Search

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a critical disease in the disorder of amino acid metabolism, which mostly emerges in children. The most common method used in PKU treatment is the detection of L-phenylalanine (PHEA) as the biomarker of PKU. In the present work, a new molecularly imprinted electrochemical electrode based on WS2 nanoflowers (NFs) on N,B-doped graphene (WS2 NFs/N,B-GR) is presented for PHEA assay in milk samples. First of all, WS2 NFs/N,B-GR was synthesized via a high-efficiency hydrothermal synthesis. Cyclic voltammetry was applied to the electrochemical cell, including PHEA as a template molecule and pyrrole as a monomer, to form PHEA-imprinted electrochemical electrodes. Then, the structural and morphological features of WS2 NFs and WS2 NFs/N,B-GR were investigated in detail by various analytical methods. The limit of quantification and limit of detection values were obtained as 1.0 × 10-11 and 3.0 × 10-12 M, respectively, by a PHEA-imprinted electrochemical electrode. Finally, a PHEA-imprinted electrochemical sensor having a high degree of selectivity, stability, and reusability is presented in the literature for early diagnosis of PKU. © 2022 American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.

This study aims to evaluate milk production, fat content, and protein content of Friesian Holland (FH) dairy cow's milk by giving Sakura block at the final lactation of FH cow. The design used was the Latin Square Design (LSD), with treatments of P0 (0 Sakura blocks), P1 (300 gr Sakura blocks), P2 (600 gr Sakura blocks), and P3 (900 gr Sakura blocks). This study involved four dairy cows for four periods of which period consisted of 10 treatment days, where the last 3 days of each period were the milk sample collection. Milk production and feed consumption were measured and weighed daily. The results showed that the treatment had a significant effect (P 0.05) on milk production, fat content, and milk protein.

The aim of this study was to determine the level of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in pasteurized and UHT milk marketed in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. AFM1 in pasteurized milk samples (75) and ultra-high temperature (UHT) milk (43) was determined by using immuno-affinity high performance liquid chromatography. AFM1 was detected in 97% (115/118) of samples that consisted of 96% (72/75) of pasteurized milk samples and 100% (43/43) of UHT milk samples. About 82% of the contaminated pasteurized and UHT had AFM1 levels above EU acceptable levels (0.05 µg/L). However, none of the contaminated pasteurized and UHT milk sample had levels of AFM1 above the maximum recommended Codex limits (0.5 µg/L). The results indicate that the contamination of the samples with AFM1 at such level could pose a serious public health problem. Thus, regular monitoring of AFM1 levels in milk is important in order to protect consumers. Key words: Aflatoxin M1, ultra-high temperature (UHT), milk, pasteurized milk, food safety.

This study was carried out to produce powdered yogurt from goat milk with longer shelf life.Two methods of drying process of yogurt were used which are vacuum-oven drying (VD) and freezedrying (FD). Goat milk yogurt powder prepared with added Tualang honey (TH) was produced by freeze-drying method. In this study, four formulations of yogurt were prepared with the addition of commercial yogurt containingas starter culture.Granulated sugar was added about 8% into the yogurt as control sample. While other three yogurts were prepared with 8% of Tualang honey, 6% of Tualang honey with 2% of sugar and 4% of Tualang honey with 4% of sugar. The proximateanalysis was used in order to identify the proximate composition and pH value of the yogurt. The moisture content of goat milk yogurt, VD goat yogurt powder and FD goat yogurt powder were 79.20%, 8.22% and 9.66% respectively. While, the moisture content for FD goat yogurt powder with addition of 4%, 6% and 8% Tualang honey were 15.12%,15.92% and 13.53% respectively.While the value of ash content for FD goat milk yogurt powder with addition of 4%, 6% and 8% Tualang honey were 0.37%, 0.35% and 0.50% respectively. The total protein content for goat milk yogurt was 4.61% whilein VD goat yogurt powder and FD goat yogurt powder were 15.04% and 15.07% respectively. The value of protein content for FD goat milk yogurt powder with addition of 8% of Tualang honey was 15.38%. The pH value ofgoat milk sample and fresh yogurt goat milk were 6.52 and 3.82. The pH values for fresh yogurt with addition of 4%, 6% and 8% of Tualang honey were 4.64, 4.68 and 4.73.Vacuum-oven drying method and freeze-drying method did not show any significant different in moisture, ash and protein content but showed significant different in pH value.

Aflatoxin M1 is the most significant toxin of milk and milk products. It is immunosuppressive, mutagenic, and carcinogenic compounds to humans. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the concentration of aflatoxin M1 and its determinants in raw cow milk sample intended for human consumption in South Gondar Zone, Ethiopia. A cross‐sectional study was conducted on a total of 100 dairy farmers from January to February 2020. Around 50 ml, 100 raw milk samples were collected for aflatoxin M1 analysis. A simple random sampling technique was applied to get the households. Binary and multivariate logistic regressions were used to see the association between predictor and outcome variables. From the 100 dairy farmers who had participated, 38% had heard about aflatoxin in the milk sample. Aflatoxin M1 was detected in the 99(99%) raw milk samples, of these 41 (41%) exceeded the limit of the European Union. The logistic regression analysis result showed that residence, awareness about the level of aflatoxin in the milk sample, management mold‐contaminated animal feed, animal feed storage facility, and grazing systems were significantly associated with the high level of aflatoxin in the milk sample. Almost all milk samples analyzed were positive for aflatoxin M1, and 41% of samples were above the limit set by European Union. Many easily manageable and preventable factors were associated with higher levels of aflatoxin M1 in the milk sample than the European Union limit, which suggests continuous monitoring of milk and milk products is necessary., This work is targeted at assessing Aflatoxin M1 in raw milk and its associated factors.This manuscript has not been published and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere.

A magnetic nanoparticle (MNP)-based lateral flow immunochromatography assay (LFIA) was established to detect fluoroquinolones (FQs) in milk. This method is an improvement of traditional Au nanoparticle (AuNP)-based LFIA. Compared with AuNP-labeled antibody, the combination between MNPs and antibody is stronger and more stable, and the preparation process is convenient. In this study, the color intensity of MNPs-LFIA test strip was analyzed, which laid a research foundation for magnetic quantitative analysis and high sensitivity analysis of LFIA. The limits of detection (LODs) for 10 FQs in phosphate buffer (PB) solution ranged from 1 to 5 ng/mL, and in milk ranged from 2 to 20 ng/mL. The recovery in spiked milk sample ranged from 16.47 to 83.67%. The log functions of analyte concentration and T/C value were fitted into a linear equation. The specificity of the MNPs-LFIA is satisfactory, without cross-reaction with antibiotics from other chemical classes. The results of this method are consistent with those of ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, indicating the MNPs-LFIA method is reliable and accurate. As far as we know, this is the first time that MNPs-LIFA has been applied to the detection of FQs in milk.

Milk and its products are needed for proper body building. Processed cheese, nunu and soy milk consumed within Abuja and Keffi metropolises were analyzed for their mineral contents. X1, Y1, Z1 represents soy milk, nunu and cheese from Abuja metropolis while X2, Y2, Z2 represents sample from Keffi metropolis respectively. Calcium (265.53±0.25 mg/mL), iron (1.19±0.92 mg/mL), potassium (162.77±0.02 mg/mL) were found to be higher in cheese milk (Z1) from Abuja than that (225.82±0.13 mg/mL, 1.05±0.60mg/mL and 130.41±0.04 mg/mL) found in Keffi (Z2) examined respectively, though the amount of sodium present (151.0±0.08 mg/mL) in cheese (Z2) from Keffi is slightly higher than that (150.08±0.01 mg/mL) from Abuja (Z1). Also, Soya milk from Abuja (X1) had highest amount of zinc (0.76±0.00 mg/mL) while that of Keffi (X2) was 0.65±0.3 mg/mL, for magnesium and copper, higher values 18.40±010 mg/mL and 0.25±0.02 mg/mL were recorded for soy milk (X2) from Keffi while soy milk from Abuja (X1) had 17.97±0.20 mg/mL and 0.16±0.01 mg/mL respectively. Chromium was dictated in both cheese samples but not dictated in soya and nunu milks from both metropolises. It is seen from the investigation that cheese had more minerals followed by soya milk. Nunu milk sample had the least quantity of minerals; also all the samples analyzed have minerals present in them. Therefore, they are needed for the proper functioning of the body system Keywords: Analysis, Concentration, Milk, Mineral, Metropolis, Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Protein is one of the nutrient components in milk that is related to product quality. The components of milk protein are divided into casein alpha-s1, beta, alpha-s2, kappa, and whey fractions such as alpha lactalbumin and beta lactoglobulin. There are no existing data of milk protein fraction in dairy cow and goats in Banyumas Regency. This study aimed to determine the profile in form of protein fractions of cow and goat milk in Banyumas. Milk sample from fifty cows and thirty dairy goats was taken by random sampling in some areas. The milk protein profile was identified by the technique of sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and protein quantity prediction by software. The data obtained were analyzed statistically by Mann-Whitney between cows and goats. The results were significantly different (p

Before electrophoretic separation is performed, the samples must be dissolved in a lysis buffer (necessary to keep proteins dissolved and unbound during proteomic analyses during for a separation of proteins on polyacrylamide gels). The first step in preparing samples for proteomic analyses is their precipitation using e.g. acetone. The aim of precipitation is to obtain proteins from the sample and to remove the compounds interfering with 2-D electrophoresis. Due to difficulties in dissolving some colostrum and mare's milk samples in buffer lysis electrophoretic separation of this biological material was performed without acetone precipitation of proteins. To assess the effectiveness of the applied method, after two-dimensional separation of proteins (2-DE), the obtained gels were stained and archived. The preparation of mare's colostrum and milk samples for proteomic analyses, consisting of defatting, then precipitation of caseins and separation 2-DE, which was not preceded by precipitation of the samples with acetone, resulted in the loss of many protein spots which made it impossible to identify them later using the mass spectrometer.

BackgroundThe analysis of the quality of food is important to protect humans from food-borne or food-based illnesses caused by pathogens, such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. Rapid identification of these pathogens is critical to ensure food safety. Various detection and identification strategies exist; however, they are laborious and time consuming and hence the detection takes longer time. The aim of this study was to develop the specific and fast method for the detection of contaminants in milk.ResultsIn this study, we have developed a simple paper-based PCR method with minimum sample preparation process. The 16S rDNA universal primers were used for the detection of bacterial contaminants. LacZ primers were used for coliform detection which causes serious illness and hence their detection is crucial. ITS region primers were used for fungal detection. The most unique thing about this study is use of Whatman paper no. 1 as sample carrier material. We developed and validated the paper-based PCR method and used it for the detection of microbes and coliforms using milk as a representative sample.ConclusionWe evaluated this method for its suitability in the detection of contaminant microbes using different milk samples. The paper-based method could successfully detect contaminants in the milk samples and the results were comparable to the traditional microbial detection method. The traditional microbiological method takes at least 18–20 h for detecting the presence of microbes in any sample but the developed paper-based PCR method can confirm the microbial presence in 2–3 h. This is very promising especially in the testing where sample sterility is crucial.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the pasteurization method on the microbiologicalquality of goat’s milk stored at different times in the refrigerator. The research was conducted in MarchMay 2020 at the Animal Production Laboratory of the University of Lampung and the Laboratory ofthe Lampung Veterinary Center. The goat milk sample were colleted from Etawah Grade goats fromsmallholder farms in Metro City. Milk samples were taken from 20 goats from Etawah Grade in the 2ndand 3rd lactation periods. The goat milk sample used was 9 liters. Goat milk samples were pasteurizedusing the high temperature short time (HTST) method at a temperature of 72ºC for 15 seconds thencooled and put in a plastic bottle and stored in the refrigerator. This study used a completely randomizeddesign (CRD) with long storage treatment (0 days, 12 days, 24 days, 36 days, 48 days, and 60 days) in therefrigerator. The results showed that pasteurized goat milk with different storage times had no effect onthe microbiological quality, namely TPC, S. aureus, coliform bacteria, E. coli, reductase numbers andpH values. The conclusion of this study is that pasteurized goat’s milk using the HTST method is stillsuitable for consumption until the 60th storage day

The ability of milk and concentrated milk to withstand a defined heat treatment without noticeable changes such as flocculation of protein is commonly denoted as heat stability. A heat treatment that exceeds the heat stability limit of milk or concentrated milk, which has a much lower heat stability, may result in undesired changes, such as separation of milk fat, grittiness, sediment formation, and phase separation. Most laboratory-scale batch heating methods were developed in the early 20th century to simulate commercial sterilization, and these methods have since been standardized. Heat stability studies have been motivated by different objectives during that time, addressing different processing issues and targets in the framework of available technology, legislation, and consumer demand. Although milk hygiene has improved during the last couple of decades, rendering milk less sensitive to coagulation, different standard methods suffered from poor comparability of results, even when comparing results for the same milk sample, indicating that unknown procedural steps affect heat stability. The prediction of heat stability of concentrated milk from the heat stability results of the corresponding unconcentrated milk for rapid quality testing purposes has been difficult, mainly due to different experimental conditions. The objective of this study is to review literature on heat stability, starting from studies in the early 20th century, to summarize the vast number of studies on compositional aspects of milk affecting heat stability, and to lead the way to the most recent work related to compositional changes in concentrates produced by membrane concentration and fractionation, respectively. Particular attention is paid to early and most recent developments and findings, such as the application of kinetic models to predict and limit protein aggregation to assess and describe heat stability as a temperature-time-total milk solids continuum.

Subclinical mastitis is a disease that often occurs in Etawa (PE) crossbreed goat farms. Farmers in handling this disease usually use antibiotics, giving antibiotics that are not right or according to the procedure can cause residues. The presence of antibiotic residues in goat's milk can have an impact on human health such as poisoning, allergies, and microbiological disorders. This study aims to determine the incidence rate and find the presence of antibiotic residues in the milk of Etawa Peranakan goat who suffer from subclinical mastitis in Aikmual Village, Central Lombok Regency. Test results from 6 samples of etawa-crossed goat milk (PE) suffering from subclinical mastitis using the Bioassay Screening Test method showed negative results containing antibiotic residues. Negative results in the sample are marked by the absence of dead bacteria on paper discs that have been soaked with milk samples from goats that are positive for subclinical mastitis, this is evident from the absence of inhibitory zones formed. The negative effect of this milk sample is due to several possibilities, namely: The stopping period of the drug has been reached and the antibiotics used are in accordance with the dose. The duration of the presence of antibiotics in milk depends on several factors, including: dose, method of administration and type of antibiotic. In general, it is applied that the withdrawal time of narrow spectrum antibiotics is at least 5 days after treatment, for the type of antibiotics that can form a depot (broad spectrum) has a withdrawal time of 1 3 days

The aim of the present study is to modify a microwave device to be used as a continuous pasteurization device and to study the ability of the device to inhibit microorganisms٫ and to improve the thermo-physical and chemical properties of the pasteurized milk. The buffalo milk was pasteurized by microwave at 72° C for a time ranging between 20 -400 seconds, then a sudden cooling was introduced in the refrigerator at a temperature of 5° C and stored on this degree for a period of 15 days. The microbial and chemical analysis were performed, Each milk sample was divided into four groups: A, B, C and D, where group (A) represents the milk control sample, group (B) represents the milk subjected to radiation intensity of 800W with flow rates of 75, 150 and 225 ml/20 – 40 – 80 seconds respectively, group (C) represents the milk subjected to radiation intensity of 480W with flow rates of 75, 150 and 225 ml/ 40 – 80- 160 seconds respectively and group (D) represents the milk subjected to radiation intensity of 160 W with flow rates of 75, 150 and 225 ml / 100 – 200 – 400 seconds respectively, keeping the coil length of 200 cm constant for all the previous treatments. The device productivity reached 13.5 liters/hour and heating rate was 3.6°C/second. Results showed that chemical properties of milk were as follows: pH, fat, protein, lactose, ash values of group (B) was significantly higher than control sample (P

The study aims to show the importance of the washing process for the bucket milking system and its effect on the produced milk. Using a new design and manufacturing washing unit for teat cups in bucket milking system and study the relationship between the efficiency and quality of the washing process in the milking system ,and bacterial count found in milk tank and teat cup surface. The new washing system cleaning in place (CIP) system is an alternative effective solution for washing liners and cluster. Washing units consists of two washing set. Each washing set consists of four outlets designed to wash one cluster a five types of washing sets have been tested during this Study. Using the new system to cleaning the bucket milking system led to the provision of some environmental advantages, than traditional system such as; reducing the consumption of chemicals in cleaning of milking machine by about 35 %, also save 66 % of the amount of water consumed in cleaning, and saving 0.55 kW electric energy used to operate the pump; and 1.4 kW electric energy consumed in heating water. Time of cleaning operation was also saved by 50%. The cleaning efficiency in traditional cleaning method is 42.9 %. While it s increased to 93.1 % with using a Jetter rod at new cleaning system. For traditional cleaning system total bacterial count in milk sample was 81x104 cfu/ml it classified at grade II (> 2,00,000 – 1,000,000 cfu/ml). While for the new cleaning system with different types of washing set the total bacterial count was between 33x103 to 66x103 cfu/ml .which classified at grade I (< 2,00,000 cfu/ml).

Mastitis is the most common and costly production disorder of dairy cattle. In the United States, approximately 40% of clinical mastitis cases from which a pathogen is isolated are attributed to gram -negative organisms (Erskine et al., 1991). The most common Received February 28, 2006. Accepted March 31, 2006. 1 Corresponding author: rz26@cornell.edu 3425 gramnegative causes of clinical mastitis are coliform bacteria, specifically Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. (Smith et al., 1985; Erskine et al., 1991; Todhunter et al., 1991). Considering the damage caused by infections, and the poor response of Klebsiella mastitis to treatment, prevention is of paramount importance in control of Klebsiella mastitis. The primary source of Klebsiella spp. in the cows’ environment is organic bedding. Outbreaks of Klebsiella are commonly associated with sawdust bedding (National Mastitis Council, 1999). The antimicrobial effect of lactobacilli is primarily linked to the production of organic acids, such as lactic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, and sometimes hydrogen peroxide, bacteriocins, and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with a variable range of action (CortesZavaleta et al. 2014; Gemechu 2015). A combination therapy, including probiotic and antibiotic may offer better antimicrobial activity and lessen the dose of antibiotic required. As LAB enjoy the ‘generally recognized as safe’ (GRAS) status, their metabolites have captivated substantial interest as natural drugs in recent years (Reis et al., 2012). In this study based on the information provided by the researchers the supernatant of the lactic acid bacterial strains were used in different concentrations to assessing the growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae., causing cow mastitis which has been isolated from the cow farm house. The supernatant of lactic acid bacteria which consist of several organic acids and some metabolites in it. That was treated with one of the important human and cattle pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae., with the three different concentrations. And this current study was successfully comes with the expected inhibitory effect to the K. pneumoniae.

Milk is a complete food with high nutritional value. Milk is an important culture medium for the growth and reproduction of microorganisms. This study focuses on the samples collected from the different milk distribution areas in MaduranthagamTaluk, South India. Fifty pasteurized milk samples of ten different brands were collected and physicochemical, microbiological analysis were carried out in both raw milk and pasteurized milk samples. The milk samples were subjected to physicochemical analysis such as Fat content, Clearance, Lactometric Reading, Clot on Boiling Test, Solid Non Fat and Acidity were calculated. The milk sample were also subjected to the chemical analysis for the Nitrogen content, crude protein content, Lactose content, ash content were also calculated Methylene blue reduction test has been used to test quality of the milk samples. These findings may be helpful to monitor the quality of the milk products in the market. It can provide an interest in examine the organic and inorganic content in milk. It is reported that all samples added with urea and few samples have sulphate. Raw milk showed inferior quality, processed milk have Low load of bacterial population.

В России с 2014 года увеличилось производство сыра не только на крупных предприятиях, но открылось много частных фирм и фермерских хозяйств, выпускающих широкий ассортимент сыров. Целью данной работы являлось изучение пригодности образцов молока сырого, пастеризованного и ультрапастеризованного для приготовления сыра в промышленных и домашних условиях. В работе изучено 42 образца молока: 17 образцов питьевого молока пастеризованного, 10 образцов ультрапастризованного, 3 образца свежего козьего молока, 12 образцов свежего коровьего молока. Изучение химического состава и определение сычужной пробы молока выявило, что на свертываемость молока влияет соотношение жир/белок, источник получения молока. Наиболее пригодным для производства сыра является свежее молоко, полученное от коров и коз молочных пород, получающих сбалансированный рацион. Такое молоко образует плотный и упругий сгусток. Технология пастеризации и ультрапастеризации, применяемая при получении питьевого молока на разных заводах, влияет на сыропригодность. Более предпочтительным является использование пастеризованного молока. Из 10 образцов ультрапастеризованного молока только у 3 образцов наблюдалось хотя бы начало образования сгустка. В целом, питьевое пастеризованное и ультрапастеризованное молоко независимо от способа упаковки и жирности можно использовать для производства сыра, но при этом следует обращать внимание на производителя молока. Следует учитывать, что из-за необратимых структурных изменений молока, происходящих при воздействии высоких температуры и давления, процесс синерезиса может происходить значительно медленнее, сгусток получаться более дряблым, что требует особенного внимания при производстве сыра.

Detection of ciprofloxacin residues in milk by sensitive and rapid methods is of great interest due to its use in the treatment of dairy livestock health. Current analytical approaches to antibiotics detection, are laboratory-based methods and they are time-consuming and require trained personnel. To cope this problem, we propose an assay, based on fluorescence polarization principle, able to detect the presence of ciprofloxacin in diluted milk sample without any pre-treatment. The proposed method is based on the use of ciprofloxacin-protein conjugate labeled with near infrared fluorescence dye, which upon binding to specific antibody causes an increase of the fluorescence polarization emission signal. The developed assay allows for the detection of ciprofloxacin at a concentration of 1ppb, which represents an amount lower than the maximum residual limit (MRL) of ciprofloxacin in milk, as set by the European Union regulation (100 ppb).

Mastitis is one of the most prevalent and costly diseases in dairy cattle. Key components for adequate mastitis control are the detection of early stages of infection, as well as the selection of appropriate management interventions and therapies based on the causal pathogens associated with the infection. The objective was to characterize the pattern of electrical conductivity (EC) in milk during intramammary infection, considering specific mastitis-causing pathogen groups involvement. Cows (n = 200) identified by an in-line mastitis detection system with a positive deviation ≥15% in the manufacturer’s proprietary algorithm for EC (high electrical conductivity (HEC)) were considered cases and enrolled in the study at the subsequent milking. One control (CON) cow, within normal ranges for EC, was matched to each case. A composite milk sample was collected aseptically from each cow for bacteriological culture. Milk yield (MY) and EC were recorded for each milking during ±7 days relative to enrollment. Milk cultures were categorized into gram positive (GP), gram negative (GN), other (OTH) and no growth (NOG). Data were submitted for repeated-measures analysis with EC as the dependent variable and EC status at day −1, bacteriological culture category, parity number, stage of lactation and days relative to sampling as main independent variables. Average (± standard error (SE)) EC was greater in HEC than in CON cows (12.5 ± 0.5 v. 10.8 ± 0.5 mS/cm) on the day of identification (day −1). Milk yield on day −1 was greater in CON than in HEC (37.6 ± 5.1 v. 33.5 ± 5.2 kg). For practical management purposes, average EC on day −1 was similar for the different bacteriological culture categories: 11.4 ± 0.6, 11.7 ± 0.5, 12.3 ± 0.8 and 11.7 ± 0.5 mS/cm in GN, GP, OTH and NOG, respectively. Parity number was only associated with day −1 EC in HEC group, with the greatest EC values in parity 3 (12.3 ± 0.3 mS/cm), followed by parity 2 (11.9 ± 0.2 mS/cm), parity >3 (11.6 ± 0.5 mS/cm) and primiparous cows (11.2 ± 0.2 mS/cm). An effect on EC for the interaction of day relative to identification by pathogen gram category was observed. The same interaction effect was observed on daily MY. Overall, the level of variation for MY and EC between- and within-cows was substantial, and as indicated by the model diagnostic procedures, the magnitude of the variance in the cows in the CON group resulted in deviations from normality in the residuals. We concluded that characteristic temporal patterns in EC and MY in particular pathogen groups may provide indications for differentiation of groups of mastitis-causing pathogens. Further research to build detection models including EC, MY and cow-level factors is required for accurate differentiation.

Aim of this study was to detect oxytocin in milk available in the market of Jabalpur city and to determine its concentration in cow and buffalo milk samples. Total 89 samples (Cow-47, Buffalo-42) were collected from the dairies of different zones in the city and further examined for oxytocin concentration. Mean oxytocin concentration in cow and buffalo milk sample was 23.58, 22.15, 25.46 25.54 pg/ml, and 36.28,60.31,134.18,168.38 pg/ml from North, East, South, and West zones of Jabalpur city, respectively with the overall mean value of 23.91 and 103.29 pg/ml. No significant difference (P

Within the daily work on dairy farms milk harvesting is a crucial factor in optimizing milk performance and quality. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of optimizing the milking process by using a quarter individual milking system “MultiLactor” (ML) on milk performance and quality. 170 Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were used on a farm in Switzerland.The cows were milked three times a day with an ML milking system. Recording of milk yield and collecting of milk sample were carried out monthly from each cow for one year. After that, the main milk parameters were analyzed by Association of Milk Records Switzerland. The primary milk data was processed with Excel program. Thereafter, analysiswas carried out using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS). The average milk yield was 35.84±0.28 kg/cow/day. This corresponds to an annual milk yield of 12000 kg/cow. The mean values of milk composition were 4.36±0.02%, 3.28±0.01%, 4.75±0.01%, 20.65±0.20 mg/dl and 99.63±6.48 x 103 cells/ml for fat, protein, lactose, urea and somatic cell count (SCC) respectively. It was also shown that the cows remained healthy in the farm during the study period. In conclusion, the obtained results demonstrated that the cows produced a higher milk yield with good quality, since the milking system adapts the physiological requirements of dairy cows.

Eser elementler belirli düzeyde doğal bileşen olarak bulunabilmelerinin yanında çevrede yaygın bulunmaları ve kararlı bir kimyasal yapıya sahip olmalarından dolayı ürün içerisinde safsızlık olarak yer alabilmektedir. Toksik etkileri ve özellikle süt örneğinin temel bir tüketim ürünü olduğu göz önüne alındığında yoğun biçimde kullanılması bu elementlerin sağlığımız açısından önemini arttırmaktadır. Gıdalara bulaşan elementlerin analizi amacıyla pek çok enstrümental teknik kullanılmaktadır. Bunlardan yaygın olarak kullanılan teknik, tayin kapasitesi yüksek ve ultra eser analizler için standart yöntem haline gelmiş olan İndüktif Eşleşmiş Plazma-Kütle Spektrometri (ICP-MS) tekniğidir. Bu çalışmada, Ergene Havzası bazı bölgelerinden toplanan sütlerde olası ağır metal içeriklerinin ICP-MS cihazı ile araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Süt örnekleri Tekirdağ, Kırklareli ve Edirne illerinde farklı bölgesinden toplam 106 adet numune 500 mL’lik steril şişelerde toplandı. Numuneler laboratuvarda mikro dalga çözünürleştirme yöntemiyle numuneler çözünürleştirildikten sonra ağır metal miktarları ICP-MS cihazıyla tayin edilerek elde edilen sonuçlar literatür bilgileriyle karşılaştırılarak değerlendirildi. Araştırmada sütlerde ortalama Alüminyum (Al), Baryum (Ba), Lityum (Li), Berilyum (Be), Bor (B), Sodyum (Na), Magnezyum (Mg), Potasyum (K), Titanyum (Ti), Vanadyum (V), Krom (Cr), Mangan (Mn), Demir (Fe), Kobalt (Co), Nikel (Ni), Bakır (Cu), Çinko (Zn), Arsenik (As), Selenyum (Se), Stronsiyum (Sr), Kadmiyum (Cd), Antimon (Sb), Talyum (Tl), Kurşun (Pb), Bizmut (Bi), Kalsiyum (Ca) değerleri sırasıyla; 624,824 ppb, 2081,239 ppb, 589,172 ppb, 37,379 ppb, 1032,788 ppb, 249278,982 ppb, 82248,566 ppb, 1214596,27 ppb, 991,367 ppb, 3,190 ppb, 126,842 ppb, 17,976 ppb, 1861,287 ppb, 9,836 ppb, 245,192 ppb, 60,479 ppb, 14696,02 ppb, 30,918 ppb, 14,157 ppb, 483,528 ppb, 3,564 ppb, 43,089 ppb, 0,772 ppb, 76,336 ppb, 158025,533 ppb ve 277743,583 ppb düzeylerinde tespit edildi. Trace elements can be found as natural components at a certain level, as well as being common in the environment and having a stable chemical structure, they can take place in the product as an impurity. Considering the toxic effects and especially the fact that milk is a basic consumption product, the intensive use of these elements increases the importance of these elements for our health. Many instrumental techniques are used for the analysis of food contaminants. The most widely used technique is the Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) technique, which has a high detection capacity and has become the standard method for ultra-trace analysis. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the possible presence of heavy metals in the collected milk of some regions of the Ergene Basin with ICP-MS device. A total of 106 samples from different regions of Tekirdağ, Kırklareli and Edirne provinces were collected in 500 ml plastic bottles. After the samples were solubilized by microwave resolution method in the laboratory, the heavy metal amounts were determined with the ICP-MS device and the results obtained were evaluated by comparing them with the literature. In the research, average of Aluminum (Al), Barium (Ba), Lithium (Li), Beryllium (Be), Boron (B), Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), Potassium (K), Titanium (Ti), Vanadium ( V), Chromium (Cr), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Arsenic (As), Selenium (Se), Strontium ( Sr), Cadmium (Cd), Antimony (Sb), Thallium (Tl), Lead (Pb), Bismuth (Bi), Calcium (Ca) were determined in milk 624,824 ppb, 2081,239 ppb, 589,172 ppb, 37,379 ppb, 1032,788 ppb, 249278,982 ppb, 82248,566 ppb, 1214596,27 ppb, 991,367 ppb, 3,190 ppb, 126,842 ppb, 17,976 ppb, 1861,287 ppb, 9,836 ppb, 245,192 ppb, 60,479 ppb, 14696,02 ppb, 30,918 ppb, 14,157 ppb, 483,528 ppb, 3,564 ppb, 43,089 ppb, 0,772 ppb, 76,336 ppb, 158025,533 ppb ve 277743,583 ppb levels.

Bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) is an economically important disease in cattle. Switzerland started an eradication program in 2008. After the initial virological examination of all cattle followed by the examination of all newborn calves, the BVD prevalence in 2012 was low enough to start serological monitoring. An unusually high number of increased tank milk values were observed during this serological monitoring in autumn 2019. No seropositive animals were found on most farms in the follow-up cattle group testing. The present study was designed in the form of a multiple case report to better assess the BVD situation in a herd after a serological tank milk result above the cut-off value. The tank milk of 13 farms with serological values above the cut-off value from the analyses in autumn 2019 was examined again with two different ELISA tests in spring 2020. In addition, at the same time blood samples were taken to obtain serological values of all adult cattle on the farm. The results of the two tests that were used to examine the tank milk samples correlated well with each another. The results of the tank milk serology showed a low correlation with the seroprevalence in the lactating cows, but no correlation with the seroprevalence of all adult animals in the herd. A single seropositive animal had a major influence on the results of the tank milk serology in some herds. In addition, correct tank milk sampling must be ensured because the representativeness of the tank milk sample is decisive for a meaningful result for the investigated farm. If the result of the tank milk test is above the cut-off value, the examination of a group of cattle is still the best way to identify a current infection in a herd.Die Bovine Virus-Diarrhoe (BVD) ist eine wirtschaftlich bedeutsame Erkrankung des Rindes. Die Schweiz begann 2008 ein Ausrottungsprogramm. Nach der initialen virologischen Untersuchung aller Rinder gefolgt von der Untersuchung aller neugeborenen Kälber war die BVD-Prävalenz 2012 tief genug, um eine serologische Überwachung zu beginnen. Im Herbst 2019 wurden im Rahmen dieser serologischen Überwachung bei den Tankmilchuntersuchungen ungewöhnlich viele hohe Werte beobachtet. Bei den weiterführenden Abklärungsuntersuchungen mit Rindergruppen wurden bei vielen Betrieben keine seropositiven Tiere gefunden. Um die BVD-Situation in einem Bestand nach einem serologischen Tankmilchergebnis oberhalb des Cut-off-Werts besser einschätzen zu können, wurde die vorliegende Studie, in Form eines multiplen Fallberichts, durchgeführt. Die Tankmilch aus 13 Betrieben, welche im Herbst 2019 serologische Werte oberhalb des Cut-off-Werts aufwiesen, wurden in Frühling 2020 erneut mit zwei verschiedenen ELISA-Tests untersucht. Zudem wurden gleichzeitig Blutproben entnommen, um serologische Werte aller adulten Rinder auf dem Betrieb zu erhalten. Die Ergebnisse der beiden Tests, die zur Untersuchung der Tankmilchproben eingesetzt worden sind, korrelierten gut miteinander. Die Ergebnisse der Tankmilchserologie zeigten eine geringe Korrelation mit der Seroprävalenz bei den laktierenden Kühen, aber keine Korrelation mit der Seroprävalenz aller adulten Tiere des Bestandes. In einigen Beständen hatte ein einzelnes seropositives Tier grossen Einfluss auf die Ergebnisse der Tankmilchserologie. Zudem muss bei Tankmilchproben unbedingt auf eine korrekte Probenahme geachtet werden, da die Repräsentativität der Probe für die Tankmilch eines Betriebes entscheidend für ein aussagekräftiges Ergebnis ist. Bei einem Ergebnis des Tankmilchtests oberhalb des Cut-off-Werts ist die Untersuchung einer Rindergruppe nach wie vor das beste Vorgehen, um ein aktuelles Infektionsgeschehen in einem Bestand zu erkennen.La diarrhée virale bovine (BVD) est une maladie des bovins économiquement importante. En Suisse, cette maladie fait l’objet d’un programme d’éradication depuis 2008. Après l’examen virologique initial de tous les bovins, suivi de l’examen de tous les veaux nouveau-nés, la prévalence de la BVD en 2012 était suffisamment faible pour permettre d’adapter le programme de surveillance et de procéder à un suivi sérologique des exploitations laitières. Un nombre inhabituellement grand de valeurs élevées dans les examens de lait de citerne a été observé lors de cette surveillance sérologique en automne 2019. Dans de nombreuses exploitations, aucun animal séropositif n’a pu être découvert lors des tests de suivi des groupes de bovins. Cette étude a été conçue sous la forme d’un rapport de cas multiples pour mieux évaluer la situation de la BVD dans un troupeau après un résultat sérologique de lait de citerne supérieur à la valeur limite. Le lait de citerne de 13 exploitations avec des valeurs sérologiques supérieures à la valeur limite en automne 2019 a été analysé à nouveau avec deux tests ELISA différents au printemps 2020. De plus, des échantillons de sang ont été prélevés en même temps pour obtenir les valeurs sérologiques de tous les bovins adultes présents sur l’exploitation. Les résultats des deux tests utilisés pour examiner les échantillons de lait de citerne montraient une bonne corrélation entre les deux tests. Les résultats de la sérologie du lait de citerne ont montré une faible corrélation avec la séroprévalence chez les vaches en lactation mais pas avec la séroprévalence de tous les animaux adultes du troupeau. Un seul animal séropositif pouvait avoir à lui seul une forte influence sur les résultats de la sérologie du lait de citerne dans certains troupeaux. De plus, un prélèvement correct du lait de citerne doit être assuré car la représentativité de l’échantillon est décisive pour obtenir un résultat significatif pour l’exploitation étudiée. Si le résultat du test est supérieur à la valeur limite, l’examen d’un groupe de bovins reste le meilleur moyen d’identifier une infection dans un troupeau.La diarrea virale bovina (BVD) è una malattia dei bovini di grande impatto economico. Nel 2008 la Svizzera ha iniziato un programma di eradicazione. Dopo i test virologici iniziali su tutti i bovini, seguiti dai test su tutti i vitelli appena nati, la prevalenza della BVD nel 2012 risultava abbastanza bassa per poter iniziare la sorveglianza sierologica. Nell’autunno del 2019, nell’ambito di questa sorveglianza sierologica, sono stati osservati dei livelli insolitamente elevati nei test effettuati sul latte di cisterna. Ulteriori esami per chiarire la situazione sono stati effettuati su gruppi di bovini in molte aziende ma non sono stati trovati animali sieropositivi. Al fine di valutare al meglio la situazione della BVD in una mandria, dopo un risultato sierologico del latte di cisterna superiore al valore di cut-off, abbiamo condotto il presente studio sotto forma di un rapporto di casi multipli. Il latte di cisterna di 13 aziende che hanno mostrato valori sierologici superiori al valore di cut-off nell’autunno del 2019 è stato testato nuovamente nella primavera del 2020 con due diversi test ELISA. Inoltre, sono stati prelevati simultaneamente dei campioni di sangue per ottenere i valori sierologici di tutti i bovini adulti dell’allevamento. I risultati dei due test utilizzati per esaminare i campioni di latte della cisterna erano ben correlati tra loro. I risultati della sierologia del latte della cisterna mostravano una bassa correlazione con la sieroprevalenza nei bovini in lattazione, ma nessuna correlazione con la sieroprevalenza di tutti gli animali adulti della mandria. In alcune mandrie, un singolo animale sieropositivo aveva un grande impatto sui risultati della sierologia del latte della cisterna. Alfine di ottenere un risultato significativo è essenziale garantire un campionamento corretto dei campioni di latte della cisterna, poiché la rappresentatività del campione per il latte della cisterna di un’azienda è fondamentale. Se il risultato del test del latte della cisterna è al di sopra del valore di cut-off, testare un gruppo di animali è ancora il modo migliore per rilevare un caso reale di infezione in una mandria.

The study aimed to verify the effect of diet and environmental temperature on traits of milk fat globules (MFG) of goats. The experiment was conducted in climatic chambers, where we housed 12 Alpine goats with a mean age of 4.02±1.78 years, live weight of 41.8±4.59 kg, and average milk production of 2.16±0.59 kg. The animals were subjected to two different controlled temperatures, T1 = 26 ℃ (thermoneutral) and T2 = 34 ℃ (stress), and diets with different energy levels (low, medium, and high). A milk sample of each animal was collected at 6.00 h, coinciding with milking. The effect of temperature and diet was verified on MFG. The highest MFG was observed at 26 ℃ and medium energy diet. The MFG reached lower values with the diet of medium energy and high temperature (34 ℃). On average, 35% of MFG is smaller than 2 μm, 50% is medium in size (2-5 μm), and 15% is large (>5 μm), with a maximum size of 9.57 μm. The higher prevalence of medium-sized MFG is indicative of excellent milk digestibility. The increase in dietary energy levels promoted both the fat and diameter of fat globules. The higher fat and the larger globules would positively affect the cheese-making aptitude and make it suitable for production of hard cheeses. The increase in dietary energy levels for goats promotes an increase in the diameter of fat globules and milk fat (%), essential traits to the cheese industry.

Mid-infrared spectroscopy has been developed as a reliable and rapid tool for routine analysis of fat, protein, lactose and other components in liquid milk. However, variations within and between FTIR instruments, even within the same milk testing laboratory, present a challenge to the accuracy of measurement of particularly minor components in the milk, such as individual fatty acids or proteins. In this study we have used Analysis of variance–Simultaneous Component Analysis (ASCA), to monitor the spectral variation between and within each of four different FOSS FTIR spectrometers over each week in an independent milk testing laboratory over 4 years, between August 2017 and March 2021 (223 weeks). On everyday of each week, spectra of the same pilot milk sample were recorded approximately every hour on each of the four instruments. Overall, variations between instruments had the largest effect on spectral variation over each week, making a significant contribution every week. Within each instrument, day-to-day variations over the week were also significant for all but two of the weeks measured, however it contributed less to the variance overall. At certain times other factors not explained by weekday variation or inter-instrument variation dominated the variance in the spectra. Examination of the scores and loadings of the weekly ASCA analysis allowed identification of changes in the spectral regions affected by drifts in each instrument over time. This was found to particularly affect some of the fatty acid predictions.

Background Microfluidic chip detection technology is considered a potent tool for many bioanalytic applications. Rapid detection of foodborne pathogens in the early stages is imperative to prevent the outbreak of foodborne diseases, known as a severe threat to human health. Conventional bacterial culture methods for detecting foodborne pathogens are time-consuming, laborious, and lacking in pathogen diagnosis. To overcome this problem, we have created an embedded paper-based microchip based on isothermal loop amplification (LAMP), which can rapidly and sensitively detect foodborne pathogens. Results We embed paper impregnated with LAMP reagent and specific primers in multiple reaction chambers of the microchip. The solution containing the target pathogen was injected into the center chamber and uniformly distributed into the reaction chamber by centrifugal force. The purified DNA of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus has been successfully amplified and directly detected on the microchip. The E. coli O157:H7 DNA was identified as low as 0.0134 ng μL− 1. Besides, the potential of this microchip in point-of-care testing was further tested by combining the on-chip sample purification module and using milk spiked with Salmonella spp.. The pyrolyzed milk sample was filtered through a polydopamine-coated paper embedded in the inside of the sample chamber. It was transported to the reaction chamber by centrifugal force for LAMP amplification. Then direct chip detection was performed in the reaction chamber embedded with calcein-soaked paper. The detection limit of Salmonella spp. in the sample measured by the microchip was approximately 12 CFU mL− 1. Conclusion The paper embedded LAMP microchip offers inexpensive, user-friendly, and highly selective pathogen detection capabilities. It is expected to have great potential as a quick, efficient, and cost-effective solution for future foodborne pathogen detection.

For ultra high temperature (UHT) milk, the development of a cream layer is a shelf life limiting factor that can be controlled by homogenising the milk correctly. This article suggests a method to measure homogenisation efficiency using laser diffraction. Milk was diluted with a protein cluster dissolving solution before measurement with a Malvern Mastersizer 3000. To avoid multiple scattering obscuration needed to be 1.5–3.5%. The D[5;3] (μm) value extracted from the particle size distribution could, with the equation developed, be directly correlated to a homogenisation efficiency (NIZO value) obtained by centrifugation of the milk sample. The equation presented is only valid for monomodal distributions and analysis should be performed on freshly produced milk.

A total of 90 random samples of raw cow's, buffalo's milk and UHT milk (30 samples each), from different street vendors, dairy shops and supermarkets in Assiut city, Egypt during the period from April 2018 to march 2019 were collected in a clean, dry and sterile containers, and transferred to the laboratory with a minimum of delay, whereas they directly examined or held in the refrigerator until time of examination. Each milk sample was mixed thoroughly before being divided into 3 sub-samples. The first was used for detection of heat treatment, the second was used for compositional quality evaluation and the third was used for detection of preservatives. The results show that all samples were in raw state and the most prominent types of adulteration were addition of water in different percentages, partial skimming or both and adding salicylic acid and Hydrogen peroxide as preservatives to the examined samples of raw cow's and buffalo's milk. UHT milk appear as the most save milk for use due to its free from any adulteration and preservatives. The methods of adulteration and healthy importance of it were discussed.

The purpose of our work was developing the HPLC-MS method for determining piperidinium 2-((5-(furan-2-yl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)thio) acetate and researching the presence of residual amounts of piperidinium 2-((5-(furan-2-yl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)thio) acetate in cow’s milk in 12 hours after injection.Materials and methods. Agilent 1260 Infinity Liquid Chromatography System (degasser, binary pump, autosampler, column thermostat, diode array detector, single quadrupole mass spectrometer Agilent 6120.Results. The method of determination of piperidinium 2-((5-(furan-2-yl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)thio) acetate in cow’s milk was developed and the residual amounts of piperidinium 2-((5-(furan-2-yl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)thio) acetate in cow’s milk in 12 hours after injection was determined.Conclusions. The conditions for sample preparation of milk samples for the determination of piperidinium 2-((5-(furan-2-yl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)thio)acetate have been proposed. It was found that 0.5 % methanoic acid is the most favorable protein precipitation agent. The content of the medicinal substance in the cow’s milk sample was measured in 12 hours after the injection of the 1 % solution., Разработка методики определения и исследование пиперидиний 2-((5-(фуран-2-ил)-4-фенил-4H-1,2,4-триазол-3-ил)тио)ацетата в молоке коров через 12 часов после введения Б. А. Варинский, Е. А. Карпун, В. В. Парченко, А. И. Панасенко, Б. П. Киричко, И. В. ГиренкоЦель работы – разработать ВЭЖХ-МС методику определения пиперидиний 2-((5-(фуран-2-ил)-4-фенил-4H-1,2,4-триазол-3-ил)тио)ацетата и исследовать наличие остаточных количеств пиперидиний 2-((5-(фуран-2-ил)-4-фенил-4H-1,2,4-триазол-3-ил)тио)ацетата в молоке коров через 12 часов после инъекции.Материалы и методы. Жидкостно-хроматографическая система Agilent 1260 Infinity (дегазатор, бинарный насос, автосамплер, термостат колонки, диодно-матричный детектор, одноквадрупольний масс-спектрометр Agilent 6120).Результаты. Разработана методика определения пиперидиний 2-((5-(фуран-2-ил)-4-фенил-4H-1,2,4-триазол-3-ил)тио)ацетата в молоке коров и определено остаточное количество пиперидиний пиперидиний 2-((5-(фуран-2-ил)-4-фенил-4H-1,2,4-триазол-3-ил)тио)ацетата в молоке коровы через 12 часов после инъекции.Выводы. Предложены условия пробоподготовки образцов молока для определения пиперидиний 2-((5-(фуран-2-ил)-4-фенил-4H-1,2,4-триазол-3-ил)тио) ацетата. Установлено, что наиболее благоприятным осадителем белков является 0,5 % метановая кислота. Определено содержание лекарственного вещества в образце молока коров через 12 часов после инъекции 1 % раствора., Мета роботи – розробити ВЕРХ-МС методику визначення піперидіній 2-((5-(фуран-2-іл)-4-феніл-4H-1,2,4-тріазол-3-іл)тіо)ацетату у молоці та дослідити наявність залишкових кількостей піперидіній 2-((5-(фуран-2-іл)-4-феніл-4H-1,2,4-тріазол-3-іл)тіо)ацетату у молоці корів через 12 годин після ін’єкції.Матеріали та методи. Рідинно-хроматографічна система Agilent 1260 Infinity (дегазатор, бінарний насос, автосамплер, термостат колонки, діодно-матричний детектор, одноквадрупольний мас-спектрометр Agilent 6120).Результати. Розробили методику визначення піперидиній 2-((5-(фуран-2-іл)-4-феніл-4H-1,2,4-тріазол-3-іл)тіо)ацетату у молоці корів і визначили залишковий вміст цієї речовини в молоці корови через 12 годин після ін’єкції.Висновки. Запропонували умови пробопідготовки зразків молока для визначення піперидіній 2-((5-(фуран-2-іл)-4-феніл-4H-1,2,4-тріазол-3-іл)тіо)ацетату. Встановили, що найбільш сприятливим осаджувачем білків є 0,5 % метанова кислота. Визначили вміст лікарської речовини у зразку молока корів через 12 годин після ін’єкції 1 % розчину.