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In this study, the effect of storage at different times and temperatures on in vitro olive pollen germination was investigated. Pollens of Gemlik and Domat cultivars and GE119 and GK138 genotypes were stored at +4 °C, -20 °C, and -80 °C for 7, 35, 200, and 365 days, respectively. In vitro germination status of pollen was determined by the petri agar method, by choosing the most suitable nutrient medium for each olive. The most suitable germination media for Gemlik, Domat, GE119, and GK138 pollens were 50 ml water + 15% sucrose + 0.7% agar + 75 ppm boric acid, 50 ml water + 15% sucrose + 0.7% agar, 50 ml water + 25% sucrose + 0.5% agar, 50 ml water respectively. The interaction effect between storage time, temperatures, and cultivar on pollen germination and diameter was determined. At the end of the storage period, the highest pollen germination and diameter were observed in the Gemlik cultivar. Additionally, -80 °C temperature for Gemlik and Domat cultivars and -20 °C temperature for GE119 and GK138 genotypes were suitable for 35 days of storage. All olive pollens in the current study had germination rates below 9% in the following storage periods. The results show that storing olive pollens at sub-zero temperatures will reduce the need for daily fresh pollen collection required for important scientific studies such as breeding and artificial pollination.

Cover crops have long been proposed as an alternative soil management for minimizing erosion rates in olive stands while providing additional ecosystem services. However, the trade-off between these benefits and the competition for water with the trees makes the definition of optimal management practices a challenging task in semiarid climates. This work presents an improved version of OliveCan, a process-based simulation model of olive orchards that now can simulate the main impacts of cover crops on the water and carbon balances of olive orchards. Albeit simple in its formulation, the new model components were developed to deal with different cover crop management strategies. Examples are presented for simulation runs of a traditional olive orchard in the conditions of southern Spain, evaluating the effects of different widths for the strip occupied by the cover crop (Fcc) and two contrasting mowing dates. Results revealed that high Fcc resulted in lower olive yields, but only when mowing was applied at the end of spring. In this regard, late mowing and high Fcc was associated with lower soil water content from spring to summer, coinciding with olive flowering and the earlier stages of fruit growth. Fcc was also negatively correlated with surface runoff irrespective of the mowing date. On the other hand, net ecosystem productivity (NEP) was substantially affected by both Fcc and mowing date. Further simulations under future climate scenarios comparing the same management alternatives are also presented, showing substantial yield reductions by the end of the century and minor or negligible changes in NEP and seasonal runoff., Project funding: This work was supported by “Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades” (“Junta de Andalucía”, Spain) through a project cofunded by ERDF [grant number 27425]. In addition, part of the work was conducted under two projects funded by “Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades”, Spain, [grant numbers PID2019-110575RB-I00 and PCI2019-103621], one of which into the framework of the MAPPY project (JPI-Climate ERA-NET, AXIS call). The authors also acknowledge financial support from “Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades”, through the Severo Ochoa and María de Maeztu Program for Centers and Units of Excellence in R&D [grant number CEX2019-000968-M]. Postdoctoral fellowships were granted to the first and second authors by “Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades” (“Junta de Andalucía”, Spain) [grant number POSTDOC-21-00381] and “Ministerio de Universidades (‘María Zambrano’ scholarship) [grant number 2021/86493], respectively., With funding from the Spanish government through the "Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence" accreditation (CEX2019-000968-M).

Inhalation of olive pollen (Olea europaea L.) is one of the main causes of allergy in Mediterranean countries and some areas of North America. The response to allergens consists in the production of inflammatory cytokines which is mediated by the deregulation of Ca2+ signals. In this study, the biological activity of the material released in olive pollen hydration (PMR) was tested on Ca2+ cytosolic of PE/CA-PJ15 cells (PJ-15). Ca2+ cytosolic was determined by fluorometric assay with the cell line PE/CA-PJ15 (PJ-15) labeled with the fluorescent probe FURA 2 AM. The material released in olive pollen hydration (PMR) was analyzed by HPLC for the determination of phenolic acids. PMR was subjected to fractionation by gel filtration, and the fractions with Ca2+-chelating activity were tested with SDS-PAGE and the single bands characterized by proteomic analysis. PMR showed high Ca2+-chelating activity and is able of blocking the increase Ca2+-cytosolic produced by thapsigargin (TG). PMR then restored Ca2+ homeostasis in PJ-15 cells deregulated by the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPases inhibitor. It is therefore possible that PMR can antagonize the effects of allergens on Ca2+ cytosolic. The analytical characterization of the material released by the pollen highlighted in the pollen allergen Ole e 3 and in the p-coumaric acid the possible culprits of the Ca2+-antagonist activity of PMR. Furthermore, the sequence of Ole e 3 could provide information for the possible construction of a synthetic peptide to be used in an allergy-targeted Ca2+-antagonist therapy.

In this study, we investigated the influence of pedological parameters and variation of altitude on the mineral nutrients, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activities of olive leaves. Samples of the Chetoui cultivar were collected from eight geographical locations with different altitudes. Levels of phenolic compounds varied according to the altitude. Classification of the locations revealed that altitude 1 (>500 m) was characterized by high levels of secoiridoids and simple phenols, while altitude 2 (500–300 m) and altitude 3 (

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is a very important crop grown in the Mediterranean part of Croatia. Olive branch and fruit dieback symptoms were observed in two olive orchards in Istria, Croatia. The samples from symptomatic trees were collected and brought to the laboratory for analysis. Based on their morphological characterization, isolated fungi were identified as Cytospora sp. Two representative isolates (one per orchard) were taken for molecular analysis, and based on DNA sequence data of the ITS and TUB gene regions, and phylogenetic analysis of the sequences, the isolates were identified as Cytospora pruinosa Défago. To determine pathogenicity, pathogenicity tests were conducted on detached olive branches and two-year-old olive trees in the greenhouse. This is the first report of C. pruinosa causing olive branch and fruit dieback in Croatia.

The large amount of olive cultivars conserved in germplasm banks can be used to overcome some of the challenges faced by the olive growing industry, including climate warming. One effect of climate warming in olive is the difficulty to fulfill the chilling requirements for flowering due to mild winter temperatures. In the present work, we evaluate seven olive cultivars for their adaptation to high winter temperatures by comparing their flowering phenology in the standard Mediterranean climate of Cordoba, Southern Iberian Peninsula, with the subtropical climate of Tenerife, Canary Islands. Flowering phenology in Tenerife was significantly earlier and longer than in Cordoba. However, genotype seems to have little influence on the effects of the lack of winter chilling temperatures, as in Tenerife. This was found even though the cultivars studied had a high genetic distance between them. In fact, all the cultivars tested in Tenerife flowered during the three-year study but showed asynchronous flowering bud burst. ‘Arbequina’ showed an earlier day of full flowering compared with the rest of the cultivars. The results observed here could be of interest to refine the phenological simulation models, including the length of the flowering period. More genetic variability should be evaluated in warm winter conditions to look for adaptation to climate warming.

In olive trees, fluctuations in the onset of phenological stages have been reported due to weather conditions. The present study analyses the reproductive phenology of 17 olive cultivars grown in Elvas (Portugal) in 3 consecutive years (2012–2014). Through 2017–2022, the phenological observations continued with four cultivars. The phenological observations followed the BBCH scale. Over the course of the observations, the bud burst (stage 51) occurred gradually later; a few cultivars did not follow this trend in 2013. The flower cluster totally expanded phase (stage 55) was achieved gradually earlier, and the period between stages 51–55 was shortened, especially in 2014. Date of bud burst showed a negative correlation with minimum temperature (Tmin) of November–December, and, in ‘Arbequina’ and ‘Cobrançosa’, the interval stage 51–55 showed a negative correlation with both the Tmin of February and the Tmax of April, whereas in ‘Galega Vulgar’ and ‘Picual’ there was instead a positive correlation with the Tmin of March. These two seemed to be more responsive to early warm weather, whereas ‘Arbequina’ and ‘Cobrançosa’ were less sensitive. This investigation revealed that olive cultivars behaved differently under the same environmental conditions and, in some genotypes, the ecodormancy release may be linked to endogenous factors in a stronger way.

For the first time the effects of different sampling periods and their interaction with five major autochthonous Croatian Istrian olive cultivars and the Italian cultivar ‘Leccino’ on the quantity and composition of olive leaf phenolic compounds and mineral nutrients were investigated. For that purpose, olive leaves were sampled in two collecting periods, in October and March, coinciding with the harvesting and pruning periods, respectively. All selected cultivars had a higher oleuropein leaf content in the pruning collecting period, with the highest levels noted for the ‘Leccino’ and ‘Buža’ cultivars. Cultivar significantly affected almost all the investigated phenols, with higher concentrations of these valuable compounds in the pruning than in the harvesting period. Differences observed in leaf mineral composition were closely related to the differences in phenolic profiles and were significantly affected by genotype. Some of the studied mineral nutrients, such as P, Cu and B, were found to be significantly correlated with the most abundant olive leaf phenolic compounds, oleuropein and verbascoside.

Dissertação de mestrado em Biologia Molecular, Biotecnologia e Bioempreendedorismo em Plantas, O sector olivícola e agroindústria da azeitona de mesa enfrentam desafios de sustentabilidade ambiental e preocupação por parte dos consumidores com produtos mais saudáveis. As variedades autóctones estão pouco estudadas e por isso as suas potencialidades recentemente começaram a ser exploradas. Nesta Tese de Mestrado são apresentados resultados da caracterização agronómica (duas campanhas) e da fenologia de um conjunto de onze variedades de oliveira com aptidão para azeitona de mesa. São também apresentados parâmetros pomológicos, características físico-químicas e análise sensorial da conserva tradicional de três daquelas variedades (‘Galega Vulgar’, ‘Galego de Évora’ e ‘Maçanilha de Tavira’), em três datas de colheita e colocadas numa salmoura de fermentação com 10 % de NaCl (p/v). Em ‘Maçanilha de Tavira’ também foi utilizada uma salmoura de fermentação com 12 % de NaCl (p/v). As variedades com maior copa e área da secção transversal do tronco (AST) foram ‘Galega Vulgar’, ‘Conserva de Elvas’ e ‘Ocal’ (cerca de 300 cm2 ). O índice de produtividade (IP) mais elevado observou-se em ‘Galego de Évora’ com 250 g/cm2 . As variedades responderam de forma diferente aos estímulos do clima desde a manifestação do estado 51 (da escala BBCH) e até à floração. O período de floração, no ano de 2022, ocorreu a meados de maio. As pautas da maturação demonstram que estão contempladas variedades aptas para a conserva em verde, conserva mista, e conserva em negro. Os frutos da variedade ‘Redondil’ apresentaram a maior relação polpa/caroço (12.12), e o maior peso médio por fruto pertenceu a ‘Judiaga’ (15.02 g). A menor relação polpa/caroço e o menor peso do fruto pertenceram à variedade ‘Galega Vulgar’ (6.88 e 2.62 g, respetivamente). Na análise sensorial, as azeitonas de mesa das três variedades submetidas a fermentação natural foram classificadas na Categoria Extra. O atributo “avinhado” foi percebido em amostras de ‘Galego de Évora’ e de ‘Galega Vulgar’. Em ‘Maçanilha de Tavira’, a utilização de 12 % de NaCl (p/v) na salmoura de fermentação, comparativamente à salmoura com 10 % de NaCl (p/v), não repercutiu efeitos na qualidade sensorial dos frutos, principalmente em relação à terceira data de colheita quando a dureza da polpa foi mais reduzida., Table olive production is facing challenges of environmental sustainability and the consumer demand for healthier products has increased. Autochthonous varieties are poorly studied and for that reason their potentialities have recently begun to be explored. In this Master's Thesis are presented the results of the agronomic characterization (two harvests) and the phenological growth of a group of eleven olive tree varieties suitable for table olive production. Three of those varieties ('Galega Vulgar', 'Galego de Évora' and 'Maçanilha de Tavira') were processed according to the traditional method. The results about their pomological parameters, physical-chemical characteristics and sensory analysis, respecting three harvest dates and produced by fermentation in brine with 10 % of NaCl concentration (w/v), are here presented. Also, in ‘Maçanilha de Tavira’ was tested a fermentation brine with 12 % NaCl (w/v). The varieties with both the largest canopy and trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) were 'Galega Vulgar', 'Conserva de Elvas' and 'Ocal' (about 300 cm2 ). The highest productivity index (PI) was observed in 'Galego de Évora' with 250 g/cm2 . Varieties responded differently to climatic conditions from stage 51 (BBCH scale) to flowering. The flowering period, in 2022, occurred in mid-May. The maturation phases showed varieties suitable for green table olives, mixed, and black table olives production. The fruits of the 'Redondil' variety had the highest pulp/pit ratio (12.12), and the highest average weight per fruit belonged to 'Judiaga' (15.02 g). The lowest pulp/pit ratio and lowest fruit weight belonged to 'Galega Vulgar' (6.88 and 2.62 g, respectively). Tasting panel considered that all the three varieties of table olives produced by natural fermentation in brine were classified as Extra or Fancy. The attribute “winey–vinegary” was perceived in samples of 'Galego de Évora' and 'Galega Vulgar'. In 'Maçanilha de Tavira', the use of a fermentation brine with NaCl concentration of 12 % (w/v) had no effect on the sensory quality of the product (compared to the brine with 10 % NaCl), especially in relation to the 3rd harvest date when the hardness of the pulp was lower., Este trabalho foi desenvolvido no âmbito do projeto “AzeitonaPLUS - Valorização de Variedades de Oliveira Autóctones para Conserva” (ALT20-03-0246-FEDER-000051), financiado pelo Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER) através do Programa Operacional Regional do Alentejo 2020.

The present study aims to assess the antioxidant and antiviral effectiveness of leaf extracts obtained from Olea europaea L. var. sativa and Olea europaea L. var. sylvestris. The total antioxidant activity was determined via both an ammonium phosphomolybdate assay and a nitric oxide radical inhibition assay. Both extracts showed reducing abilities in an in vitro system and in human HeLa cells. Indeed, after oxidative stress induction, we found that exposition to olive leaf extracts protects human HeLa cells from lipid peroxidation and increases the concentration of enzyme antioxidants such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase. Additionally, OESA treatment affects viral DNA accumulation more than OESY, probably due to the exclusive oleuropein content. In fact, subtoxic concentrations of oleuropein inhibit HSV-1 replication, stimulating the phosphorylation of PKR, c-FOS, and c-JUN proteins. These results provide new knowledge about the potential health benefits and mechanisms of action of oleuropein and oleuropein-rich extracts.

As projeções climáticas alertam para intensas modificações do clima, nomeadamente na península Ibérica. Os desafios que a olivicultura irá enfrentar, em particular nesta região do globo, e como irão as diferentes variedades reagir é uma preocupação crescente para todo o setor. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido no ano de 2022 e teve como foco a fenologia do desenvolvimento das inflorescências e da floração, parâmetros ligados com a qualidade da flor e as interações que se estabeleceram com a produção anterior. As oliveiras estão instaladas na Coleção Portuguesa de Referência de Oliveira (CPRCO) e foram selecionadas 11 variedades: 2 autóctones de Espanha (‘Picual’ e ‘Arbequina’); e 9 autóctones de Portugal (‘Maçanilha de Tavira’, ‘Galega Vulgar’, ‘Galego de Évora’, ‘Conserva de Elvas’, ‘Blanqueta de Elvas’, ‘Tentilheira’, ‘Azeiteira’, ‘Judiaga’ e ‘Bico de Corvo’). A escala de estados fenológicos utilizada foi a BBCH. O abrolhamento teve início a 17 de março com a manifestação do estado 51 dominante. O período de floração das variedades foi, essencialmente, durante o final da 1.a quinzena de maio. Para a maioria das variedades, a plena floração (PF) foi de 3 dias, e o máximo foi de 5 dias (‘Conserva de Elvas’ e ‘Galego de Évora’). A data média de PF variou entre 11 (‘Conserva de Elvas’) e 15 (‘Galego de Évora’) de maio. A maioria dos materiais teve carga floral muito baixa (≤ 20 % da copa com inflorescências), exceto ‘Tentilheira’ que apresentou o nível máximo. Com boa qualidade da flor destacou-se ‘Azeiteira’ (proporção de flores perfeitas variou entre 65 % e 81 %), seguida de ‘Blanqueta de Elvas’ e ‘Maçanilha de Tavira’. Verificou-se a existência de diferenças entre variedades ao nível do número de inflorescências por 10 cm de ramo frutífero, número total de flores por inflorescência, e número de flores perfeitas por inflorescência. A produção das oliveiras no ano anterior (2021) e o número de flores perfeitas por inflorescência apresentaram correlações positivas e também negativas em algumas variedades. Houve variabilidade no comportamento e nos mecanismos de resposta das variedades às condições climáticas prevalecentes. Climate projections warn of intense climate changes, particularly in the Iberian Peninsula. The challenges that olive growing will face, particularly in this region of the globe, and the capability to predict if the different varieties will be able to adapt to the new environment conditions is a growing concern. The present work was developed during 2022 and it’s focused on the phenology of the development of inflorescences and flowering, parameters related to flower quality and the interactions established with the previous fruit yield. The olive trees are installed in the Olive Reference Collection of Portugal (CPRCO) and 11 varieties were selected: 2 autochthonous Spanish genotypes (‘Picual’ and ‘Arbequina’); and 9 autochthonous Portuguese genotypes ('Maçanilha de Tavira', 'Galega Vulgar', 'Galego de Évora', 'Conserva de Elvas', 'Blanqueta de Elvas', 'Tentilheira', 'Azeiteira', 'Judiaga' and 'Bico de Corvo'). Phenological growth was described according to BBCH scale. Budbreak began on March 17th with the manifestation of state 51 (dominant). The flowering periods were essentially during the end of the first half of May. For the majority of the varieties, full flowering (FF) lasted for 3 days, and the maximum for 5 days (‘Conserva de Elvas’ and ‘Galego de Évora’). The average date of FF varied between May 11th (‘Conserva de Elvas’) and May 15th (‘Galego de Évora’). Most of the materials had a very low flowering intensity (≤ 20% of the canopy with inflorescences), except 'Tentilheira', which presented the maximum level. Good flower quality was observed in 'Azeiteira' (the proportion of perfect flowers varied between 65% and 81%), followed by 'Blanqueta de Elvas' and 'Maçanilha de Tavira'. There were differences between varieties in terms of number of inflorescences per 10 cm of fruiting branch, total number of flowers per inflorescence, and number of perfect flowers per inflorescence. The production of olive trees in the previous year (2021) and the number of perfect flowers per inflorescence showed both positive and negative correlations in some varieties. There was variability in the behaviour and response mechanisms of the varieties to the prevailing climatic conditions.

The recent energy crisis has increased the cost of fertilization for olive growers. This is why alternative nutrient sources, such as manures and other organic materials, could be used to sustain olive production within the framework of sustainable agriculture, by decreasing chemical fertilization inputs. A greenhouse pot experiment was established with a marl soil substrate that was modified with three amendments (sheep manure, or SM; litter from evergreen broadleaf species, or EBLS, such as Quercus sp.; their combination, i.e., SM + EBLS) and a control soil (no application of amendments) to investigate their influence on the nutrition, physiology, and leaf sugar concentrations of olive plants. Plant growth was not significantly affected by the amendments, while the lowest leaf N, K, and Zn concentrations were determined in the control soil. Significantly higher photosynthetic rate was determined in the SM + EBLS, compared to SM. Significantly higher intercellular CO2 was found in the EBLS and SM + EBLS, while significantly higher intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) was found in the SM + EBLS and the control. Significantly higher translocated sugar content was recorded in the SM + EBLS compared to the control. Overall, it was concluded that the optimum treatment was SM + EBLS, i.e., the combinational application of SM and EBLS. However, multi-year research under field conditions is necessary to draw more stable conclusions about the beneficial role of organic amendments on the nutrition and physiology of olive trees.

The effects of mineral fertilizers on the physicochemical properties of olives and oil under rainfed conditions is scarce. In this three-year study, the results of a nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and boron (B) fertilization trial carried out in a young rainfed olive grove and arranged as a nutrient omission trial are reported. The control consisted of the application of N, P, K and B (NPKB) and four other treatments corresponded to the removal of one of them (N0, P0, K0 and B0). Olive yield and several variables associated with the physicochemical properties of olives and oil were evaluated. The NPKB treatment increased olive yield compared to the treatment that did not receive N (N0). Although dependent on the climate conditions of the crop season, the NPKB treatment increased fruit weight and the pulp/pit ratio and its fruits tended to accumulate more oil than K0. However, the phenolics concentrations on fruits and oil tended to be lower. All olive oil samples were classified in the “extra virgin” category and all showed a decrease in its stability between 3 and 15 months of storage, regardless of treatment, especially in N0, P0 and B0 treatments. The results of the sensorial analysis indicate that all the oils fell into the medium fruitiness and greenly-fruity category. Only in P0 and B0 were defects detected, namely muddy sediment. Thus, this study seems to indicate the importance of N application, but also a balanced nutrient application and that further studies are needed, given the difficulty in finding clear trends in the response of measured variables to fertilizer treatments. Ermelinda Silva acknowledges the financial support provided by national funds through FCT -Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (PD/BD/128274/2017), under the Doctoral Programme “Agricultural Production Chains—from fork to farm” (PD/00122/2012) and from the European Social Funds and the Regional Operational Programme Norte 2020. This research was funded by the Operational Group “Novas práticas em olivais de sequeiro: estratégias de mitigação e adaptação às alterações climáticas”, funded by PT2020 and EAFRD (European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development). The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) and FEDER under Programme PT2020 for financial support to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020) and CITAB (UIDB/04033/2020) and also to AgriFood XXI Project, No. NORTE-01-0145-FEDER- 000041, co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through NORTE 2020 (North Regional Operational Program 2014–2020). Ermelinda Silva also acknowledges the present financial support throughout project NORTE-06-3559-FSE-000103 funded by the Fundo Social Europeu (FSE) and FCT research unit Centre BIO R&D Unit (UIDB/05083/2020). info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is a very important crop grown in the Mediterranean part of Croatia. Olive branch and fruit dieback symptoms were observed in two olive orchards in Istria, Croatia. The samples from symptomatic trees were collected and brought to the laboratory for analysis. Based on their morphological characterization, isolated fungi were identified as Cytospora sp. Two representative isolates (one per orchard) were taken for molecular analysis, and based on DNA sequence data of the ITS and TUB gene regions, and phylogenetic analysis of the sequences, the isolates were identified as Cytospora pruinosa Défago. To determine pathogenicity, pathogenicity tests were conducted on detached olive branches and two-year-old olive trees in the greenhouse. This is the first report of C. pruinosa causing olive branch and fruit dieback in Croatia.

We verified the spatial and temporal distribution of the olive leaf moth (Palpita forficifera Munroe, 1959) in a new potential region for olive cultivation and evaluated the bioinsecticides effectiveness to control this pest. The experimental orchard composed by Koroneiki and Arbequina cultivars was planted in Pato Branco, Southwest region of Paraná, Brazil. In the field, larvae counts were performed weekly on 25 plants of each cultivar, for 12 months, to verify the spatial and temporal distribution. Furthermore, in laboratory conditions, second instar larvae of P. forficifera were fed with olive leaves treated with Azadirachta indica oil, Bacillus thuringiensis, Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana, and the effectiveness in the larvae mortality was used to compare four bioinsecticides and control. The P. forficifera larvae occurred mainly during the three summer months, had a host preference for the ‘Arbequina’ (68.9% of total larvae) and occurred at random distribution patterns throughout the orchard. The A. indica oil and B. thuringiensis both caused almost 100% larvae mortality under laboratory conditions. RESUMO: Os objetivos deste trabalho foram verificar a distribuição espacial e temporal da lagarta-da-oliveira (Palpita forficifera Munroe, 1959) em uma nova região com potencial de cultivo de oliveira e avaliar a eficiência de controle desta praga com bioinseticidas. O pomar experimental com as cultivares Koroneiki e Arbequina foi implantado em Pato Branco, região Sudoeste do Paraná, Brasil. No pomar foram realizadas contagens semanais de lagartas em 25 plantas de cada cultivar, durante 12 meses, para verificar a distribuição espacial e temporal. Além disso, em condições de laboratório, larvas de segundo instar foram submetidas à alimentação com folhas de oliveira tratadas com óleo de neem (Azadirachta indica), Bacillus thuringiensis, Metarhizium anisopliae e Beauveria bassiana, e a efetividade de mortalidade das larvas foi utilizada para comparação entre os quatro bioinseticidas e a testemunha. As lagartas de P. forficifera ocorreram concentradas durante os três meses de verão, tiveram preferência hospedeira pela cultivar Arbequina (68,9% do total de larvas registradas), e ocorreram em padrão de distribuição aleatório ao longo do pomar. A aplicação de óleo de neem (A. indica) ou de B. thuringiensis causaram quase 100% de mortalidade das larvas em condições de laboratório.

Olive leaves are agro-industrial residues resulting from pruning and / or olive harvesting, and are used in animal feed, as an organic fertilizer and as a source of compound extraction for various applications. This study aimed to carry out the physicochemical characterization, main bioactive compounds and the fatty acid profile of olive leaves from the cultivars Frantoio, Koroneike, Manzanilha, Arbosana and Arbequina. Proximal composition, pH, titratable acidity, minerals by MIP OES, bioactive compounds were determined by spectrophotometry, oleuropein and tocopherols by high performance liquid chromatography and the fatty acid profile by gas chromatography. The olive leaves had a high content of fibers and proteins, the predominant minerals were potassium and calcium, in addition the olive leaves had a high content of bioactive compounds, mainly flavonoids and carotenoids and the cultivar Koroneike had a higher content of oleuropein compared to the others. In relation to tocopherols, α-tocopherol stood out from the other tocopherols with the maximum concentration (63436.79 mg.100g-1) measured in the cultivar Arbequina. In view of the results found, it is concluded that olive leaves are sources of macromolecules, bioactive compounds and fatty acids, which can be extracted and applied in the most diverse areas.

The interest in the culture of the olive tree, a plant native to the Mediterranean basin, is beginning to spread to regions that are climatically different from its place of origin. For the analysis of the potential of cultivation in a new region, the knowledge of the agroclimatic indexes of this culture is the first step to study the real possibility of success of this enterprise.In this literature review, current knowledge about the basic needs of the olive tree was studied to achieve commercially sustainable development and production. The chilling requirement, the temperature at flowering, the water requirement were analyzed and discussed. O interesse pela cultura da oliveira, planta originária da bacia do Mediterrâneo, se disseminou por regiõesclimaticamente diferentes do seu local de origem. Para a análise do potencial de cultivo desta espécie em uma nova região, como é o caso de Santa Catarina, o conhecimento dos parâmetros agroclimáticos desta cultura é o primeiro passo para se estudar a real possibilidade de sucesso deste empreendimento. Nesta revisão bibliográfica, buscou-se o conhecimento atual sobre as necessidades básicas da oliveira para se obter um desenvolvimento e produção comercialmente aceitáveis. O requerimento em frio, a temperatura na floração e a necessidade hídrica foram analisadas e discutidas.

The transversal fruit diameter (FD) was monitored continuously by automatic extensimeters (fruit gauges) in order to monitor fruit growth dynamics under deficit irrigation treatments. The daily diameter fluctuation (ΔD, mm), the daily growth (ΔG, mm), the cumulative fruit growth (CFG, mm), and the fruit relative growth rate (RGR, mm mm−1 h−1) of four olive cultivars (Ascolana dura, Piantone di Falerone, Arbequina, and Lea) were studied during the third phase of fruit growth. Two regulated deficit irrigation treatments DI-20 (20% of ETc) and DI-10 (10% of ETc) were applied. The daily hysteretic pattern of FD versus the environmental variable of vapor pressure deficit (VPD) was evaluated using the data of a local weather station. The assessment of fruit growth parameters showed cultivar-specific response to water stress. For instance, after performing deficit irrigation, minimum RGR in different cultivars downsized with various slopes which suggested a very different response of the cultivars to dehydration. On the other hand, the daily hysteretic pattern of FD versus VPD was detected in all the studied cultivars, and a quantitative index (height of hysteresis curves) used for explanation of hysteresis magnitude’s changed according to the deficit irrigation treatments. The results showed a significant reduction of height of hysteresis curves by irrigation treatments which were not cultivar-specific. The quantitative index for hysteresis curve magnitude’s change in the four olive cultivars of Ascolana dura, Piantone di Falerone, Arbequina and Lea can efficiently estimate the plant water response to irrigation treatment in olive orchards. However, further investigation needs to be done to implement precise irrigation systems.

O cultivo da oliveira (Olea europaea L.) reveste-se de importância cultural, ecológica e económica nos países do Mediterrâneo. Em Portugal, a contribuição da olivicultura para a economia e a tendência de crescimento da procura e do valor comercial da azeitona e do azeite, tem conduzido a alterações no tipo de cultivo. A este tipo de agricultura, está associada a irrigação artificial e a utilização de agroquímicos, práticas suscetíveis de afetar negativamente a qualidade dos solos e a sustentabilidade dos sistemas agrícolas. Adicionalmente, as variedades introduzidas em Portugal, mais produtivas e adaptadas ao cultivo intensivo, tornam crítica a prevenção de riscos fitossanitários e proteção das variedades autóctones. O microbioma das plantas tem vindo a ser reconhecido como um fator fundamental na produtividade e na sua condição fisiológica. Assim, a manipulação do microbioma, emerge como uma promissora ferramenta biológica, cuja aplicação generalizada carece ainda de conhecimento científico aprofundado. Este estudo visa contribuir para o conhecimento do microbioma de variedades autóctones de oliveira, como base para estratégias futuras de promoção da sustentabilidade, resiliência e produtividade do olival. Procedeu-se à caraterização da estrutura e composição das comunidades bacterianas associadas às variedades autóctones Galega Vulgar e Cobrançosa, com particular enfoque em dois compartimentos: um mais associado ao recrutamento da microbiota (rizosfera) e outro menos explorado, mas potencialmente associado à dispersão da microbiota pela planta (seiva xilémica). A amostragem realizou-se numa exploração olivícola em Oliveira do Hospital. Para a análise microbiológica recorreu-se a sequenciação avançada do gene ribossomal 16S RNA. Os resultados apontam para diferenças significativas entre as comunidades bacterianas encontradas na seiva xilémica e na rizosfera, sendo este último compartimento caraterizado por maior riqueza e diversidade. A análise da estrutura taxonómica ao nível da família, sugere que quer a rizosfera, quer a seiva xilémica, representam micro-habitats colonizados por bactérias com potencial para promoção do crescimento da planta. As famílias mais representadas foram Bradyrhizobiaceaa, Solirubrobacteraceae e Nocardioidaceae na rizosfera e Moraxellaceae, Sphingomonadaceae e Oxalobacteraceae na seiva xilémica. Foi também detetada maior diversidade bacteriana na variedade Galega Vulgar, comparativamente à estimada para a variedade Cobrançosa. Estas diferenças na microbiota, podem ter implicações em termos de suscetibilidade/resistência de diferentes variedades, a fatores de stresse biótico e abiótico, que merece ser explorada em estudos futuros. Olive cultivation (Olea europaea L.) is of cultural, ecological, and economic importance in Mediterranean countries. In Portugal, the contribution of olive growing to the economy and the growing trend in demand and commercial value of olive and olive oil has led to changes in the type of cultivation towards the intensive and super-intensive regime. This type of agriculture is associated with artificial irrigation and the use of agrochemicals practices that may negatively affect soil quality and the sustainability of agricultural systems. Additionally, the introduction of foreign varieties, more productive and adapted to intensive cultivation, may introduce new phytosanitary risks that are new challenges for the protection of native varieties. The microbiome of plants has been recognized as a fundamental factor in productivity and physiological conditions. Thus, the manipulation of the microbiome emerges as a promising biological tool, but its widespread application still needs scientific validation. This study aims to contribute to the knowledge of the microbiome and indigenous varieties of olive tree, as a basis for future strategies to promote sustainability, resilience, and productivity of the olive grove. We characterise the structure and composition of bacterial communities associated with the indigenous varieties Galega Vulgar and Cobrançosa, with a particular focus on two compartments: one more associated with the recruitment of the microbiota (rhizosphere) and the other less explored but potentially associated with the dispersion of the microbiota by the plant (xylemic sap). The sampling took place on an olive farm in Oliveira do Hospital. Advanced sequencing of the ribosomal gene 16S RNA was used for microbiological analysis. The results point to significant differences between bacterial communities found in xylem sap and rhizosphere, the latter compartment being characterized of greater richness and diversity. The analysis of the taxonomic structure at the family level suggests that both the rhizosphere and xylem sap represent micro-habitats colonized by bacteria with potential to promote plant growth. The most represented families were Bradyrhizobiaceaa, Solirubrobacteraceae and Nocardioidaceae in the rhizosphere and Moraxellaceae, Sphingomonadaceae and Oxalobacteraceae in xylem sap. These differences in the microbiota may have implications in terms of susceptibility/resistance of different varieties to biotic and abiotic stress factors, which deserve to be explored in future studies. Mestrado em Biotecnologia

Dormancy release dynamics in olive tree (Olea europaea L.) reproductive buds as affected by cold accumulation, tree bearing status, and budburst temperature was studied under natural and controlled conditions, using both cuttings and container- and field-grown plants. The chilling necessary for dormancy release was acquired at different times within the bud population, presenting a progressive pattern of reproductive budburst. Once sufficient chilling is accumulated, 20 °C is a suitable temperature for reproductive budburst, although higher temperature, e.g., 30 °C, during dormancy release can inhibit budburst. While the bearing status of trees determined the amount of return bloom, dormancy release followed a similar pattern for previously bearing and non-bearing trees. Concurrent with investigating budburst factors, the use of shoot cuttings was tested as a method for olive dormancy release studies by contrasting with results from whole trees. It was found it to be valid for studying reproductive budburst, thus providing a useful method to screen chilling requirements in cultivar evaluation and the breeding programs currently ongoing in this species. However, the method was not valid for vegetative budburst, with varying results between cuttings and the whole plant., This work received support from European Union Horizon 2020 project GEN4OLIVE (H2020-SFS-2020-1; G.A. No. 101000427) and Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation projects AGL2005-00930/AGR and AGL2008-02570/AGR.

Resumo O olival é uma cultura de elevada importancia na região de Trás-os-Montes, constituindo o olival tradicional o principal sistema de produção. A mobilização do solo para controlo de infestantes, é tradicionalmente, praticada nos olivais desta região, no entanto esta prática aumenta a susceptibilidade dos solos à erosão e pode perturbar a biota do solo e as suas interações. O conhecimento acerca do efeito desta prática cultural no coberto vegetal espontâneo do olival é escasso. Este estudo pretende elucidar os efeitos que a mobilização poderá provocar na diversidade e composição da vegetação espontânea de cobertura do solo em olival tradicional. Os resultados preliminares mostram que a mobilização do solo parece promover o aumento da abundância de espécies pertencentes às famílias Caryophyllaceae e Poaceae, e de limitar o desenvolvimento das famílias Asteraceae, Geraniaceae e Polygonaceae. Algumas destas famílias, em particular Poaceae e Asteraceae, contém espécies com reconhecido papel na atração de organismos auxiliares e, por conseguinte, são importantes fatores a ter em conta na gestão sustentável desta cultura.

This work aimed to investigate the effect of freezing on the oleuropein content obtained from olive leaves extracts. The extracts were obtained by microwave-assisted extraction using different solvents, pH, temperatures and microwave irradiation time. Afterward, HPLC was used to identify and quantify the amount of oleuropein in the extracts. A part of the extracts was immediately analyzed, and another was frozen for a week. The experimental results highlighted that the storage condition has a significant (p

Delineating chilling and forcing periods is one of the challenging topics in understanding how temperatures drive the timing of budburst and bloom in fruit tree species. Here, we investigated this question on olive trees, using flowering data collected over six years on 331 cultivars in the worldwide collection of Marrakech, Morocco. Using a Partial Least Squares approach on a long-term phenology (29 years) of ‘Picholine Marocaine’ cultivar, we showed that the relevance of delineating the chilling and forcing periods depends more on the variability of inter-annual temperatures than on the long-term datasets. In fact, chilling and forcing periods are similar between those delineated by using datasets of 29 years and those of only 6 years (2014–2019). We demonstrated that the variability of inter-annual temperatures is the main factor explaining this pattern. We then used the datasets of six years to assess the chill and heat requirements of 285 cultivars. We classified Mediterranean olive cultivars into four groups according to their chill requirements. Our results, using the Kriging interpolation method, indicated that flowering dates of most of these cultivars (92%) were governed by both chilling and forcing temperatures. Our investigations provided first insights to select adapted cultivars to global warming.

This study was designed to investigate the rooting performance of some wild olive (Delice) genotypes obtained through selection. Therefore, we investigated 133 different genotypes selected from the wild olive populations, whose material came from the Hassa of Hatay province between November 2020 and March 2022, were used as material. This research was carried out at the Hatay Olive Research Institute Hassa Station Operation. Perlite was used as a rooting material in the study. Besides that, the 3 cm bottom parts of the cuttings prepared with an average size of 25 cm were immersed in an indole butyric acid (IBA) solution prepared at a dose of 4000 ppm for 5 seconds. The plantings were performed in a semi-automatic greenhouse with a fogging system and bottom heating set at 25oC. In this way, cuttings belonging to genotypes that completed 90 days were removed and rooting rate, root number and root length were determined. As a result of the study, in the light of all the data, 5 wild olive genotypes were identified as rootstock candidates with high rootstock potential, which are genotype no: 31.8.2.39 with 917 points, genotype no: 31.8.16.11 with 860 points, genotype no: 31.8.2.36 with 798 points, genotype no: 31.8.2.34 with 797 points, and genotype no: 31.8.16.16 with 772 points, respectfully., Seleksiyon neticesinde elde edilmiş bazı yabani (delice) zeytin genotiplerinin köklenme performanslarının araştırılması amacıyla hazırlanan bu çalışmada, Kasım 2020 - Mart 2022 tarihleri arasında Hatay ili Hassa ilçesinde yoğun olarak bulunan yabani zeytin popülâsyonları içerisinden selekte edilen 133 genotip materyal olarak kullanılmıştır. Çalışma Hatay Zeytincilik Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Hassa İstasyonu İşletmesi’nde yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada köklenme materyali olarak perlit kullanılmıştır. Ortalama 25 cm ebatlarında hazırlanan çeliklerin 3 cm’lik dip kısımları 4000 ppm dozunda hazırlanmış indol butirik asit (IBA) solüsyonuna 5 sn süreyle daldırılmıştır. 25oC’ye ayarlanmış alttan ısıtmalı, sisleme üniteli, yarı otomatik seraya dikimleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu şekilde 90 günü tamamlayan genotiplere ait çelikler sökülerek köklenme oranı, kök sayısı, kök uzunlukları tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma neticesinde, tüm veriler ışığında anaç olma potansiyeli yüksek olan ilk 5 anaç adayı; 917 puan ile 31.8.2.39 No’lu genotip, 860 puan ile 31.8.16.11 No’lu genotip, 798 puan ile 31.8.2.36 No’lu genotip, 797 puan ile 31.8.2.34 No’lu genotip ve 772 puan ile 31.8.16.16 No’lu genotip olmuştur.