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BACKGROUND Pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) are considered a precursor of pancreatic cancer. Needle-based confocal endomicroscopy (nCLE) is an imaging technique that enables visualization of the mucosal layer to a micron resolution. Its application has demonstrated promising results in the distinction of PCLs. This study evaluated the utility of nCLE in patients with indeterminate PCLs undergoing endoscopic ultrasound fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) to distinguish mucinous from non-mucinous lesions. AIM To evaluate the accuracy of nCLE in indeterminate PCLs undergoing EUS-FNA to distinguish mucinous from non-mucinous lesions. METHODS Patients who required EUS-FNA between 2015 and 2017 were enrolled prospectively. During EUS-FNA, confocal imaging, analyses of the tumor markers carcinoembryonic antigen and amylase, and cytologic examination were conducted. All patients were followed for at least 12 mo and underwent laboratory testing and computed tomography scanning or magnetic resonance imaging. nCLE videos were independently reviewed by 6 observers to reach a final diagnosis (mucinous vs non-mucinous) based on criteria derived from previous studies; if there was disagreement > 20%, a final diagnosis was discussed after consensus re-evaluation. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of nCLE were calculated. Adverse events were recorded. RESULTS Fifty-nine patients were included in this study. Final diagnoses were derived from surgery in 10 patients, cytology in 13, and imaging and multidisciplinary team review in 36. Three patients were excluded from final diagnosis due to problems with nCLE acquisition. Fifty-six patients were included in the final analysis. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of nCLE were 80% [95% confidence interval (CI): 65-90], 100% (95%CI: 72-100), and 84% (95%CI: 72-93), respectively. Post-procedure acute pancreatitis occurred in 5%. CONCLUSION EUS-nCLE performs better than standard EUS-FNA for the diagnosis of indeterminate PCL.

limited evidence is available to guide hepatologists regarding endoscopic surveillance of oesophageal varices (EV) in Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)-positive cirrhotic patients achieving a sustained virologic response. To address these issues, we conducted a long-term prospective study on 427 HCV-positive cirrhotic patients successfully treated by Direct Antiviral Agents (DAAs).Patients were divided into two groups according to their baseline Baveno VI status: Group 1 (92, 21.5%, favourable Baveno VI status) and Group 2 (335, 78.5%, unfavourable Baveno VI status). Each patient underwent baseline endoscopy and was endoscopically monitored for a median follow-up of 65.2 months according to Baveno VI recommendations.About 4.3% of Group 1 patients showed baseline EV compared with 30.1% of Group 2 patients (p .0001). No patients belonging to Group 1 without baseline EV developed EV at follow-up endoscopy compared with 6.5% in Group 2 patients (p = .02); 69/107 (64.5%) patients with baseline EV showed small varices. During the endoscopic follow-up, EV disappeared/improved in 36 (33.6%), were stable in 39 (36.4%) and worsened in 32 (29.9%) patients, all belonging to Group 2 (p = .001). Improvement in Baveno VI status was observed in 118/335 (35.2%, p .0001) of Group 2 patients and among those without pre-therapy EV, none developed EV throughout the follow-up.HCV-positive cirrhotic patients cured by DAAs showing baseline favourable Baveno VI status and no worsening during follow-up can safely avoid endoscopic screening and surveillance. Patients having unfavourable Baveno VI status without baseline EV who improve their status may suspend further endoscopic surveillance.

This is a prospective and comparative study including 76 consecutive patients performing EUS-FNB for pancreatic and extrapancreatic solid lesions, randomized by alternate allocation to macroscopic on-site evaluation (MOSE) (40 patients) or to a conventional technique (40 patients), with three passes each. MOSE samples were differentiated into score 0: no visible material, score 1: only necrotic or haematic material, score 2: white core tissue ≤ 2 mm, or score 3: white core tissue > 2 mm. The conventional technique consisted in pushing all the needle content into a test tube for evaluation by the pathologist. In both groups, a 22–25 Gauge Franseen-tip needle (Acquire, Boston Scientific Co., Natick, MA, USA) was used. The study evaluated the diagnostic accuracy and adequacy of MOSE compared to the conventional technique and whether MOSE could optimize the number of passes during EUS-FNB. Results: The analysis was performed on 76 patients (38 MOSE, 38 conventional). The overall diagnostic adequacy was 94.7% (72/76) and accuracy was 84.2% (64/76). The diagnostic accuracy was similar in the two groups: MOSE 86.8% (33/38 lesions), vs. conventional 81.6%, 31/38 lesions, p = 0.76). Regarding diagnostic adequacy, the MOSE technique was 97.4% (111/114 passes) compared to 92.1% (105/114 passes) with the conventional technique, p = 0.06. The accuracy increased according to the MOSE score evaluation: it was 43.5%, 65.5% and 78.3% in patients with score 1, score 2, and score 3, respectively. Moreover, if in the first two passes the MOSE score was 2 or 3, the accuracy was 82.6% (20/23), and upon adding a third pass, the accuracy increased to 87% (20/23), which was not significantly different from the general accuracy of the MOSE samples (86.8%) (p = 0.86). Conclusions: The MOSE score showed a comparable diagnostic accuracy to the conventional technique. However, MOSE allows endoscopists to perform an inspective evaluation of the material, tends to perform better than the conventional technique in terms of diagnostic adequacy, and may potentially reduce the number of passes.

Phenomena such as engagement, attention and curiosity rely heavily on the “optimal-level of stimulation (or arousal)” model, which suggests they are driven by stimuli being neither too simple nor too complex. Two points often overlooked in psychology are that each stimulus is simultaneously processed with its context, and that a stimulus complexity is relative to an individual’s cognitive resources to process it. According to the “optimal-level of stimulation” model, while familiar contexts may decrease the overall stimulation and favour exploration of novelty, a novel context may increase the overall stimulation and favor preference for familiarity. In order to stay closer to their optimum when stimulation is getting too high or too low, individuals can explore other stimuli, adopt a different processing style or be creative. The need and the ability to adopt such strategies will depend upon the cognitive resources available, which can be affected by contextual stimulation and by other factors such as age, mood or arousability. Drawing on empirical research in cognitive and developmental psychology, we provide here an updated “optimal-level of stimulation” model, which is holistic and coherent with previous literature. Once taken into account the role of contextual stimulation as well as the diverse factors influencing internal cognitive resources, such model fits with and enriches other existing theories related to exploratory behaviours. By doing so, it provides a useful framework to investigate proximate explanations underlying learning and cognitive development, and to develop future interventions related, for example, to eating, and learning disorders.

The Solimoes and Acre basins are complex geological units related to the Andean uplift, covering the Northwestern region of Brazil, being one of the most important units due to their fossil diversity. In order to produce a document that integrates part of the fossil records of this region, we compiled/georeferenced localities from literature on which tetrapods are described, focusing on Solimoes Formation but not restricted to this unit. We were able to recognize 208 localities, documented in over two centuries of reports of fossils from several taxonomic groups from the proto-Amazonia, 199 new entries in Paleobiology Database. We summarize, for each locality, its geographical position, geological information, age, and data of the paleodiversity. Most outcrops in the Amazonia region are located on river banks (~96%), while road cuts and other non-riverside outcrops represent the remainder (~4%). Most tetrapod are Mammalia, followed by Testudinata, and Crocodyliformes. This work reinforces the need for a more controlled and refined prospecting at the Solimoes/Acre Basins, especially in the Solimoes Formation, which represents the majority of fossiliferous records, to help answer old questions, such as dating, and new ones, here discussed, such as the paleodiversity patterns and temporal distribution among the mapped localities.

Pancreatic fluid collections (PFCs) develop as a result of damage to the major or peripheral pancreatic ducts, complication due to acute or chronic pancreatitis, trauma or iatrogenic causes. PFCs include pancreatic pseudocysts (PPs) and walled-off necrosis (WON). PFCs usually resolve spontaneously and are asymptomatic, but if they persist, increase in dimension or became symptomatics, therapeutic intervention is required. Available therapeutic interventions include surgical, percutaneous, and endoscopic drainage. The endoscopic approach is nowadays considered the first line-treatment of PFCs due to various advantages when compared with surgical or percutaneous drainage: decreased morbidity, length of hospital stay, and reduced costs. In the last few years, the endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided transmural drainage, initially with plastic stents, gained popularity. More recently, fully covered self-expanding lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMS) have been demonstrated to be both, safe and effective with high clinical and technical success, reducing the risk of perforation, peritoneal leakage, migration and facilitating the drainage of necrotic contents. In the last few years, several studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of LAMS and their differences with plastic stents have been performed, but literature on the removal timing of this device and associated complications is still limited. The aim of this review is to analyze studies reporting information about the retrieval timing of LAMS and the related adverse events.

The aims of this observational “proof-of-concept” study were to analyze the clinical/psychological characteristics and gut microbiota/mycobiota composition of individuals with suspected non-celiac gluten/wheat sensitivity (NCGS/WS) according to responses to the double-blind-placebo-controlled (DBPC) crossover gluten challenge test. Fifty individuals with suspected NCGS/WS were subjected to the DBPC challenge test, anthropometric measurements, psychometric questionnaires, and fecal samples were collected. Twenty-seven (54%) participants were gluten responsive (NCGS), and 23 were placebo responsive, with an order effect. NCGS individuals displayed a significantly lower risk of eating disorders and a higher mental health score when compared to placebo-responsive participants, confirmed by multiple logistic regression analyses (OR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.76–0.98, p = 0.021, and OR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.06–1.59, p = 0.009, respectively). Principal coordinate analyses based on microbiota composition showed a separation by the DBPC response (p = 0.039). For Bacteroides (p = 0.05) and Parabacteroides (p = 0.007), the frequency of amplicon sequence variants was lower, and that for Blautia (p = 0.009) and Streptococcus (p = 0.004) was higher in NCGS individuals at multiple regression analyses. No difference in the mycobiota composition was detected between the groups. In conclusion, almost half of the individuals with suspected gluten sensitivity reported symptoms with placebo, they showed lower mental health scores, increased risk for eating disorders, and a different gut microbiota composition.

Melanosuchus latrubessei sp. nov. (Figure 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) Zoobank species: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: BB6E5F62-348B-4880-BB42-423BA34E0EE4 Holotype. UFAC 2793, right part of a rostrum. Etymology. The specific epithet latrubessei is in honor to the Argentinean geomorphologist Dr. Edgardo M. Latrubesse. His geopaleontological contributions were very important to the increase of knowledge about origin and evolution of the Solimıes Formation. Dr. Edgardo also provided important scientific contributions for Universidade Federal do Acre through collaborations in partnership with Laboratório de Pesquisas Paleontológicas. Diagnosis. Melanosuchus latrubessei possess the following autapomorphies: (1) the contact between maxillamaxilla is elongated and extends from the space between the second and third alveoli until to the space between the sixth and seventh alveoli; and (2) the rostral ridge 2 is well-developed and well-marked, being anteroposteriorly inclined, and composed exclusively by the maxillary bone. Occurrence. The Talism „ outcrop is located on the bank of the Purus River, in Southern region of the Amazonas State, Brazil (08°46’37,8”S; 68°54’15,1”W; Figure 1). The outcrop has approximately eight meters of vertical length and the rocks are formed by fine grained silts and clays floodplain sediments, with secondary gypsum and carbonate veins. Presenting his maximum deposition 10.89 ± 0.13 Ma, being at least Tortonian in age (Bissaro- Júnior et al. 2019). Description. The skull fragment has a maximum length of 287 mm and maximum width of 87.7 mm (measured at the level of third maxillary alveolus). The holotype of M. latrubessei, UFAC 2793, consists on the right half of the rostrum, with only the posterior portion of the premaxilla preserved, almost complete maxilla and the nasal bone lacking the most posterior region (Figure 2, 3 and 4). A small fragment of the right ectopterygoid is also preserved and articulated with the posterior portion of the maxilla (Figure 3). The premaxilla lacks most of the lateral and anterior region; therefore, no alveoli is preserved. In dorsal view, the premaxilla, preserves the right lateral and posterior portions of the external nares (Figure 2) and, in ventral view, preserves only the right lateral margin of incisive foramen (Figure 3). The maxilla has preserved the joint surface with the jugal, which can be seen in the dorsal and lateral views (Figure 2 and 4). In ventral view, the maxilla presents, in its posterior middle corner, the articular surface of the anterior process of the palatine and on the lateral margin, twelve alveoli (Figure 4). No diagenetic torsions or modifications, beside those of the broken portions, are observed. M. latrubessei UFAC 2793 presents a well-marked bone ornamentation uniformly distributed along the entire dorsal surface of the rostrum, with exception of the region around the external nares (Figure 2 and 4). The ornamentation consists of irregular but usually round and well-marked pits, with small variations in size. The external nares have only the posterior margin and the posterior lateral margin preserved (Figure 2). The posterior margin, although not complete, appears to form an almost straight line, with a shallow convexity at the transition to the lateral margins. The lateral margin opens laterally, with the anterior portion more lateralized than the posterior, this inclination makes the anterior margin of the external nares wider than the posterior one (Figure 2). Only the right lateral middle portion of the incisive foramen is preserved, this portion represents a shallow concavity that is in the posterior portion of the premaxilla (Figure 3). However, in the absence of premaxillary alveoli and the fragmentary condition of the structure, the exact location and shape of the incisive foramen can only be tentatively inferred. This shallow concavity seems to be related to an anteroposteriorly long incisive foramen, which probably extends from the last and penultimate premaxillary alveoli to, at least, the third premaxillary alveoli (considering five premaxillary alveoli, found in Crocodylia—Brochu 1999, 2011, 2013). However, the shape of incisive foramen as a whole cannot be inferred. The right suborbital fenestra is partially preserved, and only the portions that contribute to the maxilla are present, with the anterior portion of the lateral margin and the lateral portion of the anterior margin (Figure 3). The preserved anterior margin is a shallow concavity and the lateral margin is straight and slightly inclined mediolaterally, with the anterior portion more medial than the posterior one (Figure 3). The maxillary margin of the suborbital fenestra is straight, without any projection in the fenestra; moreover, the anterior margin of suborbital fenestra reaches the space between the ninth and the eighth alveoli (Figure 3). The premaxilla, in dorsal view, has a posterior wedge-shaped process that extends until the position of the third maxillary alveolus. This posterior process has the apex aligned with the suture between the maxillary-nasal, being the lateral portion of the premaxilla posterior process sutured with the maxilla, in the most anterior part, and medially with the nasal bone (Figure 2 and 4). The premaxilla has a continuous crest delimiting the lateral and posterior limits of the external nares, which is here referred as narial crest (Figure 2 and 4). It is important to note that, in dorsal view, the right premaxilla sutures with the left premaxilla, at least dorsally, with this contact being located immediately posterior to the margin of the external nares (Figure 2). The premaxilla-premaxilla contact in dorsal view can be better evidenced in a sagittal cut, where the medial surface of the right premaxilla and right nasal can be observed (Figure 5). The posterior margin of the external nares, composed entirely by the premaxilla, is preserved and does not have sutures with the nasal bones (Figure 5 a, b). The anterior portion of the nasal bone is broken, immediately above the anterior portion of the premaxilla. However the premaxilla is complete, indicating an overlapping suture (i.e. at least at this anterior portion the premaxilla lies over the nasal) (Figure 5 a, d). This relation between premaxilla and nasal can be better understood due to the break of the nasal in ventral view, which evidences a contact between those bones and not a fusion demarcating a suture (Figure 5 c). Moreover, the medial surface of the premaxilla is rugose as expected to a premaxilla-premaxilla contact, while the nasal bones present a horizontal and parallel lines, as expected in nasal-nasal contact (Figure 5 d). The nasal bone is broad in the lateromedial direction, with its anterior wedge-shaped projection. The premaxillarymaxillary suture contacts the lateral limit of the nasal at the point where the wedge-shaped process begins (Figure 2). The maxilla, in dorsal view, contacts anteriorly with the premaxilla and nasal, while having exclusive medial contact with the nasal bone (Figure 2 and 4). There are a total of twelve maxillary alveoli. The longitudinal measurements of each alveolus, from the anterior most to the posterior most are, respectively (in mm): 6.88; 11.33; 14.75; 17.95; 9.58; 7.65; 7.29; 9.46; 11.32; 11.36; 10.9; and 8.19. The eighth alveolus has a preserved tooth, which did not have a complete dental eruption in vivo; therefore, the non-exposure of this tooth prevents a detailed description of its morphology. However, the apex of the tooth is visible and represents a convex structure. The lateral border of maxilla, in dorsal and ventral views, has the anterior (position anteriorly to the first maxillary alveolus) and posterior (position of the eleventh and twelfth maxillary alveoli) portions projecting laterally. At the level of the fourth alveolus, in both dorsal and ventral views, there is a well-developed convexity (Figure 2 and 4). In lateral view, the ventral margin of the maxilla has a well-marked concavity anteriorly to the convexity at the level of fourth maxillary alveolus, and posterior to this convexity there is another shallow concavity (Figure 4). In the posterior region of the maxilla, there is a surface corresponding to the contact between maxilla-jugal, where the jugal bone overlies the maxilla (Figure 2 and 4). However, the jugal is not preserved. The maxilla also has two well-developed rostral ridges (Figure 2 and 4). The first (rostral ridge 1) is associated with the high development of the canthi rostralii; thus, although the interorbital region is not preserved, the presence of a well-developed canthi rostralii is proposed. Therefore, this difference in saturation surface reinforces the idea of a premaxilla-premaxilla contact exposed in dorsal view. However, as the nasal is not entirely preserved, we cannot rule out the possibility of nasal bones with a continuous contribution with the anterior process within the external nares, passing bellow the premaxilla-premaxilla contact (Figure 5 d). In ventral view, the premaxilla-maxilla suture passes within the tooth occlusal pit. From the fourth dentary, and posteriorly to this excavation the suture has a small posterior wedge-shaped process that extend to the posterior end of the first maxillary alveoli (Figure 3). The other rostral ridge (rostral ridge 2) is entirely located within the maxilla next to the premaxilla-maxilla suture, in dorsal view (Figure 2 and 4), and represents a dorsoventrally inclined bone intumescence, with the anterior portion ventral to the posterior (Figure 4). In ventral view, the maxilla-maxilla suture extends straight from the third to the sixth alveolus (Figure 3). Prior to the maxilla-maxilla suture, there is a smooth maxillary portion that opens slightly laterally and is here interpreted as the contact surface with the vomer. At the posterior limit of the maxilla, immediately behind the intermaxillary suture, there is the sutural region of the palatine, which is evidenced by a surface with thin crests. Thus, the palatine extends anteriorly to the level of the sixth alveoli (Figure 3). At the posterior limit of the maxilla in ventral view, immediately posterior to the tooth row, there is the maxillaectopterygoid contact, with a small portion of the anterior region of the ectopterygoid being preserved (Figure 3). The ectopterygoid does not form the medial margin of any maxillary alveolus and the anterior process of this structure does not exceed the twelfth maxillary alveolus (Figure 3). The lateral portion of the maxilla to the suborbital fenestra is wide, being at least twice the width of the tenth alveolus (Figure 3). Despite the fact that the vomer is not preserved and the region between the maxilla and premaxilla is severely damaged, there are some clear evidences in both the premaxilla and the maxilla of the presence of the vomer, which will be presented below. The first evidence is the presence of the aforementioned smooth anterior surface to the end of the maxilla-maxilla suture, which opens laterally and corresponds to the articular surface between the maxilla and the vomer (Figure 2 and Figure 6 b, c). The second evidence can be seen in medial view, due to the sagittal cut where the ventral portion of premaxilla has an intumescent region, which is broken but clearly detectable, with this structure being correspondent to the posterior portion of the premaxilla that contacts the anterior limit of the vomer (Figure 6 a). Additionally, it is important to note that the broken pattern observed in the transition zone between premaxilla and maxilla can be expected for a specimen with an exposed vomer, as the presence of the vomer creates a fragilized zone in this portion of the rostrum. Comparisons. Melanosuchus latrubessei shares with Melanosuchus niger the presence of a vomer that is exposed and located between the premaxilla-maxilla suture, as well as the well-developed rostral ridges, mainly the second and most anterior one. Other similarities worth mentioning here are: (1) the external nares with a keyholeshaped or circular format; (2) the premaxilla which has a right and left posterior processes, in ventral view, that does not surpass posteriorly the first maxillary alveoli; (3) the premaxilla-premaxilla contact at the dorsal surface immediately behind the posterior margin of the external nares, which represents an intraspecific variation within M. niger; that can have the nasal bones reaching the external nares and being exposed dorsally inhibiting the premaxilla-premaxilla contact at this region; (4) the palatine, which projects well anterior to the end of the suborbital fenestrae and has an expanded anterior end; and, (5) the anterior margin of the suborbital fenestrae reaches the space between the eighth and ninth maxillary alveoli (differing from MCNC 243 specimen - former M. fisheri, which reaches the space between ninth and tenth alveoli). The vomer exposure on the palate between premaxilla and maxilla is a characteristic of M. niger (e.g. Mook 1921; Medem 1963; Iordansky 1973; Brochu 1999; Bona et al. 2017b), and this feature was used as diagnosis to assign the fossil specimens to this genus (e.g. Medina 1976). However, the bone has never been properly described, even in detailed works on M. niger (e.g. Mook 1921; Medem 1963; Iordansky 1973; Medina 1976; Brochu 1999; Vieira et al. 2016; Bona et al. 2017b). In this work, we recognize the vomer as a hollow paired bone, located between the premaxilla and maxilla, in the medial and anterior region of the rostrum, with the paired bones being attached only by a contact, and not by a real suture. This can be evidenced by the thin projections from the maxillae, which overlap ventrally and dorsally the posterior and lateral limits of the vomer (Figure 7). The anterior portion of the vomer attaches, without suturing, to the posterior premaxillary intumescence (Figure 7). The hollowness of the vomer, together with its weak contact towards the premaxilla and maxilla, make this bone and the surrounding area more fragile when the animal is dead; therefore, it is common the loss of the vomer with the break and/or disarticulation of associated bones, as observed in M. latrubessei (Figure 3; this is also evidenced in the studied M. niger, see Table 1). However, we reinforce that the existence of the vomer in M. latrubessei is supported by two features: (1) the anterior end of maxilla-maxilla suture at the palate culminates in a smooth maxillary surface that opens laterally (Figure 6 b, c); and, (2) the premaxilla, in medial view from a sagittal cut, has at the posterior portion of the ventral surface an intumescence that was broken in the M. latrubessei specimen, but the characteristic brands remained (Figure 6 a). The condition observed in M. latrubessei diverges from that seen in Caiman genus, which has the vomer restricted to the narial passage and located posteriorly, aligned with the prefrontals (e.g. Bona & Desojo 2011). It also diverges from Paleosuchus palpebrosus (Cuvier 1807) and the Caiman species by exhibiting premaxillae that are thicker and more robust than the maxillae (Figure 7 c, d). For vomer condition in Alligator see Rieppel (1993). Despite the aforementioned similarities shared between M. latrubessei and M. niger, they also present several differences that should be highlighted, such as: (1) M. latrubessei presents twelve maxillary alveoli, while M. niger has thirteen (including MCNC 243); (2) the narial crest in M. latrubessei is restricted to the border of the external nares and is isolated from the rostral ridges (Figure 4), while in M. niger the narial crest at the posterior corner of external nares has a posterior projection bordering the premaxilla-nasal suture, being associated with the rostral ridges (Figure 8); (3) the maxilla-maxilla contact, in the palatal surface, of M. latrubessei extends from the third to the sixth maxillary alveoli, while in M. niger (including MCNC 243), despite the intraspecific variability and asymmetrical development in some pathological specimens, this contact keeps restricted between the second and the fourth maxillary alveoli, or even less (e.g., in some specimens, this contact extends from the third to the fifth maxillary alveoli); (4) the anterior process of the ectopterygoid in M. latrubessei is inclined medially, stretching for one maxillary alveolus (the twelfth), while for M. niger (including MCNC 243), the anterior process is straighter and extends by two or three alveoli (reaching the twelfth/thirteenth maxillary alveoli); and, (5) despite the fact that M. latrubessei and M. niger exhibit two rostral ridges in the rostrum, it is important to mention that in M. latrubessei the rostral ridge 2 is developed and well-marked, being anteroposteriorly inclined, and completely composed by the maxilla without contacting the rostral ridge 1, while in M. niger (including MCNC 243), the rostral ridge 2 is located over or very close to the premaxilla-maxilla suture, extending from the dorsal surface until reaching the ventral margin of the aforementioned suture, being this ridge connected with the rostral ridge 2 (Figure 8). All studied specimens (see Table 1) present a similar pattern of ornamentation, with irregular, but generally round and well-marked pits along the entirely dorsal surface of the rostrum. However, only in M. latrubessei this bone ornamentation does not reach the margins of the external nares (Figure 2). Though fragmented, the preserved portion of the external nares in M. latrubessei enables to infer a circular or keyhole-shaped format, as stated earlier (Figure 2); this condition (character83[0]) is shared with all other studied specimens (see Table 1). The incisive foramen is only partially preserved in M. latrubessei (Figure 3), but since the lateral margin is well-preserved, based on the maximum curvature, it is possible to stipulate the anterior and posterior limits of the incisive foramen. In this scenario, the incisive foramen occupies less than half of the premaxillae maximum length (88[0]). The same condition is seen in other studied specimens, with exception of Caiman brevirostris and Caiman wannlangstoni Salas-Gismondi et al. 2015, which do not have this portion preserved. Regarding the location of the incisive foramen, in relation to the premaxillary toothrow, it is inconclusive to assert that in M. latrubessei this foramen protrudes between the first premaxillary alveoli, as can be seen in the fossil specimen UCMP 39978 and in M. niger, as well as in Caiman species. The anterior limit of the suborbital fenestra in M. latrubessei is located between the eighth and ninth maxillary alveoli, similar to observed in Caiman crocodilus (Linnaeus 1758), Caiman latirostris (Daudin 1802), Caiman yacare (Daudin 1802), M. niger and UCMP 39978. As it was already mentioned, the suborbital fenestra in MCNC 243 (former M. fisheri) reaches the space between the ninth and the tenth alveoli. The lateral margin of the suborbital fenestra com

Melanosuchus and its prolific debates Melanosuchus was originally proposed by Gray (1862) as a monospecific genus to relocate the species Caiman niger described by Spix (1825). For a synonym list of Melanosuchus niger see Medem (1963). Regarding the phylogenetic relationships of the genus there are two main propositions: 1) nested within Caiman genus, frequently as sister of C. latirostris (e.g., Poe 1996; Brochu 1997, 1999; Souza-Filho et al. 2019); or, 2) as sister species of Caiman genus (e.g., Oaks 2011; Roberto et al. 2020). The validity of the Melanosuchus is still an open debate with some authors suggesting its synonymization with Caiman (Poe 1996), this discussion, for now, goes beyond the scope of the present contribution. However, we suggest that the propositions made by Fitzhugh (2016) for molecular inferences should be considered in future works addressing this question., Published as part of Souza-Filho, Jonas Pereira De, Guilherme, Edson, Toledo, Peter Mann De, Carvalho, Ismar De Souza, Negri, Francisco Ricardo, Maciente, Andr��a Aparecida Da Rocha, Cidade, Giovanne M., Lacerda, Mauro Bruno Da Silva & Souza, Lucy Gomes De, 2020, On a new Melanosuchus species (Alligatoroidea: Caimaninae) from Solim��es Formation (Eocene-Pliocene), Northern Brazil, and evolution of Caimaninae, pp. 561-593 in Zootaxa 4894 (4) on page 563, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4894.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/4316776, {"references":["Gray, J. E. (1862) A synopsis of the species of Alligators. Annals and magazine of natural history, 10 (3), 125 - 169.","Spix, J. B. (1825) Animalia nova sive species novae Lacertarum, quas in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I. In: De Pix, D. J. B. (Eds.), Bavaria Regis suscepto collegit et descripsit. Typis, Franc. Seraph. H ʾ bschamanni, Munich, pp. 1 - 110.","Medem, F. (1963) Osteologia Craneal, Distribucion geografica y ecologia de Melanosuchus niger (Spix) (Crocodylia, Alligatoridae). Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, 12 (45), 5 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0100 - 736 X 2016001000018","Poe, S. (1996) Data set incongruence and the phylogeny of Crocodilians. Systematic Biology, 45 (4), 393 - 414. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / 45.4.393","Brochu, C. A. (1997) Fossils, morphology, divergence timing. and the phylogenetic relationships of Gavia 1 is. Systematic Biology, 46, 479 - 522. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / sysbio / 46.3.479","Brochu, C. A. (1999) Phylogenetics, taxonomy, and historical biogeography of Alligatoroidea. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19, 9 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.1999.10011201","Souza-Filho, J. P., Souza, R. G., Hsiou, A. S., Riff, D., Guilherme, E., Negri, F. R. & Cidade, G. M. (2019) A new caimanine (Crocodylia, Alligatoroidea) species from the Solimies Formation of Brazil and the phylogeny of Caimaninae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 38 (5), e 1528450. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2018.1528450","Oaks, J. R. (2011) A time-calibrated species tree of Crocodylia reveals a recent radiation of the true crocodiles. Evolution, 65 (11), 3285 - 3297. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.2011.01373. x","Roberto, J. I., Bittencourt, P. S., Muniz, F. L., Hernandez-Rangel, S. M., Nobrega, Y. C., Avila, R. W., Souza, B. C., Alvarez, G., Miranda-Chumacero, G., Campos, Z., Farias, I. P. & Hrbek, T. (2020) Unexpected but unsurprising lineage diversity within the most widespread Neotropical crocodilian genus Caiman (Crocodylia, Alligatoridae). Systematics and Biodiversity, 18 (4), 377 - 395. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 14772000.2020.1769222","Fitzhugh, K. (2016) Sequence Data, Phylogenetic Inference, and Implications of Downward Causation. Acta Biotheoretica, 64 (2), 133 - 160. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10441 - 016 - 9277 - 0"]}

Background: The accuracy and costs of current diagnostic methods in the differential diagnosis of pancreatic cystic lesions still has ample room for improvement. Aims: The aim of the study was to confirm the diagnostic yield of intracystic glucose in the diagnosis of pancreatic cyst subtypes. Methods: We prospectively recruited all patients who underwent Endoscopic Ultrasound with Fine Needle Aspiration of pancreatic cyst at our Institution. Results: Fifty-six patients were included in the study. We found that intracystic glucose concentration < 50 mg/dL was significantly more sensitive than a concentration of Carcinoembryonic Antigen > 192 ng/mL (93.6% vs 54.8%; p = 0.003) for the diagnosis of mucinous cysts. In terms of specificity, the two markers were not different (96% vs 100%; p = 1). Regarding the diagnosis of non-mucinous cysts, intracystic glucose concentration >= 50 mg/mL showed higher sensitivity than Carcinoembryonic Antigen level < 5 ng/mL (96% vs 72%) although a statistical significance could not be reached (p = 0.07). The two markers were not statistically different in terms of specificity (93.6% vs 87.1%; p = 0.62). Conclusion: Given its diagnostic performance and ease of measurement, intracystic glucose may replace Carcinoembryonic Antigen in the differential diagnosis of mucinous versus non-mucinous pancreatic cysts.

Pancreatic schwannomas are very rare tumors, usually diagnosed incidentally after surgery. In literature, only 17 patients underwent endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) with fine-needle aspiration and diagnosis was reached only in 9 subjects. We report the case of a woman in whom a computed tomography revealed a mass in the uncinate process of the pancreas. EUS–fine-needle aspiration demonstrated a 1.3 × 1.1 cm hypoechoic lesion, cytology revealed sheets of spindle cells, and immunocytochemistry led to the diagnosis of schwannoma. Relying on EUS features and on the low proliferation index, a follow-up program was set. Four years later, the patient is asymptomatic and the mass is unchanged.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Fósseis do clado Spinosauridae são reconhecidos dos paleoncontinentes Gondwana e Laurásia desde o Jurássico Superior (Thitoniano) até o Cretáceo Superior (Cenomaniano), com ampla distribuição paleobiogeográfica. Até a atualidade, 12 espécies foram descritas: (1) Spinosaurus aegyptiacus; (2) Siamosaurus suteethorni; (3) Baryonyx walkeri; (4) Spinosaurus maroccanus; (5) Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis; (6) Irritator challengeri; (7) Angaturama limai; (8) Cristatusaurus lapparenti; (9) Suchomimus tenerensis; (10) Oxalaia quilombensis; (11) Ichthyovenator laosensis; e (12) Ostafrikasaurus crassiserratus. Além destes, diversos outros materiais são referidos na literatura sem uma identificação específica ou genérica precisa ou a níveis taxonômicos mais abrangentes. Pelo menos dez pré-maxilares foram descritos compondo 6 dos 11 gêneros da família: Angaturama, Baryonyx, Cristatusaurus, Oxalaia, Spinosaurus e Suchomimus. Através de morfometria geométrica analisou-se a variação morfológica nos pré-maxilares para verificar se a variabilidade observada pode ser explicada por fatores causais em um contexto macroevolutivo. Na projeção dos indivíduos no morfoespaço (PCA) em ambas as vistas, ventral e lateral, a forma dos pré-maxilares se estrutura de maneira compatível com a filogenia, sendo evidente uma diferenciação quanto à geometria do focinho entre as sub-famílias “Baryonychinae” e Spinosaurinae, sendo mais evidente quando observada a geometria das configurações em vista ventral. A congruência entre a forma e a filogenia pôde ser observada nas análises fenéticas de agrupamentos, bem como na análise das distâncias de Procrustes e energia de deformação das grades de deformação. A morfologia dos pré-maxilares em Spinosauridae apresenta variação bastante relevante e permitem diagnosticar alguns clados. Pela primeira vez esta porção da anatomia destes animais foi explorada quantitativamente por meio de morfometria geométrica, os reultados alcançados permitiram quantificar e descrever de maneira mais clara a variação observada. Constatou-se que algumas diferenças observadas entre as duas sub-famílias são devidas à alometria. Embora as relações internas de Spinosauridae permaneçam com algumas lacunas, o monofileticismo de Spinosaurinae foi corroborado em todas as análises quantitativas da forma aqui realizadas. Já Baryonychinae pode não constituir um grupo natural, embora as novas evidências apresentadas aqui não sejam conclusivas a esse respeito. Fossils of Spinosauridae are recognized from the paleoncontinents Gondwana and Laurasia from the Upper Jurassic (Thitonian) to the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian), with a wide paleobiogeographic distribution. To date, 12 species have been described: (1) Spinosaurus aegyptiacus; (2) Siamosaurus suteethorni; (3) Baryonyx walkeri; (4) Spinosaurus maroccanus; (5) Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis; (6) Irritator challengeri; (7) Angaturama limai; (8) Cristatusaurus lapparenti; (9) Suchomimus tenerensis; (10) Oxalaia quilombensis; (11) Ichthyovenator laosensis; and (12) Ostafrikasaurus crassiserratus. In addition, several other materials are reported in the literature without specific or generic identification or at the broader taxonomic levels. At least 10 premaxillae were described composing 6 of the 11 genera of the family: Angaturama, Baryonyx, Cristatusaurus, Oxalaia, Spinosaurus and Suchomimus. Through geometric morphometry the morphological variation in the premaxilla was analyzed to verify if the observed variability can be explained by causal factors in a macroevolutionary context. In the projection of individuals in the morphospace (PCA) in both ventral and lateral views, the premaxilla shape is structured in a manner compatible with the phylogeny, being evident a differentiation in the geometry of the snout between the subfamilies "Baryonychinae" and Spinosaurinae, being more evident when observing the geometry of the configurations in ventral view. The congruence between shape and phylogeny could be observed in the cluster analysis, as well as in the analysis of the distances of Procrustes and bending energy of the deformation grids. The morphology of the premaxillaries in Spinosauridae presents a very relevant variation and allows to diagnose some clades. For the first time this portion of the anatomy of these animals was explored quantitatively by geometric morphometrics, the obtained results allowed to quantify and to describe more clearly the observed variation. It was found that some observed differences between the two subfamilies are due to allometry. Although the internal relations of Spinosauridae remains with some gaps, the monophyleticism of Spinosaurinae has been corroborated in all quantitative analyzes of the form performed here. Baryonychinae may not constitute a natural group, although the new evidence presented here is not conclusive in this regard.

We report a rare case of gastric fistulization in a patient with main-duct (MD) intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN). Fistulization to adjacent organs is a rare complication of this disease, mainly affecting the duodenum; the fact that the stomach was the only organ involved makes this case even more peculiar. The diagnosis of the fistula was made after examination with endoscopic ultrasound, since a previous computed tomography scan could not detect it.

Many studies, almost all in an Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) setting, have been conducted to establish if a link exists between periampullary diverticula (PADs) and biliopancreatic diseases but the issue is still debated.The objective was to clarify the link between PADs and biliopancreatic disease, for the first time using Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS).We retrospectively reviewed our database seeking patients scheduled for EUS with an indication that entailed the exploration of the second duodenum. For each patient with a PAD enrolled in the study, 6 controls were randomly selected.2475 patients met the inclusion criteria. Among them, 185 subjects with a PAD were found (prevalence 7.5%), 1110 subjects served as controls. Patients with a PAD had more frequently a history of cholangitis (8.1 vs 2.2%; OR 3.99, p 0.001), a higher prevalence of common bile duct (CBD) dilation (44.3 vs 28.2%; OR 2, p 0.0001) and a higher prevalence of CBD stones (34.1 vs 19.6%; OR 2.1, p 0.0001). No differences were found about history of jaundice, acute/recurrent pancreatitis or EUS signs of chronic pancreatitis.Whereas PADs were linked with history of cholangitis, CBD stones and dilation, no association was found with pancreatic diseases.

Background: Recent data imply young patients (age ≤50 years) undergoing small-bowel (SB) capsule endoscopy (CE) for iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) show higher diagnostic yield (DY) for sinister pathology. We aimed to investigate DY of CE in a large cohort of young IDA patients, and evaluate factors predicting significant SB pathology. Materials and methods: This was a retrospective, multicentre study (2010–2015) in consecutive, young patients (≤50 years) from 18 centres/12 countries, with negative bidirectional gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy undergoing SBCE for IDA. Exclusion criteria: previous/ongoing obscure-overt GI bleeding; age 50 years; comorbidities associated with IDA. Data retrieved: SBCE indications; prior investigations; medications; SBCE findings; final diagnosis. Clinical and laboratory data were analysed by multivariate logistic regression. Results: Data on 389 young IDA patients were retrieved. In total, 169 (43.4%) were excluded due to incomplete clinical data; data from 220 (122F/98M; mean age 40.5 ± 8.6 years) patients were analysed. Some 71 patients had at least one clinically significant SBCE finding (DY: 32.3%). They were divided into two groups: neoplastic pathology (10/220; 4.5%), and non-neoplastic but clinically significant pathology (61/220; 27.7%). The most common significant but non-neoplastic pathologies were angioectasias (22/61) and Crohn’s disease (15/61). On multivariate analysis, weight loss and lower mean corpuscular volume(MCV) were associated with significant SB pathology (OR: 3.87; 95%CI: 1.3–11.3; p = 0.01; and OR: 0.96; 95%CI: 0.92–0.99; p = 0.03; respectively). Our model also demonstrates association between use of antiplatelets and significant SB pathology, although due to the small number of patients, definitive conclusions cannot be drawn. Conclusion: In IDA patients ≤50 years with negative bidirectional GI endoscopy, overall DY of SBCE for clinically significant findings was 32.3%. Some 5% of our cohort was diagnosed with SB neoplasia; lower MCV or weight loss were associated with higher DY for SB pathology.

We aimed to study how compound negation of conjunctions and disjunctions is understood and represented. In particular, we aimed to test time course predictions consistent with the Mental Models Theory of negation proposed in 2012 by Khemlani, Orenes, and Johnson-Laird. Consistent with this theory, we conjectured that the consideration of possibilities elicited by any given information regulates the processing of compound negation. We studied response type patterns to replicate previous findings as well as response time patterns to generate novel chronometrical evidence. We conducted a within-subjects experiment to test a set of five experimental hypotheses. We used a sentence-equivalence task. Participants were asked to find a logical equivalence for a given compound negation of a conjunction or a disjunction. Four possible response options were presented, but only one of them was correct according to sentential logic. We also tested predictions derived from theories that argue against the Mental Models Theory. The evidence resulted consistent with the model theory of negation and incompatible with alternative accounts. In particular, our results did not support the Psychology of Proof and the Dual-Process approach to negation. Fil: Macbeth, Guillermo Eduardo. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Crivello, María del Carmen. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Fioramonti, Mauro Bruno. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Razumiejczyk, Eugenia. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Capsule endoscopy (CE) is currently considered as a first line diagnostic tool for small bowel examination. Some patients find swallowing the capsule difficult. However, capsule aspiration is relatively uncommon and is only reported in isolated cases. The majority of these cases are male (39/41; 95.1%) with an age ranging from 56-93 years and only 4 (9.8%) patients had a recorded history of dysphagia. Twenty-four out of 41 (58.5%) patients experienced symptoms of capsule aspiration. The aspiration self-resolved in 11/41 patients and the CE was retrieved during bronchoscopy in the other cases. We present the case of a 75 year old man with a history of chronic anemia who was referred for CE.

Background and objectives Endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) is recommended to treat esophageal varices (EV) in cirrhosis and portal hypertension. A program of endoscopic surveillance is not clearly established. The aim of this prospective randomized trial was to assess the most effective timing of endoscopic monitoring after variceal eradication and its impact on the patient's outcome and on the costs. Methods A hundred and two cirrhotic patients with esophageal varices treated by EVL were evaluated. After variceal eradication patients were randomized to receive first endoscopic control at 3 (Group 1) and 6 (Group 2) months respectively. Results Variceal obliteration was achieved in all patients. Variceal recurrence was observed in 28 cases at the first control (29.1%) without difference between the two groups (32% vs 29% in group 1 and 2 respectively, p = 0.75). The incidence of large varices is similar in the two groups (33% vs 38% respectively). Using a multivariate analysis, medical therapy with B blockers was the only independent predictor of lowest risk of variceal recurrence [OR 2.30, 95% CI (1.68–3.26)]. Bleeding related to recurrent varices occurred in 3.1% of cases and was associated with portal thrombosis. Child Pugh score ≥ 8 was the only predictor of mortality (p = 0.0002). Conclusions Recurrence of varices after banding ligation is not rare but it is associated with a low risk of variceal progression and bleeding. Accordingly, a first endoscopic control at 6 months after variceal eradication associated with a good risk stratification might be a cost-effective strategy of monitoring.

During 2011 General Population and Housing Census methodological innovations towards the planning of a register-based census were introduced. Such innovations allowed to reach a satisfactory cost-benefit balance but increased the survey complexity and the risk of errors.Istat focus on web technologies was aimed at performing an innovative census, both in terms of methodology and costs and of data dissemination timeliness. This paper shows how a highly integrated web information system was used to manage a census workflow involving several actors and multiple phases and integrating different data sources. The success of 2011 Census led Istat to adopt such technological infrastructure as the core of the ‘Continuous General Population and Housing Census’.

NEGREIROS, Fauston; SILVA, Algeless Milka Pereira Meireles da; LIMA, Mauro Bruno Paraguai. Experiências educativas não exitosas: um estudo com discentes avaliando seu próprio processo de reprovação escolar. Revista Educação em Debate, Fortaleza, anos 35-38, v. 38, n.os 66-71, p. 157-171, jul./dez. 2013; jan./jun., jul./dez. 2014; jan./jun., jul./dez. 2015; jan./jun. 2016. The present study was conducted at 20 public schools in Parnaíba and Floriano (Piauí). The subjects were students, a population poorly documented in academic productions about the theme, and, as a result, they are absent in intervention plans regarding the issue of school failure. Therefore, the study aimed to make clear senses and meanings given by students at primary schools. According to Minayo (1992, 1996), a qualitative research was accomplished. The subjects were composed by 94 students – 55 girls and 39 boys – from public schools in Parnaíba and Floriano – PI that were disapproved at least once. They were found trough archives of school offices in both cities. The collected data were analyzed according to the hermeneutical technique (VERONESE; GUARESCHI, 2006), that allows a procedure in three stages: socio-historical analysis; content analysis; (re) interpretation. In conclusion, this study is very important for the educational field, since disapproval is one of the indicators that school is not fulfilling its role as a social segment. O presente estudo foi realizado em 20 escolas da rede de ensino público em Parnaíba e Floriano, no Piauí. Teve como protagonistas os alunos, atores pouco investigados nas produções acadêmicas acerca da temática e negligenciados de escuta nos planejamentos de intervenção diante do fenômeno do fracasso escolar. Dessa maneira, buscou-se evidenciar sentidos e significados atribuídos por alunos vinculados às escolas de ensino fundamental. Trata-se de um estudo de abordagem qualitativa (MINAYO, 1996, 2001). Participaram da pesquisa 94 alunos da rede pública de ensino de Parnaíba (PI) e Floriano (PI). Dentre os alunos, participaram apenas os que já foram reprovados pelo menos uma vez, os participantes eram 55 do sexo feminino e 39 do sexo masculino. Estes foram contatados mediante levantamento dos registros nas secretarias das escolas municipais de ambas as cidades. Os dados foram analisados seguindo a técnica de Hermenêutica de Profundidade (VERONESE; GUARESCHI, 2006), um instrumento teórico-metodológico que possibilita ao pesquisador analisar os dados por meio de três etapas: análise sócio-histórica, análise de conteúdo, (re)interpretação. Pode-se constatar, portanto, que este estudo é relevante para o campo educacional, visto que a reprovação é um dos indicadores de que a escola não está cumprindo seu papel como segmento social.

A mixed factorial design of 2x2x2 was applied (sequence x law x affirmation) to evaluate the effects of prior affirmative representation on the subsequent processing of compound negation. The sequence factor was defined to perform between-subjects comparisons. The other two factors, that is, logic law and prior affirmation were defined as within-subjects factors. The sequence factor was included to evaluate potential artifacts generated by the experimental design. Statistical analyses showed the absence of such artifacts. Three dependent variables were included: response type, an indirect measure of introspection quality, and a direct measure of subjective difficulty. A random sample of 130 participants were recruited for this experiment. All the participants were undergraduate students at the National University of Entre Rios, Argentina. 112 were female (86.2%). The mean age was 23.79 years old (SD = 6.452). 2 sets of 6 exercises each were given to all the participants. The classical selection paradigm was applied, that is, four response options were given in each item. Only one of them was the normative response according to logic (DeMorgan?s equivalences for negated conjunctions and negated disjunctions). One set included prior relevant affirmation before requiring negation, the other set started straightforward with the negation task. The task was to find the logical meaning of such compound negation that operated on a conjunction or a disjunction. By the other side, the set of exercises without prior affirmation asked straightforward to find the equivalence for a given compound negation of a conjunction or a disjunction. After completing each set of 6 responses participants were asked to give an opinion about their own performance (introspection quality) and about the task difficulty (subjective difficulty). In consistence with the mental models theory and the relevance theory, prior affirmation increased the frequency of normative responses and the quality of introspection. However, a direct registry of task difficulty showed no difference between a prior affirmation condition and a straightforward condition in consistence with the Gricean view of negation. An unexpected result showed an incremental effect of normative responses for the negation of conjunctions in comparison with the negation of disjunctions when prior affirmation provided a pragmatically enriched context. These results are discussed in terms of working memory dynamics. In sum, our findings suggest that the processing of compound negation of conjunctions and disjunctions can be explained as a combination of explicit and implicit processes that are strongly influenced by pragmatic factors. Fil: Macbeth, Guillermo Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina Fil: Razumiejczyk, Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos; Argentina Fil: Crivello, María del Carmen. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos; Argentina Fil: Fioramonti, Mauro Bruno. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina Fil: Pereyra Girardi, Carolina Iris. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas; Argentina

Eye-Tracking technologies have strongly increased in deductive reasoning research during the last years. The aim of this paper is to introduce a brief history of its use, to elaborate on some mathematical problems of Eye-Tracking algorithms, to suggest further engineering developments both for hardware and software, to illustrate our proposal with an example of current research on deductive reasoning focused on compound negation, and to discuss the scope and limitations of our contribution. We conclude that Eye-Tracking is a useful tool for Cognitive Science, in general, and for deductive reasoning research, in particular. We also conclude that the future improvement of hardware and software engineering is critical for the potential contribution of this tool to the understanding of human reasoning. Fil: Macbeth, Guillermo Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina Fil: Razumiejczyk, Eugenia. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Crivello, María del Carmen. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina Fil: Fioramonti, Mauro Bruno. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Highlights • Diagnostic algorithm for pancreatic head mass. • Differential diagnosis between pancreatic cancer and mass forming autoimmune pancreatitis. • Diagnosis and treatment of IgG4-related systemic disease., INTRODUCTION Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a rare pancreatic disorder among chronic pancreatitis that can mimick pancreatic cancer (PC). Patients with type 1 AIP usually present obstructive jaundice associated with high level of IgG4 in serum and a pancreatic mass at radiological imaging; these disorders may be associated with other organs lesions presenting the same histopathological features, and in these cases AIP should be considered a pancreatic localization of an IgG4-related systemic disease. PRESENTATION OF CASE We report the case of a young man with initial suspect of PC to be treated with surgery, and final diagnosis of AIP in the context of an IgG4-related systemic disease. DISCUSSION Because of its similar features, several algorithms have been proposed for AIP diagnosis, based on combination of clinical/serological and radiological criteria. However, histology represents the only way to obtain definitive diagnosis, even if sometimes it is difficult to obtain biological samples. CONCLUSION IgG4-related systemic disease must be taken into account among differential diagnosis during the workup for PC, in order to avoid unnecessary surgery.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the cross-modal Stroop effect between visually presented anagrams and gustatory stimuli. The working hypothesis states that cross-modal Stroop interference is increased by the level of inconsistency and reduced by the level of congruence between gustatory stimuli and linguistic visual stimuli whose order of syllables has been changed. 29 argentine subjects whose average age was 22 years old (SD = 3.024 years) participated in the experiment. A within-subjects repeated measures design was used. The independent variable was determined as the congruence of the stimulus and in it three levels were identified: congruent, incongruent and control stimuli. Two dependent variables were determined: reaction time and number of correct responses. The chosen paradigm was the cross-modal Stroop task. Gustatory stimuli were administered together with anagrams. The task required identifying a gustatory stimulus in the shortest possible time. It was concluded that in conditions of incongruent and control stimuli, subjects were not able to inhibit linguistic distractors to elaborate quick and effective responses concerning the identification of gustatory stimuli. In contrast, in the congruent anagrams condition the stimuli functioned as a key facilitator. Fil: Razumiejczyk, Eugenia. Universidad Nacional de Entre Rios; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Fioramonti, Mauro Bruno. Universidad Nacional de Entre Rios; Argentina Fil: Crivello, María del Carmen. Universidad Nacional de Entre Rios; Argentina Fil: Pereyra Girardi, Carolina Iris. Universidad Nacional de Entre Rios; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiológicas (i); Argentina Fil: Macbeth, Guillermo Eduardo. Universidad Nacional de Entre Rios; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

In recent years, the description of isolated bile duct dilatation has been increasingly observed in subjects with normal liver function tests and nonspecific abdominal symptoms, probably due to the widespread use of high-resolution imaging techniques. However, there is scant literature about the evolution of this condition and the impact of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in the diagnostic work up. When noninvasive imaging tests (transabdominal ultrasound, computed tomography or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography) fail to identify the cause of dilatation and clinical or biochemical alarm signs are absent, the probability of having biliary disease is considered low. In this setting, using EUS, the presence of pathologic findings (choledocholithiasis, strictures, chronic pancreatitis, ampullary or pancreatic tumors, cholangiocarcinoma), not always with a benign course, has been observed. The aim of this review has been to evaluate the prevalence of disease among non-jaundiced patients without signs of cytolysis and/or cholestasis and the assessment of EUS yield. Data point out to a promising role of EUS in the identification of a potential biliary pathology. EUS is a low invasive technique, with high accuracy, that could play a double cost-effective role: identifying pathologic conditions with dismal prognosis, in asymptomatic patients with negative prior imaging tests, and excluding pathologic conditions and further follow-up in healthy subjects.

El presente trabajo se encuentra inserto en el proyecto de investigación denominado “Modelo físico matemático del ciclo previsto para motores de combustión interna” (CIPREV), realizado en conjunto entre el Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica de la Universidad Tecnológica Nacional FRBA y la Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad de la Marina Mercante. Como ya es sabido el motor alternativo basa su principio de funcionamiento en el aprovechamiento mecánico de la expansión de los gases de combustión dentro del cilindro para transmitir movimiento a los órganos del sistema biela manivela. El presente estudio se propone indagar en la naturaleza y características del fluido de trabajo de la máquina para que sus resultados puedan ser utilizados como datos para el cálculo del ciclo indicado de los motores. El procedimiento experimental se ha basado en la determinación del coeficiente politrópico del proceso de compresión y la determinación de la composición de los gases de combustión durante un ensayo de potencia al freno con obtención del consumo específico.

The role of the neutron-proton asymmetry (isospin) in the de-excitation of excited nuclei is investigated by studying the isospin dependence of the Ar+Ni fusion-evaporation cross sections. Compound nuclei of Pd, with mass number varying from 92 (close to the limit of stability for proton emission) to 104 (stable), are produced with the same excitation energy (~3 MeV/nucleon), impinging stable and radioactive Ar beams with energies around 13 MeV/nucleon on to isotopically enriched Ni targets. The de-excitation products are collected by the VAMOS magnetic spectrometer and the 4pi charged particle array INDRA. The study shows a decrease of the Ar+Ni fusion-evaporation cross section as the isospin of the system decreases, suggesting that the deexcitation of excited Pd nuclei is influenced by their neutron-proton asymmetry. Also, a larger decrease is observed for the N = Z 92Pd nucleus, explained as the opening of a new de-excitation channel (multifragmentation).