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 Introduction Stress is defined by Lazarus, Folkman (1984) and Stora (2002) as being a psychological state resulting from the perception of an imbalance between the perceived expectations and the self-evaluation of one's own capacities to meet the demands of the task. . objective: to assess the stress among workers at the Autonomous Port of Conakry.  Materials and Methods This was a prospective study of a descriptive type which lasted six (06) months from 06 Jan 2020 to 06 July 2020. It focused on the workers of the Autonomous Port of Conakry.  Results Our study focused on 222 employees of the Autonomous Port of Conakry who were all subordinates. In our series, the 41-60 age group was the most represented with 52.25% and the majority of our respondents had a seniority of between 1-15 years or 68.46%. The employees of the Autonomous Port of Conakry who participated in our study were mainly 82.89% men, 45.04% smokers and 12.16% alcoholics. Conclusion: It appears that stress is a very common condition among workers at the Autonomous Port of Conakry. This state is mainly blamed by workers in work-related tasks. Better work organization with a reduction in the workload or an increase in the number of workers would allow better management of stress among these workers.&nbsp

In this paper a hierarchy of macroscopic plasma models is derived for the numerical study of plasma thrusters. This derivation outlines the multi-scale nature of the problem and the difficulty for numerical methods to address efficiently this challenge. A specific focus is made on quasi-neutral models built on the anisotropic equations of the particles transport. A numerical method is proposed for this class of problems offering an accuracy unrelated to the anisotropy strength without resorting to the approximation of equipotential magnetic field lines.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the first cancer in woman worldwide. Its prognosis depends on early diagnosis and treatment. CT-scan has an important place in the diagnostic screening and the surveillance of this disease. The goal of this study was to assess the place of CT-scan in extension screening of breast cancer in the Department of Medical Imaging of the Teaching Hospital Mother-Child “Le Luxembourg”. Methods: It is a descriptive study on the retrospective compilation of CT-scan data of patients in the Department of Medical Imaging of the Teaching Hospital Mother-Child “Le Luxembourg” from May 1st to November 30th 2017. Were enrolled all patients, regardless of gender or age, with breast cancer histologically confirmed and who developed at least one secondary lesion found by CT-scan. CT-scan was performed before and after treatment. CT-scan machines were HITACHI® SUPRIA 16 bars and TOSHIBA® 04 bars, without and with Iodine 350mg intravenous injection. Results: Over seven months, 44 patients were enrolled with a mean age of 49 years and females were predominant. A family history of breast cancer was found in 13% of cases and invasive ductal carcinoma represented 95.54%. The main metastases were multi visceral (31.82%), pleural pulmonary (70.75%), ganglionic (63.63%), hepatic (27.27%) and bone (18.18%). Conclusion: Breast cancer is a public health concern with a clear predominance of women. In our context, CT-scan still has an important place in the research of secondary lesion in addition to the surveillance of this disease. Keywords: CT-scan Breast cancer; Metastasis; UHC Luxembourg

The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic on the 11th of March, 2020, but the world is still reeling from its aftermath. Originating from China, cases quickly spread across the globe, prompting the implementation of stringent measures by world governments in efforts to isolate cases and limit the transmission rate of the virus. These measures have however shattered the core sustaining pillars of the modern world economies as global trade and cooperation succumbed to nationalist focus and competition for scarce supplies. Against this backdrop, this paper presents a critical review of the catalogue of negative and positive impacts of the pandemic and proffers perspectives on how it can be leveraged to steer towards a better, more resilient low-carbon economy. The paper diagnosed the danger of relying on pandemic-driven benefits to achieving sustainable development goals and emphasizes a need for a decisive, fundamental structural change to the dynamics of how we live. It argues for a rethink of the present global economic growth model, shaped by a linear economy system and sustained by profiteering and energy-gulping manufacturing processes, in favour of a more sustainable model recalibrated on circular economy (CE) framework. Building on evidence in support of CE as a vehicle for balancing the complex equation of accomplishing profit with minimal environmental harms, the paper outlines concrete sector-specific recommendations on CE-related solutions as a catalyst for the global economic growth and development in a resilient post-COVID-19 world.

The aim of this study is to simulate the impact of mineral dust emissions from the Sahel-Saharan zone on temperature extremes over the Sahel. To achieve this goal, we performed two numerical simulations: one with the standard version of the regional climate model RegCM4 (no dust run) and another one with the same version of this model incorporating a dust module (dust run). The difference between both versions of the model allowed to isolate the impacts of mineral dust emissions on temperature extremes. The results show that the accumulation of mineral dust into the atmosphere leads to a decrease of the frequency of warm days, very warm days, and warm nights over the Sahel. This decrease is higher during the MAM (March-April-May) and JJA (June-July-August) periods especially in the northern and western parts of the Sahel. The impact of the mineral dust emissions is also manifested by a decrease of the frequency of tropical nights especially during MAM in the northern Sahel. When considering the warm spells, mineral particles tend to weaken them especially in MAM and JJA in the northern Sahel. To estimate the potential impacts of the mineral dust accumulation on heat stress, the heat index and the humidex are used. The analysis of the heat index shows that the dust impact is to reduce the health risks particularly in the northern Sahel during the MAM period, in the western Sahel during JJA, and in the southern and the northeastern parts of the Sahel during the SON (September-October-November) period. As for the humidex, it is characterized by a decrease especially in the northern Sahel for all seasons. This reduction of the occurrence of thermal extremes may have a positive effect on the energy demand for cooling and on global health. However, the accumulation of dust particles in the atmosphere may also increase the meningitis incidence and prevalence.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the pathogenesis of pneumococcal pneumonia using clinical specimens collected for pneumonia surveillance in The Gambia. METHODS: Lung aspirates and nasopharyngeal swabs from 31 patients were examined by culture, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), whole genome sequencing, serotyping, and reverse-transcription qPCR. RESULTS: Five lung aspirates cultured pneumococci, with a matching strain identified in the nasopharynx. Three virulence genes including ply (pneumolysin) were upregulated >20-fold in the lung compared with the nasopharynx. Nasopharyngeal pneumococcal density was higher in pediatric pneumonia patients compared with controls (P

Introduction:Breast cancer is the first cancer in woman worldwide. Its prognosis depends on early diagnosis and treatment. CT-scan has an important place in the diagnostic screening and the surveillance of this disease. The goal of this study was to assess the place of CT-scan in extension screening of breast cancer in the Department of Medical Imaging of the Teaching Hospital Mother-Child “Le Luxembourg”. Methods:It is a descriptive study on the retrospective compilation of CT-scan data of patients in the Department of Medical Imaging of the Teaching Hospital Mother-Child “Le Luxembourg” from May 1st to November 30th 2017. Were enrolled all patients, regardless of gender or age, with breast cancer histologically confirmed and who developed at least one secondary lesion found by CT-scan. CT-scan was performed before and after treatment. CT-scan machines were HITACHI® SUPRIA 16 bars and TOSHIBA® 04 bars, without and with Iodine 350mg intravenous injection. Results:Over seven months, 44 patients were enrolled with a mean age of 49 years and females were predominant. A family history of breast cancer was found in 13% of cases and invasive ductal carcinoma represented 95.54%. The main metastases were multi visceral (31.82%), pleural pulmonary (70.75%), ganglionic (63.63%), hepatic (27.27%) and bone (18.18%). Conclusion:Breast cancer is a public health concern with a clear predominance of women. In our context, CT-scan still has an important place in the research of secondary lesion in addition to the surveillance of this disease. Keywords:CT-scan Breast cancer; Metastasis; UHC Luxembourg

Hypertension is a common chronic disease representing a major public health problem. In 2000, it reached one out of four adults worldwide, ie a rate of 26.5%, with an evolution in prevalence

Background: Photography is very useful in medical practice, especially in surgery. Therefore, there are a growing number of legal issues related to the use of personal data. Our aim is to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices about the use of photography in surgery in Dakar. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study involving surgeons and surgical trainees using photography in their practice in Dakar. An auto administered questionnaire was sent. The studied parameters were: the type of image and the mode of storage, the frequency of use, the advantages and disadvantages according to the user, the attitudes towards the informed consent, the respect for anonymity.Results: According to the type of pictures taken: 94.4% used it for clinical lesions; 90.3% for imaging images, 84.7% for per operative view. The type of device was a smartphone in 94.4%, a tablet in 4.2% and a digital camera in 1.4%. These images were stored on a smartphone in 77.8%, a personal computer in 76.4% and online in 19.4%. The benefits were noted in the follow-up of the patient (76.4%), in the communication between physicians (98.6%) and for a didactic purpose (79.2%). The main disadvantage was the alteration of the contact with the patient (9.2%). 30.6% say that it is not mandatory to have the patient's informed consent. 75% of those surveyed said they had faced at least once, a patient's refusal when they took pictures.Conclusion: Medical photography is really interesting in daily medical practice, especially in surgery. These results suggest misconceptions about ethical principles (informed consent, anonymity of patient and hospital). Since personal data is sensitive, medical photography must be used with caution.

La présente étude s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet STRASA (Stress Tolerant Rice for Africa and South Asia) mis en œuvre par AfricaRice, en partenariat avec l’IRRI et dont l’une des composantes-phares est la recherche de variétés de riz tolérantes à la salinité. Les résultats présentés portent sur 5 essais de sélection variétale participative conduits en une année dans des conditions de salinité différentes au Mali, Sénégal et en Gambie. Le choix par les producteurs de variétés tolérantes à la salinité, soutenu par une analyse statistique des paramètres agronomiques, a permis de sélectionner les variétés présentant les meilleures performances agronomiques. L’analyse de la variance de l’interaction du génotype et de l’environnement a révélé un effet significatif sur le rendement en grains et la hauteur des variétés. Au niveau de chaque site, les performances agronomiques de quelques variétés choisies par les producteurs ont été confirmées par les analyses statistiques : il s’agit des variétés IR 72593-B-3-2-1-2-B ; IR 59418-7B-21-3 et WAS 73-B-B-231-4 au Sénégal ; IR 76346-B-B-10-1-1-1 et IR 65192-4B-11-3 et WAS 73-B-B-231-4 au Mali., Participatory Varietal Evaluation of Rice Varieties in the salt areas of Senegal, Mali and Gambia.This study is part of the STRASA project (Stress Tolerant Rice for Africa and South Asia) implemented by AfricaRice, in partnership with IRRI. One of its key components is the search of salinity tolerant rice varieties. The results are related to 5 participatory breeding trials conducted during one year in various salt conditions in Mali, Gambia and Senegal. The choice of the salt tolerant varieties by farmers confirmed by statistical analysis of agronomic parameters allowed to select the varieties with the best agronomic performances. The variance analysis of the interaction Genotype x Environment showed a significant effect on the grain yield and on the plant height. In each site, the agronomical performances of the varieties chosen by the farmers were confirmed by statistical analysis. These varieties are: IR 72593-B-3-2-1-2-B; IR 59418-7B-21-3 and WAS 73-B-B-231-4 in Senegal; IR 76346-B-B-10-1-1-1 and IR 65192-4B-11-3 in Gambia; and WAS 73-B-B-231-4 in Mali.

The understand of the fine scale process occurring in the ocean needs high resolution data and ad hoc analysis approach to improve the knowledge of ecosystem functioning. During an international survey carry out in 2014'AWA’ on-board the research vessel Thalassa (Ifremer, Brest) along the coast of Mauritania and Senegal we have used simultaneously multifrequency scientific echosounder and a Scanfish, both system allow a continuous acquisition of high- quality data at high spatial and temporal resolution over long distance. The functional data analyses have recently raising in serval field of statistics and appear to be well suited for the analysis of this dataset. In fact such data has spatial-functional nature and may be considered as observations of a stochastic process X in space of continuous functions over an interval T. Let X1(t), X2(t),.., Xn(t), t T, be the collection of n observations from X. First, we study an eventual horizontally or vertically variation of the acoustic intensity, we consider for a given frequency (here 200 kHz) and one vessel radial the two cases: vertical and horizontal variations of the acoustic intensity. Unsupervised functional classification used, shows a horizontal and vertical variation of acoustic intensity for a given frequency and a given radial. The approach can led to scrutinized at fine scale the processes occurring in three dimensions in the pelagic environment. The statistical functional classification applied to this case study appears powerful, ad hoc for ecological studies of marine ecosystem and will be extend to model the spatial structuration of the pelagic ecosystem according to the physcio-chemical parameters of the water mass which will allow to improve the forecast of the effect of the environment on marine ecosystem organization.

Malaria transmission is in decline in some parts of Africa, partly due to the scaling up of control measures. If the goal of elimination is to be achieved, additional control measures including an effective and durable vaccine will be required. Studies utilising the prime-boost approach to deliver viral vectors encoding the pre-erythrocytic antigen ME-TRAP (multiple epitope thrombospondin-related adhesion protein) have shown promising safety, immunogenicity and efficacy in sporozoite challenge studies. More recently, a study in Kenyan adults, similar to that reported here, showed substantial efficacy against P. falciparum infection. One hundred and twenty healthy male volunteers, living in a malaria endemic area of Senegal were randomised to receive either the Chimpanzee adenovirus (ChAd63) ME-TRAP as prime vaccination, followed eight weeks later by modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) also encoding ME-TRAP as booster, or two doses of anti-rabies vaccine as a comparator. Prior to follow-up, antimalarials were administered to clear parasitaemia and then participants were monitored by PCR for malaria infection for eight weeks. The primary endpoint was time-to-infection with P. falciparum malaria, determined by two consecutive positive PCR results. Secondary endpoints included adverse event reporting, measures of cellular and humoral immunogenicity and a meta-analysis of combined vaccine efficacy with the parallel study in Kenyan adults.We show that this pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccine is safe and induces significant immunogenicity, with a peak T-cell response at seven days after boosting of 932 Spot Forming Cells (SFC)/106 Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells(PBMC) compared to 57 SFC/ 106 PBMCs in the control group. However, a vaccine efficacy was not observed: 12 of 57 ME-TRAP vaccinees became PCR positive during the intensive monitoring period as compared to 13 of the 58 controls (P = 0.80). This trial confirms that vaccine efficacy against malaria infection in adults may be rapidly assessed using this efficient and cost-effective clinical trial design. Further efficacy evaluation of this vectored candidate vaccine approach in other malaria transmission settings and age-de-escalation into the main target age groups for a malaria vaccine is in progress.

The interpretation of 2D seismic surveys from the Senegalo-Mauritanian basement and the reappraisal of rock-samples from oil exploration drillings provide new insights into the structure of the Appalachian-Mauritanian belts and the overlying Carboniferous and Permian basins. Two different units have been evidenced below the Mesozoic sedimentary cover : a lower unit (Unit 1 : basement) and an upper unit (Unit 2 : Late Palaeozoic basins). Unit 1 shows two distinct tectonic areas : the northern area with two different belts evidenced on both sides of the Senegalese block and the southern area exhibiting various tilted blocks making part of the Palaeozoic (Ordovician to Devonian) Bové basin. In the northern area the Western Thrust Belt is thrust over the Senegalese block while to the east, the so-called Mauritanian belt is thrusted over the West African craton. In the Mauritanian belt area, the youngest deformed sediments belonging to the outcropping Bove basin are Famennian in age. The Mauritanian inner belt underwent two tectono-metamorphic events (circa 330 and 270 Ma). Unit 2 which is unconformably capping both the Western Thrust Belt and the southern tilted blocks of the Paleozoic Bové basin (Casamance basin) is locally affected by eastward and westward-verging thrusts. Unit 2 is dated to the Early Permian by palynomorphs, and could have formed between the early (340–320 Ma) and late (270 Ma) Variscan tectonic events. The subsurface Late Palaeozoic basins from Senegal and Mauritania are interpreted as intra Variscan belt basins, similar to those suspected by seismic investigations off shore Guinea and Mauritania.

Introduction: Acute coronary syndromes with persistent ST-segment elevation (STEMI) constitute a cardiologic emergency. The objectives of this study were to investigate their epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic, prognostic and evolutionary aspects in cardiologic environment in Dakar. Patients and methods: It was a retrospective study from January 2013 to December 2014 including patients admitted for STEMI in the cardiology unit of the General Hospital of Grand Yoff. The collected data were analyzed and significance level was selected for a value of p