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Lignite is classified as a low-rank coal due to its low content of calories. Co-pyrolysis with biomass waste such as palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) here can be used to increase lignite’s economic value. The mixture of these two materials can produce an alternative energy source called hybrid coal (HC). This study aims to determine the optimum temperature for co-pyrolysis of lignite and EFB as well as characterize liquid (tar) and solid product (HC). Its kinetic study was evaluated as well. A raw material of 200 grams with a composition of 22.5% (w/w) EFB to lignite was put into a reactor to react at a temperature range of 300-450oC for 1 hour. To form hybrid coal briquettes (HCB),tapioca adhesive with a concentration of 6% (w/w) was added to the solid product (HC). The results showed that the tar yield increased with increasing temperature from 300 to 450oC. Similarly, the calorific value of HC increased by 14.50% as also occurred in other physical properties of HC. Meanwhile, the kinetic study revealed that the model was well-fitted to the data, and confirmed the obtained results. Thus, this research can support the development of affordable alternative energy to be implemented in large-scale production.

Microalgae as source of renewable energy are very potential due to high biomass productivity and lipid content. The nutritious culture for microalgae cultivation, however, should be concerned to be affordable and feasible. Here, the utilization of peat swamp culture for microalgal cultivation was studied in comparison to the nutritious pure water. The effects of photoperiod and nitrogen sources on biomass were conducted as well. Compared to the commercial microalgae, the microalgae isolated from peat swamp showed excellent performance with the faster growth time of 10 days as well as higher biomass and its productivity of 1.72 g L−1 and 0.16 g L−1 d−1, respectively. Even for the commercial microalgae, the cultivation process using the peat swamp water led to increase in biomass by 17.2% and its productivity by 10% compared to that using the nutritious pure water. The proposed kinetic model with a modification to the modified Gompertz model showed an excellent prediction with the experimental data as R2 of 0.985 was obtained. The model could well envisage the initial biomass and lag phase compared to the original model. Hence, the model is deemed beneficial for the research development for implementation in high scale of microalgal cultivation.

A large amount of Cassava peel as biomass waste is generated by agricultural activities, and it led to a new pursuit to exploit the utilization of biomass waste. This research aimed to study the potential of Cassava peel as raw material for bioethanol production. This study was performed in 2 main processes, acid hydrolysis, and fermentation. The experiment was initiated by conducting acid hydrolysis (100°C and 60 min) on Cassava peel’s starch using sulfonated carbon catalyst palm oil empty fruit bunch (5%-w/v) to produce 13.53 g/L glucose. The glucose contained hydrolysates then continued to ferment at 30°C. The effect of fermentation time (h), pH, and shaking rate (rpm) of cassava peel’s starch fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae was analyzed. The best result was found at pH 4.5 and 50 rpm for a 24 h reaction with 3.75 g/L of bioethanol concentration. This study revealed that Cassava peel is a promising feedstock for biofuel production.

Background Fructose and single cell protein are important products for the food market. Abundant amounts of low-grade dates worldwide are annually wasted. In this study, highly concentrated fructose syrups and single cell protein were obtained through selective fermentation of date extracts by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Results The effect of air flow (0.1, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25 and 1.5 vvm) and pH (4.5, 4.8, 5, 5.3 and 5.6) was investigated. Higher air flow led to lower fructose yield. The optimum cell mass production of 10 g/L was achieved at air flow of 1.25 vvm with the fructose yield of 91%. Similar cell mass production was obtained in the range pH of 5.0–5.6, while less cell mass was obtained at pH less than 5. Controlling the pH at 4.5, 5.0 and 5.3 failed to improve the production of cell mass which were 5.6, 5.9 and 5.4 g/L respectively; however, better fructose yield was obtained. Conclusions Extension of the modified Gompertz enabled excellent predictions of the cell mass, fructose production and fructose fraction. The proposed model was also successfully validated against data from literatures. Thus, the model will be useful for wide application of biological processes. How to cite: Putra MD, Abasaeed AE, Al-Zahrani SM. Prospective production of fructose and single cell protein from date palm waste. Electron J Biotechnol 2020;48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2020.09.007 .

Wetland in South Kalimantan is one of surface water sources to provide clean water. However, seawater intrusion has spread into the wetland aquifer and reduce the quality of water. Silica-pectin membrane is a promising technology for desalination. The membranes were tested for desalination by pervaporation at room temperature (~25 °C). During pervaporation process, the water contacts to membrane and the separation is started to occurs as vapour phase by maintaining vacuum pressure (~1 bar). The permeate was collected in the cold trap after condensed using nitrogen liquid. The purpose of this research was to investigate the performance of interlayer-free silica pectin membrane for wetland saline water. Experimental results shows the fluxes of membrane are 0.35 and 0.19 kg.m-2 h-1 ( pectin 0%wt); 0.23 and 0.16 kg.m-2 h-1 (pectin 0.1%wt); 0.58 and 3.63 kg.m-2 h-1 (pectin 0.5%wt); 3.40 and 0.12 kg.m-2 h-1 (pectin 2.5%wt) calcined at 300 and 400 °C, respectively. Natural organic matter (NOM) and salt concentration in wetland saline water can reduce the fluxes up to (~98%). Nevertheless, overall salt rejection of membranes achieved >99%. It was found that low calcination gives better performance at high pectin concentration. While pectin concentration was limited at high calcination.

Water scarcity is the main issues in Indonesia especially for coastal areas. As a consequence, the water has high salinity of >50.000 ppm salt concentration where an appropriate treatment is necessary before consumed. In this case, desalination process could be carried out using inorganic silica membranes. However, during the process the pore of silica membranes were collapsed due to the directly contact of pores to water molecules for a long term performance. Thereby, in this work the innovation of membrane fabrication using carbon templated in silica matrices has been successfully fabricated. Literally, the carbon templates could be improving the membrane hydro-stability. The interlayer-free silica-pectin membrane was fabricated using TEOS as silica precursor and carbon templated from pectin apple. All membranes waere calcined in variance temperature of 300 and 400°C via Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP). The FTIR results show some functionalization of siloxane, silanol and a new bond of silica-carbon. Whereas, the SEM images show the membrane morphology that the membrane not dense and crack-free with thin film's thickness of ~ 1 μm. An excellent condition of interlayer-free silica-pectin membrane was obtained at pectin concentration of 2.5 %wt. (300°C) and 0.5 %wt. (400°C) with highest functionalization of siloxane and silica-carbon bonds. The existence of silica-carbon bonds were capable to enhancing the membrane hydro-stability. In addition, the carbon chains were contributed to form a smaller pores but also robust pore structures. Those fabricated membranes were shown a good promising due to fast and low cost fabrication with high quality to applicate in seawater desalination.

A sulfonated carbon acid catalyst (C–SO3H) was successfully generated from palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) carbon via hydrothermal sulfonation via the addition of hydroxyethylsulfonic acid and citric acid. The C–SO3H catalyst was identified as containing 1.75 mmol g−1 of acid and 40.2% sulphur. The surface morphology of C–SO3H shows pores on its surface and the crystalline index (CrI) of PEFB was decreased to 63.8% due to the change structure as it became carbon. The surface area of the carbon was increased significantly from 11.5 to 239.65 m2 g−1 after sulfonation via hydrothermal treatment. The identification of –SO3H, COOH and –OH functional groups was achieved using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The optimal catalytic activity of C–SO3H was achieved via hydrolysis reaction with a yield of 60.4% of total reducing sugar (TRS) using concentrations of 5% (w/v) of both C–SO3H and cassava peel starch at 100 °C for 1 h. The stability of C–SO3H shows good performance over five repeated uses, making it a good potential candidate as a green and sulfonated solid acid catalyst for use in a wide range of applications.

The sulfonated carbon solid acid catalyst (C-SO3H) was successfully generated from palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) carbon via hydrothermal sulfonation by addition of hydroxyethylsulfonic acid and citric acid. The C-SO3H was identified contain of 1.75 mmol/g of acidity and 40.2% of sulphur. The surface morphology of C-SO3H showed pores with diameters of 3-6 µm and crystalline index (CrI) of material was decreased to 63.8% due to changed structure become carbon. The surface area of carbon was increased significantly from 11.5 to 239.65 m2 g- 1 after hydrothermal treatment. The identification of functional groups of -SO3H, COOH and -OH were detected by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR). The optimum catalytic activity of C-SO3H was achieved via hydrolysis reaction with 60.4% of total reducing sugar (TRS) yield. The both concentrations of C-SO3H and cassava peel starch are 5% (w v- 1) at 100 oC for 1 h. Stability of C-SO3H showed good performance for 4th repeated used; it showed insignificant of activity that decreased only of 6%. Thus, the C-SO3H is a candidate for green and potential sulfonated solid acid catalyst for wide range applications.

Utilization of heterogeneous catalyst in the biodiesel production process can minimize the cost of separation process and subsequently reduce the biodiesel price. This study aims at developing a low-priced heterogeneous catalyst CaO/SiO2 prepared from cheap and abundant wastes of eggshell and peat clay for the production of biodiesel from wasted cooking oil. CaO catalyst was capable to produce biodiesel with the yield of 78%. The presence of silica as a support generated from waste of peat clay improved the biodiesel yield to 91%. The optimum reaction time was 60 min and the biodiesel yield increased with temperature. A reaction mechanism during transesterification process was proposed based upon the characterization analysis. The mechanism suggested that the silica contributed in the esterification reaction and the CaO played a positive role in biodiesel production via transesterification. The kinetic study confirmed the proposed mechanism. The pre-exponential factor (A) and activation energy (Ea) were 5.44 × 108 min−1 and 66.27 kJ/mol. The proposed reaction mechanism and kinetic study lead to an essential step of biodiesel production for further research development or application at a larger scale.

Chitosan, the de-acetylated chitin derivative, was evaluated for its ability to be used as a natural coagulant for Martapura groundwater treatment. This study is used chitosan derived from original fish scales of Kalimantan called Papuyu (Anabas testudineus) for the treatment of iron ion-containing Martapura groundwater through coagulation-flocculation method. The reduction efficiency of iron ion removed by coagulation-flocculation processes using chitosan from Papuyu fish scales is the primary evaluating parameter. The obtained chitosan have been characterized and analyzed by Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Fluroscence (XRF) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Using of the chitosan from Papuyu fish scales as coagulant at neutral pH and room temperature led to decreasing the groundwater iron concentration become 3.43 mg/L (around 71% removal). The result was then compare to the coagulation-flocculation treatment using the commercial chitosan from shrimps shell (93% deacetylated). Moreover, its found the coagulation-flocculation treatment using the chitosan from fish scales as coagulant more favor than the commercial one.

Biodiesel is one of the potential alternative energies produced from a variety of vegetable oils. The utilization of a CaO/SiO2 catalyst generated from eggshell and palm empty fruit bunch (PEFB) waste for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil was investigated. The optimum silica yield extracted from PEFB was 68.2% using 10% NaOH (w/v) at 80 °C for 1 h. Methanol with a mol ratio of 14 to waste cooking oil was used. The presence of a silica support in the CaO catalyst increased the yield of biodiesel from 78% to 96%. Three runs of the catalyst led to only a 1% reduction in biodiesel yield. The utilization of activated PEFB as a support showed a potential result with a biodiesel yield of 83%. The prospective heterogeneous catalysts were also characterized by using XRD, SEM, BET and FT-IR. The developed CaO/SiO2 stands out as a promising catalyst for biodiesel production due to the utilization of abundant and cheap waste materials. Moreover, a significant yield of biodiesel was obtained using the catalyst; hence, it is feasible to be developed on a larger scale.

Green pigments are used in many industrial branches including food, drinks, soap and cosmetics. Chlorophyll can substitute synthetic dyes which may affect health. Chlorophyll can be extracted from pandan leaves; the pandan crop grows in many tropical areas. The effects of temperature, 30?70?C and agitation speed, 100?400 rpm on chlorophyll extraction from pandan leaves, using ethanol and the evaluation of mass transfer coefficient, using dimensionless analysis were investigated. The optimal conditions of extraction was obtained at 60?C and 300 rpm; the chlorophyll concentration was 107.1 mg L-1. The volumetric mass transfer coefficient increased with the temperature and agitation speed. Determination of volumetric mass transfer coefficient and dimensionless correlations are useful for further process development or industrial applications.

The existence of peat clay is scattered in many parts of the world with the huge amount. The high compound of minerals in the peat clay can be potentially used as adsorbent and catalyst. This research aims to study the composition of peat clay and functional group of the compound in the peat clay. The characterization of x-ray fluorescence (XRF), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive x-ray (SEM- EDX) were assigned to compare the sample before and after calcination process at 700 oC 120 min. FTIR analysis showed the presence of quartz, kaolinite, hematite, illite in peat clay. The results of XRF analysis showed that chemical composition of peat clay was dominantly in the form of silica oxide (18%), aluminum oxide (7%), and iron oxide (15%). The amount of compounds was observed to increase to be 32%, 18% and 11%, respectively after calcinations. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of this mineral in the peat clay. SEM analysis showed flake structure of peat clay with EDX which indicated composition of the dominant element namely the presence of Al, Si, and Fe before and after calcination. This high amount of minerals in peat clay led to potential source to be utilized as adsorbent for removing the pollutant or as and catalyst for chemical process.

Detergent wastewater contains high phosphate concentrations, so that if the wastewater is directly disposed of into a ditch or river then the wastewater can cause water pollution and eutrophication. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are synthetic materials with positively charged pyruvate type coatings of mixed metal hydroxides by chemical precipitation method. The purpose of this study is to find out the efficiency of Mg–Al(NO3) LDH on phosphate-containing detergent wastewater adsorption. The morphological structure of LDH by the SEM-EDS analysis method shows a loose lamellar structure with a particle size of about 1 μm, and the composition of Mg–Al(NO3) LDH by the XRF analysis method shows that the Mg and Al elements dominate more than other elements. Batch adsorption experimental conducted for detergent wastewater, which is where in this study the phosphate content was of ca. 51.50 mg / L. The equilibrium time of the adsorption process using Mg–Al(NO3) LDH is achieved after 60 minutes. The mole ratio of Mg : Al composition of LDH in the adsorption process has slightly affects the decrease in phosphate shown by a mole ratio of 1 : 1, 2 : 1 and 3 : 1 using Mg–Al (NO3) LDH as adsorbent at dose of 1 g, stirring rate of 100 rpm, 60 minutes, and at room temperature that is equal to 4.15 mg/L, 4.14 mg/L and 4.08 mg/L, respectively. Mg–Al(NO3) LDH is a promising adsorbent for phosphate removal in detergent wastewater.

This paper explains a study on microwave-assisted leaching of aluminum from peat clay. Microwave-assisted leaching was undertaken using the Iwaki Pyrex glass reactor in a modified microwave oven. A research was made of the effect of acid concentration, microwave power, temperature, and reaction time on the aluminum leaching recovery. The dominant presence of aluminous minerals determined leaching of aluminum values in hydrochloric acid medium at different concentration and microwave power. The optimum leaching ratio for 4 M hydrochloric acid concentration, 40 °C temperature, and 15 min reaction time was obtained 67% dan 46,6% for 100 W dan 80 W respectively. The microwave assisted leaching is more efficient about overall aluminum dissolution.

A study was done on treatment of raw water sources for drinking water using chitosan/Mg-Al LDH (CS/Mg/Al–LDH) composites by adsorption process. An analysis on the adsorbent characterizations of FTIR, SEM and XRF showed that the CS/Mg/Al–LDH had many different functional groups and a high specific surface area for adsorption processes. The CS/Mg/Al–LDH showed high adsorption uptake capacity and selectivity for iron (Fe), turbidity, and colour in the raw water sources for drinking water in Municipal Waterworks in Banjarmasin. Therefore, the CS/Mg/Al–LDH composites have the potential to be used as an adsorbent in water and wastewater treatment.

The biodiesel production from waste cooking oil in this data collection process was focused on the utilization of the heterogeneous catalyst of CaO/silica. The CaO was obtained from eggshell after preparation process and the silica was successfully extracted from peat clay using sodium hydroxide with various molarities. The CaO/silica catalyst was formed by the impregnation of the CaO catalyst on the support of silica. The FTIR, SEM and XRD characterization for the various formed catalysts were presented. The generated catalysts were further used for the production of biodiesel. The GCMS chromatogram with the type of methyl esters for each data was presented. The data presented here are related to the previous research article [1].

The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of low grade iron ore as catalyst on pyrolysis process of using palm empty fruit bunch. The process was conducted in fixed bed reactor at 450-600 °C. During experiment, the biomass placed within the first stack underwent pyrolysis process was pyrolyzed to produce char, tar and gases. Tar vapor and gases passed through the catalyst bed located within the second stack to conduct catalytic reaction. Furthermore, the vapor left the reactor and entered the cooling system. The catalyst after experiment was weighed to calculate total carbon deposited into catalyst pores. The results showed that the presence of low grade iron ore catalyst increased the gas yield with the yield reduction of liquid fraction. The gas yield was also increased with increasing temperature.

This research focuses on the study of biocomposite nanoparticles of Eleocharis dulcis (ED) as potentials biosorbent to reduce the concentration of lead (II) ion containing Sasirangan textile industry wastewater. Eleocharis dulcis, locally named as Purun Tikus, has been developing becomes the biocomposites nanomaterial and valuables material in this research. Batch experiments were carried out to considering the kinetic of biosorption of lead onto the adsorbent, evaluating the effects of lead ion equilibrium concentration, equilibrium pH, and temperature on the adsorption of lead (II). Kinetic data of lead (II) biosorption onto EDB and EDB-MH revealed that equilibrium time was reached within 2 h, and the isotherm data showed that the Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity of the EDB-M and EDB-MH at pHe of 6±0.2, room temperature were 150.43 mg/g and 180.92 mg/g, respectively. The thermodynamic of lead (II) biosorption onto the adsorbent implied the biosorption was spontaneous and endothermic indicating by increased in temperature would increased in adsorption capacity.

Seiring dengan upaya pencegahan krisis bahan bakar fosil dimasa mendatang dan pelaksanaan program pemerintah tentang kebijakan energi maka diperlukan penelitian mengenai energi terbarukan, salah satunya bioetanol. Bahan baku pembuatan bioetanol biasanya mengandung karbohidrat yang cukup tinggi dan cempedak mengandung karbohidrat sebesar 28,6 g/100 g buah cempedak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh proses acid hydrolysis treatment terhadap pendegradasian lignin pada serat kulit cempedak, mengetahui berat kulit cempedak optimum pada proses acid hydrolysis treatment, mengetahui pH optimum dan nutrient yang tepat untuk menghasilkan kadar etanol tertinggi. Kulit cempedak dipotong , dioven dan dihaluskan sampai berbentuk serbuk kemudian dianalisa struktur morfologinya menggunakan metode SEM dan kristanilitasnya menggunakan metode XRD. Serbuk tersebut ditambahkan dengan larutan H 2 SO 4 (2% v/v) dan akuades 90 mL kemudian dihidrolisis pada suhu 100 o C selama 1 jam dengan variasi berat kulit cempedak (%w/v) yaitu: 2,5%; 5%; 7,5% dan 10%. Hidrolisat dengan kadar glukosa tertinggi dilakukan variasi pH, yaitu 4; 4,5 dan 5 selanjutnya disterilisasi menggunakan autoclave selama 15 menit. Hidrolisat ditambahkan starter yang sudah diaktivasi dan Saccharomyces cerevisiae kemudian difermentasi pada orbital shaker dengan kecepatan 120 rpm selama 4 hari. Proses fermentasi diulang kembali dengan mengatur pH 4,5 pada hidrolisat dan menambahkan variasi nutrient yaitu 0,1 g urea; 0,1 g NPK; dan 0,05 g urea+0,05 g NPK. Kadar bioetanol diujikan dengan metode G C . B erdasarkan XRD , k arakteristik peak selulosa pada sera t kulit cempedak mengalami peningkatan. Cr y stallinity Index sebelum hidrolisis 20,39 %, setelah hidrolisis 24,59 % . Dari hasil analisa dengan metode Luff-Schoorl diperoleh ka dar gula total te rtinggi dengan berat kulit cempedak 7,5% (w/v) sebesar 15,25 % ( v/v ) . Sedangkan hasil analisa dengan metode GC untuk variasi pH dan nutrient diperoleh kadar bioetanol tertinggi sebesar 0,810 %(v/v) pada pH 4,5 dan 0,7 3 1% (v/v) dengan penambahan 0,05 g urea+0,05 g NPK. Kata kunci : Acid hydrolysis treatment, cempedak, bioetanol. Abstract -Along with prevention efforts of fossil fuel crisis in the future and the implementation of government programs on energy policy, it is necessary to research on renewable energy such as bioethanol. The raw material for bioethanol production usually contain high enough carbohydrates and carbohydrate of jackfruit is 28.6 g/100 g jackfruit. This study aims to determine the effect of the process of acid hydrolysis treatment against the degradation of lignin in the skin fibers of jackfruit, determine the optimum weight of jackfruit skin to the process of acid hydrolysis treatment, know the optimum pH and right nutrient to produce the highest ethanol content. Jackfruit skin was cut, roasted and refined to powder and then analyzed the structure of the morphology using SEM and crystallity using XRD methods. The powder is added with solution of H 2 SO 4 (2% v/v) and 90 mL of distilled water and hydrolyzed at 100°C for 1 hour with a variety of heavy of jackfruit skin (%w/v) as follows: 2.5%; 5%; 7.5% and 10%. Hydrolyzate with the highest glucose levels do variations in pH, which is 4; 4,5 and 5 sterilized using an autoclave for 15 minutes. The hydrolyzate is added starter that has been activated and Saccharomyces cerevisiae then fermented in orbital shaker at 120 rpm for 4 days. The fermentation process is repeated by adjusting pH 4.5 at hydrolyzate and add a variety of nutrients, namely 0.1 g urea; 0.1 g NPK; and 0.05 g urea+0.05 g NPK. The content of bioethanol tested with GC method. Based on XRD, the characteristic of peak of cellulose of jackfruit fiber skin is increased. Crystallinity Index before hydrolysis 20.39% and 24.59% after hydrolysis. From the analysis by the Luff-Schoorl method obtained the highest total sugar content with weight of jackfruit skin of 7.5% (w/ v) is 15.25% (v/v). While the results of the analysis by GC method to variations in pH and nutrient is obtained a highest content of bioethanol is 0.810% (v/v) at pH 4.5 and 0.731% (v/v) with the addition of 0.05 g urea+ 0.05 g NPK. Keywords : Acid hydrolysis treatment, jackfruit, bioethanol.

Surfaktan merupakan salah satu bahan baku penting didalam berbagai bidang industri, seperti: emulsifier, corrosion inhibition, foaming, detergent, dan hair conditioning. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui proses produksi surfaktan dari sekam padi melalui proses sulfonasi langsung. Selain itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi NaHSO­ 3 dan peningkatan suhu terhadap jumlah surfaktan. Surfaktan pada penelitian ini dibuat dari kandungan lignin sekam padi yang diperoleh dari daerah Kuin, Kalimantan Selatan. Sekam padi terlebih dahulu dijemur dan diayak. Sekam padi lolos ayakan 355 mikron dan tertahan ayakan 250 mikron dicampur dengan 250 mL natrium bisulfit (dengan variasi 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%) untuk dicek pHnya. H 2 SO 4 ditambahkan pada larutan campuran agar pH nya menjadi 4. Larutan campuran dipanaskan pada variasi suhu 70 o C, 85 o C dan 100 o C. Hasil reaksi disaring dan diambil 5mL filtrat untuk dioven sehingga diperoleh serbuk sodium lignosulfonat (surfaktan). Dari hasil yang didapatkan, dapat disimpulkan semakin besar konsentrasi NaHSO 3 dan temperatur operasi maka kadar surfaktan akan semakin meningkat. Yield surfaktan tertinggi diperoleh pada konsentrasi larutan NaHSO 3 30% dengan suhu operasi 100 o C yaitu 1,19% (%berat). Hasil perbandingan uji karakteristik larutan surfaktan sekam padi dengan larutan surfaktan sintetis (ABS) menunjukkan kedua larutan berbau sulfur dan agak asam, mempunyai pH 5 dan larut sempurna dalam air. Sementara itu untuk variabel warna terdapat perbedaan dimana untuk larutan surfaktan sintetis (ABS) berwarna kuning kecoklatan dan untuk larutan surfaktan sekam padi memiliki warna kekuningan. Kata kunci : sekam padi, surfaktan, sulfonasi, sodium lignosulfonat, UV-VIS Abstract- Surfactant is one of the most important raw materials used in various industrial fields, such as emulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors, foaming agent, detergent and hair conditioning products. This study aims to find out the surfactant production process of rice husk through direct sulfonation process. In addition, this study aims to determine the effect of variation of NaHSO ­ 3 concentrations and variation of temperature on the amount of surfactant. Surfactant in this study was made from lignin content of rice husk which was obtained from the Kuin region, South Kalimantan. Firstly, rice husk was dried and sieved. The rice husk that passed the 355 micron sieve and retained on 250 micron sieve was mixed with 250 mL of sodium bisulfite (the variations were 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%) for pH check. H 2 SO 4 was added to the mixture to get pH 4. The mixtures then was heated at 70 o C, 85 o C and 100 o C. The solution result was filtered, 5 mL of the solution was ovened to obtain the powder of sodium lignosulfonate (surfactant). From the results obtained, it can be concluded that the greater concentration of NaHSO 3 and operating temperature, the higher the surfactant yield will be obtained. The highest yield was obtained at a concentration of surfactant NaHSO 3 solution of 30% with operating temperature of 100 o C is 1.19% (wt%). The comparison of characteristics test of rice husk surfactant solution with a solution of synthetic surfactant (ABS) showed two solutions with a scent of sulfur and slightly acidic, having a pH of 5 and completely soluble in water. Meanwhile, for the color variable, there is a visible difference. For the synthetic surfactant solution (ABS) the solution was brownish yellow and rice husk surfactant solution had a yellowish color. Keywords : rice husk, surfactant, sulphonated, sodium lignosulfonate, characteristics test

Bioethanol is one of the biofuels that is present as an alternative fuel that is more environmentally friendly and renewable. This study aims to determine the effect of good temperatures in the process of hydrolysis for the manufacture of bioethanol, the effect of operating conditions for 5 days of good fermentation to produce large bioethanol and bioethanol levels produced by fermentation of banana kepok skin using yeast bread (Fermipan) and tape yeast, from both yeast to fermentation, which ones produce more bioethanol. This study of banana kepok peel dried into a powder. Banana skin powder was tested by FTIR, SEM, and XRD. The hydrolysis process with 0.5 N sulfuric acid in 500 mL with 25 grams of banana kepok peel powder. The hydrolysis process with temperature variations of 60ºC, 80ºC, and 100ºC. The hydrolysis solution is fermented with yeast variations, namely Fermipan and yeast tape (4 grams, 8 grams, and 12 grams) with the addition of NPK 4 grams and 5 gram urea. Results glucose levels were obtained at 60ºC, namely 33.0%, at 80ºC, 41.2% and temperatures of 100ºC, 56.0%. The results of fermentation solutions obtained by the concentration of ethanol in Fermipan with a weight of 4 grams, 8 grams and 12 grams respectively 0.264%, 0.630% and 0.786% while the concentration of ethanol in the tape yeast weighs 4 grams, 8 grams, and 12 grams successively which are 0.015%, 0.006% and 0.017%.

In recent years, the development of renewable energy such as biodiesel has been widely researched throughout the world as technology advances in the era of Industry 4.0. At the final station of biodiesel production in the maturation tank, the by-products will form by-products in the form of sterol glycosides in Fatty Acid Methyl Esters which have not been utilized. This study aims to determine the volume of biodiesel from a mixture of sterol glycosides with a ratio of 0.5% H 2 SO 4 catalyst concentration; 1%; 1.5% and 2% and tested their characteristics in accordance with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 7182: 2015). Biodiesel production was carried out by esterification with a molar ratio of 1:6 (sterol glycoside: methanol) to variations in H 2 SO 4 catalyst concentration. The results of the highest yield volume biodiesel were obtained from a catalyst concentration of 1.5% of 28.02% and the lowest yield of 17.50% in a 0.5% catalyst. Based on the characteristic test of biodiesel by varying the concentration of catalyst H 2 SO 4 obtained density of 852 – 862 kg m -3 , viscosity of 4.642 – 4.950 mm 2 s -1 and saponification number of 191.007 – 198.164 mg-KOH g -1 according to standard characteristics SNI 7182:2015, while for the water content of 0.1965 – 0.1976% and acid numbers of 2.151 – 3.232 mg-KOH g -1 isn’t according to standard characteristics. Based on research, pre-treatment treatments was recommended before the refining process to reduce the amount of acid and moisture content so according to standard characteristics.

For the first time the interlayer-free silica-carbon templatesmembrane has been successfully fabricated employed pectin as carbonsource. This membrane was compared to interlayer-free silica-P123membrane that were fabricated via Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP). Theaim of this work is to investigate the performance of interlayer-free silicapectinand silica-P123 membranes. Sol-gel process has been utilised toproduce silica thin film using TEOS as precursor, EtOH, HNO3 and NH3 with two-step acid-based catalyst (50 °C, 3 hours). Pectin and P123 weretemplated into silica sols. Subsequently, the alumina tubular supportmembranes were dip-coated into these sols and calcined at 400 °C (pectin)and 350 °C (P123), respectively with 4 layers each membrane. Theinterlayer-free silica-pectin shows excellent water flux (5.73 kg m-2 h-1) incomparison to interlayer-free silica-P123 (1.449 kg m-2 h-1). Both silicapectinand silica-P123 membranes show very good salt rejection (>99%). The performance of silica-pectin membrane is much better than silica-P123membrane (~4 times higher). It is influenced by the length of carbonschains where carbon chains of pectin is much lower than P123. Due to that, P123 connected to silica networks create dense film of membrane andreduce the membranes performance.

Large amounts of low-quality dates produced worldwide are wasted. Here, highly concentrated fructose syrups were produced via selective fermentation of date extracts with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Syrups with 95.4-99.9 % (w/w) fructose yields were obtained from date extracts having an initial sugar range of 49-374 g/l without media supplementation; the corresponding ethanol yields were between 69 and 52 % (w/w). At 470 g initial sugars/l, fructose and ethanol yields were 84 and 47 % (w/w), respectively, and the product contained 62 % (w/w) fructose, which is higher than the widely available commercial 42 and 55 % (w/w) high fructose corn syrups. The commercial potential for conversion of waste dates to high-value products is thus demonstrated.

The kinetics of propane oxidative dehydrogenation over V–Mo and Sr–V–Mo oxide catalysts supported on γ-Al 2 O 3 was investigated in the temperature range of 450–550 °C in an integral reactor. The reaction network for V–Mo catalyst was found to involve parallel and consecutive routes. However, the presence of strontium in the catalyst matrix inhibited the consecutive route. Langmuir–Hinshelwood, Eley–Rideal and Mars–Van-Krevelen kinetic models were employed in this investigation. For V–Mo catalyst (higher reducibility), the best fitting was obtained using MVK model. However, MVK model was not suitable for Sr–V–Mo catalyst thus confirming its lower reducibility and LH model was more appropriate.

This work presents the results of propane oxidative dehydrogenation on alumina-supported V–Mo oxides and Sr–V–Mo oxide catalysts. The reaction was conducted at atmospheric pressure and 500 °C. Catalysts composed of 2:4 vanadium to molybdenum ratio showed the best performance. The presence of strontium in the catalyst's matrix enhanced its performance (increase in conversion and selectivity) and decreased its reducibility by changing the nature of its surface as confirmed by BET, XRD and TGA techniques. Moreover, the presence of strontium improved the stability of the catalyst. Hence, Sr–V–Mo stands as a promising catalyst for oxidative dehydrogenation of propane.

The synthesis of biocomposites from rice husk (RH) fiber and magnetic nanoparticle was made by solvothermal reaction. Rice husk dried was blended to small size (60 mesh), then through delignification process to eliminate lignin by 1% w/v NaOH solution. Delignified rice husk was put into hydrothermal reactor, afterward was carried out by one-pot solvothermal at 200 °C for 6 h in the presence of 1,6-hexanediamine, FeCl3.6H2O and ethylene glycol. The process was produced two types of biocomposites, without amino group (RHB-M) and with amino group (RHB-MH). The characterization results shown by FE-SEM, magnetic nanoparticle have been formed on the surface of RH fiber with diameter size around 30–50 nm could be obtained. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis showed treatment of ED delignification was increased crystalinity index (CrI) about 16.77% and reduced silica content about 78%. The iron content may affect the adsorbent by enhanching the high-adsorption of sorbent capacity for reactivity toward a wide range of organic pollutan.

The sulphonated biocarbon (C-SO 3 H) has been prepared from carbonization of corn cob and followed by one-step hydrothermal treatment. This research focus on characterization of C-SO 3 H and evaluate the capability of C-SO 3 H for hydrolyzed banana peel starch, and also investigate the optimum concentrations of substrate and the reaction time for hydrolysis. The C-SO 3 H was produced from corn cob (±60 mm mesh); it was carbonized at 400 °C for 1 hour. The resulting carbon was sulphonated by hydroxy ethyl sulphonic acid at 180 °C for 4 hours, and then washed with 50% methanol and water, and then resulting biocarbon was dried at 80 °C for 6 hour in oven. Based on Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observation, structure morphology of corn cob was changed due to carbonization process. The C-SO 3 H after sulphonation has random pores with diameter around 3 µm–10 µm. The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) showed increased of crystalline index of corn cob about 133% after carbonization. Analysis of EDX result for S component on C-SO 3 H is 3.79% w/w and capacity of H + is 1.447 mmol/g. The apparent peaks of -SO 3 H functional groups (1207 cm -1 and 1720 cm -1 ) on C-SO 3 H were indicated the by Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR). Optimum hydrolysis concentration of banana peel starch is 7% w/v for 60 min at 100 o C which Total Reducing Sugar (TRS) concentration about 0.688 mg/mL. Reusability of C-SO 3 H for 4 repeated used which showed a good performance that only 6% of decreasing activity of C-SO 3 H. The utilization of corn cob can be enhanced of corn cob and also it can be utilized as heterogeneous catalyst.

Eleocharis dulcis (Chinese water chesnut), locally Kalimantan named Purun Tikus, is a plant that grown in highly acidic swamps areas in South Kalimantan. Eleocharis dulcis (ED) , was usually used as material for traditional handicrafts. Therefore it is necessary for develop and innovate to convert the material becomes valuables. This research focus on the study of biocomposite nanoparticles of ED and its potentials as an adsorbent to reduce concentration of Pb 2+ ion, Total Suspended Solid (TSS) and color from Sasirangan textile industry wastewater. The synthesis of the biocomposite nanocomposite was made by solvothermal synthesis. Firstly, ED stemsdried was cutted to small size (250 micron), then through delignification process to eliminate lignin by 1% w/v NaOH solution. ED delignification put into hydrothermal reactor, right afterward was carried out by one-pot solvothermal reaction of 1,6-diaminohexane, iron (III) chloride hexahydrate, and ethylene glycol at 200 o C for 6 h.The process was produced two types of biocomposites, without the amino group (EDB-M) and the amino group (EDB-MH). The characterization results shown by SEM, magnetic nanoparticles have been formed on the surface of EDfiber.The ED biocomposite nanoparticles (EDB) with diameter size around 30–50 nm could be obtained. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis showed treatment of EDdelignification was increased the porosity of the fiber, shown by increased Crystalinity Index (CrI) about 72.75%. The biocomposites adsorbent, EDB-M and EDB-MH had adsorption capacity for Pb 2+ ions about 44.21 mg/g and 55.62 mg/g at equilibrium pH (pH e ) of 6 and equilibrium time of 2 hour. The effectiveness of reduced TSS was about of 91.9% and 98.1%. Beside that, the colour intensity of color was decreased about 96.7% and 97.8% for the EDB-M and EDB-MH, respectively.

About half of worldwide production of dates is unconsumed. Dates contain over 75 % reduced sugars (mostly glucose and fructose with nearly equal amount). Compared to the commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae wild strain, the strains ATCC 36858 and 36859 could produce high concentration fructose syrups. The fructose fractions obtained were 95.9 and 97.4% for ATCC 36858 and 86.5 and 91.4% for ATCC 36859 at 30 and 33°C, respectively. Fructose yields higher than 90% were obtained using ATCC 36858 compared to those obtained using ATCC 36859 which were 87.3 and 66.1% at 30 and 33°C, respectively. The ethanol yield using ATCC 36858 was higher than that using ATCC 36859 by 16 and 9% at 30 and 33°C, respectively. Through this finding, the production of fructose and ethanol from date extract is a promising process. Moreover, the fructose fractions obtained here (about 90%) are much higher than those obtained with the commercial process, i.e. 55 % fructose syrups.