jennings, Elise, Jiang, Linhua, Jimenez, Jorge, Johnson, Jennifer, Joyce, Richard, Jullo, Eric, Juneau, Stéphanie, Kama, Sami, Karcher, Armin, Karkar, Sonia, Kehoe, Robert, Kennamer, Noble, Kent, Stephen, Kilbinger, Martin, Kim, Alex G., Kirkby, David, Kisner, Theodore, Kitanidis, Ellie, Kneib, Jean-Paul, Koposov, Sergey, Kovacs, Eve, Koyama, Kazuya, Kremin, Anthony, Kron, Richard, Kronig, Luzius, Kueter-Young, Andrea, Lacey, Cedric G., Lafever, Robin, Lahav, Ofer, Lambert, Andrew, Lampton, Michael, Landriau, Martin, Lang, Dustin, Lauer, Tod R., Goff, Jean-Marc Le, Guillou, Laurent Le, Van Suu, Auguste Le, Lee, Jae Hyeon, Lee, Su-Jeong, Leitner, Daniela, Lesser, Michael, Levi, Michael E., L'Huillier, Benjamin, Li, Baojiu, Liang, Ming, Lin, Huan, Linder, Eric, Loebman, Sarah R., Lukić, Zarija, Ma, Jun, MacCrann, Niall, Magneville, Christophe, Makarem, Laleh, Manera, Marc, Manser, Christopher J., Marshall, Robert, Martini, Paul, Massey, Richard, Matheson, Thomas, McCauley, Jeremy, McDonald, Patrick, McGreer, Ian D., Meisner, Aaron, Metcalfe, Nigel, Miller, Timothy N., Miquel, Ramon, Moustakas, John, Myers, Adam, Naik, Milind, Newman, Jeffrey A., Nichol, Robert C., Nicola, Andrina, da Costa, Luiz Nicolati, Nie, Jundan, Niz, Gustavo, Norberg, Peder, Nord, Brian, Norman, Dara, Nugent, Peter, O'Brien, Thomas, Oh, Minji, Olsen, Knut A. G., Padilla, Cristobal, Padmanabhan, Hamsa, Padmanabhan, Nikhil, Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie, Palmese, Antonella, Pappalardo, Daniel, Pâris, Isabelle, Park, Changbom, Patej, Anna, Peacock, John A., Peiris, Hiranya V., Peng, Xiyan, Percival, Will J., Perruchot, Sandrine, Pieri, Matthew M., Pogge, Richard, Pollack, Jennifer E., Poppett, Claire, Prada, Francisco, Prakash, Abhishek, Probst, Ronald G., Rabinowitz, David, Raichoor, Anand, Ree, Chang Hee, Refregier, Alexandre, Regal, Xavier, Reid, Beth, Reil, Kevin, Rezaie, Mehdi, Rockosi, Constance M., Roe, Natalie, Ronayette, Samuel, Roodman, Aaron, Ross, Ashley J., Ross, Nicholas P., Rossi, Graziano, Rozo, Eduardo, Ruhlmann-Kleider, Vanina, Rykoff, Eli S., Sabiu, Cristiano, Samushia, Lado, Sanchez, Eusebio, Sanchez, Javier, Schlegel, David J., Schneider, Michael, Schubnell, Michael, Secroun, Aurélia, Seljak, Uros, Seo, Hee-Jong, Serrano, Santiago, Shafieloo, Arman, Shan, Huanyuan, Sharples, Ray, Sholl, Michael J., Shourt, William V., Silber, Joseph H., Silva, David R., Sirk, Martin M., Slosar, Anze, Smith, Alex, Smoot, George F., Som, Debopam, Song, Yong-Seon, Sprayberry, David, Staten, Ryan, Stefanik, Andy, Tarle, Gregory, Tie, Suk Sien, Tinker, Jeremy L., Tojeiro, Rita, Valdes, Francisco, Valenzuela, Octavio, Valluri, Monica, Vargas-Magana, Mariana, Verde, Licia, Walker, Alistair R., Wang, Jiali, Wang, Yuting, Weaver, Benjamin A., Weaverdyck, Curtis, Wechsler, Risa H., Weinberg, David H., White, Martin, Yang, Qian, Yeche, Christophe, Zhang, Tianmeng, Zhao, Gong-Bo, Zheng, Yi, Zhou, Xu, Zhou, Zhimin, Zhu, Yaling, Zou, Hu, and Zu, Ying

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

DESI (Dark Energy Spectropic Instrument) is a Stage IV ground-based dark energy experiment that will study baryon acoustic oscillations and the growth of structure through redshift-space distortions with a wide-area galaxy and quasar redshift survey. The DESI instrument is a robotically-actuated, fiber-fed spectrograph capable of taking up to 5,000 simultaneous spectra over a wavelength range from 360 nm to 980 nm. The fibers feed ten three-arm spectrographs with resolution $R= \lambda/\Delta\lambda$ between 2000 and 5500, depending on wavelength. The DESI instrument will be used to conduct a five-year survey designed to cover 14,000 deg$^2$. This powerful instrument will be installed at prime focus on the 4-m Mayall telescope in Kitt Peak, Arizona, along with a new optical corrector, which will provide a three-degree diameter field of view. The DESI collaboration will also deliver a spectroscopic pipeline and data management system to reduce and archive all data for eventual public use.

Published
2016

10. Detectability of Local Group Dwarf Galaxy Analogues at High Redshifts

Author

Patej, Anna and Loeb, Abraham

Subjects
Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

The dwarf galaxies of the Local Group are believed to be similar to the most abundant galaxies during the epoch of reionization (z>6). As a result of their proximity, there is a wealth of information that can be obtained about these galaxies; however, due to their low surface brightnesses, detecting their progenitors at high redshifts is challenging. We compare the physical properties of these dwarf galaxies to those of galaxies detected at high redshifts using Hubble Space Telescope and Spitzer observations and consider the promise of the upcoming James Webb Space Telescope on the prospects for detecting high redshift analogues of these galaxies., Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures

Published
2015
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11. Quantifying the Colour-Dependent Stochasticity of Large-Scale Structure

Author

Patej, Anna and Eisenstein, Daniel

Subjects
Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

We address the question of whether massive red and blue galaxies trace the same large-scale structure at z~0.6 using the CMASS sample of galaxies from Data Release 12 of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III. After splitting the catalog into subsamples of red and blue galaxies using a simple colour cut, we measure the clustering of both subsamples and construct the correlation coefficient, r, using two statistics. The correlation coefficient quantifies the stochasticity between the two subsamples, which we examine over intermediate scales (20 < R < 100 Mpc/h). We find that on these intermediate scales, the correlation coefficient is consistent with 1; in particular, we find r > 0.95 taking into account both statistics and r > 0.974 using the favored statistic., Comment: 9 pages, 8 figures

Published
2015
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12. Density Jumps Near the Virial Radius of Galaxy Clusters

Author

Patej, Anna and Loeb, Abraham

Subjects
Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

Recent simulations have indicated that the dark matter halos of galaxy clusters should feature steep density jumps near the virial radius. Since the member galaxies are expected to follow similar collisionless dynamics as the dark matter, the galaxy density profile should show such a feature as well. We examine the potential of current datasets to test this prediction by selecting cluster members for a sample of 56 low-redshift (0.1

Published
2015
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13. A Simple Physical Model for the Gas Distribution in Galaxy Clusters

Author

Patej, Anna and Loeb, Abraham

Subjects
Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

The dominant baryonic component of galaxy clusters is hot gas whose distribution is commonly probed through X-ray emission arising from thermal bremsstrahlung. The density profile thus obtained has been traditionally modeled with a beta-profile, a simple function with only three parameters. However, this model is known to be insufficient for characterizing the range of cluster gas distributions, and attempts to rectify this shortcoming typically introduce additional parameters to increase the fitting flexibility. We use cosmological and physical considerations to obtain a family of profiles for the gas with fewer parameters than the beta-model but which better accounts for observed gas profiles over wide radial intervals., Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ Letters

Published
2014
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14. The Extremely Luminous Quasar Survey in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Footprint. III. The South Galactic Cap Sample and the Quasar Luminosity Function at Cosmic Noon

Author

Schindler, Jan-Torge, primary, Fan, Xiaohui, additional, McGreer, Ian D., additional, Yang, Jinyi, additional, Wang, Feige, additional, Green, Richard, additional, Fynbo, Johan P. U., additional, Krogager, Jens-Kristian, additional, Green, Elisabeth M., additional, Huang, Yun-Hsin, additional, Kadowaki, Jennifer, additional, Patej, Anna, additional, Wu, Ya-Lin, additional, and Yue, Minghao, additional

Published
2019
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15. The Extremely Luminous Quasar Survey in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Footprint. II. The North Galactic Cap Sample

Author

Schindler, Jan-Torge, primary, Fan, Xiaohui, additional, McGreer, Ian D., additional, Yang, Jinyi, additional, Wang, Feige, additional, Green, Richard, additional, Garavito-Camargo, Nicolas, additional, Huang, Yun-Hsin, additional, O’Donnell, Christine, additional, Patej, Anna, additional, Pucha, Ragadeepika, additional, Rees, Jon M., additional, and Spalding, Eckhart, additional

Published
2018
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20. Density Jumps Near the Virial Radius of Galaxy Clusters

Author

Patej, Anna and Loeb, Abraham

Abstract

Recent simulations have indicated that the dark matter halos of galaxy clusters should feature steep density jumps near the virial radius. Since the member galaxies are expected to follow similar collisionless dynamics as the dark matter, the galaxy density profile should show such a feature as well. We examine the potential of current datasets to test this prediction by selecting cluster members for a sample of 56 low-redshift (0.1

Published
2016
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21. Measurement of Galaxy Cluster Integrated Comptonization and Mass Scaling Relations With the South Pole Telescope

Author

Saliwanchik, B. R., Montroy, T. E., Aird, K. A., Bayliss, Matthew, Benson, B. A., Bleem, L. E., Bocquet, S., Brodwin, M., Carlstrom, J. E., Chang, C. L., Cho, H. M., Clocchiatti, A., Crawford, T. M., Crites, A. T., de Haan, T., Desai, S., Dobbs, M. A., Dudley, J. P., Foley, R. J., Forman, William R., George, E. M., Gladders, M. D., Gonzalez, A. H., Halverson, N. W., Hlavacek-Larrondo, J., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hrubes, J. D., Jones, C., Keisler, R., Knox, L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Liu, J., Lueker, M., Luong-Van, D., Mantz, A., Marrone, D. P., McDonald, M., McMahon, J. J., Mehl, J., Meyer, S. S., Mocanu, L., Mohr, J. J., Murray, S, Nurgaliev, D, Padin, S., Patej, Anna, Pryke, Clement L., Reichardt, C. L., Rest, A., Ruel, J, Ruhl, J. E., Saro, A., Sayre, J. T., Schaffer, K. K., Shirokoff, E., Spieler, H. G., Stalder, Brian A, Stanford, S. A., Staniszewski, Z., Stark, Antony A., Story, K., Stubbs, Christopher William, Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Vikhlinin, Alexey A., Williamson, R., Zahn, O., and Zenteno, A.

Subjects
methods: data analysis, galaxies: clusters, X-rays: galaxies: clusters
Abstract

We describe a method for measuring the integrated Comptonization (Y SZ) of clusters of galaxies from measurements of the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect in multiple frequency bands and use this method to characterize a sample of galaxy clusters detected in the South Pole Telescope (SPT) data. We use a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method to fit a β-model source profile and integrate Y SZ within an angular aperture on the sky. In simulated observations of an SPT-like survey that include cosmic microwave background anisotropy, point sources, and atmospheric and instrumental noise at typical SPT-SZ survey levels, we show that we can accurately recover β-model parameters for inputted clusters. We measure Y SZ for simulated semi-analytic clusters and find that Y SZ is most accurately determined in an angular aperture comparable to the SPT beam size. We demonstrate the utility of this method to measure Y SZ and to constrain mass scaling relations using X-ray mass estimates for a sample of 18 galaxy clusters from the SPT-SZ survey. Measuring Y SZ within a 0farcm75 radius aperture, we find an intrinsic log-normal scatter of 21% ± 11% in Y SZ at a fixed mass. Measuring Y SZ within a 0.3 Mpc projected radius (equivalent to 0farcm75 at the survey median redshift z = 0.6), we find a scatter of 26% ± 9%. Prior to this study, the SPT observable found to have the lowest scatter with mass was cluster detection significance. We demonstrate, from both simulations and SPT observed clusters that Y SZ measured within an aperture comparable to the SPT beam size is equivalent, in terms of scatter with cluster mass, to SPT cluster detection significance., Astronomy, Physics

Published
2015
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22. The DESI Experiment Part I: Science,Targeting, and Survey Design

Author

Desi, Collaboration, Aghamousa, Amir, Aguilar, Jessica, Ahlen, Steve, Alam, Shadab, Allen, Lori E., Allende Prieto, Carlos, Annis, James, Bailey, Stephen, Balland, Christophe, Ballester, Otger, Baltay, Charles, Beaufore, Lucas, Bebek, Chris, Beers, Timothy C., Bell, Eric F., Bernal, José Luis, Besuner, Robert, Beutler, Florian, Blake, Chris, Bleuler, Hannes, Blomqvist, Michael, Blum, Robert, Bolton, Adam S., Briceno, Cesar, Brooks, David, Brownstein, Joel R., Buckley-Geer, Elizabeth, Burden, Angela, Burtin, Etienne, Busca, Nicolas G., Cahn, Robert N., Cai, Yan-Chuan, Cardiel-Sas, Laia, Carlberg, Raymond G., Carton, Pierre-Henri, Casas, Ricard, Castander, Francisco J., Cervantes-Cota, Jorge L., Claybaugh, Todd M., Close, Madeline, Coker, Carl T., Cole, Shaun, Comparat, Johan, Cooper, Andrew P., Cousinou, M. -C, Crocce, Martin, Cuby, Jean-Gabriel, Cunningham, Daniel P., Davis, Tamara M., Dawson, Kyle S., La Macorra, Axel, Vicente, Juan, Delubac, Timothée, Derwent, Mark, Dey, Arjun, Dhungana, Govinda, Ding, Zhejie, Doel, Peter, Duan, Yutong T., Ealet, Anne, Edelstein, Jerry, Eftekharzadeh, Sarah, Eisenstein, Daniel J., Elliott, Ann, Escoffier, Stéphanie, Evatt, Matthew, Fagrelius, Parker, Fan, Xiaohui, Fanning, Kevin, Farahi, Arya, Farihi, Jay, Favole, Ginevra, Feng, Yu, Fernandez, Enrique, Findlay, Joseph R., Finkbeiner, Douglas P., Fitzpatrick, Michael J., Flaugher, Brenna, Flender, Samuel, Font-Ribera, Andreu, Forero-Romero, Jaime E., Fosalba, Pablo, Frenk, Carlos S., Fumagalli, Michele, Gaensicke, Boris T., Gallo, Giuseppe, Garcia-Bellido, Juan, Gaztanaga, Enrique, Pietro Gentile Fusillo, Nicola, Gerard, Terry, Gershkovich, Irena, Giannantonio, Tommaso, Gillet, Denis, Gonzalez-De-Rivera, Guillermo, Gonzalez-Perez, Violeta, Gott, Shelby, Graur, Or, Gutierrez, Gaston, Guy, Julien, Habib, Salman, Heetderks, Henry, Heetderks, Ian, Heitmann, Katrin, Hellwing, Wojciech A., Herrera, David A., Ho, Shirley, Holland, Stephen, Honscheid, Klaus, Huff, Eric, Hutchinson, Timothy A., Huterer, Dragan, Hwang, Ho Seong, Illa Laguna, Joseph Maria, Ishikawa, Yuzo, Jacobs, Dianna, Jeffrey, Niall, Jelinsky, Patrick, Jennings, Elise, Jiang, Linhua, Jimenez, Jorge, Johnson, Jennifer, Joyce, Richard, Jullo, Eric, Juneau, Stéphanie, Kama, Sami, Karcher, Armin, Karkar, Sonia, Kehoe, Robert, Kennamer, Noble, Kent, Stephen, Kilbinger, Martin, Kim, Alex G., Kirkby, David, Kisner, Theodore, Kitanidis, Ellie, Kneib, Jean-Paul, Koposov, Sergey, Kovacs, Eve, Koyama, Kazuya, Kremin, Anthony, Kron, Richard, Kronig, Luzius, Kueter-Young, Andrea, Lacey, Cedric G., Lafever, Robin, Lahav, Ofer, Lambert, Andrew, Lampton, Michael, Landriau, Martin, Lang, Dustin, Lauer, Tod R., Le Goff, Jean-Marc, Le Guillou, Laurent, Le Suu, Auguste, Lee, Jae Hyeon, Lee, Su-Jeong, Leitner, Daniela, Lesser, Michael, Levi, Michael E., L Huillier, Benjamin, Li, Baojiu, Liang, Ming, Lin, Huan, Linder, Eric, Loebman, Sarah R., Lukić, Zarija, Ma, Jun, Maccrann, Niall, Magneville, Christophe, Makarem, Laleh, Manera, Marc, Manser, Christopher J., Marshall, Robert, Martini, Paul, Massey, Richard, Matheson, Thomas, Mccauley, Jeremy, Mcdonald, Patrick, Mcgreer, Ian D., Meisner, Aaron, Metcalfe, Nigel, Miller, Timothy N., Miquel, Ramon, Moustakas, John, Myers, Adam, Naik, Milind, Newman, Jeffrey A., Nichol, Robert C., Nicola, Andrina, Nicolati Da Costa, Luiz, Nie, Jundan, Niz, Gustavo, Norberg, Peder, Nord, Brian, Norman, Dara, Nugent, Peter, O Brien, Thomas, Oh, Minji, Olsen, Knut A. G., Padilla, Cristobal, Padmanabhan, Hamsa, Padmanabhan, Nikhil, Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie, Palmese, Antonella, Pappalardo, Daniel, Pâris, Isabelle, Park, Changbom, Patej, Anna, Peacock, John A., Peiris, Hiranya V., Peng, Xiyan, Percival, Will J., Perruchot, Sandrine, Pieri, Matthew M., Pogge, Richard, Pollack, Jennifer E., Poppett, Claire, Prada, Francisco, Prakash, Abhishek, Probst, Ronald G., Rabinowitz, David, Raichoor, Anand, Ree, Chang Hee, Refregier, Alexandre, Regal, Xavier, Reid, Beth, Reil, Kevin, Rezaie, Mehdi, Rockosi, Constance M., Roe, Natalie, Ronayette, Samuel, Roodman, Aaron, Ross, Ashley J., Ross, Nicholas P., Rossi, Graziano, Rozo, Eduardo, Ruhlmann-Kleider, Vanina, Rykoff, Eli S., Sabiu, Cristiano, Samushia, Lado, Sanchez, Eusebio, Sanchez, Javier, Schlegel, David J., Schneider, Michael, Schubnell, Michael, Secroun, Aurélia, Seljak, Uros, Seo, Hee-Jong, Serrano, Santiago, Shafieloo, Arman, Shan, Huanyuan, Sharples, Ray, Sholl, Michael J., Shourt, William V., Silber, Joseph H., Silva, David R., Sirk, Martin M., Slosar, Anze, Smith, Alex, Smoot, George F., Som, Debopam, Song, Yong-Seon, Sprayberry, David, Staten, Ryan, Stefanik, Andy, Tarle, Gregory, Sien Tie, Suk, Tinker, Jeremy L., Tojeiro, Rita, Valdes, Francisco, Valenzuela, Octavio, Valluri, Monica, Vargas-Magana, Mariana, Verde, Licia, Walker, Alistair R., Wang, Jiali, Wang, Yuting, Weaver, Benjamin A., Weaverdyck, Curtis, Wechsler, Risa H., Weinberg, David H., White, Martin, Yang, Qian, Yeche, Christophe, Zhang, Tianmeng, Zhao, Gong-Bo, Zheng, Yi, Zhou, Xu, Zhou, Zhimin, Zhu, Yaling, Zou, Hu, and Ying Zu

Subjects
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), astro-ph.CO, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, astro-ph.IM
Abstract

DESI (Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument) is a Stage IV ground-based dark energy experiment that will study baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) and the growth of structure through redshift-space distortions with a wide-area galaxy and quasar redshift survey. To trace the underlying dark matter distribution, spectroscopic targets will be selected in four classes from imaging data. We will measure luminous red galaxies up to $z=1.0$. To probe the Universe out to even higher redshift, DESI will target bright [O II] emission line galaxies up to $z=1.7$. Quasars will be targeted both as direct tracers of the underlying dark matter distribution and, at higher redshifts ($ 2.1 < z < 3.5$), for the Ly-$��$ forest absorption features in their spectra, which will be used to trace the distribution of neutral hydrogen. When moonlight prevents efficient observations of the faint targets of the baseline survey, DESI will conduct a magnitude-limited Bright Galaxy Survey comprising approximately 10 million galaxies with a median $z\approx 0.2$. In total, more than 30 million galaxy and quasar redshifts will be obtained to measure the BAO feature and determine the matter power spectrum, including redshift space distortions.

23. The DESI Experiment Part II: Instrument Design

Author

Desi, Collaboration, Aghamousa, Amir, Aguilar, Jessica, Ahlen, Steve, Alam, Shadab, Allen, Lori E., Allende Prieto, Carlos, Annis, James, Bailey, Stephen, Balland, Christophe, Ballester, Otger, Baltay, Charles, Beaufore, Lucas, Bebek, Chris, Beers, Timothy C., Bell, Eric F., Bernal, José Luis, Besuner, Robert, Beutler, Florian, Blake, Chris, Bleuler, Hannes, Blomqvist, Michael, Blum, Robert, Bolton, Adam S., Briceno, Cesar, Brooks, David, Brownstein, Joel R., Buckley-Geer, Elizabeth, Burden, Angela, Burtin, Etienne, Busca, Nicolas G., Cahn, Robert N., Cai, Yan-Chuan, Cardiel-Sas, Laia, Carlberg, Raymond G., Carton, Pierre-Henri, Casas, Ricard, Castander, Francisco J., Cervantes-Cota, Jorge L., Claybaugh, Todd M., Close, Madeline, Coker, Carl T., Cole, Shaun, Comparat, Johan, Cooper, Andrew P., Cousinou, M. -C, Crocce, Martin, Cuby, Jean-Gabriel, Cunningham, Daniel P., Davis, Tamara M., Dawson, Kyle S., La Macorra, Axel, Vicente, Juan, Delubac, Timothée, Derwent, Mark, Dey, Arjun, Dhungana, Govinda, Ding, Zhejie, Doel, Peter, Duan, Yutong T., Ealet, Anne, Edelstein, Jerry, Eftekharzadeh, Sarah, Eisenstein, Daniel J., Elliott, Ann, Escoffier, Stéphanie, Evatt, Matthew, Fagrelius, Parker, Fan, Xiaohui, Fanning, Kevin, Farahi, Arya, Farihi, Jay, Favole, Ginevra, Feng, Yu, Fernandez, Enrique, Findlay, Joseph R., Finkbeiner, Douglas P., Fitzpatrick, Michael J., Flaugher, Brenna, Flender, Samuel, Font-Ribera, Andreu, Forero-Romero, Jaime E., Fosalba, Pablo, Frenk, Carlos S., Fumagalli, Michele, Gaensicke, Boris T., Gallo, Giuseppe, Garcia-Bellido, Juan, Gaztanaga, Enrique, Pietro Gentile Fusillo, Nicola, Gerard, Terry, Gershkovich, Irena, Giannantonio, Tommaso, Gillet, Denis, Gonzalez-De-Rivera, Guillermo, Gonzalez-Perez, Violeta, Gott, Shelby, Graur, Or, Gutierrez, Gaston, Guy, Julien, Habib, Salman, Heetderks, Henry, Heetderks, Ian, Heitmann, Katrin, Hellwing, Wojciech A., Herrera, David A., Ho, Shirley, Holland, Stephen, Honscheid, Klaus, Huff, Eric, Hutchinson, Timothy A., Huterer, Dragan, Hwang, Ho Seong, Illa Laguna, Joseph Maria, Ishikawa, Yuzo, Jacobs, Dianna, Jeffrey, Niall, Jelinsky, Patrick, Jennings, Elise, Jiang, Linhua, Jimenez, Jorge, Johnson, Jennifer, Joyce, Richard, Jullo, Eric, Juneau, Stéphanie, Kama, Sami, Karcher, Armin, Karkar, Sonia, Kehoe, Robert, Kennamer, Noble, Kent, Stephen, Kilbinger, Martin, Kim, Alex G., Kirkby, David, Kisner, Theodore, Kitanidis, Ellie, Kneib, Jean-Paul, Koposov, Sergey, Kovacs, Eve, Koyama, Kazuya, Kremin, Anthony, Kron, Richard, Kronig, Luzius, Kueter-Young, Andrea, Lacey, Cedric G., Lafever, Robin, Lahav, Ofer, Lambert, Andrew, Lampton, Michael, Landriau, Martin, Lang, Dustin, Lauer, Tod R., Le Goff, Jean-Marc, Le Guillou, Laurent, Le Suu, Auguste, Lee, Jae Hyeon, Lee, Su-Jeong, Leitner, Daniela, Lesser, Michael, Levi, Michael E., L Huillier, Benjamin, Li, Baojiu, Liang, Ming, Lin, Huan, Linder, Eric, Loebman, Sarah R., Lukić, Zarija, Ma, Jun, Maccrann, Niall, Magneville, Christophe, Makarem, Laleh, Manera, Marc, Manser, Christopher J., Marshall, Robert, Martini, Paul, Massey, Richard, Matheson, Thomas, Mccauley, Jeremy, Mcdonald, Patrick, Mcgreer, Ian D., Meisner, Aaron, Metcalfe, Nigel, Miller, Timothy N., Miquel, Ramon, Moustakas, John, Myers, Adam, Naik, Milind, Newman, Jeffrey A., Nichol, Robert C., Nicola, Andrina, Nicolati Da Costa, Luiz, Nie, Jundan, Niz, Gustavo, Peder Norberg, Nord, Brian, Norman, Dara, Nugent, Peter, O Brien, Thomas, Oh, Minji, Olsen, Knut A. G., Padilla, Cristobal, Padmanabhan, Hamsa, Padmanabhan, Nikhil, Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie, Palmese, Antonella, Pappalardo, Daniel, Pâris, Isabelle, Park, Changbom, Patej, Anna, Peacock, John A., Peiris, Hiranya V., Peng, Xiyan, Percival, Will J., Perruchot, Sandrine, Pieri, Matthew M., Pogge, Richard, Pollack, Jennifer E., Poppett, Claire, Prada, Francisco, Prakash, Abhishek, Probst, Ronald G., Rabinowitz, David, Raichoor, Anand, Ree, Chang Hee, Refregier, Alexandre, Regal, Xavier, Reid, Beth, Reil, Kevin, Rezaie, Mehdi, Rockosi, Constance M., Roe, Natalie, Ronayette, Samuel, Roodman, Aaron, Ross, Ashley J., Ross, Nicholas P., Rossi, Graziano, Rozo, Eduardo, Ruhlmann-Kleider, Vanina, Rykoff, Eli S., Sabiu, Cristiano, Samushia, Lado, Sanchez, Eusebio, Sanchez, Javier, Schlegel, David J., Schneider, Michael, Schubnell, Michael, Secroun, Aurélia, Seljak, Uros, Seo, Hee-Jong, Serrano, Santiago, Shafieloo, Arman, Shan, Huanyuan, Sharples, Ray, Sholl, Michael J., Shourt, William V., Silber, Joseph H., Silva, David R., Sirk, Martin M., Slosar, Anze, Smith, Alex, Smoot, George F., Som, Debopam, Song, Yong-Seon, Sprayberry, David, Staten, Ryan, Stefanik, Andy, Tarle, Gregory, Sien Tie, Suk, Tinker, Jeremy L., Tojeiro, Rita, Valdes, Francisco, Valenzuela, Octavio, Valluri, Monica, Vargas-Magana, Mariana, Verde, Licia, Walker, Alistair R., Wang, Jiali, Wang, Yuting, Weaver, Benjamin A., Weaverdyck, Curtis, Wechsler, Risa H., Weinberg, David H., White, Martin, Yang, Qian, Yeche, Christophe, Zhang, Tianmeng, Zhao, Gong-Bo, Zheng, Yi, Zhou, Xu, Zhou, Zhimin, Zhu, Yaling, Zou, Hu, Zu, Ying, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC), Boston University [Boston] (BU), Carnegie Mellon University [Pittsburgh] (CMU), University of Edinburgh, National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO), Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (IAC), Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE (UMR_7585)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Física d’Altes Energies [Barcelone] (IFAE), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Yale University [New Haven], Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), The University of Notre Dame [Sydney], Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Institut de Ciencies del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Space Sciences Laboratory [Berkeley] (SSL), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), University of Portsmouth, Centre for Astrophysics & Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology (Hawthorn campus), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The University of Utah, Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, University College of London [London] (UCL), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, APC - Cosmologie, AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institute for Astronomy [Edinburgh] (IfA), Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics [University of Toronto], University of Toronto, Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai [Barcelona] (ICE-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Carreterra Mexico-Toluca, Department of Physics [Durham University], Durham University, Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Institute for Computational Cosmology (ICC), Instituto de Fisica Teorica C-XVI (IFT-UAM/CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México = National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Department of Applied Physics, Departamento de Fisica Aplicada [Granada], Universidad de Granada = University of Granada (UGR)-Universidad de Granada = University of Granada (UGR), University of Wyoming (UW), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU), Department of Physics, University of California, University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), Institute for Astronomy [Honolulu], University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Department of Physics [Durham], University of New Hampshire (UNH), Departamento de Fisica Teorica, Korea Institute for Advanced Study (KIAS), Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Irvine], University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), Institute of Astronomy [Cambridge], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Institute of Cosmology & Gravitation, Dennis Sciama Building, University of Portsmouth, Observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP), Institut Pythéas (OSU PYTHEAS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Center for Cosmology & AstroParticle Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy [Pittsburgh], University of Pittsburgh (PITT), Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE)-Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE), Institute for Astronomy [Zürich], Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), School of Physics and Astronomy [Nottingham], University of Nottingham, UK (UON), School of Physics, University of Waterloo [Waterloo], Department of Astronomy and Space Science [Sejong University], Sejong University, Brookhaven National Laboratory [Upton, NY] (BNL), UT-Battelle, LLC-Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY)-U.S. Department of Energy [Washington] (DOE), Department of Physics [Ann Arbor], University of St Andrews [Scotland], University of Science and Technology of China [Hefei] (USTC), Department of Computer Science and Engineering [Minneapolis], University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Shandong University, National University of Defense Technology [China], Avidea Technologies, Inc, DESI Collaboration, Okayama University, University of California [Berkeley], University of California, Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), University of California-University of California, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Universidad de Granada (UGR)-Universidad de Granada (UGR), Harvard University [Cambridge]-Smithsonian Institution, Centre d'Immunologie et de Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), University of California [Irvine] (UCI), U.S. Department of Energy [Washington] (DOE)-UT-Battelle, LLC-Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY), and Escoffier, Stephanie

Subjects
[SDU.ASTR.IM] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), astro-ph.CO, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), astro-ph.IM, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM]
Abstract

DESI (Dark Energy Spectropic Instrument) is a Stage IV ground-based dark energy experiment that will study baryon acoustic oscillations and the growth of structure through redshift-space distortions with a wide-area galaxy and quasar redshift survey. The DESI instrument is a robotically-actuated, fiber-fed spectrograph capable of taking up to 5,000 simultaneous spectra over a wavelength range from 360 nm to 980 nm. The fibers feed ten three-arm spectrographs with resolution $R= \lambda/\Delta\lambda$ between 2000 and 5500, depending on wavelength. The DESI instrument will be used to conduct a five-year survey designed to cover 14,000 deg$^2$. This powerful instrument will be installed at prime focus on the 4-m Mayall telescope in Kitt Peak, Arizona, along with a new optical corrector, which will provide a three-degree diameter field of view. The DESI collaboration will also deliver a spectroscopic pipeline and data management system to reduce and archive all data for eventual public use.

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