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1. Quantifying and addressing the prevalence and bias of study designs in the environmental and social sciences

Author

Alec P. Christie, David Abecasis, Mehdi Adjeroud, Juan C. Alonso, Tatsuya Amano, Alvaro Anton, Barry P. Baldigo, Rafael Barrientos, Jake E. Bicknell, Deborah A. Buhl, Just Cebrian, Ricardo S. Ceia, Luciana Cibils-Martina, Sarah Clarke, Joachim Claudet, Michael D. Craig, Dominique Davoult, Annelies De Backer, Mary K. Donovan, Tyler D. Eddy, Filipe M. França, Jonathan P. A. Gardner, Bradley P. Harris, Ari Huusko, Ian L. Jones, Brendan P. Kelaher, Janne S. Kotiaho, Adrià López-Baucells, Heather L. Major, Aki Mäki-Petäys, Beatriz Martín, Carlos A. Martín, Philip A. Martin, Daniel Mateos-Molina, Robert A. McConnaughey, Michele Meroni, Christoph F. J. Meyer, Kade Mills, Monica Montefalcone, Norbertas Noreika, Carlos Palacín, Anjali Pande, C. Roland Pitcher, Carlos Ponce, Matt Rinella, Ricardo Rocha, María C. Ruiz-Delgado, Juan J. Schmitter-Soto, Jill A. Shaffer, Shailesh Sharma, Anna A. Sher, Doriane Stagnol, Thomas R. Stanley, Kevin D. E. Stokesbury, Aurora Torres, Oliver Tully, Teppo Vehanen, Corinne Watts, Qingyuan Zhao, and William J. Sutherland

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Randomised controlled experiments are the gold standard for scientific inference, but environmental and social scientists often rely on different study designs. Here the authors analyse the use of six common study designs in the fields of biodiversity conservation and social intervention, and quantify the biases in their estimates.

Published
2020
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2. Quantifying and addressing the prevalence and bias of study designs in the environmental and social sciences

Author

Ari Huusko, William J. Sutherland, Tyler D. Eddy, Doriane Stagnol, Deborah A. Buhl, Matt Rinella, Tatsuya Amano, Teppo Vehanen, Thomas R. Stanley, C. Roland Pitcher, David Abecasis, Ricardo S. Ceia, Anjali Pande, Brendan P. Kelaher, Shailesh Sharma, Juan C. Alonso, Adrià López-Baucells, Luciana Cibils-Martina, Heather L. Major, Jill A. Shaffer, Monica Montefalcone, Bradley P. Harris, Jake E. Bicknell, Annelies De Backer, Ian L. Jones, Aki Mäki-Petäys, Juan J. Schmitter-Soto, María C. Ruiz-Delgado, Corinne Watts, Oliver Tully, Norbertas Noreika, Kade Mills, Christoph F. J. Meyer, Just Cebrian, Michele Meroni, Qingyuan Zhao, Rafael Barrientos, Dominique Davoult, Michael D. Craig, Carlos Ponce, Mary K. Donovan, Alec P. Christie, Jonathan P. A. Gardner, Carlos Palacín, Alvaro Antón, Robert A. McConnaughey, Beatriz Martín, Aurora Torres, Daniel Mateos-Molina, Filipe França, Sarah Clarke, Kevin D. E. Stokesbury, Janne S. Kotiaho, Mehdi Adjeroud, Ricardo Rocha, Anna A. Sher, Barry P. Baldigo, Carlos A. Martín, Philip A. Martin, Joachim Claudet, Christie, Alec P [0000-0002-8465-8410], Abecasis, David [0000-0002-9802-8153], Alonso, Juan C [0000-0003-0450-7434], Amano, Tatsuya [0000-0001-6576-3410], Anton, Alvaro [0000-0003-4108-6122], Baldigo, Barry P [0000-0002-9862-9119], Barrientos, Rafael [0000-0002-1677-3214], Bicknell, Jake E [0000-0001-6831-627X], Cebrian, Just [0000-0002-9916-8430], Ceia, Ricardo S [0000-0001-7078-0178], Cibils-Martina, Luciana [0000-0002-2101-4095], Claudet, Joachim [0000-0001-6295-1061], De Backer, Annelies [0000-0001-9129-9009], Donovan, Mary K [0000-0001-6855-0197], França, Filipe M [0000-0003-3827-1917], Gardner, Jonathan PA [0000-0002-6943-2413], Kotiaho, Janne S [0000-0002-4732-784X], López-Baucells, Adrià [0000-0001-8446-0108], Major, Heather L [0000-0002-7265-1289], Mateos-Molina, Daniel [0000-0002-9383-0593], McConnaughey, Robert A [0000-0002-8537-3695], Meyer, Christoph FJ [0000-0001-9958-8913], Noreika, Norbertas [0000-0002-3853-7677], Pitcher, C Roland [0000-0003-2075-4347], Rocha, Ricardo [0000-0003-2757-7347], Schmitter-Soto, Juan J [0000-0003-4736-8382], Shaffer, Jill A [0000-0003-3172-0708], Sharma, Shailesh [0000-0002-7918-4070], Sher, Anna A [0000-0002-6433-9746], Vehanen, Teppo [0000-0003-3441-6787], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Ecologie marine tropicale des océans Pacifique et Indien (ENTROPIE [Perpignan]), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centre de recherches insulaires et observatoire de l'environnement (CRIOBE), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Christie, Alec P. [0000-0002-8465-8410], Alonso, Juan C. [0000-0003-0450-7434], Baldigo, Barry P. [0000-0002-9862-9119], Bicknell, Jake E. [0000-0001-6831-627X], Ceia, Ricardo S. [0000-0001-7078-0178], Donovan, Mary K. [0000-0001-6855-0197], França, Filipe M. [0000-0003-3827-1917], Gardner, Jonathan P. A. [0000-0002-6943-2413], Kotiaho, Janne S. [0000-0002-4732-784X], Major, Heather L. [0000-0002-7265-1289], McConnaughey, Robert A. [0000-0002-8537-3695], Meyer, Christoph F. J. [0000-0001-9958-8913], Pitcher, C. Roland [0000-0003-2075-4347], Schmitter-Soto, Juan J. [0000-0003-4736-8382], Shaffer, Jill A. [0000-0003-3172-0708], Sher, Anna A. [0000-0002-6433-9746], and Repositório da Universidade de Lisboa

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Research design, Scientific community, SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY, Medio ambiente natural, sosiaalitieteet, Psychological intervention, General Physics and Astronomy, Social Sciences, QH75, 01 natural sciences, Environmental impact, purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], 010104 statistics & probability, 706/648, Credibility, Prevalence, Social science, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, GE, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, article, Sampling (statistics), Biodiversity, näyttöön perustuvat käytännöt, satunnaistetut vertailukokeet, ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, Research Design, Scale (social sciences), [SDE]Environmental Sciences, H1, Science, Environment, 010603 evolutionary biology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Social sciences, Bias, tutkimusmenetelmät, QH541, 704/172/4081, Humans, 0101 mathematics, purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6 [https], ympäristötieteet, poliittinen päätöksenteko, Clinical study design, metodologia, 706/689, General Chemistry, 15. Life on land, Ecología, Literature, Pairwise comparison, Observational study, 631/158, luotettavuus
Abstract

Building trust in science and evidence-based decision-making depends heavily on the credibility of studies and their findings. Researchers employ many different study designs that vary in their risk of bias to evaluate the true effect of interventions or impacts. Here, we empirically quantify, on a large scale, the prevalence of different study designs and the magnitude of bias in their estimates. Randomised designs and controlled observational designs with pre-intervention sampling were used by just 23% of intervention studies in biodiversity conservation, and 36% of intervention studies in social science. We demonstrate, through pairwise within-study comparisons across 49 environmental datasets, that these types of designs usually give less biased estimates than simpler observational designs. We propose a model-based approach to combine study estimates that may suffer from different levels of study design bias, discuss the implications for evidence synthesis, and how to facilitate the use of more credible study designs., Randomised controlled experiments are the gold standard for scientific inference, but environmental and social scientists often rely on different study designs. Here the authors analyse the use of six common study designs in the fields of biodiversity conservation and social intervention, and quantify the biases in their estimates.

Published
2020

3. Comparing susceptibility of eastern and western US grasslands to competition and allelopathy from spotted knapweed [Centaurea stoebe L. subsp. micranthos (Gugler) Hayek]

Author

Matt Rinella and Kurt O. Reinhart

Subjects
Centaurea maculosa, education.field_of_study, Ecology, biology, media_common.quotation_subject, Population, Biodiversity, Species diversity, Plant Science, biology.organism_classification, Competition (biology), Plant ecology, Botany, Stoebe, education, Centaurea stoebe, media_common
Abstract

Centaurea stoebe L. subsp. micranthos is native to Eurasia and is invasive in the western portion of the US. Negative impacts of C. stoebe micranthos present in the eastern US have not been recorded. In this study, we examine the effects of C. stoebe micranthos on species diversity on an eastern grassy bald, compare the competitive abilities of plant species from eastern and western grasslands against C. stoebe micranthos, and assess the production of allelopathic compounds in an eastern population of C. stoebe micranthos. Field observations indicated that increasing C. stoebe micranthos abundance was not associated with decreasing abundance or diversity of species. In a greenhouse experiment, C. stoebe micranthos growing with plant species from an eastern grassland were smaller than C. stoebe micranthos growing with species from western grasslands, suggesting that species from the eastern grassland are more competitive against C. stoebe micranthos. We found no evidence that the eastern population of C. stoebe micranthos has allelopathic effects. While the invasion dynamics may change over time, the possibility that C. stoebe micranthos may never become invasive in the studied grassy bald should be weighed when considering control measures here and throughout the eastern US. This study illustrates that invasion dynamics can vary geographically and that land managers need relevant information to gauge an appropriate and economical response.

Published
2010

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