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Abstract Background The button mangrove (Conocarpus erectus L.) is regarded as a peripheral species within mangrove communities. This particular species has the ability to thrive in regions that are arid or semiarid, where there is limited availability of nutrients. This study provides evidence of the ecological dominance of Conocarpus erectus across various habitats, highlighting its adaptability and success throughout the country of Pakistan. We collected twelve populations from four distinct ecological regions, including artificial forest plantations, agricultural fields, roadsides, and wastelands, offering a comprehensive assessment of C. erectus adaptability across diverse environmental contexts. Results Forest plantation populations exhibited impressive shoot growth and moderate root lengths, with plants generally tall and well-weighted. Physiologically, they had moderate chlorophyll content and low carotenoid levels, with a balanced chlorophyll a/b ratio, indicating stable photosynthetic activity. Anatomically, these populations had thicker epidermal and cortical root layers but smaller vascular bundles and phloem regions. Stem and leaf structures were generally moderate in size, with thicker midribs and cortical layers in the leaves. Agricultural field populations showed robust shoot and root systems with balanced fresh and dry biomass. They exhibited high chlorophyll and carotenoid levels, indicating strong photosynthetic capacity. Root and stem anatomy revealed larger root areas, thicker cortex, and wide vascular bundles, reflecting enhanced structural development. Leaves from these populations had moderate midrib and cortical thickness, with larger stomatal areas, promoting efficient gas exchange. Roadside populations displayed deeper roots and reduced biomass production. These populations adapted to environmental stress through leaf expansion, with high leaf numbers and areas. Physiologically, populations had high chlorophyll content, with a high chlorophyll a/b ratio. Root and stem anatomy showed compact structures with smaller vascular bundles, indicating adaptation to harsher conditions. Leaf anatomy was moderate, with smaller vascular bundles and reduced water transport capacity. Wasteland populations exhibited poor growth and high shoot biomass despite small leaves. Physiologically, these populations had the highest total soluble protein and proline contents, reflecting stress adaptation. Anatomically, root and stem structures were variable, with some populations showing reduced cortical cell areas and smaller vascular bundles, indicating limited resource transport. Leaf structures had thicker lamina, thinner epidermal layers, and lower stomatal densities, reflecting adaptation to nutrient-poor soils. Conclusion This study reveals the adaptability and thriving potential of Conocarpus erectus across varied habitats, providing key insights into its resilience and survival strategies. Understanding these adaptive traits can support habitat restoration, conservation planning, and improve species management in diverse environmental conditions, especially in response to climate change and habitat degradation.

Abstract This study explored the drought resistance mechanisms of different populations of Sporobolus ioclados (Poaceae), locally known as “Sawri,” “Drabhri” and “Dhrbholi” native to Africa and the Indian Subcontinent. These populations were grown in conventional nursery practices at Khawaja Fareed Government College in Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan, and subsequently subjected to four distinct levels of drought within carefully monitored experimental settings. The experiment was conducted in a two-factorial design involving populations and drought treatments and was repeated three times. The physiological and morphological responses of S. ioclados, including plant height, number of roots, root length, flag leaf area, stomatal features, proline concentration and nitrogen content, displayed significant variability in response to the imposed drought stress. Drought resulted in increases in proline concentration and nitrogen content. The number of roots decreased, while the length and width of the stomata increased in various populations. A combination of advanced statistical techniques, such as ANOVA, PCA, HCA, and DFA, provided a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of plant adaptation and the extent of population diversity within the species. The Yazman and Nwab Wala populations exhibited the highest rates of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, while S. ioclados demonstrated notable drought tolerance at the T4 level of drought stress. A negative correlation was found between proline levels, nitrogen contents, and photosynthesis, suggesting that proline has a protective role in drought. The diverse adaptation strategies indicated by S. ioclados populations have revealed the potential of this species for afforestation and climate change mitigation in dry environments.

Abstract Canola, a vital oilseed crop, is grown globally for food and biodiesel. With the enormous demand for growing various crops, the utilization of agriculturally marginal lands is emerging as an attractive alternative, including brackish-saline transitional lands. Salinity is a major abiotic stress limiting growth and productivity of most crops, and causing food insecurity. Salicylic acid (SA), a small-molecule phenolic compound, is an essential plant defense phytohormone that promotes immunity against pathogens. Recently, several studies have reported that SA was able to improve plant resilience to withstand high salinity. For this purpose, a pot experiment was carried out to ameliorate the negative effects of sodium chloride (NaCl) on canola plants through foliar application of SA. Two canola varieties Faisal (V1) and Super (V2) were assessed for their growth performance during exposure to high salinity i.e. 0 mM NaCl (control) and 200 mM NaCl. Three levels of SA (0, 10, and 20 mM) were applied through foliar spray. The experimental design used for this study was completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates. The salt stress reduced the shoot and root fresh weights up to 50.3% and 47% respectively. In addition, foliar chlorophyll a and b contents decreased up to 61–65%. Meanwhile, SA treatment diminished the negative effects of salinity and enhanced the shoot fresh weight (49.5%), root dry weight (70%), chl. a (36%) and chl. b (67%). Plants treated with SA showed an increased levels of both enzymatic i.e. (superoxide dismutase (27%), peroxidase (16%) and catalase (34%)) and non-enzymatic antioxidants i.e. total soluble protein (20%), total soluble sugar (17%), total phenolic (22%) flavonoids (19%), anthocyanin (23%), and endogenous ascorbic acid (23%). Application of SA also increased the levels of osmolytes i.e. glycine betaine (31%) and total free proline (24%). Salinity increased the concentration of Na+ ions and concomitantly decreased the K+ and Ca2+ absorption in canola plants. Overall, the foliar treatments of SA were quite effective in reducing the negative effects of salinity. By comparing both varieties of canola, it was observed that variety V2 (Super) grew better than variety V1 (Faisal). Interestingly, 20 mM foliar application of SA proved to be effective in ameliorating the negative effects of high salinity in canola plants.

Abstract Pea (Pisum sativum L.), a globally cultivated leguminous crop valued for its nutritional and economic significance, faces a critical challenge of soil salinity, which significantly hampers crop growth and production worldwide. A pot experiment was carried out in the Botanical Garden, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur to alleviate the negative impacts of sodium chloride (NaCl) on pea through foliar application of ascorbic acid (AsA). Two pea varieties Meteor (V1) and Sarsabz (V2) were tested against salinity, i.e. 0 mM NaCl (Control) and 100 mM NaCl. Three levels of ascorbic acid 0 (Control), 5 and 10 mM were applied through foliar spray. The experimental design was completely randomized (CRD) with three replicates. Salt stress resulted in the suppression of growth, photosynthetic activity, and yield attributes in pea plants. However, the application of AsA treatments effectively alleviated these inhibitory effects. Under stress conditions, the application of AsA treatment led to a substantial increase in chlorophyll a (41.1%), chl. b (56.1%), total chl. contents (44.6%) and carotenoids (58.4%). Under salt stress, there was an increase in Na+ accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the application of AsA increased the contents of proline (26.9%), endogenous AsA (23.1%), total soluble sugars (17.1%), total phenolics (29.7%), and enzymatic antioxidants i.e. SOD (22.3%), POD (34.1%) and CAT (39%) in both varieties under stress. Salinity reduced the yield attributes while foliarly applied AsA increased the pod length (38.7%), number of pods per plant (40%) and 100 seed weight (45.2%). To sum up, the application of AsA alleviated salt-induced damage in pea plants by enhancing photosynthetic pigments, both enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities, maintaining ion homeostasis, and reducing excessive ROS accumulation through the limitation of lipid peroxidation. Overall, V2 (Sarsabz) performed better as compared to the V1 (Meteor).

Abstract Nickel (Ni) is known as a plant micronutrient and serves as a component of many significant enzymes, however, it can be extremely toxic to plants when present in excess concentration. Scientists are looking for natural compounds that can influence the development processes of plants. Therefore, it was decided to use proline as a protective agent against Ni toxicity. Proline (Pro) is a popularly known osmoprotectant to regulate the biomass and developmental processes of plants under a variety of environmental stresses, but its role in the modulation of Ni-induced toxicity in wheat is very little explored. This investigation indicated the role of exogenously applied proline (10 mM) on two wheat varieties (V1 = Punjab-11, V2 = Ghazi-11) exposed to Ni (100 mg/kg) stress. Proline mediated a positive rejoinder on morphological, photosynthetic indices, antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress markers, ion uptake were analyzed with and without Ni stress. Proline alone and in combination with Ni improved the growth, photosynthetic performance, and antioxidant capacity of wheat plants. However, Ni application alone exhibited strong oxidative damage through increased H2O2 (V1 = 28.96, V2 = 55.20) accumulation, lipid peroxidation (V1 = 26.09, V2 = 38.26%), and reduced translocation of macronutrients from root to shoot. Application of Pro to Ni-stressed wheat plants enhanced actions of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total soluble protein (TSP) contents by 45.70, 44.06, 43.40, and 25.11% in V1, and 39.32, 46.46, 42.22, 55.29% in V2, compared to control plants. The upregulation of antioxidant enzymes, proline accumulation, and uptake of essential mineral ions has maintained the equilibrium of Ni in both wheat cultivars, indicating Ni detoxification. This trial insight into an awareness that foliar application of proline can be utilized as a potent biochemical method in mitigating Ni-induced stress and might serve as a strong remedial technique for the decontamination of polluted soil particularly with metals.

Thiourea (TU) is considered an essential and emerging biostimulant against the negative impacts of severe environmental stresses, including drought stress in plants. However, the knowledge about the foliar application of TU to mitigate drought stress in Linum usitatissimum L., has yet to be discovered. The present study was designed to assess the impact of foliar application of TU for its effects against drought stress in two flax cultivars. The study comprised two irrigation regimes [60% field capacity (FC) and the control (100% FC)], along with TU (0, 500, 1000 mg L−1) application at the vegetative stage. The findings indicated that drought stress reduced the shoot fresh weight (44.2%), shoot dry weight (67.5%), shoot length (41.5%), total chlorophyll (51.6%), and carotenoids (58.8%). Drought stress increased both cultivars' hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Foliar application of TU (1000 mg L−1) enhanced the growth and chlorophyll contents with or without drought stress. Under drought stress (60% FC), TU decreased MDA and H2O2 contents up to twofold. Moreover, TU application increased catalase (40%), peroxidase (13%), superoxide dismutase (30%), and total soluble protein contents (32.4%) differentially in both cultivars. Nevertheless, TU increased calcium (Ca2+) (42.8%), potassium (K+) (33.4%), and phosphorus (P) (72%) in shoots and decreased the elevated sodium (Na+) (28.2%) ions under drought stress. It is suggested that TU application (1000 mg L−1) enhances the growth potential of flax by enhancing photosynthetic pigment, nutrient uptake, and antioxidant enzymes under drought stress. Research outcomes, therefore, recommend that TU application can ameliorate drought-induced negative effects in L. usitatissimum L. seedlings, resulting in improved plant growth and mineral composition, as depicted by balanced primary and secondary metabolite accumulation.

Abstract Lead (Pb) toxicity is a significant environmental issue, especially in areas with a past of industrial activities and mining. The existence of Pb in the soil can have negative impacts on plant growth and development, and it can also pose a risk to human health through the food chain. Acidified carbon has shown promise as an effective management technology for mitigating Pb toxicity. This study provides important insights into the potential of acidified biochar as a low-cost and eco-friendly method for managing Pb-contaminated soils. The current study explores the effectiveness of acidified biochar (AB) in alleviating Pb stress in mint. The study involved two levels of Pb (0 = control and 200 mg/kg Pb) and four levels of AB as treatments (0, 0.45, 0.90, and 1.20%). Results indicate that 1.20% AB was the most effective treatment, significantly decreasing root and shoot Pb concentration while enhancing shoot and root fresh and dry weight, shoot and root length, and shoot and root N, P, and K concentration. Moreover, a significant decrease in MDA (0.45AB, 0.90AB, and 1.20AB caused a decline in MDA content by 14.3%, 27.8%, and 40.2%, respectively) and an increase in ascorbic acid (0.45AB, 0.90AB, and 1.20AB led to an increase in ascorbic acid content of 1.9%, 24.8%, and 28.4%, respectively) validated the effectiveness of 1.20% AB compared to the control. Adding 0.45AB, 0.90AB, and 1.20AB led to an increase in soluble sugar content of 15.6%, 27.5%, and 32.1%, respectively, compared to the treatment without AB. Further investigations at the field level are suggested to confirm the efficacy of 1.20% AB as the best treatment against Pb toxicity in saline soil conditions.

Byline: N. Nargis, AKMG. Hussain, G. Fong Introduction: Smokeless tobacco use occupies a significant portion of overall tobacco consumption in Bangladesh. Yet very little is known about the effectiveness of [...]

Plants have to face different abiotic stressors, such as extreme temperatures, drought, salinity, flood, and heavy metals, which negatively impact their growth and development, leading to lower agricultural productivity, food security concerns, and financial losses. Nanotechnology has emerged as a solution to mitigate these negative effects, improving resource use efficiency, reducing pollution, preventing plant diseases, and enhancing sustainability. Nanoparticles (NPs) apllication to agricultural crops addresses nutrient deficiencies, enhances stress tolerance, and improves crop yield and quality. Sustainable and environment friendly methods for synthesizing NPs have been developed over the last few decades. NPs possess distinct qualities and can serve as powerful sensors, controlling critical physiological and biochemical processes in plants. Furthermore, NPs offer unique mechanisms for adapting to changing climatic conditions. Abiotic stress generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause oxidative stress and impairs redox homeostasis. The roles of ROS in signaling cascades and stress tolerance are gaining recognition. This review explores the potential of plant-based metallic and metallic oxide NPs to mitigate the harmful consequences of abiotic stresses induced excessive ROS. We have critically discussed green/biological synthesis methods of NPs, their potential roles in agriculture, and the mechanisms by which plant-based NPs can counteract ROS harmful effects on plant metabolism. Utilizing nanotechnology paves the way for sustainable crop cultivation, ensuring increased crop yields and enhanced environmental resilience.

Drought stress is one of the serious threats to crop production. It causes significant deterioration of crop growth and yield by inducing oxidative stress. The biochar and arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF) can be an effective technique to overcome drought stress. Activated carbon biochar (BC) has the potential to improve soil water holding capacity while AMF inoculation can increase root surface area for better uptake of water. However, their combined application as an amendment against drought still needs scientific justification. That's why the current study was conducted using a combination of AMF and BC on spinach under no drought stress and drought stress. The treatments included i.e., 0, 0.25%, and 0.50%AMF-BC. The experiment was replicated thre times using completely randomized design (CRD). Results showed that 0.5%AMF-BC increase spinach shoot fresh weight (20.34%), shoot dry weight (21.23%), shoot length (3.37%), root fresh weight (16.10%), root dry weight (14.51%), and root length (38.03%) over control under drought stress. The 0.50%AMF-BC increased chlorophyll a (15.33%), chlorophyll b (30.17%), total chlorophyll (18.85%), photosynthetic rate (35.59%), transpiration rate (26.53%), stomatal conductance (13.97%) and internal CO2 concentration (37.15%) compared to control under drought stress. The improvement in N, P, and K concentration in root and shoot verified the efficacious functioning of 0.50%AMF-BC compared to control under drought stress. In conclusion, 0.50%AMF-BC is recommended for the mitigation of drought stress in spinach.

Salinity is a major challenge for agricultural productivity, adversely affecting crop growth and yield. In recent years, various techniques have been developed to increase crop tolerance to salinity, including seed priming. This study was carried out to assess the effects of salicylic acid (SA) priming (0-, 10- and 20-mM) in comparison with hydropriming on growth, physio-biochemical activities, and yield of two wheat varieties (AARI-11 and Ujala-15) under 0- and 170-mM sodium chloride (NaCl) toxicity. The exposure of wheat plants to NaCl led to a significant reduction in various growth factors, including fresh weight (40%), total chlorophyll (39%), stomatal conductance (42%), shoot Ca2+ (39%), and 1000-grain weight (34%). In contrast, salt stress triggered the activities of POD, SOD, CAT, glycine-betaine, phenolics, and proline. The application of 20 mM SA through seed priming was found to greatly improve the fresh root weight, chlorophyll b, POD activities, shoot Ca2+, and overall yield (up to 71, 66, 35, 57, and 44%, respectively) under salt stress. While hydropriming also enhanced wheat tolerance to salinity.

Abstract Root rot of pea caused by Fusarium spp. is one of the important diseases of pea (Pisum sativum L.). The causal fungus of the disease isolated from naturally infected pea plants was identified as Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi (Jones). Evaluation of four bio agents and nine fungicides was done in vitro against Fusarium solani. Trichoderma harzianum was the most effective bio agent in inhibiting the mycelial growth of F. solani by (82.62%). Carbendazim 50 WP was the most effective fungicide in inhibiting the mycelial growth of F. solani by (91.06%). Carbendazim at the rate of 0.1% and T. harzianum at concentration of 109 cfu when used as seed treatment under field conditions were evaluated along with three planting techniques v.i.z, raised beds, ridges and flat beds. It was found that Carbendazim at the rate of 0.1% when given as seed treatment in raised beds exhibited the lowest disease incidence (10.97%), intensity (2.89%) and the maximum pod yield (89.63 q ha−1) as compared to control.

Abstract: The article presents the prospects for the development of natural and recreational activities in the field of medical and health tourism within the ribbon pine forest, located in the southern outskirts of the West Siberian dry steppe lowland. The purpose of the study is to assess the biological and geographical potential of the forest landscape for the development of recreational areas. This is especially true for the Northern region of Kazakhstan, since industry is developed on the territory, it is characterized by technogenesis. Research methods include field reconnaissance, cartographic modeling using GIS technologies, and laboratory experiments to determine the phytoncide activity of the biological material of trees – Scots pine – collected at different intervals of the day. The results of the study are statistical data on laboratory research. For convenience, they are presented in the form of cartographic material, built based on spatial data of the territory. The paper considers and addresses the ecosystem’s natural potential and the recreational infrastructure of the studied object.

In the contemporary era, women's empowerment promises enormous gains ensuring a vigorous socio-economic boost for the economy. Further, the persistently changing world demands equity for both men and women as restrictions to women’s rights and opportunities cost an economy in terms of income losses. Hence, overcoming gender discrimination and inequality remains a challenge for developing economies. The idea of “missing women” is linked to the appalling absence of women in substantial parts of an economy. The prime objective of the study is to evaluate the myth of missing women for the economy of Pakistan. The study investigates whether the missing women problem exists in the economy or not. For this purpose, a multidimensional approach would be utilized to figure out various gender inequalities considered in the missing women paradigm. Given the available data and statistics opacity, the study would employ both time series (tentatively for the era of 1990-2020) and cross-sectional data of the Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement (PSLM) survey of 2019-20. The former would be collected from the websites of World Bank indicators while the latter would be gathered from the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Using a mixed approach, the study qualitatively investigates the aggregate indicators associated with the concept of missing women including the sex ratio, fertility rate, and population dividend of Pakistan with a comprehensive regional comparison. Whereas a quantitative analysis would be performed to examine different gender inequalities through the novel context of missing women. The authorities of Pakistan have made strides in reducing the gender gap through better educational enrolment rates and access to health care services. However, these improvements have not been well transmuted into an enhancement of equity and quality of women’s life. There is a dire need to broaden the horizon of gender equality and hence this study views gender inequality with the dimension of “missing women”.

Background: Unani Medicine had its golden past in the middle age. Allopathic medicine evolved with simultaneous exploration of modern scientific development. Discovery of chemicals and antibiotics to deal infectious disease led foundation of epitome of modern medicine. There is however growing tendency among people to show their to depend on plant source and time old preparations. It is estimated that about 80 percent of population of the Asia and African countries uses herbal medicine for health care. This scenario opened the scope and merit to evaluate the preparation(s) which people are still using and the present study tested the usefulness and safety of 'Sarbat Misali' an Unani hematinic preparation in treating anemia. Materials and Methods: A total 31 women of age 24-40 yrs were enrolled in the study following ethical guidelines. The volunteers offered the choice and were free to refuse for not being included. Anthropometry recorded and blood sample obtained for biochemical test from the consenting subjects and prescribed with the preparation. Weight recorded and blood samples taken at the baseline end of four weeks. During study period they were in touch for their allegiance to taking the test preparation. Hemoglobin was estimated using autoanalyzer. Serum creatinine and SGPT were determined by standard biochemical method using autoanalyzer. Results: Blood hemoglobin level showed significant increase at the end of the supplementation (12.03±0.82) compared to the baseline level (10.78±1.08) (p<0.001). Serum creatinine and SGOT did not show any statistical difference between before and after supplementation. Conclusion: Data concluded that Sharbat Misali an Unani preparation of hematinics improved hemoglobin level and safety was supported by the fact of unaltered hepatic and renal functional status, however, to conclusively comment on adverse and toxic effect(s) chronic study needs to be undertaken with attention of inclusion of exhaustive biochemical markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weed infestation is a prime challenge coupled with lowering crop production owing to their competition with crop plants for available resources such as nutrients, water, space, moisture, and sunlight. Among weed control methods, the implementation of synthetic herbicides offers an instant solution for getting rid of weeds; however, they are a direct source of potential hazards for humans and generate resistance against synthetic weedicides, making them less effective. Allelopathy is something that happens in nature that can be used as a weed control method that increases crop yield and decreases dependency on synthetic chemicals. The mode of action of some phytochemicals corresponds to synthetic herbicides. Due to this feature, allelochemicals are used as bio-herbicides in weed management and prove more environmentally friendly than synthetic weedicides. The present investigation aims to assess the ultra-responses of A. tenuifolius and C. arvensis, while growing them in a pot experiment. Various levels of shoot extract (L2, L3, and L4) of T. portulacastrum along with the L1 (distilled water) and L5 (synthetic herbicide) were applied to the weeds. Results indicated that aqueous extracts of shoot of T. portulacastrum significantly (p ≤ 0.05) affect all the measured traits of weeds and their effects were concentration specific. All morphological parameters were suppressed due to biotic stress with an increase in free amino acids and calcium ions along with a decline in metaxylem cell area and cortical thickness in the root, while the vascular bundle area increased. The shoot extract intrusive with metabolisms corresponded with the synthetic herbicide. It is concluded that Trianthema shoot extract has a powerful phytotoxic impact on weeds (A. tenuifolius and C. arvensis) and can be used in bio-herbicide production.

Lead (Pb) toxicity imposes several morphological and biochemical changes in plants grown in Pb-contaminated soils. Application of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) in mitigating heavy metal stress has already been studied. However, the role of EDTA in mitigating heavy metal stress, especially in oilseed crops, is less known. Therefore, the study aimed to explore the potential effect of foliar application of 2.5 mM EDTA on two different varieties of Brassica juncea L., i.e., Faisal (V1) and Rohi (V2), with and without 0.5 mM Lead acetate [Pb(C2H3O2)2] treatment. Statistical analysis revealed that Pb stress was harmful to the plant. It caused a considerable decrease in the overall biomass (56.2%), shoot and root length (21%), yield attributes (20.16%), chlorophyll content (35.3%), total soluble proteins (12.9%), and calcium (61.7%) and potassium (40.9%) content of the plants as compared to the control plants. However, the foliar application of EDTA alleviated the adverse effects of Pb in both varieties. EDTA application improved the morphological attributes (67%), yield (29%), and photosynthetic pigments (80%). Positive variations in the antioxidant activity, ROS, and contents of total free amino acid, anthocyanin, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid, even under Pb stress, were prominent. EDTA application further improved their presence in the brown mustard verifying it as a more stress-resistant plant. It was deduced that the application of EDTA had significantly redeemed the adverse effects of Pb, leaving room for further experimentation to avoid Pb toxification in the mustard oil and the food chain.

Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is the most common reason for gynecological visits for perimenopausal bleeding and may account for more than 25% of all hysterectomies. Objective: This study was aimed to review the causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in perimenopausal women establishing the correlation with ultrasonographic and histopathological examinations. Study Method: This descriptive study was conducted in the department of gynecology and obstetrics, Ibn Sina Medical College, Dhaka during January to December 2012. Two hundred and eleven women were selected for this study, who admitted into the hospital with abnormal uterine bleeding in perimenopausal age. The clinical, ultrasonographic and histopathological findings of these women were evaluated in this study. Results: Menorrhagia was the major symptom (52.6%) irrespective of age and parity. All these women underwent D&C followed by either medical management or hysterectomy depending upon the diagnosis. The histopathological findings of endometrium were analyzed and confirmed as fibroid uterus (58.28%) and DUB (17.58%) correlated well with transvaginal sonography (TVS) and histopathological examination. Hysterectomy conferred other uterine lesions as adenomyosis (18.71%), endometrial polyp (4.81%) and malignancy (1.06%). Conclusion: Abnormal uterine bleeding in perimenopausal age group is a common but ill-defined entity which needs proper evaluation. Accurate diagnosis of the causative factors of AUB in this age group is of utmost importance so that appropriate management can be established early that leads the minimization of the patients' sufferings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine the outcomes such as delinquency, pro-sociality and future orientation as a consequence of trauma exposure in traumatized adolescents with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) along with examining the mediating role of PTSD. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: International Islamic University, Islamabad, from Jun to Sep 2018. Material and Methods: A total of 600 adolescents (boys=391; girls=209) of age ranged from 12-18 years including traumatized (n=300) and non-traumatized adolescents (n=300) were randomly selected from different regions of Pakistan. The data was collected by using self report delinquency scale, prosocial personality battery, children’s future orientation scale, multidimensional scale of perceived social support and UCLA PTSD RI (DSM 5). Results: Analysis showed that traumatized adolescents were higher on PTSD and delinquency whereas were lower on social support, future orientation and prosociality than non-traumatized adolescents. Females scored higher on social support, prosociality and PTSD whereas males were found higher on future orientation and delinquency. Conclusion: The study revealed the mediating role of PTSD between the predictor traumatic exposure and outcomes future orientation, prosociality and delinquency in addition to the moderating role of social support. This study indicates the urge for the timely management of the outcomes as a consequence of exposure to traumatic events.

The purpose of this study was to identify the types of reading strategies used by first year college students for reading different materials and their effects on students’ academic performance/achievement. The sample of the study consisted of 269 first year students of different departments of Arts and Humanities group at Government College (Wahdat Road), Lahore. IELTS’ Reading Comprehension Test (Academic/General) was used to assess the reading comprehension skills of students. Meta Comprehension Strategy Index (MCSI) by Schmitt (1990) was used to assess the level of awareness and the use of reading comprehension strategies. Data was analyzed using SPSS and was graphically presented to provide a clear understanding of results which indicated the lack of awareness about reading comprehension strategies as a key factor leading to the poor performance of students in the reading comprehension test. The study contributes scholarly in the existing literature by accentuating the need to make instruction about reading strategies compulsory in English language classrooms. It will increase the academic success of students and will also provide them with better job opportunities in future.

Background: Salivary glands are seromucinous exocrine glands concerned with production and secretion of saliva. The objectives of this study were to determine the distribution and histopathological pattern of salivary gland tumors. Material & Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Pathology Department of Bannu Medical College, Bannu, KPK, Pakistan from 1st January, 2011 to 31st December, 2015. Sample size was 78 patients with salivary gland tumors. Demographic variables were; gender, age in years and age groups. Research variables were; type of tumor, type of benign tumor, type of malignant tumor and anatomical site of tumors. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results: Out of a total of 78 patients with salivary gland tumors, the ratio of male to female was 1.2:1. The mean age of the sample was 31.22 ±11.23 years and range was from 13 to 58 years i.e 45 years. The common age group in benign tumors was 21-30 years in 46 (69.69%), followed by 31-40 years in 13 (19.69%) and 10-20 years in 4 (6.06%) cases, whereas in malignant tumors the most common age group was 41-50 years in 9 (75%) and 51-60 years in 3 (25%) cases. Amongst these salivary gland tumors, benign were 66 (84.61%) and malignant 12 (15.38%). Conclusion: Pleomorphic adenoma was the commonest benign salivary gland tumor and mucoepidermoid carcinoma was the commonest malignant tumor. Most common site for major salivary gland tumors was parotid and for minor salivary gland tumors was palate, especially in males in their fourth decade of life.

Background: Body Mass Index (BMI) gives information about the relative weight for a given height based upon age and sex. The objective of this study was to assess BMI among medical students and to determine the related risk factors including diet and lifestyle. Material and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Community Medicine, Gomal Medical College, D.I.Khan, Pakistan from March 15, 2015 to May 15, 2015. A sample of 100 subjects was selected by consecutive technique. Study instrument was a questionnaire. The demographic variables were gender, age groups, dietary habits and stress effect on diet whereas research variable was BMI. Frequencies and percentages were calculated. Data were analyzed by descriptive analysis plan. Results: Out of 100 subjects, 69(69%) were in normal range, 22(22%) were overweight and 3(3%) obese and 6(6%) were underweight. Males were 50(50%) and females 50(50%). Sixty four(64%) males were normal, 32(32%) were overweight, 4(4%) were obese and none was underweight. Seventy four (74%) of female respondents were normal, 12(12%) were overweight, 2(2%) were obese and 12(12%) were underweight. In the age group 18-20 years, 20(20%) were normal, 4(4%) were overweight and 1(1%) was obese and 3(3%) were underweight. Among the respondents that had no serving per day of fatty food, 44(44%) were normal, 7(7%) were overweight, 3(3%) were obese and 3(3%) were underweight. Among respondents whose diet was not affected during stress 2(2%) were underweight, 12(12%) were normal, none were obese and 5(5%) were overweight. Conclusion: Female students 21-23 years, having no serving of fatty food per day & whose diet decreased during strees showed better BMI. This study reflects the general trend of weight gain especially in male students.

Background: Asthma is a chronic allergic respiratory disease. The frequency and severity of asthma is rising in the developing countries. Severe asthma causes great morbidity and mortality affecting the quality of life of patients and their families. The objective of this study was to find the risk factors of asthma and their frequency and distribution in adults in District Dera Ismail Khan. Material & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Community Medicine, Gomal Medical College, D. I. Khan, Pakistan from March 16, 2015 to August 15, 2015. A sample of 200 subjects was selected by consecutive non probability technique. Results: Among 200 patients 123(61%) were males and 67 (39%) were females. Total number of asthmatics in age group of 20-29 years were 94 ( 47%), 30-39years were 40(20%), 40-49 years were 20(10%), 50-59 years were 23(11%), 60-69 years were 11(6%), 70-80 years were 12(6%)asthmatic. Further regarding residence 114(57%) were from urban areas and 86(43%) were from rural areas. Conclusions: As it is clear from our results that asthma is mainly found in the age group of 20-29 years. Most of our respondents are students. Males are more vulnerable to get asthma than female. So health care planners should focus on adult asthma patients generally and this vulnerable group especially.

Background: Blood disorders are very common ranging from anemias to hematological malignancies. Bone marrow aspiration is a key investigation for hematological disorders. The objective of this study was to determine the sex and age distribution, and pattern of hematological disorders on bone marrow aspirate examination. Material & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Aksa Laboratory, Abbottabad, Pakistan from January 2011 to December 2013. A consecutive sample of 168 patients was selected. All patients referred to this laboratory for bone marrow aspiration were eligible. Patients with history of bleeding disorders like hemophilia were excluded. Those with inconclusive report were dropped. The demographic variables were sex and age grouping. The research variable was pattern of the disorder on bone marrow aspirate examination. All these categorical data was analyzed manually by frequency and percentage. Results: Out of 168 patients, 12(7%) cases were dropped, 13(8.33%) had normal marrow, 26 (16.67%) had non-hematological disorders, 78(50%) had non-malignant hematological disorders while 39(25%) had hematological malignancies. Among non-malignant hematological disorders, megaloblastic anemia was the most common disease affecting 31 patients (39.74%). Out of hematological malignancies, 23(58.97%) were of acute leukemia, followed by five(12.82%) cases of multiple myeloma and four(10.25%) cases of chronic myeloid leukemia. Conclusion: Megaloblastic anemia was the most common disease among non-malignant hematological disorder followed by iron deficiency anemia. Among malignant hematological disorders, acute leukemias were most common. Bone marrow aspiration is very helpful in arriving at the correct diagnosis and ascertaining the cause of disease.

Objective: To study maternal, fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality during elective trial of labor in singleton term Pregnancies with one previous caesarian section due to non-recurrent causes. Material & Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of obstetrics and gynecology, Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar, from 1st January to 31st December, 2010. A total of 173 singleton term pregnant women with previous one caesarean section due to non recurrent cause were recruited in the study. All the term pregnant women with cephalic presentation, normal size babies and clinically adequate pelvis were included in the study. All the patients with multiple pregnancies, malpresentation, placenta previa, contracted pelvis, induction of labor, previous 2 caesarian section, election caesarean section and previous uterine rupture were excluded from the study. Results: Total deliveries during this period were 4755. Total patients admitted with previous one caesarean section were 173. Five patients were received with ruptured uterus and thirty patients had elective lower segment caesarean section and they were excluded from the study while 138 were found suitable for the trial of labor. Of these, 138, 78(56.52%) patients delivered vaginally while 60 (43.47%) were delivered by repeat emergency lower segment caesarean section. There was one patient with scar dehiscence in the trial group but there was no fetal and maternal mortality. Conclusion: Trial of labor in selected patient with previous one caesarian section is associated with high vaginal birth rate and decreased risk of scar dehiscence, ruptured uterus and fetal death.

Background: Health care workers including medical students are vulnerable to hepatitis B C virus infections. The objective of this study was to determine the level of willingness for screening among medical students. Methodology: This cross-sectional survey was carried out at Gomal Medical College, Dera Ismail Khan from 1st April 2010 to 15 June 2010. All enrolled students were notified to report for screening for Hepatitis B C. Those who reported were tested for hepatitis B C. The screening was performed by immuno-chromatographic technique (ICT). The data was analysed in SPSS version 13.0. Willingness score between male and female students and pre-clinical and clinical students was compared by chi square test and p-values calculated. Results: There were 330 students in Medical College at the time of study, with 222 males and 108 females. Among these 168 students were in the preclinical and 162 in the clinical classes. Out of these, 171(52%) reported for screening; 106(62%) males and 65(38%) females; 103(60.2%) preclinical and 68(39.8%) clinical students. Only one male student (0.6%) was found to be HbsAg positive and none for anti-HCV. A significant difference was noted on comparing the willingness level regarding screening between male and female, as well as preclinical and clinical students (p

Background: Glaucoma is one of the world leading causes of acquired blindness. A Number of studies have attempted to identify the risk factors associated with development of elevated IOP. This study was conducted to find out co-relation between body mass index and intraocular pressure in adult patients. Material & Methods: It was a case series study of 300 patients examined in the out patient department of Ophthalmology, Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar, from April 2007 to November 2007. Results: Three hundred patients were examined, 158(52.7%) were males and 142(47.3%) were females. The mean IOP was found to be 16.29+4.16mmHg, with mean age of 42.23+15.43 years. Mean body mass index was 24.76+4.74 Kg/m2. Body mass index was significantly correlated with IOP with p

In the title compound, C7H8N2O4S, the nitro group is twisted by 9.61 (2)° relative to the benzene ring. In the crystal, molecules are linked by N—H...O and N—H...(O,O) hydrogen bonds between the amino and sulfonyl groups, forming layers parallel to (001).

SIRT1 is a NAD-dependent deacetylase that regulates a variety of pathways including the stress protection pathway. SIRT1 deacetylates a number of protein substrates, including histones, FOXOs, PGC-1alpha, and p53, leading to cellular protection. We identified a functional interaction between cJUN N-terminal kinase (JNK1) and SIRT1 by coimmunoprecipitation of endogenous proteins. The interaction between JNK1 and SIRT1 was identified under conditions of oxidative stress and required activation of JNK1 via phosphorylation. Modulation of SIRT1 activity or protein levels using nicotinamide or RNAi did not modify JNK1 activity as measured by its ability to phosphorylate cJUN. In contrast, human SIRT1 was phosphorylated by JNK1 on three sites: Ser27, Ser47, and Thr530 and this phosphorylation of SIRT1 increased its nuclear localization and enzymatic activity. Surprisingly, JNK1 phosphorylation of SIRT1 showed substrate specificity resulting in deacetylation of histone H3, but not p53. These findings identify a mechanism for regulation of SIRT1 enzymatic activity in response to oxidative stress and shed new light on its role in the stress protection pathway.

Background: Newborn mortality is one of the most neglected health problems in the developing world. In Pakistan it also remains very high. Most of these deaths could be prevented through cost-effective interventions. A large proportion of births continue to occur at homes. The study was undertaken to describe newborn care practices in the hospital and at homes, as an initiative to focus this alarming problem. Material and Methods: This comparative cross-sectional study was carried out during the months of June & July 2005 in District Mardan, Pakistan. Data was collected and compared in hospital-based and communitybased deliveries. Gynae labour suite in District Headquarter Hospital Mardan was chosen as hospital-based facility. Irum colony in Mardan city was taken as community-based population. Information from 30 delivery cases was gathered; half the cases were hospital-based and half at homes. Sampling method was convenient. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed. Results: The result of this study showed that among hospital deliveries 80% were conducted by nurses, 20% by skilled dais and none by doctor. Among these cleanliness was kept in 33%, cord care 100%, thermal protection 83.3%, breast feeding initiation within an hour was noted in 66.6%, spontaneous breathing was 100%. All of the home based deliveries were conducted by unskilled birth attendants. Among these; cleanliness 16.6%, cord care 80%, thermal protection 100%, breast feeding within an hour 14%, spontaneous breathing 100%. In both of these groups eye care was 0%, and immunization was 100%. Conclusion: This small scale study highlighted the deficiencies in the newborn care. Both hospital practices and traditional ones neglected the basic principles of newborn cleanliness, early breast feeding, eye care and cord care. A community based essential newborn care strategy is recommended.

Background: Hysterectomy is by far most common gynecological procedure. It is performed in our country for more or less similar indication as those performed in advanced countries. Sometimes clinical diagnosis does not correlate with histopathological findings. Objective: To find out the common indication of hysterectomy in tertiary level hospital, to detect the patterns of clinical presentation and to find out the correlation between pre and per operative findings with histopathology reports of specimen. Method: This is a cross sectional type of comparative study which was carried out on 150 cases from January 2013 to October 2013 in inpatient department of CMH Dhaka. Cases were randomly selected who were admitted for operative treatment. Result: The incidence of total abdominal hysterectomy was 73.33% and vaginal hysterectomy 26.67%. Highest incidence observed among the age group 35-40 year which was 46.66% in the study. The commonest indication of abdominal hysterectomy was Leiomyoma uterus 42.73% and most common symptom was Menorrhagia which was about 44.67% in the study. Leiomyoma uterus hispathologically correlated about 91.49% with clinical diagnosis. During examination it was found that least correlated diagnosis were DUB and PID respectively 70.83% and 73.33%. Ovarian tumor, CIN and chronic cervicitis correlated 100%. In this study, clinical diagnosis, pre-operative finding similar with histopathology finding in 86.36%. Conclusion: The indication of hysterectomy in any case must be clearly defined and should be done for which conservative treatment is not likely to be efficacious. But advent of conservative treatment like ablation, mirena IUS are as effective as hysterectomy which can offer the young age group of 35-40 year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Road Traffic Accidents (RTA) are responsible for the greatest number of injuries and fatalities worldwide by killing around 1.2 million people each year and injuring another 50 million. Objective: To evaluate the present situation of Road Traffic Accidents (RTA) in Dhaka and to find out the pattern of injuries present in the bodies of drivers who were victims of fatal RTA. Materials & Method: This cross sectional descriptive study was conducted at the Dhaka Medical College (DMC) Morgue during the period January 2008 to December 2008. Specific findings regarding injury of drivers were noted during post mortem examinations. Results: A total of 2714 post mortems were conducted during the study period and out of which 813 were cases of RTA (29.95%). Maximum RTA occurred at daytime 282 (34.68%). Greater number of accidents occurred during September 90 (11.07%), followed by January 85 (10.45%). Maximum accidents took place on highways 650 (79.95%) and buses were the most dangerous vehicle causing highest number of causalities 307 (37.76%). Among the victims, 545 (67.03%) were male. Out of all victims 39 (4.80%) were drivers. Highest incidence of fatality in RTA (30.38%) was observed among the age group 21 to 30 years. Among the deceased drivers, 36 (92.30%) were literate. Considering injuries of the drivers 100% victims had multiple abrasions and bruises, lacerations were present in 35 (89.74%), and intracranial injury in 36 (90.31%) cases. Specific injuries of drivers like injury to lower limbs due to break pedal/clutch was found in 27 (69.23%) cases, steering wheel injury was present in 24 (61.53%) cases and whiplash injury was found in 15 (38.46%) cases. However, no seat belt injury was observed in any deceased driver. Conclusion: Strict enforcement of traffic law, using seat belts, maintaining fitness of vehicles, driving licenses, improving public awareness etc. can reduce this economical burden and protect vulnerable groups of people of our country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable water resource management in arid and water deficit regions requires optimal use of water resources due to competition among different water sectors. The purpose of this study is to model uncertainties in economic and hydro-climatic variables and parameters to optimize agricultural water management in irrigation system networks to have sustainable water use. The study focuses on mitigating water shortages in Iran's Varamin irrigation network through improved agricultural patterns and efficient water consumption. The impact of employing reclaimed wastewater containing nitrates instead of nitrogen fertilizers is also evaluated. A Fuzzy Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (F-MOPSO) is applied to maximize the net benefit, restore groundwater, and minimize nitrate leaching into the aquifer. The results demonstrate that replacing groundwater with reclaimed wastewater boosted net benefits by 21% while improving groundwater restoration by 82%. These results indicate that the developed fuzzy model can handle uncertainties in irrigation system networks with a sustainable water use perspective. This research can assist decision-makers within the water, agriculture, and the environment in finding sustainable water solutions and improving the current water consumption practices, considering environmental aspects of nitrogen leaching in other regions and highlighting the potential of the developed fuzzy model., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: The button mangrove (Conocarpus erectus L.) is regarded as a peripheral species within mangrove communities. This particular species has the ability to thrive in regions that are arid or semiarid, where there is limited availability of nutrients. This study provides evidence of the ecological dominance of Conocarpus erectus across various habitats, highlighting its adaptability and success throughout the country of Pakistan. We collected twelve populations from four distinct ecological regions, including artificial forest plantations, agricultural fields, roadsides, and wastelands, offering a comprehensive assessment of C. erectus adaptability across diverse environmental contexts., Results: Forest plantation populations exhibited impressive shoot growth and moderate root lengths, with plants generally tall and well-weighted. Physiologically, they had moderate chlorophyll content and low carotenoid levels, with a balanced chlorophyll a/b ratio, indicating stable photosynthetic activity. Anatomically, these populations had thicker epidermal and cortical root layers but smaller vascular bundles and phloem regions. Stem and leaf structures were generally moderate in size, with thicker midribs and cortical layers in the leaves. Agricultural field populations showed robust shoot and root systems with balanced fresh and dry biomass. They exhibited high chlorophyll and carotenoid levels, indicating strong photosynthetic capacity. Root and stem anatomy revealed larger root areas, thicker cortex, and wide vascular bundles, reflecting enhanced structural development. Leaves from these populations had moderate midrib and cortical thickness, with larger stomatal areas, promoting efficient gas exchange. Roadside populations displayed deeper roots and reduced biomass production. These populations adapted to environmental stress through leaf expansion, with high leaf numbers and areas. Physiologically, populations had high chlorophyll content, with a high chlorophyll a/b ratio. Root and stem anatomy showed compact structures with smaller vascular bundles, indicating adaptation to harsher conditions. Leaf anatomy was moderate, with smaller vascular bundles and reduced water transport capacity. Wasteland populations exhibited poor growth and high shoot biomass despite small leaves. Physiologically, these populations had the highest total soluble protein and proline contents, reflecting stress adaptation. Anatomically, root and stem structures were variable, with some populations showing reduced cortical cell areas and smaller vascular bundles, indicating limited resource transport. Leaf structures had thicker lamina, thinner epidermal layers, and lower stomatal densities, reflecting adaptation to nutrient-poor soils., Conclusion: This study reveals the adaptability and thriving potential of Conocarpus erectus across varied habitats, providing key insights into its resilience and survival strategies. Understanding these adaptive traits can support habitat restoration, conservation planning, and improve species management in diverse environmental conditions, especially in response to climate change and habitat degradation., Competing Interests: Declarations. Consent to participate: All authors have equally contributed and participated in whole work. Competing interest: All authors declare that this research work is a result of independent studies and no conflict of interest exists related to this study., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Introduction and Importance: Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor IMT 1 is a rare neoplasm with diverse clinical presentations, needing histological confirmation for diagnosis. The tumor often mimics malignant conditions, making accurate diagnosis challenging., Case Presentation: We report a case of a 29-year-old male presenting with long standing recurrent abdominal pain, with more recent increasing frequency and associated weight loss. Imaging revealed a heterogenous soft tissue lesions causing mechanical small bowel obstruction, prompting surgical intervention. Histology analysis confirmed the diagnosis of IMT., Clinical Discussion: This case highlights the importance of considering IMT in the differential diagnosis of neoplastic mechanical small bowel obstruction, particularly in patients presenting with atypical symptoms and image findings. Despite its rarity, IMT should be considered, as it can present similarly to more common malignancies. Further research is warranted to unravel the pathogenesis and refine management strategies for this intriguing neoplasm., Conclusion: IMT is a rare and intriguing neoplasm that presents significant diagnostic challenge. This case emphasize the need for thorough histological evaluation to confirm rhe diagnosis and guide appropriate management strategies., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is an angioproliferative neoplasm that affects the skin and lymph nodes. Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) triggers KS by infecting the endothelium and inducing angiogenesis through the production of vascular endothelial growth factors and cytokines. KS is characterized by purplish or hyperpigmented plaques involving the skin and mucous membranes, and visceral involvement is very rare. Pulmonary KS (PKS) is an exceedingly rare visceral manifestation of KS and has a poor prognosis. PKS often presents with cough, hemoptysis, pleuritic chest pain, fever, and weight loss. In this case series, we share our experience in diagnosing and treating two patients with PKS. We also provide a concise review of the epidemiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and management of this rare condition., Competing Interests: None to declare., (Copyright 2024, Pelidis et al.)

Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is prevalent, especially in elderly males. The high rate of recurrence, treatment regime, and follow-up monitoring make UC a global health and economic burden. Arsenic is a ubiquitous toxicant that can be found in drinking water, and it is known that exposure to arsenic is associated with UC development. Around 25% of diagnosed UC cases are muscle-invasive (MIUC) which have poor prognosis and develop chemoresistance, especially if tumors are associated with squamous differentiation (SD). The immortalized UROtsa cell line is derived from normal human urothelium and our lab has malignantly transformed these cells using arsenite (As 3+ ). These cells represent a basal subtype model of MIUC and the tumors derived from the As 3+ -transformed cells histologically and molecularly resemble clinical cases of the basal subtype of MIUC that have focal areas SD and expression of the basal keratins (KRT1, 5, 6, 14, and 16). Our previous data demonstrate that KRT6 protein expression correlates to areas of SD within the tumors. For this study, we performed a lentiviral knockdown of KRT6 in As 3+ -transformed UROtsa cells to evaluate the effects on morphology, gene/protein expression, growth, colony formation, and cisplatin sensitivity. The knockdown of KRT6 resulted in decreased expression of the basal keratins, decreased growth, decreased colony formation, and increased sensitivity to cisplatin, the standard treatment for MIUC. The results of this study suggest that KRT6 plays a role in UC cell growth and is an exploitable target to increase cisplatin sensitivity for MIUC tumors that may have developed resistance to cisplatin treatment.

Cannabis in the USA is transitioning from a nationwide illegal status to liberalisation for medicinal or recreational use across different jurisdictions. As the acceptability and accessibility of cannabis continue to grow, updated knowledge on the cancer risk from recreational cannabis use is necessary to inform recommendations by public health organisations, policy makers, and clinical practitioners. We reviewed the evidence to date. Our umbrella review of current global epidemiological evidence reveals that links between cannabis exposure and cancer risk are more suggestive than conclusive. The cancer type most closely linked to cannabis use is non-seminoma testicular cancer. However, evidence is emerging of an increased risk of other types of cancer (eg, lung squamous cell carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and oral, breast, liver, cervical, laryngeal, pancreatic, thyroid, and childhood cancer), underscoring the potential importance of incorporating prevention and cessation of cannabis use in cancer prevention efforts. Our review also identified the need for replication of previous studies for additional epidemiological investigations that use rigorous study designs, and data collection protocols free from the biases of major confounders, misclassification, and measurement error in assessing cannabis exposure. Research on the long-term health and economic consequences of all cannabis products (both medical and recreational) are also needed. Currently, the insufficient evidence on the health risks of cannabis use reduces the ability of policy makers, health-care professionals, and individuals to make informed decisions about cannabis use and could expose the public to a potentially serious health risk., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests We declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)