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Due to new market entrants, marketing of raw jute and jute products is currently under intense competitive pressure. In Bangladesh, the production of diverse jute products has also picked up speed. This study tries to identify new markets for goods made of jute in Bangladesh. Fifteen target markets of five different continents are examined in this regard. To get a full idea about the market different factors, consumer behavior of some markets, supply chain analysis including industry analysis is done. Traders and product demand of those countries have also identified in this paper. After analysis this research gives us the idea that Bangladesh earns more by exporting value added products than raw jute. Also, it suggests some marketing strategies for the exporter and will give a easy way to commercialize their produced products to the International market. Keywords: Brightness level, FTIR, Shrinkage test, Diversified jute.

Ready-made garments (RMG) are one of the most critical sectors in the economy of the South Asian region in terms of the labor force employed and export earnings. This research study aims to determine the Corporate Social Responsibility Stakeholders dimension and its influence on textile firms Performance. The study used organizational legitimacy as mediating variable between the CSR stakeholders and firms’ performances. The research study was used in the quantitative analysis approach to determine the cause and effect of the relationship between CSR and Textile firm’s financial and non-financial performance. Though the study collected primary data & secondary data from 250 respondents using survey questionnaires, the researcher obtained secondary data by analyzing the audited annual and sustainability reports of various RMG companies. We have collected data by conducting a focus group interview forming a team of employers, top-level managers, and CSR officers. We asked them all the questions, filled it, tapped it, reserved it for the interpretations. We have surveyed 67 industries, but it enabled us to collect the data from the 50 sectors—the data collected from 2016 April to 2018 December. Our study has some limitations in that the sample size is small compared to the other research. SPSS-23 & MS-Excel were used to analyze the collected data. CSR practices benefitted RMG companies in terms of long-term sustainable development by increasing the firm’s financial and non-financial performance of the RMG sector.

Since the coronavirus outbreak occurs rapidly worldwide, many countries take non-therapeutic preventive measures, including bans on travel, remote office activities, country lockdown, and social distancing or above everything. This is a big problem in countries with relatively low-income and the world's most populated regions like Bangladesh. With no exception, this country has also capitulated to the serious threat of economic disparity during and after the colossal crisis. The COVID-19 has caused huge destruction to the quality of life, education, and or Bangladeshi economy. This research aims to determine the possible impact of COVID-19 in Bangladesh and find solutions to this issue. This study is a qualitative analysis and describing a method for understanding the overall situation of COVID-19. For the data analysis, we have used QDA Miner Lite qualitative software. All previous studies, papers, and sources have been used to compile this review section. The results summarize and describe the pandemic effects, trigger points on how the Bangladeshi government and citizens can deal with it. Some policy suggests that it is important for people from all sectors to mitigate the spread of this COVID-19 outbreak.

PurposeDrawing on the transformational leadership (TL) and knowledge-based view (KBV) theory, the present study investigates the impact of TL on radical innovation (RI) through the mediation of knowledge management capabilities (KMCs) and moderation of competitive intensity (CI) of textile and apparel industries with an Asian context.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from the relevant stakeholders of the industry-university collaboration teams with a structured survey questionnaire. Working with 304 textile and apparel industry respondents, structural equation modeling based partial least square (PLS-SEM) is used to test the conceptual framework. PLS-SEM technique was applied to test the hypothesis using Smart-PLS 3.8 packages program.FindingsThe results proposed TL has a positive impact on KMC and RI. Furthermore, the study reveals KMC positively mediated the relationship between TL and RI. This mediation is conditional on the moderating role of CI for the KMC (knowledge acquisition capability + knowledge-sharing capability) path to RI. Conversely, moderation of CI is insignificant and does not influence on fostering RI.Practical implicationsLeaders and managers have realized creative and innovative culture is built within the organizations by leader-follower collaboration through actual knowledge acquisition and knowledge sharing. Moreover, industry policymakers and practitioners establish the knowledge management department to enhance the innovation culture among the firms' stakeholders to encourage RI to sustain the global business market.Originality/valueThe study has introduced KMC as a mediator and CI as a moderator in the proposed model between TL-RI and KMC-RI. Further, it explores the linkages between TL, KMC, CI and RI.

Background: Haematological malignancies covers a wide range of diseases ranging from acute leukaemia to different type of lymphoproliferative disorders among which acute leukemia is a major concern all over the world. Objective: To evaluate the diagnosis of acute leukemia by morphological and immunophenotypic study. To find out the prevalence of acute leukemia among the 50 patients attending in the department Haematology, Armed forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), Dhaka Cantonment. Materials and method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Haematology, Armed forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), Dhaka Bangladesh from January 2008 to December 2008. Total of 50 patients were included after fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Out of 50 patients, 38 (76%) cases are in the age group of 06 months to 15 years followed by 12 (24%) patients belong to the age group of 16 to more than 75 years. Amongst the respondents 58% were male and 42% were female. Morphology of the bone marrow samples revealed that 19 (38%) cases were acute myeloid leukemia, 29 (58%) were found to be acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 02 (04%) were indistinguishable. Whether, from immunophenotyping of 50 cases, 14 (28%) were reported as acute myeloid leukemia, 32 (64%) were acute lymphoblastic leukemia and both bi-phenotypic and undifferentiated acute leukaemia were 02 (04%) of each. Conclusion: Acute lymphoid leukaemia was the commonest type of acute leukaemia. Male predominance was seen in all acute types of leukemia and age has a significant effect on the type of leuakemia.

This paper reviews and discusses the potential of papaya seed and stone fruit kernel biodiesels — the two sources of 2nd generation transport biodiesels in Australia. The challenges associated with biodiesel production and their possible solutions, particularly on feedstock selection, oil extraction, conversion of oil into biodiesel, biodiesel storage and transport, costs of production and the information needs for commercialising these sources of biodiesels are discussed, along with the eco-friendly attributes of these biodiesels to Australian transport sector. Some researchers report that the use of papaya seed and stone fruit kernel biodiesels reduce engine power only 2 to 5%), however significantly reduce harmful engine emission such as HC reductions of 9 to 19%, PM reductions of 19.5 to 35% and CO reductions of 11 to 29%. Keywords: Papaya seed, Stone fruit kernel, Apricot, RSM, Biodiesel, Renewable energy, Australia, Optimisation, Challenges, Engine performance, Emission, Second generation

Essential oils are mostly used in aromatherapy and their popularity has grown rapidly for the last decade. However, the industry has a substantial low-value waste stream, because downstream industries require therapeutic-grade oil. These waste stream oils can be used in the transport and agricultural sectors. This study investigated the influence of various essential oil blends on the emission characteristics of a multi-cylinder diesel engine. Orange, eucalyptus and tea tree oil were blended with diesel at 5% and 10% by volume, neat diesel and a 10% waste cooking biodiesel-diesel blend were also tested for comparison. The major constituents of orange oil and eucalyptus oil are limonene and 1,8-cineole respectively, and the main constituents of tea tree oil are terpinen-4-ol, γ-terpinene and α-terpinene. Orange oil contains negligible amounts of oxygen, whereas eucalyptus oil and tea tree oil contain 8.4% and 5.4% respectively. Compared to neat diesel, all the essential oil blends exhibited similar or slightly higher density, similar heating value, lower viscosity, flash point, and cetane number, and higher surface tension. However, only orange oil and eucalyptus oil blends exhibited oxidation stability above the minimum standards. Interestingly, blending eucalyptus oil increased the oxidation stability of diesel. Tea tree oil blends emitted the most carbon monoxide (CO) while orange oil and eucalyptus oil blends emitted the least CO and nitrogen oxide (NOX). Although eucalyptus oil and tea tree oil blends contain similar levels of oxygen, they exhibited opposite NOX emission trends, which might be attributed to the dissimilar and complex bonding of oxygen molecules into the structures. Particle number emission of essential oils were load dependent, however, all essential oil belnds emitted higher particulate mass at all loads.

A one-dimensional (1-D) thermodynamic model for engine performance, combustion and emissions using a regular diesel and two paraffin fuels (decane and dodecane) were developed using a GT-Suite simulation software. The engine performance, combustion and emission parameters for two paraffin fuels were analysed and compared with that of regular diesel. Thermal efficiency and specific fuel consumption were considered for engine performance analysis. Amongst the combustion parameters, in-cylinder pressure, rate of heat release, maximum temperature, start of combustion, ignition delay, 50% burned crank angle, 50% burned duration, and volumetric efficiency and excess air ratio were taken into consideration for analysis. Finally, specific oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and specific soot emissions were considered for emission analysis. Based on the engine performance, combustion and emissions analysis of all three fuels, it was found that decane and dodecane can be used as alternative fuels for diesel engine.

Increasing global energy demand at a rate faster than the population growth has led the researcher to look for alternative fuel. Amongst the options, biodiesel is an environmentally sustainable substitute of diesel fuel being renewable, biodegradable and have similar properties of fossil diesel. Among the biodiesel sources, microalgae is a potential third generation biodiesel feedstock which can be produced throughout the year and its oil yield is higher than any other crops. This paper reviews recent development in microalgae biodiesel in terms of its oil extraction technics, challenges of oil extraction, production of biodiesel from microalgae oil and its fuel properties. Finally, the paper discusses the performance and combustion analysis of diesel engine fuelled with microalgae biodiesel. This paper provides a clear understanding of the potential use of microalgae biodiesel as an alternative source to fossil diesel for diesel engines.

The current work is an experimental investigation to examine the influence of biodiesel derived from waste cooking oil on engine performance and exhaust emissions. Experiments were conducted with three biodiesel blends at 20%, 40%, and 60% (by volume). A petroleum diesel fuel was used as a reference fuel. The primary purpose of this study was to observe both particulate matter (PM) and particle number (PN) emissions for the three biodiesel blends. Furthermore, the blow-by emissions of the biodiesel blends were also studied. All measurements were conducted in a six-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine with a high-pressure common rail injection system in compliance with a 13-Mode European Stationary Cycle (ESC).

This paper builds on previous work using surrogate fuel to investigate advanced internal combustion engine fuels. To date, a surrogate fuel of this nature has not been used for microalgae hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) biocrude. This research used five different chemical groups found in microalgae HTL biocrude to design a surrogate fuel. Those five chemical groups constitute around 65% (by weight) of a microalgae biocrude produced by HTL. Weight percentage of the microalgae HTL biocrude chemical compounds were used to design the surrogate fuel, which was miscible with diesel at all percentages. The engine experiments were conducted on a EURO IIIA turbocharged common-rail direct-injection six-cylinder diesel engine to test engine performance and emissions. Exhaust emissions, including particulate matter and other gaseous emissions, were measured with the surrogate fuel and a reference diesel fuel. Experimental results showed that without significantly deteriorating engine performance, lower particulate mass, particulate number and CO emissions were observed with a penalty in NOx emissions for all surrogate blends compared to those of the reference diesel.

Waste management cost for Australia is increasing every year, and thus, it is important to find alternative ways to use the waste. For example, essential oil has a significant waste stream that can be utilized in vehicles of their producers. However, some of the essential oils contain oxygen which considerably affects engine performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of diesel engines. Thus, this research paper will try to evaluate the essential oils as a replacement of diesel fuel to operate a multicylider diesel engine. For this study, two essential oils are selected which contain different oxygenated functional groups, tea tree oil (5.4% oxygen) and eucalyptus oil (8.4% oxygen), with an aim to evaluate the effect of these functional groups on engine performance and emission parameters. These oils were blended with neat diesel (0% oxygen) to obtain a blend cotaining 2.2% oxygen by weight. The blends produced similar brake power; however, brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) increased for eucalyptus oil blends (2.4–3.7%) and tea tree oil blends (3.9–5.3%). Essential oil–diesel blends resulted in less CO and increased NOX emission, produced similar peak pressure, and indicated mean effective pressure. The results then lead to the conclusion that oxygenated essential oils can have a role to reduce dependency of agricultural sector on diesel in the near future.

Energy and exergy (EnE) efficiencies are considered the most important parameters to compare the performance of various thermal systems. In this paper, an analysis was carried out for EnE efficiencies of a flat plate solar collector (FPSC) using four different kinds of nanofluids as flowing mediums, namely, Al2O3/water, MgO/water, TiO2/water, and CuO/water, and compared with water as a flowing medium (traditional base fluid). The analysis considered nanofluids made of nanomaterials’ volume fractions of 1–4% with water. The volume flow rates of nanofluids and water were 1 to 4 L/min. The solar collector′s highest EnE efficiency values were obtained for CuO/water nanofluid among the four types of nanofluids mentioned above. The EnE efficiencies of the CuO nanofluid-operated solar collector were 38.21% and 34.06%, respectively, which is significantly higher than that of water-operated solar collectors. For the same volume flow rate, the mass flow rate was found to be 15.95% higher than water for the CuO nanofluid. The EnE efficiency of FPSC can also be increased by increasing the density and reducing the specific heat of the flowing medium.

Essential oils are derived from not-fatty parts of plants and are mostly used in aromatherapy, as well as cosmetics and perfume production. The essential oils market is growing rapidly due to their claimed health benefits. However, because only therapeutic grade oil is required in the medicinal sector, there is a substantial low-value waste stream of essential oils that can be used in the transportation and agricultural sectors. This study investigated the influence of orange, eucalyptus, and tea tree oil on engine performance and combustion characteristics of a multi-cylinder compression ignition engine. Orange, eucalyptus, and tea tree oil were blended with diesel at 10% by volume. For benchmarking, neat diesel and 10% waste cooking biodiesel-diesel blend were also tested. The selected fuels were used to conduct engine test runs with a constant engine speed (1500 RPM (revolutions per minute)) at four loads. As the load increased, frictional power losses decreased for all of the fuel samples and thus mechanical efficiency increased. At higher loads (75% and 100%), only orange oil-diesel blends produced comparable power to diesel and waste cooking biodiesel-diesel blends. Fuel consumption (brake and indicated) for the essential oil-diesel blends was higher when compared to base diesel and waste cooking biodiesel-diesel blends. Thermal efficiency for the essential oil-diesel blends was comparable to base diesel and waste cooking biodiesel-diesel blends. At higher loads, blow-by was lower for essential oil blends as compared to base diesel and waste cooking biodiesel-diesel blends. At 50% and 100% load, peak pressure was lower for all of the essential oil-diesel blends when compared to base diesel and waste cooking biodiesel-diesel blends. From the heat release rate curve, the essential oil-diesel blends ignition delay times were longer because the oils have lower cetane values. Overall, the low-value streams of these essential oils were found to be suitable for use in diesel engines at 10% blends by agricultural producers of these oils.

In this study, the biodiesel properties and effects of blends of oil methyl ester petroleum diesel on a CI direct injection diesel engine is investigated. Blends were obtained from the marine dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii and waste cooking oil. The experiment was conducted using a four-cylinder, turbo-charged common rail direct injection diesel engine at four loads (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%). Three blends (10%, 20% and 50%) of microalgae oil methyl ester and a 20% blend of waste cooking oil methyl ester were compared to petroleum diesel. To establish suitability of the fuels for a CI engine, the effects of the three microalgae fuel blends at different engine loads were assessed by measuring engine performance, i.e. mean effective pressure (IMEP), brake mean effective pressure (BMEP), in cylinder pressure, maximum pressure rise rate, brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), heat release rate and gaseous emissions (NO, NOx,and unburned hydrocarbons (UHC)). Results were then compared to engine performance characteristics for operation with a 20% waste cooking oil/petroleum diesel blend and petroleum diesel. In addition, physical and chemical properties of the fuels were measured. Use of microalgae methyl ester reduced the instantaneous cylinder pressure and engine output torque, when compared to that of petroleum diesel, by a maximum of 4.5% at 50% blend at full throttle. The lower calorific value of the microalgae oil methyl ester blends increased the BSFC, which ultimately reduced the BTE by up to 4% at higher loads. Minor reductions of IMEP and BMEP were recorded for both the microalgae and the waste cooking oil methyl ester blends at low loads, with a maximum of 7% reduction at 75% load compared to petroleum diesel. Furthermore, compared to petroleum diesel, gaseous emissions of NO and NOx, increased for operations with biodiesel blends. At full load, NO and NOx emissions increased by 22% when 50% microalgae blends were used. Petroleum diesel and a 20% blend of waste cooking oil methyl ester had emissions of UHC that were similar, but those of microalgae oil methyl ester/petroleum diesel blends were reduced by at least 50% for all blends and engine conditions. The tested microalgae methyl esters contain some long-chain, polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) (C22:5 and C22:6) not commonly found in terrestrial-crop-derived biodiesels yet all fuel properties were satisfied or were very close to the ASTM 6751-12 and EN14214 standards. Therefore, Crypthecodinium cohnii- derived microalgae biodiesel/petroleum blends of up to 50% are projected to meet all fuel property standards and, engine performance and emission results from this study clearly show its suitability for regular use in diesel engines.

The insecure supply of fossil fuel coerces the scientific society to keep a vision to boost investments in the renewable energy sector. Among the many renewable fuels currently available around the world, biodiesel offers an immediate impact in our energy. In fact, a huge interest in related research indicates a promising future for the biodiesel technology. Heterogeneous catalyzed production of biodiesel has emerged as a preferred route as it is environmentally benign needs no water washing and product separation is much easier. The number of well-defined catalyst complexes that are able to catalyze transesterification reactions efficiently has been significantly expanded in recent years. The activity of catalysts, specifically in application to solid acid/base catalyst in transesterification reaction depends on their structure, strength of basicity/acidity, surface area as well as the stability of catalyst. There are various process intensification technologies based on the use of alternate energy sources such as ultrasound and microwave. The latest advances in research and development related to biodiesel production is represented by non-catalytic supercritical method and focussed exclusively on these processes as forthcoming transesterification processes. The latest developments in this field featuring highly active catalyst complexes are outlined in this review. The knowledge of more extensive research on advances in biofuels will allow a deeper insight into the mechanism of these technologies toward meeting the critical energy challenges in future.

This study uses the first and second laws of thermodynamics to investigate the effect of 18 oxygenated fuels on the quality and quantity of energy in a turbo-charged, common-rail six19 cylinder diesel engine. This work was performed using a range of fuel oxygen content based 20 on diesel, waste cooking biodiesel, and a triacetin. The experimental engine performance and 21 emission data was collected at 12 engine operating modes. Energy and exergy parameters were 22 calculated, and results showed that the use of oxygenated fuels can improve the thermal 23 efficiency leading to lower exhaust energy loss. Waste cooking biodiesel (B100) exhibited the 24 lowest exhaust loss fraction and highest thermal efficiency (up to 6% higher than diesel). 25 Considering the exergy analysis, lower exhaust temperatures obtained with oxygenated fuels 26 resulted in lower exhaust exergy loss (down to 80%) and higher exergetic efficiency (up to 27 10%). Since the investigated fuels were oxygenated, this study used the oxygen ratio (OR) 28 instead of the equivalence ratio to provide a better understanding of the concept. The OR has 29 increased with decreasing engine load and increasing engine speed. Increasing the OR 30 decreased the fuel exergy, exhaust exergy and destruction efficiency. With the use of B100, 31 there was a very high exergy destruction (up to 55%), which was seen to decrease with the 32 addition of triacetin (down to 29%).

Physical and chemical properties of biodiesel are influenced by structural features of the fatty acids, such as chain length, degree of unsaturation and branching of the carbon chain. This study investigated if microalgal fatty acid profiles are suitable for biodiesel characterization and species selection through Preference Ranking Organisation Method for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE) and Graphical Analysis for Interactive Assistance (GAIA) analysis. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles were used to calculate the likely key chemical and physical properties of the biodiesel [cetane number (CN), iodine value (IV), cold filter plugging point, density, kinematic viscosity, higher heating value] of nine microalgal species (this study) and twelve species from the literature, selected for their suitability for cultivation in subtropical climates. An equal-parameter weighted (PROMETHEE-GAIA) ranked Nannochloropsis oculata , Extubocellulus sp. and Biddulphia sp. highest; the only species meeting the EN14214 and ASTM D6751-02 biodiesel standards, except for the double bond limit in the EN14214. Chlorella vulgaris outranked N. oculata when the twelve microalgae were included. Culture growth phase (stationary) and, to a lesser extent, nutrient provision affected CN and IV values of N. oculata due to lower eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) contents. Application of a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) weighting to saturation led to a lower ranking of species exceeding the double bond EN14214 thresholds. In summary, CN, IV, C18:3 and double bond limits were the strongest drivers in equal biodiesel parameter-weighted PROMETHEE analysis.

The current investigation reports on diesel particulate matter emissions, with special interest in fine particles from the combustion of two base fuels. The base fuels selected were diesel fuel and marine gas oil (MGO). The experiments were conducted with a four-stroke, six-cylinder, direct injection diesel engine. The results showed that the fine particle number emissions measured by both SMPS and ELPI were higher with MGO compared to diesel fuel. It was observed that the fine particle number emissions with the two base fuels were quantitatively different but qualitatively similar. The gravimetric (mass basis) measurement also showed higher total particulate matter (TPM) emissions with the MGO. The smoke emissions, which were part of TPM, were also higher for the MGO. No significant changes in the mass flow rate of fuel and the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) were observed between the two base fuels.

Oxidative potential (OP) is related to the organic phase, specifically to its oxygenated organic fraction (OOA). Furthermore, the oxygen content of fuel molecules has significant influence on particulate OP. Thus, this study aimed to explore the actual dependency of the OOA and ROS to the oxygen content of the fuel. In order to reach the goal, different biodiesels blends, with various ranges of oxygen content; have been employed. The compact time of flight aerosol mass spectrometer (c-ToF AMS) enabled better identification of OOA. ROS monitored by using two assays: DTT and BPEA-nit. Despite emitting lower mass, both assays agreed that oxygen content of a biodiesel is directly correlated with its OOA, and highly related to its OP. Hence, the more oxygen included in the considered biodiesels, the higher the OP of PM emissions. This highlights the importance of taking oxygen content into account while assessing emissions from new fuel types, which is relevant from a health effects standpoint.

Significant improvements in exhaust gas emissions and engine performance in an ordinary DI diesel engine were realized with highly oxygenated fuels. The smoke sharply and linearly decreased with increases in oxygen content regardless of the kinds of oxygenates to reach zero at an oxygen content of 38wt-% even at a stoichiometric condition. Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether(DGM) was used as a base oxygenate, and dimethyl carbonate(DMC)or methanol were blended with DGM at a volume ratio of 80:20 for perfectly smoke-free fuels. The NOx, THC, and CO were almost all removed with a three-way catalyst at higher BMEP where the stoichiometric diesel combustion was realized. At lower BMEP with higher excess air the EGR effectively reduced NOx and the three-way catalyst removed almost all THC and CO. The engine output with the highly oxygenated fuels were significantly higher than those of the conventional diesel fuel due to the release from smoke limit.