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Organophosphate pesticides are one of the causes of contamination in animal feed. The cholinesterase enzyme test is used to diagnose toxic exposure due to organophosphate pesticides. Quantitative research with survey design using cross sectional design using 35 samples of cows. The study was conducted in March - September 2020. Concentration measurement on cholinesterase enzyme concentrations of blood plasma used the biosystem A15 DGKC-Colorimetric Kinetic method. This study aims to evaluate the concentration of the enzyme cholinesterase as a marker of organophosphate poisoning in cattle. Blood samples were collected from the ventrolateral neck veins of male and female cattle aged 1-7 years and collected from local cattle in the Ogan Ilir area. The results showed that the cows raised in breeders were exposed to organophosphate pesticides as indicated by a decrease in the concentration and levels of the cholinesterase enzyme in the plasma of female cows. Cholinestrase enzyme levels in female cows were 0.20 ± 0.067 U / ml and bulls were 0.27 ± 0.183 U / ml. The highest concentration of cholinesterase enzyme levels occurred in cows aged 2 years, namely 0.25 ± 0.34 U / ml and the lowest was in cows aged 7 years, namely 0.12 ± 0.04 U / ml.

Introduction There is a need for simple teaching methods every teacher can adopt, which are accepted by the students and provide a sustainable outcome. The traditional teaching methods do not achieve the desired outcomes, with many students left wanting for more practice of procedural skills. Methodology MBBS Phase I students were randomly distributed into 3 groups: Group 1 (traditional method, n=30), Group 2 (Peyton’s method, n=30) and Group 3 (Modified Peyton’s method, n=30), and study duration was 6 months. Students were taught anatomy of the neck veins and were taught central venous catheterizations (CVC) into the right internal jugular vein by a single nephrologist on a mannequin. The modified Peyton’s method consists of: Demonstration and Deconstruction, Comprehension, Performance and Observation, Teacher and Peer Feedback. The students were followed up with 4-week and 12-week recall. Results The mean percentages obtained at end of 4 weeks in Groups 1, 2 and 3 were 82±10%, 86.67±7%, and 87.33±6.9% respectively. The percentages obtained at end of 12 weeks were 74.5±7.6%, 80.5±7.5% and 80.3±7.1% respectively. There was a significant decrease in percentages in all the groups (p At 4 weeks, there was significant difference between Groups 1 and 2, Groups 1 and 3 (p Conclusion This study highlights the effort of a student in turning her adversity into an opportunity to improve the educational methods.

Introduction Venous ectasia is rare causes of neck mass. Among neck veins, ectasia of the internal jugular vein (IJV) are extremely uncommon. However, this is to be kept in mind when considering differentials for laryngocele. Objectives To recognize the similarities between laryngocele and ectasias of the IJV and the differences in their presentation and management. Study design Observational. Setting Tertiary care hospital, India. Conclusion Presenting a 7-year-old boy with a left-sided soft, non-tender neck mass that fluctuated in size with coughing and straining for the past 1 year, presentation classical of laryngocele. Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated marked asymmetrical dilatation of the left IJV in the neck. Color-flow Doppler ultrasonography revealed a solitary cystic lesion with evidence of high venous blood flow in the IJV area. The relevance of radiological evaluation in neck swelling is being highlighted. How to cite this article Ashish G, Kurien M. Venous Ectasia: A Potential Mimicker for Laryngocele Radiology Covers the Road. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Clin 2015;7(2):64-67.

Os aneurismas venosos raramente são responsáveis por tumefações cervicais, e em relação às veias do pescoço, os aneurismas da veia jugular externa são extremamente raros, sendo poucos os casos descritos na literatura. Embora na maioria assintomáticos, podem causar dor, complicar com trombose ou mesmo rotura. Os exames de imagem têm papel no diagnóstico e no planeamento cirúrgico desta patologia. Enfatizando-se o contributo dos meios de imagem, os autores apresentam o caso de um aneurisma da veia jugular externa, inicialmente assintomático mas que posteriormente se complicou por trombose.Palavras-chave: Veias Jugulares; Aneurisma; Trombose; Tomografia Computorizada; Ecografia.

Pressure on the neck is one of the oldest and controversial types of death. However, the only hypoxia as the cause of speed death is not always correct. Many victims die immediately without classic symptoms of respiratory failure (Shirzad & Gharedaghi, 2007). Most of the deaths which occur in less than one to three minutes are falls in this category. Pressure on the neck leads to airway obstruction, neck veins obstruction, blocking the carotid arteries, and affect the nerves. A variety of causes is associated with fatal pressure on the neck, including strangulation by hand, strangulation with a ligature, and hanging. Hanging is the method used maximally in suicide as compared to other methods of suicide (Graham et al., 2000; Gould & Kramer, 2001). Including Iran, it is the most common method adopted for suicide in Asian countries (Morovatdar et al., 2013; Shojaei et al., 2014), especially adopted by men, older and especially illeterate people (Pridmore & Walter, 2013).

The major components and merits of the physical examination of patients with heart failure are presented. A staging of the physical examination practiced by most heart failure specialists is proposed based on the information needed at the time of the encounter. The challenges to our subspecialty regarding this diagnostic tool are the prevention of its extinction during an era of seemingly limitless comprehensive laboratory testing, the promotion of its widespread use, and, over the years, the subjection of its components to the rigors of blinded controlled studies. Part I addresses the staging of the physical examination in heart failure, general observation of the patient, vital signs, and assessment of arterial pulse and neck veins.

V okviru diplomskega dela smo razvili razširitev aplikacije za prikaz žil s podporo za uporabo dveh dodatnih navigacijskih naprav (3D-miška Connexion Space navigator in brezdotična navigacijska naprava Leap Motion), ki sta predstavljali razširitev možnih vhodnih naprav poleg miške in tipkovnice za manipulacijo pogleda na 3D-model ožilja. Poleg same implementacije podpore za napravi v aplikacijo smo izpeljali uporabniško študijo, s katero smo ocenili primernost in enostavnost uporabe naprav v aplikaciji. Rezultate smo zbirali s podatki, ki so bili računalniško zajeti med interakcijo uporabnikov z napravami, ko so reševali različne manipulacijske naloge ter z reševanjem vprašalnikov SUS (System Usability Scale), ki predstavljajo enega izmed orodij, s katerim lahko ocenjujemo uporabniške vmesnike. Analiza rezultatov je potrdila, da je 3D-miška v takšnem okolju bolj uporabna ter tudi izpostavila nekatere pomanjkljivosti brezdotične navigacijske naprave Leap Motion. As part of the thesis we have developed applications for the extension of the vein display with support for two additional navigation devices (3D Connexion Space Navigator Mouse and hand gesture based navigation device Leap Motion) which represented an extension of possible input devices besides the keyboard and a mouse to manipulate the view of 3D model of neck veins. In addition to the implementation of support for the device in the application we carried out a user study in which we assessed the usability and ease of use of devices in the application. The results consisted from data we collected from the users' experience while they solved various manipulation tasks and the answers received from questionnaires SUS (System Usability Scale) which constitute one of the tools with which we can assess interfaces. Analysis of the results confirmed that the 3D mouse is more useful in such an environment and also highlighted some shortcomings of the hands free navigation device Leap Motion.

A pyolaryngocele is an uncommon complication of a laryngocele that has become infected. We present a case of a pyolaryngocele that was probably due to repeated injections in the neck veins. The pathogenesis, clinical features and management are discussed in detail.

The estimation of central venous pressure (CVP) by inspection of the neck veins is regarded as a quintessential example of effective bedside cardiovascular examination because it is virtually cost-free and requires minimal time and no equipment. In the upright position, venous drainage from the head

La particular estructura de la región cervical de la llama (Lama glama) se traduce en numerosas diferencias anátomo-funcionales respecto de otros mamíferos domésticos. Entre ellas merece destacarse un distintivo circuito venoso, cuya descripción es el objetivo de este trabajo. Para el presente estudio, se utilizaron diez llamas, machos, adultos y de aptitud lanera. Para resaltar las venas del cuello se procedió a la repleción de las mismas y, posteriormente, se disecaron los vasos utilizando técnicas e instrumental convencional. Se describe la morfología particular de un circuito venoso, en el cual las venas yugular externa, vertebral e intervertebrales son las principales protagonistas. El hecho destacado radica en las anastomosis establecidas entre las citadas venas, uniones dispuestas en forma metamérica, formando un circuito o by pass yugular-vertebral. La existencia de comunicaciones o shunts venosos, permite definir un circuito de circulación colateral derivando la sangre principalmente hacia la vena yugular externa. La longitud del cuello y los hábitos de pastoreo indican que esta disposición vascular es un hecho facilitador del retorno venoso, en cuanto a su dinámica y al control regional del flujo sanguíneo. The neck región of the Llama (Lama glama) has several structural and functional particularities in comparison to the same región of other domestic mammals. Among them, it is noticeable a distinctive venous circuit whose descnption is the purpose of this study.In order to perform the study, the veins of the neck of ten adult, male, wool type llamas were dissected with conventional technique. Previously to dissection, the veins were filled with a repletive substance.The authors describe the morphology of a venous circuit in which external jugular vein (v. jugularis externa), vertebral vein (v. vertebralis), and intervertebral veins (vv. Intervertebrales) are the main participating vessels. The distinctive feature is the fact that the metameric anastomoses between the forenamed veins leads to a jugular-vertebral by pass.The existence of venous shunts provides a circuit of collateral circulation, diverting the blood mainly towards the external jugular vein. Grazing habits and the length of the neck suggest that the vascular structure previously described facilitates the venous return, contributing to the regional blood stream control.

Report by Rupert Jackson, Specialist Registrar in Emergency Medicine Checked by Steve Jones, Specialist Registrar in Emergency Medicine A 76 year old man is brought in to the emergency department in a collapsed state. He has a history of ischaemic heart disease. He is agitated, tachypnoeic and sweating profusely. His neck veins are distended and there are widespread coarse crepitations in his …

Report by Rupert Jackson, Specialist Registrar Search checked by Simon Carley, Specialist Registrar A 76 year old man is brought into accident and emergency in a collapsed state. He has a history of ischaemic heart disease. He is agitated, tachypnoeic and sweating profusely. His neck veins are distended and there are widespread coarse crepitations in his chest. He has a …

Summary An inflatable neck tourniquet has been developed for compression of the jugular veins during neurosurgery in the sitting position. Neck compression abolishes the subatmospheric pressure within the neck veins and therefore minimises the risk of air embolism. Compression can be applied throughout the initial part of the operation, a major period of risk during these surgical procedures, and released once full surgical exposure has been achieved. Venous congestion is then released and normal operating conditions are restored.

Observations of intraocular pressure (IOP) variations in response to CO2, adrenaline, speech and compression of the neck veins were documented by continual monitoring of IOP by radiotelemetry. Carbon dioxide increased IOP in the supine, but not in the erect, conscious subject. Adrenaline 2% caused a rapid short-lived painful increase in IOP, followed by a profound decrease. This was due to an increase in facility of outflow and was associated with paralysis of the sympathetic supply to the iris. Speech caused a small rise in IOP which was reversed by rest in silence. Compression of the neck veins caused a variable increase in IOP. These physiological variations in IOP may contribute to the errors of tonometry.

PTH radioimmunoassay today represents an unreplaceable tool in the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism. However, the diagnostic importance of its dosage on selective venous samples is still discussed. Herein, we report our experience of 47 patients operated on for primary hyperparathyroidism. The catheterization of neck veins was performed according to Doppman and co-workers. The PTH assay was carried out with COOH- and NH2-specific antisera. (In 5 cases an inhibition test with CaCl2 infusion was practiced during selective catheterization to preoperatively discriminate between adenoma and hyperplasia.) In 8 cases loading tests with EDTA and in 6 cases with CaCl2 were also performed in association with peripheral venous sampling, in an attempt to improve its sensibility. The 47 cases operated upon showed the following results: the peripheral PTH values were significantly raised in 60\% of the cases; the selective PTH dosage with COOH-specific antiserum showed a parathyroid hyperfunction in 100\% of the surgically confirmed cases, whereas with the NH2-specific antiserum an increased PTH rate was found only in 84\%. A right preoperative localization was obtained in 73\%. The value of loading tests is more difficult to evaluate and is discussed in detail.

The confluent sinus pressure was measured in eight mongrel dogs in the head-up position to compare the effectiveness of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and jugular venous compression in increasing cerebral venous pressure. When the head was elevated 30 cm above the heart, confluent sinus pressure decreased from 9.6 +/- 1.8 (mean +/- SEM) to -5.3 +/- 0.5 mmHg. At constant arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2 = 28 +/- 2 mmHg), PEEP (20 cmH2O) did not increase cerebral venous pressure. However, when the jugular veins were compressed with a neck tourniquet with pressures of 20-140 mmHg, cerebral venous pressure increased rapidly. When neck tourniquet pressure was maintained at 40 mmHg, confluent sinus pressure in all dogs was increased and sustained at 2.4 +/- 0.8 mmHg. Carotid artery pressure measured distal to the tourniquet was not altered. The efficacy of extrathoracic venous pressure elevation (neck tourniquet) is greater than intrathoracic (PEEP), and this may relate to the Starling resistor effects of neck veins and the presence of jugular venous valves. We conclude that prophylactic use of PEEP in the prevention of air embolism during the sitting position may not be as effective as jugular venous compression.

SUMMARY Simultaneous measurements of the jugular and right atrial venous pressures were made in 16 patients undergoing cardiac and vascular surgery to sec whether the jugular veins were a reliable guide to central venous pressure. It was found that with the chest closed both the external and internal jugular veins on the right side provided a good guide. The vessels on the left side were less consistent but still provided a fair guide. How-ever, when the chest was open all the neck veins became unreliable measures of central venous pressure. Certain practical points in the use of these veins for recording venous pressure are considered.