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The concentration of natural radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in ceramic tiles manufactured in Poland is presented in this paper. The concentration of natural radioactive isotopes in the tested samples was determined using a low-level digital gamma ray spectrometer equipped with an HPGe semiconductor detector. The mean concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in the analyzed samples were found to be 48 ± 3 Bq∙kg−1, 49 ± 3 Bq∙kg−1 and 476 ± 23 Bq∙kg−1, respectively. The world mean concentrations of these radionuclides (50 Bq·kg−1, 50 Bq·kg−1 and 500 Bq·kg−1, respectively) were not exceeded. Furthermore, in order to ascertain the level of gamma radiation exposure, fundamental radiation protection parameters were established: radioactivity concentration indicator/gamma ray indicator (Iγ), indoor dose rate (Din) and annual indoor effective dose (Ein). In the case of the investigated ceramic tiles, it was established that the parameters were not higher than the limit values, except the indoor gamma radiation dose rate which was found to be 1.5 times higher than the world average. Therefore, the findings of this study indicate that the utilization of the examined ceramic tiles in constructions should be approached with a degree of caution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of an aluminosilicate gel structure made of alkali-activated materials (AAMs) was conducted through an alkali-activation reaction of the solid precursors (fly ash, metakaolin, and wood ash). Fly and wood ash are by-products of the burning process of coal and wood, respectively. Alkali-activated materials of aluminosilicate origin, made from the different ashes, fly and wood, are very attractive research targets and can be applied in various technological fields due to their thermal stability, resistance to thermal shock, high porosity, high sustainability, and finally, low energy loss during production. In this paper, we evaluate physico-chemical properties, microstructure, and radiological environmental impacts when wastes that contain elevated levels of naturally occurring radionuclides (NORs) such as fly ash and wood ash are made into "green cements" such as AAMs. The determination of radionuclide content was performed by means of gamma-ray spectrometry. Results showed that the AAMs have a lower value in the activity concentration of radionuclides than raw materials. The external absorbed gamma dose rate was 74.7–107.3 nGy/h, and the external radiation hazard index values were in range of 0.445–0.628 Bq/kg. The results of the activity concentration measurements for alkali-activated materials indicate the potential of their safe application in building construction. In terms of the structural characterizations, the obtained alkali-activated materials were examined using XRD, DRIFT, FESEM, and TEM analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural radioactivity level has been determined in a pilot site located at Solhan, in the Sahel region of Burkina Faso by means of gamma‐ray spectrometry in soil samples collected at a depth of 40 cm. The activity concentrations are estimated for 238U (range from 181.89 ± 3.62 to 191.37 ± 3.71 Bq·kg−1), 232Th (range from 44.92 ± 2.96 to 48.40 ± 3.25 Bq·kg−1), and 40K (range from 215.11 ± 6.13 to 238.60 ± 6.52 Bq·kg−1). The concentration of 238U present in these soil samples is five times higher than the world average, while the concentration of 232Th is almost the double of the world average. However, the concentration of 40K is particularly low in the study area, being almost half the world average. Additionally, calculations of the Th/K and Th/U ratios indicate the presence of a clay soil and insoluble uranium in the study area. These results made it possible to assess the radiological hazards on the human health. This allowed us to note that the average values of absorbed gamma dose rate in air (124.14 nGy·h−1), internal hazard index (1.24), annual effective dose equivalent (0.76 mSv·y−1), and excess lifetime cancer risk (5.34 × 10−4) are well above the maximum recommended limits. Only the mean values of radium equivalent activity (271.39 Bq·kg−1) and external hazard index (0.73) remain within the acceptable limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research quantitatively evaluates the natural radioactivity levels and geological radiation hazard parameters of soil and rock specimens obtained from mining locations in North-Eastern Nigeria, by means of grammar-ray spectroscopy. There have been potential public health risks associated with the use of soil and rock from mining locations in North-Eastern Nigeria, specifically the study areas. A total of twenty-eight samples were systematically gathered from Nahuta and Kashere locations. Through gamma spectrometry employing a NaI (TI) detector, the natural radioactivity levels of 238U, 232Th and 40 K were determined for each and every sample. The findings indicated that the mean activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40 K in Nahuta are 46.13 ± 4.78 Bq/Kg, 34.10 ± 3.02 Bq/Kg and 473.94 ± 5.41 Bq/Kg for the soil samples respectively, and 32.91 ± 0.49 Bq/Kg, 40.70 ± 0.41 Bq/Kg, and 578.18 ± 4.28 Bq/Kg for the rock samples respectively. The corresponding mean activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40 K in kashere are 17.99 ± 4.18 Bq/Kg, 23.73 ± 1.78 Bq/Kg, and 191.65 ± 3.15 Bq/Kg, for the soil samples, and 20.24 ± 3.72 Bq/Kg, 29.09 ± 1.78 Bq/Kg, and 148.36 ± 3.15 Bq/Kg, for the rock samples respectively. An analysis of radiation risk parameters (D, AEDE, Raeq, Hex, Hin, AGDE and ELCR) has been conducted and findings explored. While the samples from the kashere region fall within the international recommended levels, elevated readings of certain radiation health parameters are observed in the Nahuta region, posing serious public health risk due to utilization of the soil and rock from this area in construction activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methods for measuring alpha radiation during radon decay have found wide application in studies related to ecology, health protection, geological and geophysical surveys, as well as the possibility of predicting deformation processes in the earth's crust. Measuring radon levels in air and water is used to search for uranium deposits. Registration of low-intensity radiation and volumetric activity of radon seems to be a difficult task due to the insufficiently high sensitivity of detection systems. When creating instruments and devices for studying natural radioactivity, silicon detectors are widely used. The advantages of such detectors are simplicity, the ability to operate in a wide temperature range, under conditions of large flows of weakly ionizing alpha, gamma and beta radiation, and obtaining integral or averaged radon activity. Designed and manufactured highly sensitive detectors of large sizes installed in a radiometric device make it possible to measure and monitor low-intensity and low-energy radiation in various environments. The study of changes in radon concentrations in groundwater and soils can be used to predict earthquakes and destructive landslides caused by deformations of the earth's surface. Long-term monitoring of volumetric radon activity and gamma radiation activity was carried out on the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Tashkent) and a connection between radon concentration and deformation processes in the earth's crust was identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enhancement of natural radioactivity in groundwater, specifically in natural mineral water, is related to the lithological formations through which water bodies or courses pass. Although natural mineral waters are exempt from monitoring for radioactive substances according to Council Directive 2013/51/EURATOM, this study focuses on the radiological characterization of natural mineral water under Spanish Royal Decree 3/2023. The water studied was taken from Catalan aquifers with different lithological characteristics (sedimentary, metamorphic or granitic) and is sold on local markets. Moreover, radiological data on the water was correlated with its lithological origin and the health risk for different age groups was assessed. Our results showed that of the 26 natural mineral waters studied, 10 exceeded gross alpha screening value (100 mBq/L), all from granitic aquifers. Further research on natural individual radionuclides was conducted on these ten samples. 234U and 238U were at around 1100–1600 mBq/L. In addition, 210Pb was found in two samples, which also presented the highest 226Ra activity, associated with granitic bedrock and the presence of 210Po. The annual effective dose was 179.0 µSv/year and 145.9 µSv/year, exceeding 100 µSv/year mainly due to the contribution of 210Pb > 234,238U > 210Po > 226Ra, in this order. After assessing the lifetime cancer risk, these two samples were determined not to pose a health risk due to ingestion. Although no radiological monitoring is required for natural mineral water, further surveillance is recommendable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Levels of natural radioactivity due to 40 K, 232Th, and 226Ra in limestone deposits and corresponding surface soil samples from the Nkalagu community of Ebonyi State were investigated. Gamma spectroscopic analysis using a NaI (TI) detector was employed to measure the activity concentrations (ACs) of the natural radionuclides in the collected samples. The average AC of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40 K was found to be 64.62 ± 11.63, 54.27 ± 8.52, and 313.06 ± 25.33 Bq/kg, respectively, in limestone, whereas in the soil, the value was 60.80 ± 11.71, 44.97 ± 10.74, and 185.90 ± 18.20 Bq/kg, respectively. Except for 40 K, the obtained mean ACs of the radionuclides were in excess of the worldwide averages reported by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). The mean value of Raeq, Hex, Hin, Iγ, and AUI was obtained as 166.33 Bq/kg, 0.45, 0.62, 1.18, and 1.28, respectively, in the limestone, and 139.42 Bq/kg, 0.38, 0.54, 0.98, and 1.12, respectively, in the surface soil. The radiation doses in limestone ranged from 120.78–168.89 nGyh−1 and 63.86–88.88 nGyh−1 for indoor and outdoor, respectively, whereas in the soil, the range was 104.47–129.77 nGyh−1 and 54.60–68.02 nGyh−1 for indoor and outdoor, respectively. The total annual effective dose ranged from 0.671 to 0.937 mSvy–1 with an average of 0.800 mSvy–1 in limestone and 0.579 to 0.720 mSvy–1 with an average of 0.667 mSvy–1 in the soil. Values of representative gamma index and activity utilization index, and indoor and outdoor radiation doses in limestone were above the recommended world average of ≤ 1, and 84 nGyh–1 and 59 nGyh–1, respectively, suggesting a restriction in the use of the limestone in construction of houses. The study therefore recommends that the use of limestone in building construction, especially in house interiors, should be discontinued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To establish a radiological national reference for agricultural soil across Tunisian oases and assess the risk to human health associated with date consumption, with a focus on comparing the impact of traditional and modern fertilization, radiological parameters and activity levels of 22⁶Ra, 232Th, and 4⁰K were determined for 27 oases. These oases were located in three southern Tunisian governorates. The activity concentration of 22⁶Ra, 232Th, and 4⁰K was measured using a 3 × 3 inch NaI(Tl) scintillation detector, which was found to be 21.82 ± 1.0 Bq kg - 1 , 26.51 ± 1.1 Bq kg - 1 , and 559.21 ± 23.0 Bq kg - 1 , respectively, for traditional oases and 26.56 ± 1.2 Bq kg - 1 , 24.45 ± 1.1 Bq kg - 1 , and 661.28 ± 26.3 Bq kg - 1 , respectively, for modern oases. In addition, ambient dose equivalent rate was measured during sampling using a multipurpose hand-held radiation CsI(Tl) detector, which was found to be 0.075 µSv/h in traditional oases and 0.078 µSv/h in modern oases. The resulting radiological parameters and activity concentrations were then compared to results from neighboring countries and the average soil activity worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an investigation focused on assessing the radon exhalation, the natural radioactivity level, and the mineralogy of natural stones of particular historical–artistic interest employed as building materials was carried out. The Closed Chamber Method (CCM) with the Durridge Rad7 apparatus for short-lived radon progeny alpha spectrometry and High Purity Germanium (HPGe) gamma spectrometry were used to determine the radon exhalation rate and specific activities of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K, respectively. Furthermore, several indices were evaluated to determine the radiological risk due to radiation exposure from the investigated natural stones, i.e., the absorbed gamma dose rate (D), the activity concentration index (ACI), and the alpha index (Iα). Finally, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Micro-Raman Scattering (MRS) investigations were performed to correlate the chemical composition and mineralogical characteristics of natural stones with the radon exhalation rate and the natural radioactivity content. It is worth noting that the findings from this study can be used to guide future research into the background levels of radioactivity in stones used as construction materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Galala limestone is widely used for construction and ornamental purposes and is known throughout the world under many commercial names, including Galala White, Galala Golden, Galala Creama and Galala Classic. Using a HPGe spectrometer, about 20 samples from the marble building industry were radiometrically analyzed and the gamma radiation emitted by the radionuclides 238U, 232Th and 40K was evaluated. The measurements performed showed that the concentrations of these radionuclides were 15 ± 13, 6 ± 4 and 1100 ± 330 Bq kg−1, respectively. It's important to note that all these recorded values do not exceed the internationally reported average levels of 33, 45 and 412 Bq kg−1for each individual element. The annual effective dose (AED) was estimated. The mean value of AED, 0.07 mSv/y, is comparable to the permissible average of 0.07 mSv/y, respectively. The relationship between radionuclides and their radiological hazard characteristics was studied using various multivariate statistical techniques such as Pearson correlation, principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). The results indicate that the main contributors to the radiological hazard associated with marble are uranium and potassium. As a result, the use of marble in building materials may not pose a significant risk to public health.

Abstract The aim of the current study is to evaluate the radioactivity estimate the radiological risk of some granites and marbles rocks and explaining the cause of increased radioactivity in some types of rocks. The radioactivity of some granites and marbles produced in Egypt were determined by using a Germanium detector. Three types of marble (Breshia, Galala, and Trista) and three types of granite (Gandola, White Halayeb, and Red Aswani) were collected. All marble samples show low radioactivity with average activity concentrations of 20 ± 2, 4.50 ± 0.5, and 6.70 ± 1.2 Bqkg− 1 for 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K respectively. Granite samples have higher activity concentration with averages of 152 ± 7, 129 ± 8, and 1228 ± 15 Bqkg− 1 for 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K respectively which exceed the world average values of soil (32,45,412 Bqkg− 1 for 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K respectively) excluding Granite G.2 (white Halayeb) as it shows an insignificant level of radioactivity. The annual effective doses of marble samples Breshia, Galala, and Trista were measured to be 4.42 ± 0.4; 158 ± 14 and 153 ± 15 µSvy− 1, and 1008 ± 147, 80 ± 7 and 987 ± 45.0 µSvy− 1 for the granite samples Gandola, White Halayeb and Red Aswani respectively. The radiation hazard parameters show a higher value for granite samples than marble samples, primarily due to the presence of potassium feldspar minerals in these types of granites. marbles were observed to be radiologically safer than granite because they possess a neglected 40K content and a trace quantity of uranium and thorium. Moreover, the minimum potassium content is enough to make a rock radiological unsafe due to 40K only being determined to be about 13.2%.

Natural background radiation exposure is an inevitable occurrence on Earth, and humans are exposed to radiation in their surroundings whether consciously or unconsciously. However, increased artisanal and illegal mining could harm the local environment and increase background radiation levels, affecting the community's overall health. This study assessed the activity concentration of primordial radionuclides (226Ra, 232Th, and 40K) from soil samples obtained from Mamara Jidda and Waja tin mine sites in Nasarawa State, Nigeria, and its risk to human health. The gamma spectroscopy using a Sodium iodide-thallium activated detector was used to measure the activity concentrations of primordial radionuclides in the surface soils/sediments samples. The activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K for Mamara Jidda and Waja were found to be within the range of 4 - 18 Bq kg-1, 41 - 105 Bq kg-1, and 524 - 717 Bq kg-1; 13 - 40 Bq kg-1, 75 - 134 Bq kg-1, and 591 - 882 Bq kg-1 respectively. The average values show that 40K and 232Th concentrations are above the recommended limit set by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) in Mamara Jidda and Waja mine sites. The annual gonadal dose equivalent (AGDE), annual effective dose rate (AEDE), radium equivalent (Raeq), absorbed dose rate (D), and external hazard index (Hex) for Mamara Jidda and Waja were found to be 0.56 mSv yr-1, 0.10 mSv yr- 1, 588.58 Bq kg-1, 78.26 nGy hr-1 and 0.46; 0.73 mSv yr-1, 0.13 mS yr-1, 742.74 Bq kg-1, 103.72 nGy hr-1 and 0.61 respectively. The AEDE and Hex are below the recommended safety limits. However, the high values of AGDE in both mining sites and D in Waja mine demonstrate that with continuous exposure to radiation, a significant genetic impact is eminent to the miners and inhabitants of these areas. Also, the Raeq values for both mines suggest that their soils are unsafe for use as building materials.

In the city centre of Isparta, located in the southwestern part of Türkiye, indoor radon concentrations and gamma dose rate levels were observed above the world and country averages. For this reason, the determination of the natural radioactivity levels in soil samples of Isparta province is of great interest. In the present study, the activity concentrations of radionuclides (namely 226Ra,232Th, 40K and 137Cs) were investigated in the soil samples collected from 72 different points including the city centre and 12 towns of Isparta by using a gamma spectrometer with a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector. The activity concentrations of 226Ra,232Th, 40K and 137Cs radionuclides in the samples were found in the range of 4.08 ± 0.39–69.84 ± 1.43 Bqkg−1, 2.63 ± 0.28–65.66 ± 1.41 Bqkg−1, 44.48 ± 3.17–452.38 ± 9.65 Bqkg−1 and 0.28 ± 0.18–19.10 ± 0.61 Bqkg−1 respectively. The averages of all the measurements were determined as 15.69 ± 0.72 Bqkg−1 for 226Ra, 15.40 ± 0.78 Bqkg−1 for 232Th, 210.60 ± 6.22 Bqkg−1 for 40K and 3.44 ± 0.31 Bqkg−1 for 137Cs. Although these values were below the country and world averages, it was revealed that the 226Ra and 232Th activity concentrations in the city centre exceeded the national and world averages. In addition, radiological risk maps of the analysed radionuclides were produced for the first time, covering all towns within the Isparta province. To evaluate the radiological hazards resulting from natural radionuclides, external hazard index (Hex), absorbed dose rate (D), annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE), male and female lifetime cancer risk (LCR) values were also calculated. The outcomes of this study revealed that all the radiological parameter averages for Isparta were lower than the world and country averages but the calculation results for the city centre displayed the opposite of this situation except for the external hazard index.

The present study concerned with the activity concentrations of natural radionuclides (238U, 234U, 230Th, 226Ra, 232Th, 40K and, 235U) in ten sedimentary rock samples collected from fault zone, Gabal Um Hamd, southwestern Sinai, Egypt. These samples were investigated to study their behavior during a part of geologic time. The activity concentrations were measured using γ-ray spectrometry (HPGe detector). The investigated samples were analyzed for major oxides using the XRF technique. The results demonstrated high average activity concentrations of 238U, 234U, 230Th, 226Ra, 232Th, 40K and, 235U than the worldwide average values as reported by UNSCEAR 2008. Theil diagram showed that there are accumulation and leaching of uranium in some samples in the two sides of the fault zone. It is noticed that the ages of uranium depositions for the samples collected from the downthrown of the fault zone vary from 121.5 to 440.1 ky, while for the sample collected from the upthrown of the fault is 210.9 ky. The 230Th/232Th activity ratios range between 4.55 and 91.04 for downthrown samples and between 4.75 and 6.05 for upthrown samples which are smaller than 20 except for two samples, indicating a contamination of the samples by detrital 230Th. After subtraction of the detrital 230Th, the corrected ages for downthrown samples vary from 119.1 to 231.7 ky while for upthrown samples vary from 164.4 to 390 ky.

There is a lack of available data on the radioactivity levels of these materials, despite the potential risks they may pose to patients, dental technicians, and dentists. A total of forty samples were collected from different dental markets in Egypt. Using an NaI(Tl) detector, the gamma-ray spectrometer measured the activity levels of uranium-238, radium-226, thorium-232, and potassium-40. The findings revealed that the mean concentration of 238U (below the minimum detectable activity, MDA), 226Ra (135 ± 5 and 132 ± 5 Bq/kg), 232Th (187 ± 4 and 243 ± 8 Bq/kg), and 40K (1560 ± 52 and 2501 ± 89 Bq/kg) in feldspar and zirconia (ZrO2) dental ceramic samples, respectively, were all within the limits established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the European Commission (EC). The use of feldspar and zirconia dental ceramics to restore all teeth would result in an estimated maximum beta dose of 1.5 mGy/year to the oral tissue. The results suggest that there is no cause for concern regarding any additional beta dose to the oral cavity from the use of feldspar and zirconia dental ceramics.

Copyright of Pollution (2383451X) is the property of University of Tehran and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Higher and Tethys Himalayan region of NW-Himalaya is less explored from the natural radioactivity mapping assessment, though geologically and tectonically, this region is still active. The concentration of primordial radionuclides (226Ra, 232Th, and 40 K) in rock samples of the Manali-Leh Highway region of the Himalayas is determined in the present study using the HPGe detector. The radiological hazard parameters are also estimated in terms of radium equivalent activity (Raeq), annual effective dose (Ein and Eout), hazard indices (Hin, Hex, Hα, and Hγ), and gamma absorbed dose rate. SEM–EDS analysis was used to understand the mineralogical composition of the rocks. The activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40 K radionuclides varies from 1.4 ± 0.9 to 25.3 ± 1.2, 0.7 ± 0.5 to 59.6 ± 1.6, and BDL (below detection limit) to 830.3 ± 45.7 Bq kg−1, with an average value of 13.0 ± 1.0, 21.7 ± 1.0, and 243.7 ± 25.2 Bq kg−1, respectively. The average of Raeq in the study region lies within the safe limit of 370 Bq kg−1. The hazard indices have values < 1, indicating no radiological hazards to the population from the rocks. The annual effective dose also has values less than the global average value. This study revealed that the rocks of the Higher Himalayan region have a higher concentration of natural radioactivity, while the Tethys Himalayan rocks have lower concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40 K radionuclides. The origin of rocks from different lithologies may be the reason for the natural radioactivity variation. The average concentrations of primordial radionuclides in the region are within the world average indicating that the rocks of the region are safe to be used for different purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to analyze the radiological hazards and the potential for generating acid mine drainage from the fine coal waste commonly stored in tailings dams. The magnetic susceptibility, natural gamma radioactivity, and net neutralization potential of the tailings are characterized. The results show that the fine coal waste has a uranium equivalent concentration (eU) of 46–48 Bq kg−1, which is 37.14% higher than the world average, and 39–47 Bq kg−1 equivalent concentration of thorium (eTh), which is 56.66% higher than the world average. Also, the absorbed gamma radiation dose rate is higher than the world average. Acid–base balance tests indicate that the net neutralization potential ranged from 0.38 to 2.44. The physical properties indicate a possible radiological risk, while the chemical properties show that generating and non-generating acid drainage can coexist in the fine dam tailings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radionuclide and radon levels have been investigated in soil samples and residential environments within the Mungo and Nkam Divisions of the Littoral Region. These analyses employed gamma spectrometry facilitated by a NaI (Tl) detector for soil samples, yielding average activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40 K at 23.8, 72, and 105 Bq kg−1, respectively. Various radiological parameters were calculated to evaluate radiological hazards. Additionally, the indoor radon concentrations were quantified utilizing the CR-39 solid-state nuclear track detector (Radtrack), revealing an average concentration of 25 Bq m−3 and an associated inhalation dose of 0.66 mSv y−1. Risk assessments for lung cancer attributable to indoor radon exposure incorporated models such as the Harley model. An observed moderate correlation between indoor radon levels and external 226Ra concentrations implies that radon intrusion indoors might be substantially influenced by the 226Ra present in the subjacent soil, considering the construction of residential structures directly upon these terrains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the levels of natural radioactivity in sediment and water samples from Lake Victoria in Jinja, Uganda, with a focus on the radionuclides potassium-40 (40 K), radium-226 (226Ra), and thorium-232 (232Th). We investigated four distinct zones around the lake: fishing (Zone A), farming (Zone B), domestic/livestock (Zone C), and a control zone (Zone D). A total of 15 sediment samples and 15 water samples were collected and analyzed. Sediment samples were obtained using a gravity corer, with a maximum penetration depth of 50 cm. 40 K ranged from 170.479 to 524.883 Bqkg−1 across all zones, 226Ra ranges from 1.51 to 56.78 Bqkg−1 across all zones, and 232Th ranges from 18.18 to 73.10 Bqkg−1 across all zones. 40 K concentrations were highest in the farming zone, likely due to the use of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizers. 226Ra and 232Th levels were also elevated in the farming zone, suggesting potential contributions from phosphate fertilizers. Absorbed dose rates varied across the zones, ranging from 28.33 to 58.17 nGyh-1. The measured absorbed dose rates across all zones were within the global average of 59 nGyh−1. The effective annual dose rate ranged from 0.35 to 0.91 mSvy−1 across all zones. Effective annual dose rates did not exceed the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) recommended limit of 1 mSv y−1, indicating low risks to public health from sediment radioactivity. The external index was below the safety threshold, suggesting minimal health risks. In water samples, gross alpha and beta activity concentrations were analyzed. Zone B had the highest average alpha activity concentration (0.64 BqL−1) and beta activity concentration (0.72 BqL−1), while Zone A had the lowest for both alpha (0.16 BqL−1) and beta (0.25 BqL−1) activity concentrations. Gross beta activity was generally higher than gross alpha activity, reflecting potential anthropogenic influences. Most water samples were within the UNSCEAR recommended limits for drinking water quality, except in areas affected by agricultural runoff. This study demonstrates that while the sediments of Lake Victoria in Jinja, Uganda, exhibit varying levels of naturally occurring radionuclides influenced by farming practices, the overall radiation exposure remains within safe limits. Continuous monitoring and regulatory measures are essential to maintain these safety levels and mitigate potential risks from increasing agricultural activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transfer factors (TFs) are widely used tools for assessing the uptake of radionuclides by plants. The literature contains numerous studies on TFs in tropical and temperate climates; however, the existing data on TFs in arid and semi-arid climates are very scarce. Furthermore, the current trend in nuclear energy expansion in countries with this type of climate necessitates knowledge of the mechanisms of radionuclide incorporation by plants as well as the TF values. For this reason, this work investigates the TFs of 238U and 226Ra in plants in a study area during the summer period under conditions equivalent to a semi-arid climate. The selected plants were Scolymus hispanicus L., Eryngium campestre L., Chenopodium vulvaria L., and Chenopodium album L., which were collected in the vicinity of a waste dump from an abandoned copper mine. The selected study area has radionuclide levels above the global average, in addition to heavy metals, as it is a waste dump from an abandoned copper mine. The range of transfer factors for 238U varied between 1.5 × 10−4 kg−1 kg−1 and 7.8 × 10−3 kg−1 kg−1, while for 226Ra, the range was between 1.8 × 10−4 kg−1 kg−1 and 4.0 × 10−2 kg−1 kg−1. The correlations found with PCA were (i) 238U with Fe and Al, and (ii) 226Ra with S, Ti, Ca, and Sr. A transfer model of 238U and 226Ra was created using multiple linear regression analysis. The model showed how 238U was related to the presence of Al, while 226Ra was related to Al, Fe, and Ti. The results obtained have allowed us to propose a model for the incorporation of 238U and 226Ra, taking into account the chemical composition of the soil. The results obtained indicate that both Scolymus hispanicus L. and Eryngium campestre L. could be utilized in phytoremediation for soils contaminated by natural radionuclides in semi-arid climates. The TFs, as well as the proposed model, allow us to expand the knowledge of the absorption of natural radionuclides by plants in regions with arid and semi-arid climates, which is necessary for the radiological risk assessment of future nuclear fuel cycle facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study estimates the radiation safety of soils used in making clay bricks, a common building material in Jalingo City and its surrounding areas. The activity concentration of the natural radioactive elements 238U, 232Th, and 40K in the soils was measured using a gamma-ray spectrometer equipped with a 905-3 NaI (TI) crystal detector and a high photomultiplier measuring 7.62 cm by 7.62 cm. The average activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th, and 40K in the soils were 12.5±1.3, 26.7±1.7, and 65.1±5.2 Bqkg-1 respectively, all of which were lower than the global average concentrations. The research also assessed the Radium equivalent activity, absorbed dose rates, and other radiological hazard parameters relevant to building materials. The mean Radium equivalent activity was 55.69 Bqkg-1, below the safety limit of 370 Bqkg-1. Additionally, the mean outdoor absorbed dose rate was 24.64 nGyh-1, below the safety limit of 59.00 nGyh-1, and the mean indoor absorbed dose rate was 46.08 nGyh-1, below the safety limit of 84.00 nGyh-1. All assessed hazard parameters, including annual effective dose rates (indoor and outdoor), lifetime cancer risk, annual gonadal effective dose, representative level index, and both external and internal hazard indices, were well below the established global safety limits. The activity concentration of the primordial radionuclides and the radiological hazard parameters were also lower compared to other parts of Nigeria and the world. As a result, the study concluded that the soils and the buildings constructed with them are radiologically safe and pose no hazard threats to the occupants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study assessed the concentration of natural radionuclides in soil samples from the Bambasi district in Ethiopia's Benishangul Gumuz region using a gamma‐ray spectrometer equipped with a high‐purity germanium (HPGe) detector. The measured activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th, and 40K in soil samples varied from 46.2 ± 2.25 to 88.49 ± 5.73 Bq/kg, 73.4 ± 4.12 to 119.65 ± 8.45 Bq/kg, and 176.78 ± 8.63 to 396.71 ± 25.39 Bq/kg, respectively. The average concentration of 238U and 232Th exceeded the recommended worldwide population weighted average values of 32.0 and 45.0 Bq/kg, respectively, while the average concentration of 40K was below the recommended value of 420.0 Bq/kg. The mean absorbed dose rate was calculated to be 91.6 ± 5.1 nGy/h, which is above the recommended safe value of 59 nGy/h. The average annual effective dose equivalents for indoor and outdoor exposure were determined to be 2.65 ± 0.14 mSv/y and 0.66 ± 0.1 mSv/y, respectively. The calculated mean values of the internal hazard index, external hazard index, and gamma index across all soil samples were 0.72 ± 0.05, 0.55 ± 0.02, and 0.72 ± 0.02, respectively, all below the recommended safe threshold of one. These findings suggest that the activity concentrations observed in the soil samples exceed safe levels, indicating the necessity for further investigation into radioactivity levels and epidemiological studies regarding potential hazards from high background radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to assess the feasibility of using foundry by-products in porcelain tiles. This feasibility has been evaluated by three different perspectives: technical, radiological and environmental. Firstly, given that the main impurities in foundry by-products are carbon and organic compounds, thermal treatments that successfully reduce carbon and organic compounds have been evaluated. Subsequently, both calcined and uncalcined by-products have been characterised from a technological and radiological point of view and finally, porcelain tile compositions with both calcined and uncalcined by-products have been obtained. These compositions were fully characterised and their performance in the manufacturing process has been evaluated. The environmental impacts of this recycling process were also assessed by means of a life cycle assessment. The results confirm that foundry by-products can partially replace sand in porcelain tile bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CMS detector, including its muon system, has been operating at the CERN LHC in increasingly challenging conditions for about 15 years. The muon detector was designed to provide excellent triggering and track reconstruction for muons produced in proton–proton collisons at an instantaneous luminosity (L ) of 1 × 10 34 cm - 2 s - 1 . During the Run 2 data-taking period (2015–2018), the LHC achieved an instantaneous luminosity of twice its design value, resulting in larger background rates and making the efficient detection of muons more difficult. While some backgrounds result from natural radioactivity, cosmic rays, and interactions of the circulating protons with residual gas in the beam pipe, the dominant source of background hits in the muon system arises from proton–proton interactions themselves. Charged hadrons leaving the calorimeters produce energy deposits in the muon chambers. In addition, high-energy particles interacting in the hadron calorimeter and forward shielding elements generate thermal neutrons, which leak out of the calorimeter and shielding structures, filling the CMS cavern. We describe the method used to measure the background rates in the various muon subsystems. These rates, in conjunction with simulations, can be used to estimate the expected backgrounds in the High-Luminosity LHC. This machine will run for at least 10 years starting in 2029 reaching an instantaneous luminosity of L = 5 × 10 34 cm -2 s -1 and increasing ultimately to L = 7.5 × 10 34 cm -2 s -1 . These background estimates have been a key ingredient for the planning and design of the muon detector upgrade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Any Geiger counter can be used as an effective cosmic ray detector on its own. In fact, it is known that even in the absence of a radioactive source, the instrument detects what is known as background radiation, which consists of various types of ionizing particles present in the environment. Remarkably, it is estimated that up to 15% of this background radiation is attributable to cosmic rays, high-energy particles originating from outer space. The remaining radiation detected by the Geiger counter originates from terrestrial sources, such as natural radioactivity in the ground and in the air. The main goal of this project is to build a muon detector for scientific and educational purposes using two commercial DIY Geiger counter kits and just a few additional components. To identify cosmic radiation from terrestrial radiation and improve the accuracy of cosmic ray measurements, the use of a coincident circuit is essential. This coincident circuit was introduced in cosmic ray physics by Walther Bothe and Bruno Rossi in the early 1930s and allows for the detection of a subatomic particle passing through two or more sensors, thereby reducing false positives and enhancing the reliability of cosmic ray detection. The following idea is an alternative replica of our AMD5 detectors, instruments that we have been using for years to teach and perform scientific experiments in the cosmic ray field under the umbrella of the ADA project (2023 Particles, Arcani et al.). The resulting device, named AMD5ALI, offers a reliable and inexpensive solution for the same goal, making it a valuable tool for both educational purposes and scientific surveys. Practical applications range from cosmic ray physics to radioactivity, including the relationship between cosmic ray flux and meteorology, the zenithal effect, the Regener–Pfotzer curve in the atmosphere, and the anti-correlation of cosmic particle intensity with solar activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation quantifies the activity concentrations of natural radionuclides (226Ra, 232Th, and 40K) in the soils and certain rocks of the Koytash–Ugam Range, Uzbekistan, and assesses their radiological risks. Gamma-spectrometric analysis of soil and rock samples revealed activity concentrations ranging from 456.2 ± 56.0 to 813.9 ± 76.0 Bq kg−1 for 40K, 18.2 ± 6.3 to 70.0 ± 12.0 Bq kg−1 for 226Ra, and 30.1 ± 2.9 to 57.9 ± 10 Bq kg−1 for 232Th. This data indicates a heterogeneous distribution of radionuclides, informing radiation safety and health risk assessments on a global scale. The calculation of radiological hazard indices, including the alpha-index (ranging from 0.09 to 0.35), gamma-index (ranging from 0.40 to 0.73), and both internal (ranging from 0.40 to 0.54) and external (ranging from 0.36 to 0.54) hazard indices, was undertaken to ascertain potential health risks. The radium equivalent activity ranged from 108.4 to 199.3 Bq kg−1, and the absorbed dose rates were 51.0–93.3 nGy h−1 indoors and 96.6–178.2 nGy h−1 outdoors. These metrics underlie the estimated annual effective dose of 536.5–988.5 × 10−3 mSv y−1, highlighting the variability in radiation exposure. Additionally, the potential lifetime cancer risk was projected at 1770.4 to 3262.0 per million, with an annual gonadal dose equivalent of 361.9 to 655.5 μSv y−1, reflecting natural background radiation influence. The results underscore the importance of safe material use in construction and the necessity for routine natural radioactivity monitoring. Radon flux density (RFD) values within acceptable construction limits (26–176 mBq m−2 s−1) suggest the area's suitability for development, considering recommended safety guidelines. This study not only aids local environmental and public health frameworks but also enriches the international knowledge base, facilitating comparative studies for the advancement of global radiation protection standards. Through a detailed examination of radionuclide distribution in an under-researched area, our research highlights the critical need for integrated international approaches to natural radiological hazard assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the radiological characteristics of black sand and sediment samples collected from the Mediterranean coast of Egypt to assess potential health risks associated with natural radioactivity. Gamma-ray spectrometry was employed to determine the activity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K. Results indicated significantly elevated levels of these radionuclides in black sand compared to global background values. The calculated equilibrium factor (P-factor) confirmed that the samples were in near-radioactive equilibrium. To evaluate potential health hazards, absorbed dose rates, annual effective doses, and radon gas concentrations were estimated. The calculated annual effective doses exceeded recommended limits, classifying the study area as an Enhanced Natural Radiation Area (ENRA). Radon gas concentrations significantly surpassed the World Health Organization's guideline of 100 Bq/m³. These findings highlight the importance of environmental monitoring and public awareness regarding the radiological implications of black sand deposits in the region. The study recommends the establishment of a radiological baseline map for Egyptian beaches to track potential changes in radioactivity levels over time. Additionally, it emphasizes the need for public awareness campaigns, land use planning, and mitigation strategies to minimize exposure to elevated radiation levels.

This study presents investigation of the exposure levels and the resulting radiological effect of radiation of a natural radioactivity on a population of one village of Burkina Faso called Villy. For this purpose, soil, water, and sorghum samples were collected. The samples collected were processed and analyzed by gamma ray spectrometry at the laboratory of the national authority of radiation protection (ARSN) for natural radioactivity characterisation. The average specific activities of U‐238, Th‐232, and K‐40 were found to be: 35.53, 32.38, and 162.85 Bq/kg for soil; 0.78, 1.16, and 310.53 Bq/kg for sorghum; and 0.16, 0.14, and <0.35 Bq.L−1 for water. The annual effective dose measured for U‐238, Th‐232, and K‐40 are, respectively, included in the following ranges: 0.03–0.08 mSv/y, 0.28–0.68 µSv/y, and 10–30 nSv/y. Through these results, the resulting average annual effective doses of these three specific radionuclides were evaluated and are, respectively, 0.05 ± 0.02 mSv/y for soil, 0.38 ± 0.07 µSv/y for sorghum, and 20 ± 10 nSv/y for water. They were much lower than the annual dose limit of 1 mSv/y for the public proposed by the International Agency of Atomic Energy (IAEA). The calculated values for radium equivalent activity and external hazard indices for all samples studied were lower than the recommended limits of UNSCEAR. The results from the study indicated that the sorghum, soil, and water samples in Villy do not pose any significant radiological hazard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some natural environments on Earth are characterised by high levels of radiation, including naturally radioelement enriched mineral springs in the French Massif Central. Therefore, naturally radioactive mineral springs are interesting ecosystems for understanding how bacterial populations in these springs have adapted to high levels of natural and chronic radioactivity over the very long term. The aim of this study was to analyse the bacterial communities of sediments from five naturally radioactive mineral springs in the French Massif Central, sampled in autumn 2019 and spring 2020, and to observe whether radionuclides, compared to other physicochemical parameters, are drivers of the bacterial community structuring in these extreme environments. Physicochemical measurements showed that two springs, Dourioux and Montagne had high radioelement concentrations/activities (uranium, thorium and radon). Analysis of the structure of the bacterial communities, by next generation sequencing based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, showed that the presence of radionuclides in Dourioux and Montagne, did not lead to a reduction in bacterial diversity and richness compared to the other springs. However, Dourioux and Montagne were characterised by specific bacterial populations, whose presence correlates with the radioelement concentrations/activities measured in these springs. This suggests that radioelements could partly explain the structuring of bacterial communities in these springs. In addition, several of these operational taxonomic units (OTUs) specific to Dourioux and Montagne, mainly affiliated to Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes, could be involved in the biogeochemistry of radionuclides through different mechanisms (biosorption, biomineralisation, bioaccumulation, and bioreduction), which would allow the development of other bacterial species sensitive to these metals/radioelements. In particular, the co-occurrence of sulphate and/or iron-reducing bacteria, capable of bioreducing uranium, with fermentative bacteria, releasing sources of organic carbons, reflects associations of bacteria with complementary functions that allow them to grow in this peculiar environment and maintain a high diversity in these extreme environments. This study has provided a better understanding of the structuring of bacterial communities exposed to ionising radiation for thousands of years in naturally radioactive environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an assessment of the natural radioactivity level, radon exhalation, metal contamination, and mineralogy of a granodiorite rock sample from Stilo, in the Calabria region, Southern Italy is presented as a case study. This rock was employed as a building material in the area under study. The specific activity of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K natural radioisotopes was assessed through high-purity germanium (HPGe) gamma-ray spectrometry. Then, several indices such as the absorbed gamma dose rate (D), the annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE), the activity concentration index (ACI) and the alpha index (Iα), were quantified to determine any potential radiological health risk related to radiation exposure from the analyzed rock. Furthermore, E-PERM electret ion chambers and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) measurements were carried out to properly quantify the radon exhalation rate and any possible metal pollution, respectively. In particular, to further address metal pollution factors, the geo-accumulation index (Igeo) was calculated to properly address the toxicity levels of the ecosystem originating from the detected metals. Finally, with the aim of successfully discriminating the provenance of such naturally occurring radionuclides, a combined approach involving X-ray diffraction (XRD) and µ-Raman spectroscopy was employed for the identification of the main radioisotope-bearing minerals characterizing the investigated granodiorite. The results achieved in this case study can be taken as the basis for further inquiries into background levels of radioactivity and chemical contamination in natural stone employed as building materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the extent of radon contamination in twenty-six drinking water samples from natural springs were collected from Dhirkot Azad Kashmir, along with four bottled mineral water samples. Radon gas escapes from the earth's crust due to uranium ores and diffuses into the atmosphere. This study assessed the levels of radon concentration, the yearly effective radiation dose, and carcinogenic risk from radon exposure in drinking water samples. The radon concentration varied from 0.28 to 30.25 Bq/L. The mean radon concentration of all samples was found to be 7.86 ± 2.3 Bq/L. The radon concentrations in bottled drinking water were found to be lower than those in natural springs. The statistical and GIS analyses included the use of interpolation and Pearson's correlation matrix. Seven samples had radon concentration that surpassed the standard limit established by the US-EPA, which is 11 Bq/L. The average annual effective dose from inhalation and ingestion was found to be lower than the value (0.1 mSv/y) provided by the WHO, but for some natural spring water samples, it exceeded the risk limit. The cancer risk revealed that 40% of the samples had an elevated lifetime cancer risk from radon exposure. Overall, the majority of the results obtained aligned with the worldwide guidelines established by the US-EPA. However, there were a few instances where the limits were exceeded, and constant monitoring is recommended. This study establishes a baseline for radon concentration in the area and provides a basis for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a comprehensive investigation was conducted to determine the radioactivity levels of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) in heap pads/soil and water samples within and around the operational area of Tarkwa Gold Mine in Ghana. Gamma-ray spectrometry was used to determine the activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th, and 40K in heap pads/soil, and 226Ra, 228Th, and 40K in water samples. The average activity concentrations of 226Ra and 228Th in all water samples were below the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommended guidelines for drinking water. Similarly, the average activity concentrations of measured radionuclides in heap pads/soil samples taken from depths of 0–20 cm and 20–50 cm were found to be below the worldwide average reported values. The annual effective dose to the public was estimated to be around 0.16 mSv, which is below the recommended limit. The values of the hazard indices are also below the recommended limits, implying that if heap pads/soils are used for building purposes and construction, they will not pose any significant radiation hazard. The results of this study indicate that radiation levels are within the natural background radiation levels reported in the literature and are consistent with findings from similar studies conducted in Ghana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluating the natural radioactivity in construction materials is significant, particularly considering the prevailing belief that our homes offer the safest living environments. To investigate this, 38 samples of building materials were collected from highly populated residential areas within the Malappuram district in Kerala, India. The levels of naturally occurring radionuclides (226Ra, 232Th, and 40K) were quantified using a NaI (Tl) detector. Radiological indices, such as radium equivalent, absorbed dose rate, effective dose rate, hazard indices, alpha index, gamma index, and cancer risk, were calculated for the samples. The activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K ranged from 8.84 ± 0.3 (flooring oxide) to 46.84 ± 2.11Bq/kg (rock samples), 11.84 ± 0.2 (pumice sample) to 130.21 ± 8Bq/kg (granite sample), and 58.63 ± 4 (pumice) to 1024.32 ± 22Bq/kg (granite) with an average of 25.80 ± 4.61, 55.05 ± 6.2, and 392.30 ± 16 Bq/kg. (average ± standard deviation), respectively. As a result, all of these computed parameters fell within safe limits. The examined building materials were found to have a negligible impact on radiation exposure, posing no significant radiation risks to residents. Researchers utilized statistical techniques to understand the interrelationships and similarities among radionuclides and radiological characteristics across samples, including Pearson correlation, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present article, a methodology has been discussed to evaluate the influence of activity concentration of soil samples containing heavy metals in the environment. The approach leverages a simulated germanium detector and a cylindrical geometry sample configuration to analyse soil samples with varying densities. The results showed a positive correlation between the soil densities and activity concentration, with an average correlation coefficient of 0.99 indicating that variations in density affect the activity concentration measurements. To mitigate this error, a demonstration of the self-absorption correction as a function of density, being an essential part of the present study has been included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The radio nuclear quality radio activity (40K,232Th, and 238U) was measured. by (Iodide Sodium standard system activated with Thallium 3x3, NaI(Tl) Detector). Four samples of soils were collected at a depth (5cm-20cm) from the various locations in University of Karbala in the city of Karbala. to calibrate detector (137Cs,60Co and 22Na) were used. Through the comparing between The results in this search and the international standards for soil pollution showed that the activity concentrations values of 238U.232Th, and 40K are lower than international recommended limits. Radium equivalent activity as well as the annual dosage that works values are lower than the maximum permissible levels recommended by world health organization, In both stations, the values of the internal and external hazard indexes as well as gamma activity concentration were less than unity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the activity and concentration of natural radionuclides were determined for 40K, 232Th, and 238U in from the ancient city Nippur (Nefer), located in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate. study the activity concentrations by using a scintillation detector (3" x 3") and measure radionuclides' qualitative effectiveness for these items. The sodium iodide activated by Thallium NaI (Tl) has been used to perform the activity measurements. 15 samples had their natural radioactivity levels assessed at three different depths: 5cm, 50cm, and 1m . 40K, Th232, and 238U had average specific activities of (143.446±1.024, 13.848±0.305, and 10.779±0.418) Bq/kg in depth (5)cm, (133.498±1.016, 13.48±0.331 and 10.701±0.416) Bq/kg in depth (50) cm, and( 100) m. 40K, 232Th, and 238U had average specific activities of (53.527±1.067, 15.305±0.348, and 10.849±0.417) Bq/kg. correspondingly for each of the three depths, the average radium equivalent activity was(41.545±0.965, 40.130±0.828,44.430±0.995) Bq/kg. For each of the three depths, the corresponding internal and external risk factors were (0.106±0.000258,0.142±0.00038),(0.105±0.000227,0.136±0.000347), (0.118±0.000256, 0.129±0.00038). For each of the three depths, the representative levels index's average values were (0.323±0.000727, 0.294±0.000581, 0.329±0.00129). The average internal and exterior absorbed dose levels for each of the three depths were expressed in (nGy/h) (17.681 ±0.436, 18.882±0.384, 20.586±0.449). Values of the internal and exterior annual effective dosage equivalents for the same three depths, respectively (0.09±0.0000175, 0.0194±0.0000949) mSv/y, (0.09±0.0000175, ±0.0000476) mSv/y, (0.098±0.000258, 0.024±0.0000554) mSv/y. average value of lifetime risk of cancer from the three consecutive depths were (0.300±000818 x10-3), (0.398±0.0720 x10-3), (0.364±0.000941 x10-3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study shows the natural radioactivity of alpha particles that result from the decay of radium to radon-222. Thus, radon gas was identified in several powder milk varieties in this investigation utilizing a solid-state nuclear track detector (SSNTD) and CR-39 closed container technology analysis. Since milk is consumed by so many people, it is crucial to analyze it. Analysis of radon 222Rn concentrations is very essential to achieve the relative contributions of several chemicals to the total amount of radon in the human body. According to the findings, the average radon in Bq/m3 concentration was found to be 0.0129, which is less than the internationally permissible values, radon exhalation rate mBqm/ h2 with an average 1.536*10-6, also the annual effective dose in mSv/y with an average 5.374*10-5. The average number of colon cancer cases annually per million CPPP is 1.074*10-10. All values were below the ICRP-recorded globally permitted level. Pearson coefficient for the coefficients calculated in this research it was found that the relationship is direct and correlation is significant. Therefore one can conclude that all powder milk samples analyzed in this study are safe to use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural radioactivity of the earth formations of the Soil of the kufa city in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf governorate has been studied. It currently consists of the northern and southern parts, the center of the old city, Maysan neighborhood, Al-Suhailia, and Al-Barakiya. The area of Maysan, Al-Suhailia, and Al-Barakiya was studied due to its close to the cement factory in Kufa. To calculate the level of radioactivity present and the degree to which it affects the local population these areas by selecting 30 sites to take soil samples from the region, and spectral measurements were made using gamma-ray spectroscopy (NaI(Tl)) ( 3"x3" ). It was found that the specific activity of 238U, 232Th and 40K in the studied ranged between (34.279±1.059) Bq/kg in Maysan neighborhood to (3.423±0.353) Bq/kg in Al-Barakiya with average (16.450) Bq/kg to (8.274) Bq/kg, (21.549±0.864) Bq/kg in Al-Barakiya to (5.050±0.405) Bq/kg in Maysan neighborhood with average (14.105 ) Bq/kg to (13.260) and (433. 948±3.939 ) Bq/kg in Maysan neighborhood to (92.328±1.843) Bq/kg in Al-Barakiya with average ( 338.251) Bq/kg to (245.754) Bq/kg. As The value of the excess lifetime cancer risk (total) it was between (0.802) in Maysan neighborhood to (0.393) in Al-Barakiya with average (0.627) to (0.478). After comparing the current findings with the values taken into account generally, it was found that the radiation levels in the examined samples are within allowable bounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigated the natural radioactivity levels of gamma emitters (Uranium-238, Thourium-232, and Potsium-40) and some radiological hazard indices in soil samples obtained from the vicinity of Al-Jibsa Marsh, located in Najaf Governorate. Experiments were conducted using the NaI(Tl) method. The specific activity values of 238U ranged from 14.548 Bq/kg to 266.016 Bq/kg, with an average of 112.332 Bq/kg. For 232Th, the values ranged between 0.812 Bq/kg to 20.720 Bq/kg, with an average of 7.653 Bq/kg. The specific activity values of 40K ranged from 7.975 Bq/kg to 244.992 Bq/kg, with an average of 82.497 Bq/kg. The activity of 235U varied between 0.670 Bq/kg and 12.259 Bq/kg, with an average of 5.177 Bq/kg. Moreover, the average values of some radiological hazard indices such as (Raeq), (Hext), (AD), (ELCR) were 129.628, 0.350, 60.090 nGy/h, and 1.3267x10-3, respectively. When comparing the results of the current study with the global limit according to UNSCEAR, 2008, it is found that the values of uranium-238 in most of the soil samples were high. Therefore, the soil in this area is unsafe and harmful to the people living near this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the most important areas of human health, is the radioactive field. It must be studied carefully, so as to detect the changes in the dose of human exposure. This study aims to determine the natural radioactivity concentrations of 238U uranium concentration, 222Rn radon concentrations and 226Ra radium content in samples of lead pencils from different local Malaysian marketplaces were collected and measured by a CN-85 solid-stats nuclear track detector (SSNTDs). Materials and Methods: Eight samples were collected from lead pencils from different local Malaysian marketplaces in the search. The total average Radionuclide activity concentrations 238U, 222Rn, and 226Ra were 3.281 Bq/kg, 3.350 Bq/kg and 0.14 Bq/kg, respectively. Correlations between these radionuclides demonstrate a secular equilibrium in the examined samples. Results: The results showed that radon gas concentrations in the air were varied from 46 .35 Bq/m3 to 174.08 Bq/m3 with an average of 117.55 Bq/m3. The radium concentrations values range from 0.058-0.202 Bq/kg, with a medium value of 0.14 Bq/kg Uranium concentration values range from 1.294 to 4.859 Bq/kg, with an average value of 3.281 Bq/kg respectively. Conclusions: In the measurements of the detector, the (AED) of samples being looked at is still less than the recommended by the ICRP. Therefore, this would not present a serious risk to people, based on the findings of the research field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"NaI(T1) detector",Radio nuclides, specific activity, soil, the ancient city of Babylon. Abstract: This study was conducted to detect the presence of radionuclides in the ancient city of Babylon, which is located just (10) km from the center of Hilla and is located at 90 Km Southwest of Baghdad, the Iraqi capital. A "gamma ray" spectrometer was used using a "NaI(Tl) gamma detector" and activity concentration levels 238U, 232Th, and 40K were measured and compare them with the internationally permitted values for fifteen samples of the soil of the ancient city, where the soil radionuclides were as follows: it was 238 U with an average of (16.77±0.11) Bq/kg,232 Th, with an average of (7.04±0.39) Bq/kg and 40K with an average of (150.34±2.5) Bq/ kg. This area was studied because of its historical status and to assess the radio-logical risk of natural radioactivity to protect the people who visit this area. The rate of absorbed dose, annual effect, radium equivalent activity, effective dose rate (EDR), and equivalent dose (AEDE) were measured. The radioactivity level index (I), exogenous (Hex) and endogenous (Hin) risk indices, as well as the increased lifetime cancer risk (ELCR), were determined. It was concluded that there is no danger that might threaten the residents around and in the center of the ancient city and then low probability of any health effects of radiation. The values obtained were considered within the internationally accepted values, i.e. safe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of an aluminosilicate gel structure made of alkali-activated materials (AAMs) was conducted through an alkali-activation reaction of the solid precursors (fly ash, metakaolin, and wood ash). Fly and wood ash are by-products of the burning process of coal and wood, respectively. Alkali-activated materials of aluminosilicate origin, made from the different ashes, fly and wood, are very attractive research targets and can be applied in various technological fields due to their thermal stability, resistance to thermal shock, high porosity, high sustainability, and finally, low energy loss during production. In this paper, we evaluate physico-chemical properties, microstructure, and radiological environmental impacts when wastes that contain elevated levels of naturally occurring radionuclides (NORs) such as fly ash and wood ash are made into “green cements” such as AAMs. The determination of radionuclide content was performed by means of gamma-ray spectrometry. Results showed that the AAMs have a lower value in the activity concentration of radionuclides than raw materials. The external absorbed gamma dose rate was 74.7–107.3 nGy/h, and the external radiation hazard index values were in range of 0.445–0.628 Bq/kg. The results of the activity concentration measurements for alkali-activated materials indicate the potential of their safe application in building construction. In terms of the structural characterizations, the obtained alkali-activated materials were examined using XRD, DRIFT, FESEM, and TEM analyses.