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Studies have shown that carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induces hepatic and renal damage arising from oxidative stress. The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of omega-3 fatty acids and/or soya isoflavones on CCl4 induced toxicity in male albino rat liver and kidney. For this purpose, 42 rats were divided as follows: group 1, rats serves as the control without any treatment; group 2, rats were administered a single dose of CCl4 intraperitoneally (1 mg/kg b. wt.); group 3, rats were supplemented daily with omega-300 orally (400 mg/kg b. wt.); group 4, rats were supplemented daily with pro-S orally (50 mg/kg b. wt.); group 5, rats were supplemented daily with omega-300 orally for four weeks, then after 24 hours treated with a single dose of CCl4 at the same tested doses. group 6, rats were supplemented daily with pro- S orally for four weeks, then after 24 hours treated with a single dose of CCl4 at the same tested doses; group 7, rats were supplemented daily with an oral combination of omega-300 and pro-S orally for four weeks, then after 24 hours treated with a single dose of CCl4 at the same tested doses. Results showed that CCl4 administration induces hepatic damage indicated by a significant increase in the activities of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Aalanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzymes and glucose level, with a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels and a significant decrease of reduced glutathione (GSH) level in liver tissue. Also, CCl4 toxicity induce renal damage manifested in a significant increase in serum urea, creatinine, uric acid, and oxidative stress of kidney tissue reflected by increase of MDA, NO and the decrease of GSH levels. The pre-treatment with omega-3 fatty acids and/or soya isoflavones revealed ameliorative effect against deleterious effects of CCl4 toxicity on hepatic and renal tissues and all tested parameters. Results of the current study revealed also that the pre-treatment with omega-3 fatty acids and/or soya isoflavones to rats improved liver and kidney function and produced high antioxidant activity. Resumo Estudos demonstram que o tetracloreto de carbono (CCl4) induz danos hepáticos e renais decorrentes do estresse oxidativo. O presente estudo almejou examinar o efeito de ácidos graxos ômega-3 e/ou isoflavonas de soja na toxicidade induzida por CCl4 no fígado e no rim de ratos albinos machos. Para tanto, 42 ratos foram divididos da seguinte forma: grupo 1, indivíduos que servem como controle sem nenhum tratamento; grupo 2, indivíduos que receberam uma dose única de CCl4 intraperitonealmente (1 ml/kg do peso corporal); grupo 3, indivíduos que foram suplementados diariamente com ômega-300 por via oral (400 mg/kg do peso corporal); grupo 4, indivíduos que foram foram suplementados diariamente com pró-S por via oral (50 mg/kg do peso corporal); grupo 5, indivíduos que foram suplementados diariamente com ômega-300 por via oral por quatro semanas, depois de tratados por 24 horas com uma dose única de CCl4 nas mesmas doses testadas; grupo 6, os indivíduos foram suplementados diariamente com pro-S por via oral por quatro semanas, depois de tratados por 24 horas com uma dose única de CCl4 com as mesmas doses testadas; grupo 7, os indivíduos foram suplementados diariamente com uma combinação oral de ômega-300 e pró-S por via oral por quatro semanas, depois de tratados por 24 horas com uma dose única de CCl4 com as mesmas doses testadas. Os resultados mostraram que a administração de CCl4 induz dano hepático, indicado por um aumento significativo nas atividades das enzimas fosfatase alcalina (ALP), aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e Alanina aminotransferase (ALT) e nível de glicose, com aumento significativo de malondialdeído (MDA) e nítrico, e dos níveis de óxido (NO), além da diminuição significativa do nível de glutationa reduzida (GSH) no tecido hepático. Além disso, a toxicidade do CCl4 induz dano renal manifestado em um aumento significativo da ureia sérica, creatinina, ácido úrico e estresse oxidativo do tecido renal, refletindo no aumento de MDA, NO e diminuição dos níveis de GSH. O pré-tratamento com ácidos graxos como ômega-3 e/ou isoflavonas de soja revelou efeito melhorador contra os efeitos deletérios da toxicidade do CCl4 nos tecidos hepático e renal e em todos os parâmetros testados. Os resultados do presente estudo demonstraram também que o pré-tratamento com ácidos graxos ômega-3 e/ou isoflavonas de soja em ratos melhorou a função hepática e renal e produziu alta atividade antioxidante.

Background and Aim: Cryptosporidiosis is a leading cause of diarrheal disease worldwide and is an animal and public health burden. This study aimed to evaluate the protective potential of affinity-purified Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst antigen as a vaccine candidate according to fecal oocyst shedding, humoral and cellular immune responses, histopathological changes, and the number of parasite developmental stages in ileal and hepatic tissues. Materials and Methods: We isolated oocysts from naturally infected buffalo calves and identified them molecularly as C. parvum isolates (GenBank: ON730707 and ON730708) by targeting the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein gene. We propagated the C. parvum oocysts in mice. In addition, we prepared crude antigen from the isolated oocysts by purification using cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose-4B affinity chromatography coupled with rabbit hyperimmune serum. Then, we divided 81 parasite-free mice into three groups: (1) non-vaccinated non-infected mice, (2) mice orally infected with 1 × 105 C. parvum oocysts on week 4 of the experiment, and (3) mice immunized twice with 40 μg/kg of the purified fraction at 2-week intervals. Then, we challenged the vaccinated group with C. parvum oocysts after 2 weeks, and the positive control group was infected at the same time. Results: We observed a prolonged prepatent period and decreased oocyst shedding in the vaccinated infected mice compared with the non-vaccinated infected mice (t < 0.001). The vaccinated mice had significantly higher immunoglobulin G levels than those in the other two groups at all examined weeks. In addition, the production of cytokines interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12, and IL-15 was activated post-vaccination. After the challenge, all tested cytokines were significantly increased (p < 0.001) in the two infected groups compared with the non-vaccinated non-infected group, with the highest levels in the vaccinated infected group. Vaccinated infected mice exhibited significantly fewer pathological lesions in the ileum and liver than non-vaccinated infected mice, which showed prominent histopathological lesions. Endogenous developmental stages of C. parvum indicated that the ileum was more parasitized than the liver and that vaccination resulted in a lower number of oocysts in ileal and hepatic tissues (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our prepared affinity-purified vaccine candidate could be promising in protecting against cryptosporidiosis.

A new insight into the synthesis of the herbal plant (White poplar, Poplus alba) leave extract using chitosan nanocapsule was studied. The in vitro antibacterial activity of chitosan white poplar nanocapsule (CWPNC) against Streptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae) was determined. About 120 fish were categorized for 7 days into four groups. The first and second (CWPNC) groups were treated with 0 mg/L and 3 mg/L CWPNC in the water, respectively, without being challenged; the first group was a control. The third (S. agalactiae) and fourth (CWPNC + S. agalactiae) groups were treated with 0 and 3 mg/L CWPNC, respectively, and challenged with S. agalactiae (0.5 × 107 CFU/mL). The obtained results revealed that CWPNC had an in vitro antibacterial activity against S. agalactiae. Moreover, S. agalactiae infection caused a significant elevation (p < 0.05) in the lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) and hepatorenal biomarkers, as well as the lowest significant (p < 0.05) survival rate (33.33%). Moreover, a significant depletion (p < 0.05) in the level of antioxidants (catalase and superoxide dismutase) and the immune indicators (immunoglobulin, lysozyme activity, and complement 3) were the consequences of S. agalactiae infection. Treatment of the infected fish with 3 mg/L CWPNC alleviated these bad circumstances.

Background: Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan parasite of medical and veterinary importance that causes neonatal diarrhea in many vertebrate hosts. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of an affinity-purified antigen as a C. parvum vaccine candidate using ileal and liver tissues of experimentally infected neonatal mice by immunohistochemical profiling and immune scoring of CD4, CD8, Caspase-3, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). This vaccine was prepared from the C. parvum oocyst antigen using immunoaffinity chromatography with cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose-4B beads. Thirty neonatal mice were divided into three groups (10 mice/group): (1) nonimmunized noninfected, (2) nonimmunized infected (using gastric tubes with a single dose of 1×105 of C. parvum oocysts in 250 µl PBS solution 1 h before a meal) and (3) immunized (twice with 40 µg/kg of purified C. parvum antigen at 2-week intervals and then infected with 1×105 C. parvum oocysts simultaneously with the second group). After euthanizing the animals on the 10th day, post-infection, their ileal and liver tissues were collected and prepared for immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining to detect CD4, CD8, Caspase-3, and NF-κB levels, which are indicators for T helper cells, cytotoxic T cells, apoptosis, and inflammation, respectively. Results: The IHC results showed that CD4, CD8, Caspase-3, and NF-κB antibodies varied significantly (P <0.001) in both organs in all the groups. We also recorded high CD4 levels and low CD8 antibodies in the nonimmunized noninfected mice tissues, while the opposite was observed in the nonimmunized infected mice tissues. In the immunized infected mice, the CD4 level was higher than CD8 in both organs. While the Caspase-3 levels were higher in the ileal tissue of nonimmunized infected than immunized infected mice ileal tissues, the reverse was seen in the liver tissues of both groups. Furthermore, NF-κB expression was higher in the liver tissues of nonimmunized infected mice than in immunized infected mice tissues. Therefore, the IHC results and immune-scoring program revealed a significant difference (P <0.001) in the CD4, CD8, Caspase-3, and NF-κB antibody levels in both ileal and liver tissues of all mice groups, which might be necessary for immunomodulation in these tissues. Conclusions: The improvement observed in the immunized infected mice suggests that this vaccine candidate might protect against cryptosporidiosis.

Field experiments were conducted to estimate population density of six Hemiptereous insect species thatt attacking sweet pea plants during two winter seasons of 2018 and 2019 at Dekernce region, Dakhlia Governorate. As well, to determine the impact of temperature and relative humidity on their populations. The results showed that, Myzus persica (Zeller) had two peaks during winter plantation that was recorded during 26th of November of both seasons. Data revealed that Aphis carccivora (Koch) and Acrythosiphn pisum (Koch) had only one peak for each during each season of plantation. Counts showed that Empoasca descipiens had one peak in the winter plantation during 17th of March. Three peaks during winter seasons plantations were recorded for Empoasca decedens. On the other hand, Nezara viridula had two population peaks in each of the two sweet pea seasons. The correlation between population density of the recorded insects and each of temperature or relative humidity had various degrees of significance that differed from positive to negative and from non-significant to highly significant.

Background The “infodemic” related to Covid-19 emphasized the importance of the public’s ability to access, understand, appraise and use information to make decisions about health. This study aimed to: 1. Assess the components of Covid-19 related health literacy (Co-HL) 2. Examine the associations of socio-demographic variables and health status with Co-HL Methods This study was conducted as part of the European Health Literacy Population Survey 2019-2021 (HLS19). A cross-sectional survey of a representative sample of adults in Israel was conducted in December 2020 using phone interviews and an online survey (n = 1,315). Five items measuring Co-HL were added. Multivariable regression models were used to assess the associations between socio-demographic variables and health status with Co-HL. Results Of participants, 63% reported concern about Covid-19. The mean general HL was lower among those who reported concern about Covid-19 compared to those who worried less (p = 0.002). The most difficult component of Co-HL was “judging the reliability of information regarding Covid-19” (36% expressed difficulty). Older participants, those with low self-reported social status, and low self-assessed health, were significantly (p < 0.05) more likely to express difficulty in judging the reliability of Covid-19 information. Interestingly, education level was not significantly associated with Co-HL. Conclusions Our results suggest that, to best promote the use of information on Covid-19 prevention, older people, those with low social status and those with poor general health should be prioritized for improving critical health literacy. Key messages • Co-HL is unequally distributed in the population, warranting tailored health promotion efforts. • It is vital to improve the ability of the population to identify reliable information about covid-19.

The present work was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of the orlistat drug on some hormones and biochemical parameters in male rats received a high fat diet (HFD). Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups: 1st group administered normal diet, 2nd group administered HFD, the 3rd group administered HFD plus 9.5 mg/kg b.w./day orlistat, and the 4th group administered HFD diet plus 19 mg/kg b.w./day orlistat. The experimental period was for four weeks. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were obtained for biochemical and hormonal assays. The administration of HFD for four weeks increased significantly the weight gain, serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TAG), low density lipoprotein (LDL-c), glucose, insulin, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), leptin, with the significant decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL-c), ghrelin, thyrotropin (TSH) and testosterone hormones in the serum as compared with the control group. The treatment with orlistat neutralized the levels of the measured parameters as compared with HFD fed rats and the results were correlated with the dose of orlistat. In conclusion, an improvement was observed in the biochemical and hormonal results by the treatment with orlistat drug.

Carbendazim (CBZ) is a steady benzimidazole fungicide broadly exploited in cultivation for pre- and post-harvest treatment to dominate microorganisms infection on several plants. CBZ causes toxic effects in the different tissues of rat via influencing biochemical and hematological factors causing histopathological alterations in the liver and kidney of rats. Banana peel (BP) makes up about 38% of the whole banana weight, BP is usually disposed of as waste that is considered as an environmental problem. BP comprise bioactive a lot of compounds that can be exploited for their unique biological and pharmacological attributes. The current study was carried out to determine the protective effect of dried banana peels consumption against carbendazim toxicity in rats. The results indicated that banana peels had the ability to counteract the toxic effect of carbendazim on rats which was evident by the improvement in liver and kidney functions, lipid profile and histopathological examination.

The present study was conducted to detect the therapeutic effect of Moringa oleifera and Thymus vulgaris oils on hepatic coccidiosis in experimentally infected rabbits. Also, immunomodulatory effect of the two oils was detected. Twenty-four Newzealand rabbits were used in this study and divided into 4 groups; healthy rabbits, experimentally infected rabbits with Eimeria stiedae oocysts, and two infected treated groups (one with moringa (200 mg/kg) and the other with thyme (500 mg/kg) oils). The results showed highly significant reduction in oocysts shedding (P

The quality of load matching in a photovoltaic power system (PVPS) determines the system performance and the degree or the solar cells utilization. In a good matched system, the operation of the load-line is close to the maximum power-line of the solar cell (SCA) generator. This paper presents a new methodology for modeling a stand alone PVPS using the Graph Theoretic Modeling (GTM) Approach. The studied system composed of a directly connected SCA generator-dc motor supplying different load types. A computer program (written in MATLAB 6) has been developed to model the studied system. The computer program is then applied to nine case studies for different types of dc-motors and various mechanical loads. A comparison between these cases is introduced to indicate the appropriate motor type for each load.

This research aims to shed light on the effectiveness of public relations department activities in hospitals to improve the condition of mentally ill patients by reaching proposals on the roles that public relations management should play within hospitals and thus improving patients 'condition psychologically. The research sample consisted of (100) individuals, (80) individual patients, at a rate of (80.0%), and they are detainees in the internal departments and frequenting the outpatient clinics of the hospital, which is the highest percentage, while the number of workers was (20) individuals at a rate of (20.0%) of Hospital workers The research belongs to the descriptive research where the method of social survey in the sample was used based on the questionnaire as a basic tool for data collection. The questionnaire forms were applied by (100) questionnaires to find out opinions about the effectiveness of the activities of the public relations department in the hospital in improving the condition of patients psychologically, and the study reached many results. Among the most important of them are the many psychological effects that patients suffer, as some patients feel psychosomatics (physical/ psychiatric diseases). The research recommended the interest of the hospital administration in providing an integrated therapeutic team of doctors, public relations specialists and psychologists to provide support and social support to patients through the effectiveness of relationship activities, which are to reduce the psychological effects.

Steady state analysis of wind turbine generating units (WTGUs) interconnected with the grid is needed as the use of WTGU are getting more popular and many new systems are being planted. In this paper, probabilistic voltage stability algorithm of WTGUs interconnected with the utility grid is developed via power Moy analysis where these units are modeled as P-Q bus(es) by detecting the collapse p oint on the Q-V curves. The developed algorithm also facilitates the computation of both the real and reactive power output of the fixed speed pitch regulated wind turbine at a specific site, wind turbine characteristics, wind speed and terminal voltage. The probabilistic nature of wind is considered by introducing the expected voltage stability margin is an index that combines both of the voltage stability and the wind distribution in one index. The proposed algorithm is implemented and applied on the IEEE 26-bus, voltage stability margin (VSM), and expected voltage stability margin (EYSM) are calculated at each wind speed. The accumulation of the EVSM over a specific period, can be considered as the system voltage stability margin which is a single value that can be compared with the voltage stability margin of the all-conventional power system.

We report a comparative study of the heating response of hematite (α-Fe2O3) and NiFe2O4 nanoparticles under an alternating magnetic field. In addition, Langevin model and the law of approach to saturation (LAS) are used to confirm the magnetic behavior and to determine the effective anisotropy constant (Keff). Magnetic measurement at room temperature showed superparamagnetic behavior for both samples. This behavior is corroborated by the successfully fitting into Langevin function for paramagnetic materials. We find that α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles has high saturation (2.46 emu/g) compared to the bulk value and Keff (3.12 × 103 erg/cm3), while saturation and Keff for NiFe2O4 nanoparticles are 18.8 emu/g and 2.8 × 104 erg/cm3 respectively. The specific absorption rate (SAR) is investigated under an alternating magnetic field and as a function of concentration (5,10,20 mg/mL) and amplitude of the applied magnetic field (90,130, 170Oe).The SAR and intrinsic loss power (ILP) values obtained for both samples indicated best heating of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles compared to α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. We showed also that both samples did not reach hyperthermia temperature (42 °C) but maintain a good temperature rise and the SAR values follows linear response theory (LRT). Finally, the contribution of each mechanism in the heat dissipated by α-Fe2O3 and NiFe2O4 nanoparticles were investigated.

Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) are a new class of nanomaterials with unique properties due to their nanoscale size. Currently, SiNPs constitute a potential value in aquaculture; nonetheless, misuse induces toxicity to fisheries and ecosystems. Hence, the present prospective is a pioneer study that illustrates the acute toxicity of SiNPs to African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (B.) and the behavioral response in a renewal static system. Moreover, the influence of SiNPs on neuro-related, stress, immune-related, and oxidative stress indices was investigated. Fish groups of average body weights (73.09 ± 2.20 g) were exposed to 96-h of various concentrations of SiNPs including 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 mg L−1 without water exchange. The value of 96-h LC50 of SiNPs was computed using Finney's probit analysis. Here we show that the exposure of fish to SiNPs resulted in remarkable ethological alterations such as lethargic, surfacing, inactive, slow swimming manner, and nervousness. By increasing the SiNPs concentration, the behavior scores and mortalities reached the upper limit of top values. The comparison with the control revealed a significant dose-dependent effect by increasing in the activity of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) with a concomitant elevation in the stress-controlled parameters (cortisol and nor-epinephrin) of all the fish groups undergone the SiNPs exposure. In contrast, there was a clear reduction in the acetylcholine esterase (AChE) level, immunological biomarkers (lysozymes and nitric oxide), and antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) of the exposed groups and the reduction elevated by increasing the SiNPs exposure concentration in comparison to the control group. Based on the study outcomes, the 96-h LC50 of SiNPs recorded 144.54 mg L−1 in C. gariepinus. We anticipate our assay to be a starting point for further applying the one-tenth of 96-h LC50- as an alternative safe treatment in therapy after considering the acute toxicity to preserve the aquaculture production and sustain human health. Additionally, it was approved that, the toxicity by the exposure to SiNPs observed clear alterations in fish behavior, neurological activity, immune and oxidative responses reflecting physiological disturbance.

Vaccination is the major control measure for rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV). The co-circulation of different RHDV genotypes in Egypt has led to the need to determine the most effective vaccine strain and the cross-protection between these genotypes. Rabbits seronegative for RHDV were vaccinated with the commercial GI.1a (RHDVa) vaccine strain Giza2006 and the GI.1d (G5) vaccine strain Giza97. The rabbits were challenged three weeks post vaccination with GI.1a (RHDVa) strains Giza2010 and Kal2012 and GI.1d (G5) RHDV Giza97 and RHDV2014 to determine the degree of cross-protection and evaluate immunity and cross-reactivity by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). Both vaccines were fully protective three weeks post vaccination, with 95% protection for the GI.1a vaccine and 94.7% for the GI.1d vaccine, with no direct relationship between mortality rates and the genotype of the challenge strain. The antibody titres obtained using the HI test were one log higher for the GI.1a compared with the GI.1d vaccine, but post-challenge titres showed increased responses, expressed as 1?3 log2 higher titres, for the GI.1d vaccine. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the Egyptian strain RHDV2014 revealed its relatedness to the GI.1d genotype and showed no evidence of the presence of GI.2 in Egypt until 2014. In conclusion, both GI.1d (G5) and GI.1a (RHDVa)-based vaccines are protective against both RHDV genotypes present in Egypt but continuous monitoring of circulating strains is essential because the arrival of GI.2 in Egypt will require new vaccination strategies.La vaccination est un outil majeur de lutte contre le virus de la maladie hémorragique virale du lapin (RHDV). Compte tenu de la circulation concomitante en égypte de plusieurs génotypes différents du RHDV, il a fallu déterminer quelle était la souche vaccinale la plus efficace ainsi que le niveau de protection croisée parmi ces génotypes. Des lapins séronégatifs au RHDV ont été vaccinés, en recevant soit la souche vaccinale commerciale Giza2006 du sous-type GI.1a (RHDVa), soit la souche vaccinale Giza97 du sous-type GI.1d (G5). Trois semaines après la vaccination, les lapins ont été soumis à une épreuve virulente, avec les souches Giza2010 et Kal2012 du sous-type GI.1a (RHDVa) et avec les souches Giza97 et RHDV2014 du sous-type GI.1d (G5) du RHDV. La protection conférée par les deux vaccins trois semaines après la vaccination était complète, avec un taux de protection de 95 % pour le vaccin GI.1a et de 94,7 % pour le vaccin GI.1d, et aucune relation directe n'a pu être établie entre les taux de mortalité et le génotype auquel appartenait la souche utilisée pour l'épreuve virulente. Les titres d'anticorps inhibiteurs de l'hémagglutination (HI) étaient supérieurs de 1 log chez les sujets ayant reçu des souches GI.1a par rapport à ceux ayant reçu des souches GI.1d, mais les titres post-inoculation d'épreuve ont révélé une réponse accrue, exprimée par des titres supérieurs de 1 à 3 log2 chez les sujets vaccinés avec des souches GI.1d. L'analyse des séquences et l'étude phylogénétique de la souche égyptienne RHDV2014 ont révélé sa parenté avec le génotype GI.1d et permis d'établir que le génotype GI.2 n'était pas présent en égypte avant 2014. En conclusion, tant les vaccins basés sur le génotype GI.1d (G5) que ceux basés sur le génotype GI.1a (RHDVa) sont protecteurs vis-à-vis des génotypes du RHDV présents en égypte, mais il conviendra d'exercer une surveillance continue des souches en circulation dans le pays car l'introduction du génotype GI.2 en égypte devra être suivie de nouvelles stratégies de vaccination.La vacunación es la principal medida de lucha contra el virus de la enfermedad hemorrágica del conejo (RHDV). La circulación simultánea de diferentes genotipos del virus en Egipto ha hecho necesario determinar cuál de esos genotipos constituye la cepa vacunal más eficaz y hasta qué punto hay protección cruzada entre ellos. En primer lugar, a una serie de conejos seronegativos para el RHDV se les administró bien la vacuna comercial GI.1a (RHDVa), con la cepa vacunal Giza2006, o bien la vacuna GI.1d (G5), con la cepa vacunal Giza97. Tres semanas después, los animales fueron infectados con las cepas Giza2010 y Kal2012, del genotipo GI.1a (RHDVa), y con las cepas Giza97 y RHDV2014, del genotipo GI.1d (G5), a fin de determinar el grado de protección cruzada y de evaluar el nivel de inmunidad y reactividad cruzada por inhibición de la hemaglutinación y enzimoinmunoanálisis indirecto (iELISA). Ambas vacunas confirieron plena protección a las tres semanas de la administración, con un porcentaje de protección del 95% en el caso de la vacuna GI.1a y del 94,7% en el de la vacuna GI.1d, sin que se observara relación directa alguna entre las tasas de mortalidad y el genotipo de la cepa de infección utilizada. Los valores de títulos de anticuerpos obtenidos con la prueba de inhibición de la hemaglutinación que indujeron las vacunas GI.1a fueron superiores en una unidad logarítmica a los de las vacunas GI.1d, pero tras la infección, los títulos pusieron de manifiesto una respuesta más intensa, expresada en títulos 1?3 log2 veces más altos, en el caso de la vacuna GI.1d. El análisis filogenético y de secuencias de la cepa RHDV2014 egipcia reveló su parentesco con el genotipo GI.1d, sin indicio alguno de la presencia de GI.2 en Egipto hasta 2014. La conclusión es que tanto las vacunas a base de GI.1d (G5) como las de GI.1a (RHDVa) ofrecen protección contra los dos genotipos del virus presentes en el país, aunque no deja de ser imprescindible una vigilancia continua de las cepas circulantes, pues la llegada a Egipto de la cepa GI.2 hará necesarias nuevas estrategias de vacunación.