Search

This paper aims to clarify how the informational appeal (abstract vs. concrete) of ethical products can be matched to consumers. We tested the attitudes and behaviors of consumers towards ethical products. The hypotheses are based on construal level theory. Higher moral concerns are related to an abstract mindset, while lower moral concerns are associated with a concrete mindset. The findings showed that each of the hypotheses was supported: consumers who are more likely to make charitable donations have positive attitudes toward ethical products (H1); consumers who are more likely to make charitable donations are more likely to respond to abstract appeal information (H2); and consumers who are less likely to make charitable donations will be more likely to respond to concrete appeal information (H3). The findings suggest that marketers’ approach to the use of informational appeals should be determined by consumers’ moral concern type.

The hair follicle is a highly differentiated structure. In this study, we examined immunohistological localization of S100A2, S100A4, S100A6, S100A7, and S100P using specific monoclonal antibodies. S100A2 was strongly expressed in the entire outer-root sheath (ORS), but more weakly in cuticle and medulla in the bulb. S100A6, S100A7, and S100P were expressed in the innermost cells of ORS. The cuticular area was weakly positive for S100A2, S100A6, S100A7, and S100P. S100A4 was expressed in dendritic Langerhans cells and melanocytes. Sebaceous cells were variably immunopositive for S100A2, S100A6, and S100A7. A subset of dermal papilla cells expressed S100A4 and S100A6. None of the antibodies labeled the inner-root sheath. The distinct spatiostructural distributions of the S100 family proteins suggest that each protein is differentially involved in the physiological function of normal hair follicles., ヒト毛囊はきわめて分化した組織であるが, 表皮分化関連蛋白群に属するS100A2, S100A4, S100A6, S100A7, S100Pの局在に関しては十分な解析がなされていない. 我々はこれらの分子に対する特異抗体を用いて，その局在を免疫組織学的に明らかにした. S100A2 は外毛根鞘(ORS)の全域に強く染色された．毛髄質はS100A2 に弱陽性であった. S100A6，S100A7，S100P はORSの最内層に陽性であった. cuticleは, S100A2, S100A6, S100A7, S100Pで弱く染色された. S100A4はランゲルハンス細胞と色素細胞を染色した. 脂腺細胞はS100A2, S100A6, S100A7で部分的に染色されたが, その染色パターンは異なっていた. 毛乳頭細胞は部分的にS100A4, S100A6に陽性であった. 内毛根鞘はどの抗体でも染色されなかった. 異なる局在を示すことから, これらのS100蛋白は毛囊脂腺系において異なった働きを担っていると考えられた.

Dear editor It is with great interest that we read the paper published by Okamoto et al.1 In this paper, the authors retrospectively evaluated 135 cases who underwent inferior rectus nasal transposition for acquired or decompensated superior oblique palsy. The authors concluded that inferior rectus nasal transposition decreased the excyclotorsion effect with the added advantage of long-term stability and also allowing for simultaneous correction of the vertical deviation. They have positively described the effect of inferior rectus nasal transposition, as the surgery does not involve any procedure on the oblique muscles in the first place. Also, as described by the authors, retaining the superior conjunctiva for glaucoma filtration surgeries, if need be, makes it a novel approach. Lesser postoperative incidence of Brown’s syndrome is an added advantage. In support of preferring inferior rectus nasal transposition to the Harada–Ito procedure, the authors state that the latter was associated with a higher rate of regression. But the study quoted in this regard, ie, that by Nishimura and Rosenbaum,2 shows that few patients had a follow-up period of more than 1 year, which may be inadequate to draw a conclusion. Moreover, in a subsequent study3 with a minimum follow-up period of 2 years, it was found that regression was encountered in fewer cases than reported previously. We also feel the paper is lacking in a few important details which would influence the outcome of the surgery. Superior oblique palsy is known to have a vertical deviation in the form of hypertropia in most cases.4 Okamoto et al, though not mentioned clearly, from what we could interpret, performed inferior rectus recession on the ipsilateral side along with an inferior rectus nasal transposition in most cases, and this cannot explain the correction of hypertropia. Inferior rectus recession is likely to induce further hypertropia in the involved eye. Inferior rectus recession, if at all, has been performed in the other eye in order to achieve symmetry, as done by Kushner.5 Also, the amount of hypertropia to be corrected preoperatively and the postoperative residual amount are important considerations which were not mentioned in the study. Okamoto et al considered a minimum follow-up period of 3 months, which we feel is insufficient to conclude that this procedure offers long-term stability. As there were a total of eight cases where regression was encountered, five occurring within 1 year of surgery and three cases occurring after 1 year, longer follow-ups may have led to a different outcome. To conclude, inferior rectus nasal transposition may be considered as a good alternative to the Harada–Ito procedure, and may additionally be done as a procedure of choice in cases with minimal vertical deviation and minimal inferior oblique overaction as in cases of Knapp class II superior oblique paresis or when a previous oblique muscle surgery has been performed.6

この論文は国立情報学研究所の電子図書館事業により電子化されました。

この論文は国立情報学研究所の電子図書館事業により電子化されました。

この論文は国立情報学研究所の電子図書館事業により電子化されました。

この論文は国立情報学研究所の電子図書館事業により電子化されました。

この論文は国立情報学研究所の電子図書館事業により電子化されました。