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Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have provided an additional treatment option for various types of human cancers. However, ICIs often induce various immune‐related adverse events (irAEs). Enterocolitis is a major irAE with poorly understood histopathological characteristics. In this study, we retrospectively investigated the histopathology of colon tissue samples from 17 patients treated with ICIs. There were two major histological patterns of colitis: an ulcerative colitis‐like pattern and a graft vs host disease‐like pattern. Although these two patterns of colitis were mutually exclusive, both patterns often showed a characteristic that we call “subepithelial surface granulomatosis” (SSG), which has not been reported in other types of colitis. SSG was found even in colon tissue without symptoms or endoscopic findings of colitis. Given the increasing reports of sarcoid reaction or exacerbation of tuberculosis after treatment with ICIs, granuloma formation could be a histological hallmark of systemic immune activation by ICIs. Although statistical significance was not obtained, probably because of the small sample size, SSG may be a surrogate biomarker of systemic anticancer immune activation. We propose that a prospective study with larger sample size be performed., In this study, we retrospectively investigated the histopathology of colon tissue samples from 17 patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Interestingly, we found characteristic “subepithelial surface granulomatosis” (SSG) in the colon tissue. Although statistical significance was not obtained, probably because of the small sample size, SSG may be a surrogate biomarker of systemic anti‐cancer immune activation.

We investigated the quantification of Ki-67 staining using digital image analysis (IA) as a complementary prognostic factor to the modified National Institutes of Health (NIH) classification in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). We examined 92 patients, focusing on the correlation between age, sex, primary tumor site, tumor size, predominant histologic type, mitotic index, modified NIH classification (low/intermediate vs high), Ki-67 quantitation, and recurrence-free survival (RFS). We compared two IA processes for whole slide imaging (WSI) and manually captured image (MCI) methods. A Ki-67 quantitation cutoff was determined by receiver operator characteristics curve analysis. In the survival analysis, the high-risk group of a modified NIH classification, a mitotic count >5 per 20 high-powered fields, and Ki-67 cutoffs of ≥6% and ≥8% obtained by IA of the WSI and MCI methods, respectively, had an adverse impact on RFS. On multivariate analysis, each Ki-67 quantitation method strongly predicted prognosis, more strongly than the modified NIH classification. In addition, Ki-67 quantitation using IA of the MCI method could stratify low or intermediate risk and high risk GIST patients. Thus, IA is an excellent tool for quantifying Ki-67 to predict the prognosis of GIST patients, and this semiautomated approach may be preferable for patient care.

Background Pseudomyogenic hemangioendothelioma (PHE) is an unusual vascular tumor of intermediate malignancy that rarely metastasizes and tends to arise in the lower limbs of young adults and children. Histologically, PHE shows fascicular proliferation of eosinophilic spindle cells and/or epithelioid cells showing “pseudomyogenic” morphology. Immunohistochemically, PHE is usually positive for vimentin, cytokeratin, CD31 and ERG. Method We examined FOSB immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 27 cases consisting of 4 PHE and its histologic mimics including 6 epithelioid hemangioendotheliomas (EHE), 8 angiosarcomas (AS), 4 Kaposi sarcomas (KS) and 5 epithelioid sarcomas (ES). In addition, we performed IHC of CAMTA1 which has recently been established as a useful marker of EHE. We elucidated the diagnostic utility of FOSB IHC in the differential diagnosis of PHE and its histological mimics and also examined the usefulness of FOSB and CAMTA1 IHC combination in the differential diagnosis of the tumors. Results IHC revealed diffuse and strong FOSB expression in all PHE cases, while the other tumor types demonstrated limited, weak or no FOSB expression. All EHE cases exhibited diffuse and moderate to strong expression of CAMTA1. All tumor types except for EHE showed limited, weak or no CAMTA1 reactivity. Conclusions Diffuse and strong FOSB expression was specific for PHE in the current series and FOSB IHC is an effective tool for differentiating between PHE and its histological mimics. Moreover, the combination of FOSB and CAMTA1 IHC is useful for distinguishing PHE from EHE.

Five patients were reported in our congenital anomaly registry who had six hands in total with muscular hyperplasia, aberrant muscles, ulnar drift of the fingers in the metacarpophalangeal (MP) joints, flexion contractures of the MP joints, and enlargement of the metacarpal spaces. Thirty patients with unilateral involvement of this condition have been reported previously. We reviewed these cases and found that the condition varied in severity and that it was reported using different names. However, this condition seems different from true macrodactyly and multiple camptodactyly, including windblown hand, and seems to be an isolated entity of congenital upper limb anomaly. The authors recommend 'aberrant muscle syndrome' or 'accessory muscle syndrome' as a diagnostic name, because this seems to be the most common pathological finding in this condition.

2004年から2008年までに当科で一次治療を行った喉頭温存下咽頭部分切除術を施行した下咽頭癌8症例を対象に，治療の経過，再発症例について検討した。対象は男性6例，女性2例，年齢は46～74歳（中央値59歳）であった。全例の疾患特異的5年生存率は66.7%，5年無再発率は50%であった。術後再発を来した症例は4例あった。4例中1例は12ヶ月で肺転移，残り3例は全例後壁型であった。これらはpN（＋）＝0であったが，7ヶ月程度でルビエールリンパ節，上縦隔リンパ節など郭清野外に再発していた。リンパ節再発症例の再発治療では，化学放射線治療が施行され，CR2例，PR1例と高い奏功率であった。生命予後や無再発率に関わる因子として，健側頸部郭清施行の有無や術後放射線治療の有無で関与が示唆された。死因の検討では，死亡例2例は何れも遠隔転移死であった。下咽頭部分切除症例では，ルビエールや縦隔リンパ節転移のリスクも考え，術後化学療法などの補助療法を考慮すべきと考えられた。

This paper describes the experimental methods and results on the formation of hard compacted snow in Rikubetsu in northern Japan during the winter of 1999. This basic research was the first step towards the construction of a compacted-snow runway on the Antarctic ice sheet. In Rikubetsu, we constructed three test fields(20m in length, 7m in width, and 0.4-1.0m in thickness) on compacted basal snow(approximately 0.05m in thickness). First, 0.1-0.35-m-thick layers of snow were deposited on the basal snow of the fields using a rotary snowplow. Next, the surface snow was smoothed using an excavator. Finally, the snow layers were compacted four times using a bulldozer. This entire process was repeated three to four times in order to construct 0.4-1.0-m-thick test fields. The ram hardness, snow density, and snow structure of these fields were investigated. A comparison with the criteria established by a U.S. scientist for a large aircraft-such as the C-130(Abele, 1990)-revealed that if snow in the form of three 0.2-0.25-m-thick layers is compacted four times by a bulldozer, it is sufficiently hard to serve as a runway at H68(69°11'9″S, 41°03'34″E, 1204m a.s.l.) for a wheeled C-130. The Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition plans to conduct a feasibility study on the construction of the hard com-pacted-snow runway at this location.

Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is a complex genetic disease with great clinical heterogeneity. Four different types of OCA have been reported to date (OCA1, OCA2, OCA3, and OCA4). MATP was recently reported in a single Turkish OCA patient as the fourth pathological gene, but no other patients with OCA4 have been reported. Here, we report the mutational profile of OCA4, determined by genetic analysis of the MATP gene in a large Japanese population with OCA. Of 75 unrelated patients that were screened, 18 individuals (24%) were identified as having OCA4; they harbored seven novel mutations, including four missense mutations (P58S, D157N, G188V, and V507L) and three frameshift mutations (S90CGGCCA--GC, V144insAAGT, and V469delG), showing that MATP is the most frequent locus for tyrosinase-positive OCA in Japanese patients. We discuss the functional melanogenic activity of each mutant allele, judging from the relationship between the phenotypes and genotypes of the patients. This is the first report on a large group of patients with OCA4.

The present report describes the application of a miniplate in the hard palate of a 36-year-old patient with a large anterior maxillary defect. The combination of orthodontic elastics with a titanium miniplate improved the stability of the prefabricated prosthesis. This structure retained the ointment gauze covering the wounds and maintained the facial contour. In addition, contracture deformity was prevented by insertion of the prefabricated prosthesis intraoperatively or immediately postoperatively. Furthermore, a soft diet could be ingested immediately postoperatively. The miniplate also supported the anterior part and the definitive prosthesis. This prosthesis restored adequate masticatory, deglutitive, and speech functions and maintained the facial contour with minimum overloading of the remaining teeth.Dental rehabilitation; Maxillary defect; Titanium miniplate.

We tried to experiment on the dry interrruptied cutting of austenitic stainless steel plates(SUS304) using power tools with cermet tipped-saw. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the effect of cutting speed on the cermet wear mechanism and wear damage of tip, and then to compare these results with those on cemented carbide. It was found that the cutting temperature of workpiece became 350-420K at the first cutting, and rapidly increased up to 1, 470 K at the end of tipped-saw life, and then the wear occurred by a repeat of adhesives formed in the built-up edge and spalling. Some discussions were made on these results.

Terao K., Kikuchi N., Sato S., et al. Circular Dichroism of Optically Active Poly(dialkylsilane) Aggregates in Microcapsules. Langmuir, 22(19), 7975-7980, August 10, 2006. Copyright © 2006, American Chemical Society. https://doi.org/10.1021/la060810+., Poly[n-hexyl-(S)-3-methylpentylsilane] aggregates confined in microcapsules to keep the aggregation number and ranging in average polymer mass mp in a microcapsule from 2 × 10-16 to 2 × 10-14 g were studied by circular dichroism measurements in ethanol (a nonsolvent) and tetrahydrofuran (an associative solvent at low temperature) at various temperatures. The weight-average molecular weight Mw and the polydispersity index (the ratio of Mw to the number-average molecular weight) of the polysilane sample were 6.6 × 104 and 1.07, respectively, and the average number of polymer molecules in each capsule was estimated to be 1.9 × 103 for mp = 2 × 10-16 g and 1.7 × 105 for mp = 2 × 10-14 g. The size of each aggregate did not affect the optical activity because the circular dichroism thus obtained was proportional to mp under the same conditions in the investigated mp range; on the other hand, the peak height of the circular dichroism in tetrahydrofuran had a significant hysteresis between 0 and 25 °C. Moreover, the circular dichroism appreciably reflected the prepared method, that is, the temperature and solvent; in other words, the aggregates memorized the initial conditions in their stacking structures. © 2006 American Chemical Society.

Myoepithelioma is a rare form of salivary gland tumor composed entirely of myoepithelial cells. This tumor was formerly considered to be a subtype of pleomorphic adenoma; however, in the 1991 World Health Organization classification, it is listed as an independent entity. The most favorable site of occurrence of myoepithelioma is the parotid gland. Here, we report an extremely rare case of myoepithelioma of the upper lip. A 56-year-old woman presented with a painless mass on her upper lip. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 23 mm × 18 mm well-defined ovoid tumor. A benign minor salivary gland tumor was clinically suspected, and the patient underwent complete resection of the tumor under general anesthesia. The tumor was histopathologically diagnosed as a benign myoepithelioma of the minor salivary gland. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for S-100 protein, AE1/AE3, CAM5.2, CK7, vimentin, and calponin, confirming the morphologic diagnosis of myoepithelioma. The patient's postoperative clinical course was uneventful, and satisfactory results were obtained both functionally and esthetically. To the best of our knowledge, this is the sixth case of myoepithelioma of the upper lip reported in English-language research.

Background Uterine sarcoma is a rare tumor that is often difficult to classify based on morphological and immunohistochemical analysis alone. Limited access to molecular biological analysis in routine practice would hinder making a definitive diagnosis. Case Presentation In this report, we describe a case of a mesenchymal tumor arising from the uterine cervix in a 52-year-old woman. From microscopic morphology of the resected specimen, epithelioid leiomyosarcoma, high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma, or uterine gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) were considered as differential diagnoses. The immunophenotype of the tumor featured smooth muscle differentiation and hormone receptor expression. The cell membrane and cytoplasm were positive for c-kit, although no mutation was found in the c-kit or PDGFRA gene. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis revealed a relatively low frequency of YWHAE rearrangement, whereas there were few NUTM2A and NUTM2B split signals. Conclusions In this case, the tumor was not typical of any three of the differential diagnoses mentioned above. However, insufficient frequency of YWHAE, NUTM2A, and NUTM2B gene rearrangement and absence of mutation in both the c-kit and PDGFRA genes suggested that this tumor should be categorized as epithelioid leiomyosarcoma. This is an instructive case showing a potential diagnostic pitfall of uterine sarcoma. Comprehensive approaches including molecular biological techniques are required for definitive diagnosis.

Background Primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma is a rare jaw bone tumor defined as squamous cell carcinoma arising within the jaw, having no initial connection with the oral mucosa and developing from residual odontogenic epithelium or from an odontogenic cyst or tumor. Solid type of this tumor arising in the maxilla is an even rarer presentation, because the majorities derive from cystic lesions and are found in the posterior mandible. Case presentation A 36-year-old Japanese man was referred to our clinic with a complaint of pain around the anterior maxillary region on the right side. Intraoral examination identified a firm, non-fluctuant mass with no ulceration in the vestibular region of teeth #11-13. Incisional biopsy was performed, leading to histological diagnosis of moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed a destructive tumor with no cystic lesion, >50 mm in diameter. There was no evidence of metastatic disease on chest radiography, upper gastric endoscopy or positron emission tomography. Based on these findings, solid type primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma was diagnosed. The patient underwent tumor ablative surgery. The surgical defect was reconstructed using a partially double-folded free radial forearm flap and prefabricated denture-based surgical obturator. The postoperative course was quite good. Neither recurrence nor metastasis had been found as of 3 years and 1 month postoperatively. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, the present case represents only the 10th case of solid type primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma arising in the maxilla to be reported.