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1. FORESAIL-1 cubesat mission to measure radiation belt losses and demonstrate de-orbiting

Author

FORESAIL collaboration, Palmroth, M., Praks, J., Vainio, R., Janhunen, P., Kilpua, E. K. J., Ganushkina, N. Yu., Afanasiev, A., Ala-Lahti, M., Alho, A., Asikainen, T., Asvestari, E., Battarbee, M., Binios, A., Bosser, A., Brito, T., Envall, J., Ganse, U., George, H., Gieseler, J., Good, S., Grandin, M., Haslam, S., Hedman, H. -P., Hietala, H., Jovanovic, N., Kakakhel, S., Kalliokoski, M., Kettunen, V. V., Koskela, T., Lumme, E., Meskanen, M., Morosan, D., Mughal, M. Rizwan, Niemelä, P., Nyman, S., Oleynik, P., Osmane, A., Palmerio, E., Pfau-Kempf, Y., Peltonen, J., Plosila, J., Polkko, J., Poluianov, S., Pomoell, J., Price, D., Punkkinen, A., Punkkinen, R., Riwanto, B., Salomaa, L., Slavinskis, A., Säntti, T., Tammi, J., Tenhunen, H., Toivanen, P., Tuominen, J., Turc, L., Valtonen, E., Virtanen, P., and Westerlund, T.

Subjects
Physics - Space Physics
Abstract

Today, the near-Earth space is facing a paradigm change as the number of new spacecraft is literally sky-rocketing. Increasing numbers of small satellites threaten the sustainable use of space, as without removal, space debris will eventually make certain critical orbits unusable. A central factor affecting small spacecraft health and leading to debris is the radiation environment, which is unpredictable due to an incomplete understanding of the near-Earth radiation environment itself and its variability driven by the solar wind and outer magnetosphere. This paper presents the FORESAIL-1 nanosatellite mission, having two scientific and one technological objectives. The first scientific objective is to measure the energy and flux of energetic particle loss to the atmosphere with a representative energy and pitch angle resolution over a wide range of magnetic local times. To pave the way to novel model - in situ data comparisons, we also show preliminary results on precipitating electron fluxes obtained with the new global hybrid-Vlasov simulation Vlasiator. The second scientific objective of the FORESAIL-1 mission is to measure energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) of solar origin. The solar ENA flux has the potential to contribute importantly to the knowledge of solar eruption energy budget estimations. The technological objective is to demonstrate a satellite de-orbiting technology, and for the first time, make an orbit manoeuvre with a propellantless nanosatellite. FORESAIL-1 will demonstrate the potential for nanosatellites to make important scientific contributions as well as promote the sustainable utilisation of space by using a cost-efficient de-orbiting technology., Comment: 26 pages, 7 figures, 5 tables Published online in JGR: Space Physics on 21 May 2019

Published
2019
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5. Differences in physical and mental health of older adults over the Covid-19 pandemic from face-to-face versus hybrid methods

Author

Lau, C. F., Shahimi, N. H., Mat, S, Kioh, S. H., Khor, H. M., Saedon, N. I., Khaliddin, N, Khoo, S, Mazlan, M, Khoo, E. M., Zakaria, N. I., Nyman, S. R., Morgan, K., and Tan, M. P.

Abstract

Background \ud As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, changes in data collection methods have been introduced in research to ensure continuity despite physical distancing and lockdown restrictions. Our objective was to compare differences in physical and mental health of older adults participating in falls research using data collection methods pre-covid-19 pandemic (face-to-face) and during the pandemic (hybrid).\ud Methods \ud Individuals aged 60 years and over with at least one fall in the past 12 months, and controls with no history of falls in the past 12 months were recruited. Pre-pandemic, individuals were interviewed face-to-face exclusively, those interviews after the start of the pandemic were conducted virtually with physical assessments conducted face-to-face to minimize physical contact. Cognitive status, physical performance, psychological status, quality of life, physical activity, and social participation were measured.\ud Results\ud Of the 145 participants of similar socio-demographic backgrounds, 69 were interviewed face to-face, while 76 were assessed using a hybrid method. Differences were observed in presence of fall characteristics, with fewer fallers seeing a doctor and more fallers attending the emergency department after the start of the pandemic. After adjustment for baseline differences, participants interviewed using hybrid status had lower depression scores (OR (95%CI)=0.29(0.14-0.61)) and stress scores (OR(95%CI)=0.33(0.15-0.72)), but greater fear of falling (OR(95%CI)=2.16(1.04-4.48)) and reduced social participation (OR(95%CI)=2.64(1.20-5.79)).\ud Conclusion\ud Alterations in data collection methods to overcome pandemic restrictions should take into consideration potential differences in individuals who agree to participate as well as the influence of major life events on the psychological status of participants.

Published
2022

6. Responding to the first fall to prevent the second: Successful RCT in reducing falls using a person centred approach for older fallers presenting to emergency departments.

Author

Boyle E., Smit D., Waldron N., McDonald E., Ayton D., Hill K., Barker A., Cameron P., Flicker L., Arendts G., Brand C., Morello R., Etherton-Beer C., Forbes A., Haines T., Hill A.-M., Hunter P., Lowthian J., Nyman S., Redfern J., Boyle E., Smit D., Waldron N., McDonald E., Ayton D., Hill K., Barker A., Cameron P., Flicker L., Arendts G., Brand C., Morello R., Etherton-Beer C., Forbes A., Haines T., Hill A.-M., Hunter P., Lowthian J., Nyman S., and Redfern J.

Abstract

Background:Themajority of older people who fall and present to EmergencyDepartments (EDs) are reported not to receive guideline level care to reduce future risk of falls. The aim of this randomized controlled trial was to evaluate whether RESPOND, a 6-month telephone-based patient-centred program had an effect on falls and fall injuries in older people presenting to ED after a fall. Method(s): 541 older fallers who presented to a WA or Victorian ED were recruited (inclusion criteria: discharged home <72 hours, could walk without hands-on assistance, use a telephone, and no cognitive impairment (MMSE>23). Intervention participants (n=263, mean age=73) received the RESPOND intervention, comprising (1) home-based risk assessment; (2) six months telephone-based education, coaching, goal setting and support for evidence-based risk factor management; and (3) linkages to existing services; while controls (n=260, mean age=73) received usual care. Primary outcomes were falls and fall injuries in the 12-month follow-up. Secondary outcomes included ED presentations, hospital admissions, fractures, death, falls risk, falls efficacy and quality of life. Result(s): Falls rate was significantly lower in the RESPOND group (incidence rate ratio 0.65 [95%CI 0.43-0.99]; p=0.042). Although there was no significant difference in fall injuries (p=0.374), the rate of fractures was significantly lower in the RESPOND group (p=0.03).There were no significant group differences in other secondary outcomes. Conclusion(s): The RESPOND falls prevention program reduced falls and fractures, in older people presenting to the ED with a fall. Key learnings for translation include: potential scalability and sustainability of a patient-centred and predominantly telephonebased program.

Published
2020

10. FORESAIL‐1 CubeSat mission to measure radiation belt losses and demonstrate deorbiting

Author

Palmroth, M. (M.), Praks, J. (J.), Vainio, R. (R.), Janhunen, P. (P.), Kilpua, E. K. (E. K. J.), Afanasiev, A. (A.), Ala-Lahti, M. (M.), Alho, A. (A.), Asikainen, T. (T.), Asvestari, E. (E.), Battarbee, M. (M.), Binios, A. (A.), Bosser, A. (A.), Brito, T. (T.), Dubart, M. (M.), Envall, J. (J.), Ganse, U. (U.), Ganushkina, N. Y. (N. Yu.), George, H. (H.), Gieseler, J. (J.), Good, S. (S.), Grandin, M. (M.), Haslam, S. (S.), Hedman, H.-P. (H.-P.), Hietala, H. (H.), Jovanovic, N. (N.), Kakakhel, S. (S.), Kalliokoski, M. (M.), Kettunen, V. V. (V. V.), Koskela, T. (T.), Lumme, E. (E.), Meskanen, M. (M.), Morosan, D. (D.), Rizwan Mughal, M. (M.), Niemelä, P. (P.), Nyman, S. (S.), Oleynik, P. (P.), Osmane, A. (A.), Palmerio, E. (E.), Peltonen, J. (J.), Pfau-Kempf, Y. (Y.), Plosila, J. (J.), Polkko, J. (J.), Poluianov, S. (S.), Pomoell, J. (J.), Price, D. (D.), Punkkinen, A. (A.), Punkkinen, R. (R.), Riwanto, B. (B.), Salomaa, L. (L.), Slavinskis, A. (A.), Säntti, T. (T.), Tammi, J. (J.), Tenhunen, H. (H.), Toivanen, P. (P.), Tuominen, J. (J.), Turc, L. (L.), Valtonen, E. (E.), Virtanen, P. (P.), Westerlund, T. (T.), Palmroth, M. (M.), Praks, J. (J.), Vainio, R. (R.), Janhunen, P. (P.), Kilpua, E. K. (E. K. J.), Afanasiev, A. (A.), Ala-Lahti, M. (M.), Alho, A. (A.), Asikainen, T. (T.), Asvestari, E. (E.), Battarbee, M. (M.), Binios, A. (A.), Bosser, A. (A.), Brito, T. (T.), Dubart, M. (M.), Envall, J. (J.), Ganse, U. (U.), Ganushkina, N. Y. (N. Yu.), George, H. (H.), Gieseler, J. (J.), Good, S. (S.), Grandin, M. (M.), Haslam, S. (S.), Hedman, H.-P. (H.-P.), Hietala, H. (H.), Jovanovic, N. (N.), Kakakhel, S. (S.), Kalliokoski, M. (M.), Kettunen, V. V. (V. V.), Koskela, T. (T.), Lumme, E. (E.), Meskanen, M. (M.), Morosan, D. (D.), Rizwan Mughal, M. (M.), Niemelä, P. (P.), Nyman, S. (S.), Oleynik, P. (P.), Osmane, A. (A.), Palmerio, E. (E.), Peltonen, J. (J.), Pfau-Kempf, Y. (Y.), Plosila, J. (J.), Polkko, J. (J.), Poluianov, S. (S.), Pomoell, J. (J.), Price, D. (D.), Punkkinen, A. (A.), Punkkinen, R. (R.), Riwanto, B. (B.), Salomaa, L. (L.), Slavinskis, A. (A.), Säntti, T. (T.), Tammi, J. (J.), Tenhunen, H. (H.), Toivanen, P. (P.), Tuominen, J. (J.), Turc, L. (L.), Valtonen, E. (E.), Virtanen, P. (P.), and Westerlund, T. (T.)

Abstract

Today, the near‐Earth space is facing a paradigm change as the number of new spacecraft is literally skyrocketing. Increasing numbers of small satellites threaten the sustainable use of space, as without removal, space debris will eventually make certain critical orbits unusable. A central factor affecting small spacecraft health and leading to debris is the radiation environment, which is unpredictable due to an incomplete understanding of the near‐Earth radiation environment itself and its variability driven by the solar wind and outer magnetosphere. This paper presents the FORESAIL‐1 nanosatellite mission, having two scientific and one technological objectives. The first scientific objective is to measure the energy and flux of energetic particle loss to the atmosphere with a representative energy and pitch angle resolution over a wide range of magnetic local times. To pave the way to novel model‐in situ data comparisons, we also show preliminary results on precipitating electron fluxes obtained with the new global hybrid‐Vlasov simulation Vlasiator. The second scientific objective of the FORESAIL‐1 mission is to measure energetic neutral atoms of solar origin. The solar energetic neutral atom flux has the potential to contribute importantly to the knowledge of solar eruption energy budget estimations. The technological objective is to demonstrate a satellite deorbiting technology, and for the first time, make an orbit maneuver with a propellantless nanosatellite. FORESAIL‐1 will demonstrate the potential for nanosatellites to make important scientific contributions as well as promote the sustainable utilization of space by using a cost‐efficient deorbiting technology.

Published
2019

11. The problem of physical inactivity worldwide among older people

Author

Nyman, S R, Wolff, J K, Barker, A, Haines, T, Horton, K, Victor, C R, Peeters, G, Musselwhite, C, Hill, Robert, Heesch, Kristiann, Nyman, S R, Wolff, J K, Barker, A, Haines, T, Horton, K, Victor, C R, Peeters, G, Musselwhite, C, Hill, Robert, and Heesch, Kristiann

Abstract

Researchers seek to learn the degree to which the people of their nations or regions are attaining levels of regular physical activity, but clarity on physical activity levels has been difficult to attain. Age, gender, and other factors produce variations in prevalence estimates within countries, and country-level differences in stages of economic development, transportation systems, and social factors produce variations of these estimates among countries. Self-reported physical activity levels are usually higher than objectively measured physical activity levels, a fact that is complicated by the strengths and weaknesses of each method for measuring physical activity. Still, within and among countries, there are well-documented, significant lessons to be learned from published data about the prevalence of physical activity.

Published
2018

12. Increasing walking among older people: A test of behaviour change techniques using factorial randomised N-of-1 trials

Author

Nyman, S., Goodwin, K., Kwasnicka, Dominika, Callaway, A., Nyman, S., Goodwin, K., Kwasnicka, Dominika, and Callaway, A.

Abstract

Objective: Evaluations of techniques to promote physical activity usually adopt a randomised controlled trial (RCT). Such designs inform how a technique performs on average but cannot be used for treatment of individuals. Our objective was to conduct the first N-of-1 RCTs of behaviour change techniques with older people and test the effectiveness of the techniques for increasing walking within individuals. Design: Eight adults aged 60–87 were randomised to a 2 (goal-setting vs. active control) × 2 (self-monitoring vs. active control) factorial RCT over 62 days. The time series data were analysed for each single case using linear regressions. Main outcome measures: Walking was objectively measured using pedometers. Results: Compared to control days, goal-setting increased walking in 4 out of 8 individuals and self-monitoring increased walking in 7 out of 8 individuals. While the probability for self-monitoring to be effective in 7 out of 8 participants was beyond chance (p = .03), no intervention effect was significant for individual participants. Two participants had a significant but small linear decrease in walking over time. Conclusion: We demonstrate the utility of N-of-1 trials for advancing scientific enquiry of behaviour change and in practice for increasing older people’s physical activity.

Published
2016

13. Genetic parameters of atypical progesterone profiles in Holstein-Friesian Cows using data from Four European Experimental research herds

Author

Nyman, S., Johansson, K., de Koning, D.J., Berry, D.P., Veerkamp, R.F., and Berglund, B.

Subjects
endocrine system, urogenital system, Life Science, Fokkerij en Genomica, Animal Breeding and Genomics, Fokkerij & Genomica, hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists, reproductive and urinary physiology, Animal Breeding & Genomics
Published
2014

15. RESPOND - A patient-centred programme to prevent secondary falls in older people presenting to the emergency department with a fall: Protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial

Author

Barker, A., Cameron, P., Hill, Keith, Flicker, L., Haines, T., Lowthian, J., Waldron, N., Arendts, G., Redfern, J., Forbes, A., Brand, C., Etherton-Beer, C., Hill, A., Hunter, P., Nyman, S., Smit, D., Barker, A., Cameron, P., Hill, Keith, Flicker, L., Haines, T., Lowthian, J., Waldron, N., Arendts, G., Redfern, J., Forbes, A., Brand, C., Etherton-Beer, C., Hill, A., Hunter, P., Nyman, S., and Smit, D.

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Participation in falls prevention activities by older people following presentation to the emergency department (ED) with a fall is suboptimal. This randomised controlled trial (RCT) will test the RESPOND programme, an intervention designed to improve older persons' participation in falls prevention activities through delivery of patient-centred education and behaviour change strategies. DESIGN AND SETTING: A RCT at two tertiary referral EDs in Melbourne and Perth, Australia. PARTICIPANTS: 528 community-dwelling people aged 60-90 years presenting to the ED with a fall and discharged home will be recruited. People who require an interpreter or hands-on assistance to walk; live in residential aged care or >50 km from the trial hospital; have terminal illness, cognitive impairment, documented aggressive behaviour or a history of psychosis; are receiving palliative care or are unable to use a telephone will be excluded. METHODS: Participants will be randomly allocated to the RESPOND intervention or standard care control group. RESPOND incorporates (1) a home-based risk factor assessment; (2) education, coaching, goal setting and follow-up telephone support for management of one or more of four risk factors with evidence of effective interventions and (3) healthcare provider communication and community linkage delivered over 6 months. Primary outcomes are falls and fall injuries per person-year. DISCUSSION: RESPOND builds on prior falls prevention learnings and aims to help individuals make guided decisions about how they will manage their falls risk. Patient-centred models have been successfully trialled in chronic and cardiovascular disease; however, evidence to support this approach in falls prevention is limited. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: The protocol for this study is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12614000336684).

Published
2015

16. Miocene cold seeps and their plumbing systems, New Zealand: Ancient analogues for the modern Hikurangi Margin seep system?

Author

Nelson, C., Campbell, K., Nyman, S., Francis, D., Hood, S., Collins, M., Gregory, M. R., Greinert, J., Peckmann, J., and Pearson, M.J.

Abstract

Discrete occurrences of ancient seep carbonates crop out in thick deep-water mudrocks of Miocene age in the East Coast Basin forearc of North Island, New Zealand. The seep carbonates form two kinds of deposits: limestones and concretions. The limestones occur as scattered pods and lenses measuring a few to several hundred metres across and up to 5-15 m thick. They contain chemosynthesis-based paleo-communities (e.g. worm tubes, bathymodioline mussels, and vesicomyid, lucinid and thyasirid bivalves), there are some significant spatial differences in facies (e.g. in situ, current reworked, brecciated, slumped, debris flow, hardground), and they include development of digitate thrombolites of clotted microbial micrite encased in thick, isopachous horizons and botryoids of aragonite. The moderately to strongly depleted carbon isotopic signatures record oxidized methane as a carbon source. The limestones are inferred to have been constructed at localised sites of seafloor methane seepage, typically at slope water depths. The concretions are generally tubular in shape and cemented by calcite, dolomite, or mixed calcite-dolomite. The tubular concretions are morphologically variable, and have central conduits that may be either empty or (partly) filled by sediment and/or multiple generations of cement. The concretions range in diameter from a few centimetres to several metres, while their visible length is dependent on outcrop size and perspective and can be up to many metres. Carbon isotopic signatures indicate both a thermogenic and microbial methane source, and trends can also be identified based on morphology and mineralogy. We infer the tubular concretions mark the sub-surface migration pathways of former methane seepage within the host mudrocks. The widespread geographic distribution and diverse characteristics of the concretions create the most comprehensive database of seep plumbing to date. The Miocene seep limestones and their concretionary plumbing networks in the onland East Coast Basin may afford ancient analogues of the modern offshore methanotrophic seep-carbonate system and associated gas hydrates along the Hikurangi Margin off North Island. In particular, the ancient seep systems provide some spatial and temporal insight into the nature and evolution of fluid flow in sedimentary basins, which could assist in the evaluation of future hydrocarbon resources and any potential hazards associated with their recovery.

Published
2008

17. RESPOND: a patient-centred programme to prevent secondary falls in older people presenting to the emergency department with a fall-protocol for a mixed methods programme evaluation

Author

Morris, R., Brand, C., Hill, Keith, Ayton, D., Redfern, J., Nyman, S., Lowthian, J., Hill, A., Etherton-Beer, C., Flicker, L., Hunter, P., Barker, A., Morris, R., Brand, C., Hill, Keith, Ayton, D., Redfern, J., Nyman, S., Lowthian, J., Hill, A., Etherton-Beer, C., Flicker, L., Hunter, P., and Barker, A.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Programme evaluations conducted alongside randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have potential to enhance understanding of trial outcomes. This paper describes a multi-level programme evaluation to be conducted alongside an RCT of a falls prevention programme (RESPOND). OBJECTIVES: (1) To conduct a process evaluation in order to identify the degree of implementation fidelity and associated barriers and facilitators. (2) To evaluate the primary intended impact of the programme: participation in fall prevention strategies and the factors influencing participation. (3) To identify the factors influencing RESPOND RCT outcomes: falls, fall injuries and emergency department (ED) re-presentations. METHODS/DESIGN: 528 community-dwelling adults aged 60-90 years presenting to two EDs with a fall will be recruited and randomly assigned to the intervention or standard care group. All RESPOND participants and RESPOND clinicians will be included in the evaluation. A mixed methods design will be used and a programme logic model will frame the evaluation. Data will be sourced from interviews, focus groups, questionnaires, clinician case notes, recruitment records, participant-completed calendars, hospital administrative datasets and audio-recordings of intervention contacts. Quantitative data will be analysed via descriptive and inferential statistics and qualitative data will be interpreted using thematic analysis. DISCUSSION: The RESPOND programme evaluation will provide information about contextual and influencing factors related to the RESPOND RCT outcomes. The results will assist researchers, clinicians and policy makers regarding decisions about future falls prevention interventions. Insights gained may be applicable to a range of chronic conditions where similar preventive intervention approaches are indicated.

Published
2014

19. Randomised Controlled Trial Of The Effect Of Tai Chi On Postural Balance Of People With Dementia

Author

Nyman SR, Ingram W, Sanders J, Thomas PW, Thomas S, Vassallo M, Raftery J, Bibi I, and Barrado-Martín Y

Subjects
accidental falls, clinical trial, cognitive impairment, exercise, intervention., Geriatrics, RC952-954.6
Abstract

Samuel R Nyman,1 Wendy Ingram,2 Jeanette Sanders,2 Peter W Thomas,3 Sarah Thomas,3 Michael Vassallo,4 James Raftery,5 Iram Bibi,1 Yolanda Barrado-Martín1 1Department of Psychology and Ageing & Dementia Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole House, Talbot Campus, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, UK; 2Peninsula Clinical Trials Unit, Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK; 3Bournemouth University Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Royal London House, Lansdowne Campus, Bournemouth, Dorset BH1 3LT, UK; 4Centre of Postgraduate Medical Research and Education, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Royal London House, Lansdowne Campus, Bournemouth, Dorset BH1 3LT, UK; 5Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UKCorrespondence: Samuel R NymanDepartment of Medical Science and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Poole House, Talbot Campus, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, UKTel +44 1202 968179Email snyman@bournemouth.ac.ukPurpose: To investigate the effect of Tai Chi exercise on postural balance among people with dementia (PWD) and the feasibility of a definitive trial on falls prevention.Patients and methods: Dyads, comprising community-dwelling PWD and their informal carer (N=85), were randomised to usual care (n=43) or usual care plus weekly Tai Chi classes and home practice for 20 weeks (n=42). The primary outcome was the timed up and go test. All outcomes for PWD and their carers were assessed six months post-baseline, except for falls, which were collected prospectively over the six-month follow-up period.Results: For PWD, there was no significant difference at follow-up on the timed up and go test (mean difference [MD] = 0.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −2.17, 3.81). At follow-up, PWD in the Tai Chi group had significantly higher quality of life (MD = 0.051, 95% CI = 0.002, 0.100, standardised effect size [ES] = 0.51) and a significantly lower rate of falls (rate ratio = 0.35, 95% CI =0.15, 0.81), which was no longer significant when an outlier was removed. Carers in the Tai Chi group at follow-up were significantly worse on the timed up and go test (MD = 1.83, 95% CI = 0.12, 3.53, ES = 0.61). The remaining secondary outcomes were not significant. No serious adverse events were related to participation in Tai Chi.Conclusion: With refinement, this Tai Chi intervention has potential to reduce the incidence of falls and improve quality of life among community-dwelling PWD [Trial registration: NCT02864056].Keywords: accidental falls, clinical trial, cognitive impairment, exercise, intervention

Published
2019

25. Emälaivaproomun lujuus- ja suunnittelututkimus

Author

Nyman, S., Teknillinen korkeakoulu, Helsinki University of Technology, Koneinsinööriosasto, Jansson, Jan-Erik, Haanterä, Antti, Nyman, S., Teknillinen korkeakoulu, Helsinki University of Technology, Koneinsinööriosasto, Jansson, Jan-Erik, and Haanterä, Antti

Published
1977

27. The Social Care and Support Needs of Adults with Concurrent Dementia and Visual Impairment

Author

Bray, Jennifer, Heward, M., Evans, Simon, Nyman, S., and Innes, A.

Subjects
H1, BF
Abstract

Over 100,000 people in the UK have concurrent visual impairment and dementia, resulting in isolation, falls and reduced independence. However, current models of care and support tend to focus on each condition separately, meaning that individual needs are rarely addressed. This can lead to high levels of anxiety and distress as well as placing great demands on carers, highlighting the need for support for informal carers and separate assessment of carer’s needs. \ud This presentation reports on a new study exploring the lived experience of people with both dementia and visual impairment and the views of professionals. The aim was to investigate how best to provide care and support for adults living with both conditions in a range of housing settings, and develop evidence-based practice guidance to improve social care and support.\ud 26 qualitative face-to-face interviews with people with dementia and sight loss, sometimes with their family carers, were conducted. In addition, focus groups were held involving a total of 47 health, social care and housing professionals, using a semi-structured topic guide developed by the project team. Participants were recruited across three sites in England: the North East, the South West and the Midlands. Each interview and focus group was analysed thematically using computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software, with emerging themes being compared and discussed by team members in order to validate the findings.\ud The findings were discussed at a consensus event that included people with dementia and sight loss, family carers and professionals working in housing, health and social care. This led to the development of a set of recommendations for improving social care and support for people with visual impairment and dementia. These include timely diagnosis for both conditions, and a greater focus on holistic care rather than support for one condition over the other.

28. What do older adults think about when formulating implementation intentions for physical activity? Evidence from a qualitative study

Author

Bösch, V.D., Warner, L.M., Nyman, S. R., Haftenberger, J., Clarke, K., Inauen, J., Bösch, V.D., Warner, L.M., Nyman, S. R., Haftenberger, J., Clarke, K., and Inauen, J.

Abstract

Objectives: Physical activity is an important health behaviour especially for older adults. Forming implementation intentions is an effective strategy to implement physical activity in daily life for young and middle-aged adults. However, evidence for older adults is inconclusive. This study explored the thoughts of older adults about implementation intentions and potential barriers and facilitators while formulating them. Methods: Three samples of older adults from the United Kingdom (n = 8), Germany (n = 9) and Switzerland (n = 17) were prompted to think aloud while formulating implementation intentions to be more physically active. After the task, semi-structured interviews were conducted. Data were analysed thematically. Results: Participants expressed pre-established thoughts about implementation intentions (e.g. they feel too restrictive). During the formulation of implementation intentions, several barriers to creating them were reported (e.g. problems with finding cues due to absence of recurring daily routines), but participants also mentioned that forming implementation intentions acted as a facilitator for physical activity (e.g. cues as useful reminders to be active, task itself triggering self-reflection about physical activity). After the task, participants reflected on circumstances that decrease the likelihood of enacting implementation intentions (e.g. spontaneous alternative activities, weather, health-related barriers, Covid-19-related barriers), which triggered spontaneous coping planning. Conclusions: The results on barriers and facilitators of implementation intentions and physical activity from older adults' perspectives provide starting points for improving instructions for older adults on how to create implementation intentions for physical activity. Future studies are needed to investigate whether the findings extend to implementation intentions for other behaviours.

29. Two factors that can increase the length of hospital stay of patients with dementia.

Author

Duah-Owusu White, Mary, Vassallo, Michael, Kelly, F., Nyman, S., Duah-Owusu White, Mary, Vassallo, Michael, Kelly, F., and Nyman, S.

Abstract

Objectives: Patients with dementia are at greater risk of a long hospital stay and this is associated with adverse outcomes. The aim of this service evaluation was to identify variables most predictive of increased length of hospital stay amongst patients with dementia. Methods/Design: We conducted a retrospective analysis on a cross-sectional hospital dataset for the period January-December 2016. Excluding length of stay less than 24 hours and readmissions, the sample comprised of 1,133 patients who had a dementia diagnosis on record. Results: The highest incidence rate ratio for length of stay in the dementia sample was: a) discharge to a care home (IRR: 2.443, 95% CI 1.778- 3.357) b) falls without harm (IRR: 2.486, 95% CI 2.029-3.045). Conclusions: Based on this dataset, we conclude that improvements made to falls prevention strategies in hospitals and discharge planning procedures can help to reduce the length of stay for patients with dementia.

30. Correction: A mixed methods process evaluation of a person-centred falls prevention program

Author

Morris, R. L., Hill, K. D., Ackerman, I. N., Ayton, D., Arendts, G., Brand, C., Cameron, P., Etherton-Beer, C. D., Flicker, L., Hill, A. M., Hunter, P., Lowthian, J. A., Morello, R., Nyman, S. R., Redfern, J., Smit, V., Barker, A. L., Morris, R. L., Hill, K. D., Ackerman, I. N., Ayton, D., Arendts, G., Brand, C., Cameron, P., Etherton-Beer, C. D., Flicker, L., Hill, A. M., Hunter, P., Lowthian, J. A., Morello, R., Nyman, S. R., Redfern, J., Smit, V., and Barker, A. L.

31. Psychosocial issues in engaging older people with physical activity interventions for the prevention of falls

Author

Nyman, S. R. and Nyman, S. R.

Abstract

This article presents an overview of the psychosocial factors that influence older peoples participation in physical activity interventions to prevent falls. The importance of psychosocial factors is stressed inasmuch as interventions will be rendered useless if they do not successfully gain the active participation of older people. The theory of planned behavior is used as a framework for the review on how knowledge (a prerequisite), attitudes, subjective norms (the social context), and perceived behavioral control (confidence) promote or inhibit the intention to carry out activities to prevent falls. The review is supplemented with evidence for self-identity to influence intention, and the article concludes with a discussion of the recommendations made by the Prevention of Falls Network Europe for engaging older people in falls prevention. Copyright © 2011 Canadian Association on Gerontology.

32. Authors' reply.

Author

Laivoranta-Nyman, S., Ilonen, J., Hermann, R., Möttönen, T., Toivanen, A., Tuokko, J., Luukkainen, R., Hakala, M., Hannonen, P., Korpela, M., and Yli-Kerttula, U.

Published
2005

33. The severity of perceived stress associated with community violence exposure and its role in future posttraumatic stress: findings from a longitudinal study of U.S. adolescents.

Author

Isaksson J, Nyman S, Schwab-Stone M, Stickley A, and Ruchkin V

Abstract

Background: Community violence exposure (CVE) in adolescence is associated with poorer mental health although the situational factors that may impact on this relationship remain relatively unexplored. The present study aimed to investigate if the degree of perceived stress during CVE has an effect on future posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in youth, and if this association differs between females and males., Methods: Data were analyzed from 760 U.S. adolescents (mean age = 14.00 years), who participated in two surveys, one year apart. Information about CVE (witnessing violence and violence victimization) and the stress severity associated with it was collected in the first survey, whereas data on PTSD symptoms were obtained in the second survey. Generalized Linear Models were used to examine the associations that were also adjusted for ethnicity, age and socioeconomic status., Results: The results showed a longitudinal association between CVE-related stress and future PTSD symptoms, with students who had higher levels of perceived stress during CVE (witnessing or victimization) reporting higher PTSD symptom levels subsequently. There was no interaction between sex and CVE-related stress and PTSD symptoms, although females reported more PTSD symptoms., Conclusions: The severity of the perceived stress associated with CVE should be regarded as a potentially important prognostic factor for identifying those who might develop PTSD symptoms after CVE and this may facilitate early intervention and treatment for those exposed to community violence., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Published
2024
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35. Education on Vaccination Competence: an Intensive Course for Skillful Health Science Students.

Author

Perifanou D, Konstantinou E, Nyman S, Nikula A, Ahokas A, Casas-Baroy JC, Cavani D, Ferri P, Galbany-Estragués P, Gradellini C, Grendova K, Machajova M, Romero-Mas M, Mecugni D, Palomar-Aumatell X, Prnova J, Pujol CR, Thomander H, and Sakellari E

Abstract

Background: Vaccination is one of the most successful and cost-effective interventions for public health. Studies have shown that health professionals who have good knowledge and positive attitudes towards vaccination are more likely to provide effective vaccination protection to people, including themselves. Therefore, health science students must acquire evidence-based knowledge during their education to meet the challenges of healthcare., Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge, attitudes and feedback of health science students who participated in the Educating Vaccination Competence (EDUVAC) Intensive Course., Methods: A five-day Intensive Course was implemented for health science students, which included a pre-assignment. The EDUVAC Intensive Course used different teaching methods (lectures, workshops, interactive games, discussions), group work, study visits, and cultural programs to encourage students' motivation. For the purpose of the study, students filled out an online questionnaire after giving informed consent., Results: Sample consisted of 31 health science students from five European Higher Institutions. They had very good knowledge on most knowledge questions. In the post measurement it was significantly greater and equal to 81%, p<0.001. Almost all students (93.5%) totally agreed that "It is important for adults to receive all recommended vaccines according to national guidelines" . The statement "I have had an active attitude and participation in the Intensive Course" received 80.6% total agreement. Over 90.3% rated the Intensive Course as "excellent" or " above average" ., Conclusions: After completing the EDUVAC Intensive Course, students felt confident in their vaccination knowledge and skills, which benefited their professional development., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (© 2023 Dimitra Perifanou, Eleni Konstantinou, Sari Nyman, Anne Nikula, Aija Ahokas, Joan–Carles Casas–Baroy, Daniela Cavani, Paola Ferri, Paola Galbany-Estragués, Cinzia Gradellini, Kristina Grendova, Michaela Machajova, Montse Romero-Mas, Daniela Mecugni, Xavier Palomar-Aumatell, Janka Prnova, Carme Roure Pujol, Heli Thomander, Evanthia Sakella.)

Published
2023
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36. Inbreeding and pedigree analysis of the European red dairy cattle.

Author

Nyman S, Johansson AM, Palucci V, Schönherz AA, Guldbrandtsen B, Hinrichs D, and de Koning DJ

Subjects
Cattle genetics, Animals, Male, Pedigree, Population Density, Records, Inbreeding, Genetic Variation
Abstract

Background: Red dairy cattle breeds have an important role in the European dairy sector because of their functional characteristics and good health. Extensive pedigree information is available for these breeds and provides a unique opportunity to examine their population structure, such as effective population size, depth of the pedigree, and effective number of founders and ancestors, and inbreeding levels. Animals with the highest genetic contributions were identified. Pedigree data included 9,073,403 animals that were born between 1900 and 2019 from Denmark, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, and Sweden, and covered 32 breeds. The numerically largest breeds were Red Dairy Cattle and Meuse-Rhine-Yssel., Results: The deepest average complete generation equivalent (9.39) was found for Red Dairy Cattle in 2017. Mean pedigree completeness ranged from 0.6 for Finncattle to 7.51 for Red Dairy Cattle. An effective population size of 166 animals was estimated for the total pedigree and ranged from 35 (Rotes Höhenvieh) to 226 (Red Dairy Cattle). Average generation intervals were between 5 and 7 years. The mean inbreeding coefficient for animals born between 1960 and 2018 was 1.5%, with the highest inbreeding coefficients observed for Traditional Angler (4.2%) and Rotes Höhenvieh (4.1%). The most influential animal was a Dutch Meuse-Rhine-Yssel bull born in 1960. The mean inbreeding level for animals born between 2016 and 2018 was 2% and highest for the Meuse-Rhine-Yssel (4.64%) and Rotes Hohenvieh breeds (3.80%)., Conclusions: We provide the first detailed analysis of the genetic diversity and inbreeding levels of the European red dairy cattle breeds. Rotes Höhenvieh and Traditional Angler have high inbreeding levels and are either close to or below the minimal recommended effective population size, thus it is necessary to implement tools to monitor the selection process in order to control inbreeding in these breeds. Red Dairy Cattle, Vorderwälder, Swedish Polled and Hinterwälder hold more genetic diversity. Regarding the Meuse-Rhine-Yssel breed, given its decreased population size, increased inbreeding and low effective population size, we recommend implementation of a breeding program to prevent further loss in its genetic diversity., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Published
2022
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37. Aerosol concentrations and size distributions during clinical dental procedures.

Author

Lahdentausta L, Sanmark E, Lauretsalo S, Korkee V, Nyman S, Atanasova N, Oksanen L, Zhao J, Hussein T, Hyvärinen A, and Paju S

Abstract

Background: Suspected aerosol-generating dental instruments may cause risks for operators by transmitting pathogens, such as the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The aim of our study was to measure aerosol generation in various dental procedures in clinical settings., Methods: The study population comprised of 84 patients who underwent 253 different dental procedures measured with Optical Particle Sizer in a dental office setting. Aerosol particles from 0.3 to 10 μm in diameter were measured. Dental procedures included oral examinations (N = 52), restorative procedures with air turbine handpiece (N = 8), high-speed (N = 6) and low-speed (N = 30) handpieces, ultrasonic scaling (N = 31), periodontal treatment using hand instruments (N = 60), endodontic treatment (N = 12), intraoral radiographs (N = 24), and dental local anesthesia (N = 31)., Results: Air turbine handpieces significantly elevated <1 μm particle median (p = 0.013) and maximum (p = 0.016) aerosol number concentrations as well as aerosol particle mass concentrations (p = 0.046 and p = 0.006) compared to the background aerosol levels preceding the operation. Low-speed dental handpieces elevated >5 μm median (p = 0.023), maximum (p = 0.013) particle number concentrations,> 5 μm particle mass concentrations (p = 0.021) and maximum total particle mass concentrations (p = 0.022). High-speed dental handpieces elevated aerosol concentration levels compared to the levels produced during oral examination., Conclusions: Air turbine handpieces produced the highest levels of <1 μm aerosols and total particle number concentrations when compared to the other commonly used instruments. In addition, high- and low-speed dental handpieces and ultrasonic scalers elevated the aerosol concentration levels compared to the aerosol levels measured during oral examination. These aerosol-generating procedures, involving air turbine, high- and low-speed handpiece, and ultrasonic scaler, should be performed with caution., Clinical Significance: Aerosol generating dental instruments, especially air turbine, should be used with adequate precautions (rubber dam, high-volume evacuation, FFP-respirators), because aerosols can cause a potential risk for operators and substitution of air turbine for high-speed dental handpiece in poor epidemic situations should be considered to reduce the risk of aerosol transmission., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2022 The Author(s).)

Published
2022
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38. British Columbia CARMA-CHIWOS Collaboration (BCC3): protocol for a community-collaborative cohort study examining healthy ageing with and for women living with HIV.

Author

Swann SA, Kaida A, Nicholson V, Brophy J, Campbell AR, Carter A, Elwood C, Gebremedhen T, Gormley R, King EM, Lee M, Lee V, Maan EJ, Magagula P, Nyman S, Pang D, Pick N, Povshedna T, Prior JC, Singer J, Tognazzini S, Murray MCM, and Cote HCF

Subjects
British Columbia epidemiology, Child, Cohort Studies, Female, Humans, Retrospective Studies, HIV Infections drug therapy, Healthy Aging
Abstract

Introduction: Women living with HIV (WLWH) experience accelerated ageing and an increased risk of age-associated diseases earlier in life, compared with women without HIV. This is likely due to a combination of viral factors, gender differences, hormonal imbalance and psychosocial and structural conditions. This interdisciplinary cohort study aims to understand how biological, clinical and sociostructural determinants of health interact to modulate healthy ageing in WLWH., Methods and Analysis: The British Columbia C hildren and Women: A nti R etroviral therapy and M arkers of A ging- C anadian HI V W omen's Sexual and Reproductive Health Cohort S tudy (CARMA-CHIWOS) Collaboration (BCC3) study will enrol WLWH (n=350) and sociodemographically matched HIV-negative women (n=350) living in British Columbia. A subset of BCC3 participants will be past participants of CARMA, n≥1000 women and children living with and without HIV, 2008-2018 and/or CHIWOS, n=1422 WLWH, 2013-2018. Over two study visits, we will collect biological specimens for virus serologies, hormones and biological markers as well as administer a survey capturing demographic and sociostructural-behavioural factors. Sociodemographics, comorbidities, number and type of chronic/latent viral infections and hormonal irregularities will be compared between the two groups. Their association with biological markers and psychostructural and sociostructural factors will be investigated through multivariable regression and structural equation modelling. Retrospective longitudinal analyses will be conducted on data from past CARMA/CHIWOS participants. As BCC3 aims to follow participants as they age, this protocol will focus on the first study visits., Ethics and Dissemination: This study has been approved by the University of British Columbia Children's and Women's Research Ethics Board (H19-00896). Results will be shared in peer-reviewed journals, conferences and at community events as well as at www.hivhearme.ca and @HIV&#95;HEAR&#95;me. WLWH are involved in study design, survey creation, participant recruitment, data collection and knowledge translation. A Community Advisory Board will advise the research team throughout the study., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Published
2021
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39. A secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial to investigate the effect of Tai Chi on the instrumented timed up and go test in people with mild to moderate dementia.

Author

Williams J and Nyman S

Subjects
Accidental Falls prevention & control, Humans, Postural Balance, Time and Motion Studies, Dementia therapy, Tai Ji
Abstract

Background: Previous research has identified that Tai Chi is effective for reducing risk of falls and improving timed up and go scores. However, our previous research identified no-significant difference in time to complete the timed up and go test following a Tai Chi intervention in people with dementia., Aim: To conduct a secondary analysis to extend our understanding of the effect of Tai Chi on the instrumented Timed Up and Go test., Methods: This is a secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial set in the community. People with dementia, recruited from NHS databases, memory clinics, local charities and self-referral across the south of England, received either 20 weeks of Tai Chi plus normal care or normal care. Outcomes were assessed using the instrumented Timed Up and Go test, completed at baseline and after 6 months., Results: From 83 people with dementia volunteering for the study, 67 complete datasets were available for analysis. Within-group pairwise comparison across time revealed no-significant gains for any of the instrumented Timed Up and Go variables, and no-significant difference for between-group pairwise comparisons., Discussion: This suggests that Tai Chi had no effect on the instrumented Timed Up and Go in people with dementia. This lack of effect may be due to the lack of specificity of the training stimulus to the outcome measure., Conclusion: Tai Chi had no effect on any instrumented Timed Up and Go variables, suggesting Tai Chi may not be best placed to enhance the sub-elements of the instrumented Timed Up and Go to reduce fall risk among community-dwelling people with dementia., Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT02864056., (© 2020. The Author(s).)

Published
2021
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40. Extent and pattern of pregnancy losses and progesterone levels during gestation in Swedish Red and Swedish Holstein dairy cows.

Author

Nyman S, Gustafsson H, and Berglund B

Subjects
Abortion, Veterinary, Animals, Female, Insemination, Artificial veterinary, Lactation physiology, Pregnancy, Sweden, Cattle physiology, Dairying, Estrus Detection methods, Milk metabolism, Pregnancy Outcome veterinary, Progesterone metabolism
Abstract

Background: Pregnancy loss is a major source of infertility in dairy cows. Despite a fertilization rate after insemination (AI) of approximately 90%, calving rates are 30%-50%, indicating the occurrence of extensive embryonic and foetal losses. The aim of this study was to establish the extent and pattern of embryonic and foetal loss in Swedish Red (SR) and Swedish Holstein (SH) dairy cows, as well as, the relationship to oestrus intensity (OI) and progesterone (P4) concentration. In total, 2130 AIs and 16,176 milk P4 samples from 359 SR and 212 SH dairy cows were included in the study. Pregnancy losses were estimated using data from P4 values combined with AI information and calving data., Results: Total pregnancy loss from AI to the day of calving was 65%. Early embryonic loss, late embryonic loss and foetal loss were estimated to be 29, 14 and 13%, respectively. There is strong evidence in the literature that P4 concentrations at different time points are associated with pregnancy loss. In the present study, cows with pregnancy losses had significantly higher P4 levels at the day of AI and significantly lower P4 concentration at days 10, 21 and 30 after AI compared to pregnant cows. Swedish Red cows had significantly lower total pregnancy losses compared to SH cows (62% and 68% respectively, P = 0.017). Early embryonic loss was 6.7% points lower for cows inseminated at a stronger OI (OI = 3) compared to at a weaker OI (OI = 2, P = 0.006). Cows inseminated at ovulation number ≥ 5 had significantly lower early pregnancy losses compared to cows inseminated at first or second ovulation (11.5 and 8% points, respectively, P < 0.05). With an increase of one SD of milk (448 kg ECM) during the first 60 days in milk, early embryonic loss increased by 4.7% points (P = 0.006)., Conclusions: It is important to increase the number of cows calving per insemination by reducing embryo/foetal loss. This outcome can be achieved by management and breeding for optimal P4 levels at critical time points, and by considering oestrus expression in the breeding programmes to facilitate the correct timing of insemination.

Published
2018
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42. [We are building New Karolinska for future health care].

Author

Nyman S

Subjects
Biomedical Research standards, Health Policy, Humans, Quality Assurance, Health Care, Sweden, Hospital Design and Construction economics, Hospital Design and Construction standards, Hospitals, University economics, Hospitals, University organization & administration, Hospitals, University standards
Published
2009

43. Association of tumour necrosis factor a, b and c microsatellite polymorphisms with clinical disease activity and induction of remission in early rheumatoid arthritis.

Author

Laivoranta-Nyman S, Möttönen T, Hannonen P, Korpela M, Kautiainen H, Leirisalo-Repo M, Julkunen H, Luukkainen R, Hakala M, Vuori K, Laine AP, Toivanen A, and Ilonen J

Subjects
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Alleles, Arthritis, Rheumatoid genetics, Arthritis, Rheumatoid pathology, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, HLA-DR Antigens metabolism, Humans, Hydroxychloroquine therapeutic use, Male, Methotrexate therapeutic use, Middle Aged, Prednisolone therapeutic use, Prognosis, Remission Induction, Sulfasalazine therapeutic use, Treatment Outcome, Tumor Necrosis Factors, Antirheumatic Agents therapeutic use, Arthritis, Rheumatoid drug therapy, Lymphotoxin-alpha genetics, Lymphotoxin-beta genetics, Microsatellite Repeats, Polymorphism, Genetic genetics, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha genetics
Abstract

Objective: To study the associations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) a, b and c microsatellite markers with 1) the clinical disease activity and 2) the induction of remissions in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated with two treatment strategies., Methods: In the FIN-RACo (FINnish Rheumatoid Arthritis Combination therapy) trial of two years, 195 patients with recent-onset RA were randomly assigned to receive either a combination (COMBI) (sulphasalazine, methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine, and prednisolone) or a single (SINGLE) (initially sulphasalazine with or without prednisolone) disease modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy. TNF a, b and c microsatellite and HLA-DRB1 typings were carried out in 165 (79 COMBI; 86 SINGLE) study completers., Results: At baseline the 28 joint disease activity scores (DAS28) of the patients positive for TNFa2, a13 or b1 microsatellite markers were significantly higher than in the other patients. In the SINGLE patients the DAS28 improved comparably in patients with (n = 31) or without (n = 53) the TNFb1 marker (NS), while the DAS28 of the TNFb1-positive COMBI patients (n = 22) improved significantly more than that of the TNFb1-negative cases (n = 57) (p = 0.014). Respective 31.8% (7/22) and 28.1% (16/57) of the COMBI patients with or without TNFb1 allele achieved remission at one year. The corresponding figure in SINGLE patients were 0% (0/31) and 20.8% (11/53) (p = 0.006). At two years the remission frequencies in the TNFb1+/TNFb1- patients in the COMBI and SINGLE were 50.0%/38.6% and 9.7%/22.6%, respectively., Conclusion: Early TNFb1+ RA patients have more active disease but respond more favourably to COMBI treatment than the patients without this microsatellite allele. The finding may be of clinical relevance for the choice of DMARDs in early RA.

Published
2006

45. Characteristics and development of leucine transport activity in the scutellum of germinating barley grain.

Author

Sopanen T, Uuskallio M, and Nyman S

Abstract

Scutella separated from grains of Himalaya barley after germination for 3 days rapidly took up l-leucine from aerated incubation media; with 1 millimolar leucine the rate varied between 4 and 14 micromoles per gram per hour and the pH optimum was at 3.5 to 5, both depending on buffer composition and prewashing time. The rate of the uptake increased with increasing concentration of leucine in a complex manner, which could be interpreted as multiphasic kinetics with apparent K(m) values of 3.4 and 15.5 millimolar below and above 3 millimolar leucine, respectively. The uptake took place against a concentration difference (highest estimated ratio 270: 1) and was strongly inhibited by dinitrophenol. Uptake was apparently due to active transport requiring metabolic energy.The development of the uptake activity during germination was studied using Pirkka barley. A low activity was present in the scutella of ungerminated grains. It began to increase after 6 hours imbibition, and the increase was biphasic, the major changes occurring during days 0 to 3 and 4 to 6. The total increase was about 20-fold.The regulation of the development was studied by allowing separated embryos to germinate on agar gel. The increase of uptake activity was strongly inhibited by inhibitors of RNA or protein synthesis. Increase did not require the presence of the embryo proper, and was not affected by gibberellic or abscisic acid. Removal of the endosperm greatly accelerated the increase of uptake activity, and the presence of 5 or 20 millimolar glutamine counteracted the removal of the endosperm. The results suggest that the availability of glutamine or amino acids in general in the endosperm may regulate the development or the activity of the transport system.

Published
1980
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46. Regulation of development of leucine uptake activity by glutamine in the scutellum of germinating barley grain.

Author

Nyman S, Sopanen T, and Mikola J

Abstract

Scutella from ungerminated grains of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Pirkka) take up leucine at a slow rate, which increases rapidly during germination. When endosperms were removed from the grains after imbibition for 4 hours or after germination for 12 or 72 hours, the increase in the rate of leucine uptake was greatly accelerated during subsequent incubation of the embryos or scutella. These increases were rapidly inhibited by cordycepin and cycloheximide, suggesting that protein synthesis, probably synthesis of the carrier protein, was required for the development of the uptake activity.In separated embryos or scutella, the increases in the leucine uptake activity were inhibited by glutamine. The inhibitions caused by glutamine and cycloheximide were not additive, suggesting that glutamine did not interfere with the function of the carrier but repressed its synthesis. Glutamine did not inhibit the simultaneous increase in peptide uptake; in this respect, its effect was specific for leucine uptake, which appears to be due to a general amino acid uptake system.Some other protein amino acids also inhibited the increase in leucine uptake without inhibiting the increase in peptide uptake. However, these effects were smaller than that of glutamine.These results suggest that the transfer of leucine (and other amino acids) from the endosperm to the seedling in a germinating barley grain is regulated at the uptake step by repression of the synthesis of the amino acid carrier protein by glutamine and-possibly to a lesser extent-by some other amino acids taken up from the endosperm.

Published
1983
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47. Epidemic ascariasis--evidence of transmission by imported vegetables.

Author

Räisänen S, Ruuskanen L, and Nyman S

Subjects
Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Feces parasitology, Female, Finland, Humans, Infant, Male, Urine parasitology, Ascariasis transmission, Disease Outbreaks, Vegetables
Abstract

This paper describes a local Ascaris lumbricoides epidemic with special reference to the factors giving rise to its breaking out. Ten of the 12 patients were children, and six patients were definitely diagnosed for Ascaris lumbricoides worms in their faeces in addition to worm eggs. The epidemic was probably due to imported vegetables and took place in the early winter 1982 and 1983.

Published
1985
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