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Horses revolutionized human history with fast mobility1. However, the timeline between their domestication and their widespread integration as a means of transport remains contentious2-4. Here we assemble a collection of 475 ancient horse genomes to assess the period when these animals were first reshaped by human agency in Eurasia. We find that reproductive control of the modern domestic lineage emerged around 2200 BCE, through close-kin mating and shortened generation times. Reproductive control emerged following a severe domestication bottleneck starting no earlier than approximately 2700 BCE, and coincided with a sudden expansion across Eurasia that ultimately resulted in the replacement of nearly every local horse lineage. This expansion marked the rise of widespread horse-based mobility in human history, which refutes the commonly held narrative of large horse herds accompanying the massive migration of steppe peoples across Europe around 3000 BCE and earlier3,5. Finally, we detect significantly shortened generation times at Botai around 3500 BCE, a settlement from central Asia associated with corrals and a subsistence economy centred on horses6,7. This supports local horse husbandry before the rise of modern domestic bloodlines.

Despite the inevitable shift in medical practice towards a deeper understanding of disease etiology and progression through multigenic analysis, the profound historical impact of Mendelian diseases cannot be overlooked. These diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and thalassemia, are characterized by a single variant in a single gene leading to clinical conditions, and have significantly shaped our medical knowledge and treatments. In this respect, the monogenic approach inevitably results in the underutilization of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) data.Herein, a retrospective study was performed to assess the diagnostic value of the clinical exome in 32 probands with specific phenotypic characteristics (patients with autoinflammation and immunological dysregulation, N = 20; patients diagnosed with Hemolytic uremic syndrome N = 9; and patients with Waldenström macroglobulinemia, N = 3). A gene enrichment analysis was performed using the *. VCF file generated by SOPHiA-DDM-v4. This analysis selected a subset of genes containing pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants with autosomal dominant (AD) inheritance. In addition, all variants of uncertain significance (VUS) were included, filtered by AD inheritance mode, the presence of compound heterozygotes, and a minor allele frequency (MAF) cutoff of 0.05 %.The aim of the pipeline described here is based on a perspective shift that focuses on analyzing patients’ gene assets, offering new light on the complex interplay between genetics and disease presentation. Integrating this approach into clinical practices could significantly enhance the management of patients with rare genetic disorders.

Amyloidosis refers to a group of diseases caused by extracellular deposits of misfolded proteins, which alter tissue function and structure, potentially affecting any organ. The term “amyloid” was introduced in the 19th century and later associated with pathological protein deposits. Amyloid fibrils, which are insoluble and resistant to degradation, originate from soluble proteins that undergo misfolding. This process can be triggered by several factors, such as aging, elevated protein concentrations, or pathogenic variants. Amyloid deposits damage organs both by disrupting tissue architecture and through direct cytotoxic effects, leading to conditions such as heart failure. Amyloidosis can be classified into acquired or inherited forms and can be systemic or localized. Diagnosing cardiac amyloidosis is complex and often requires tissue biopsies, which are supported by Congo Red dye staining. In some cases, bisphosphonate bone scans may provide a less invasive diagnostic option. In this state-of-the-art review, we focus on the most common forms of cardiac amyloidosis, from epidemiology to therapy, emphasizing the differences in molecular mechanisms and the importance of pathological diagnosis for appropriate treatment using a multidisciplinary approach.

Abstract The Bcl2-associated athanogene-3 (BAG3) protein, a critical regulator of cellular survival, has been identified as a potential therapeutic target in various malignancies. This study investigates the role of BAG3 within stromal fibroblasts and its interaction with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells. Previous research demonstrated that BAG3 maintains the active state of pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) and aids pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) spread via cytokine release. To explore BAG3’s role in bone marrow-derived stromal fibroblasts, BAG3 was silenced in HS-5 cells using siRNA. In co-culture experiments with PBMCs from B-CLL patients, BAG3 silencing in HS-5 cells increased apoptosis and decreased phosphorylation of BTK, AKT, and ERK in B-CLL cells, thus disrupting their pro-survival key signaling pathways. The observation of fibroblast-activated protein (FAP) positive cells in infiltrated bone marrow specimens co-expressing BAG3 further support the involvement of the protein in fibroblast-mediated tumor survival. Additionally, BAG3 appears to support B-CLL survival by modulating cytokine networks, including IL-10 and CXCL12, which are essential for leukemic cell survival and proliferation. A robust correlation between BAG3 expression and the levels of CXCL12 and IL-10 was observed in both co-cultures and patient specimens. These findings point out the need for a more in-depth comprehension of the intricate network of interactions within the tumor microenvironment and provide valuable insights for the selection of new potential therapeutic targets in the medical treatment of CLL.

As buildings account for approximately 40% of global energy consumption and associated greenhouse gas emissions, their role in decarbonizing the power grid is crucial. The increased integration of variable energy sources, such as renewables, introduces uncertainties and unprecedented flexibilities, necessitating buildings to adapt their energy demand to enhance grid resiliency. Consequently, buildings must transition from passive energy consumers to active grid assets, providing demand flexibility and energy elasticity while maintaining occupant comfort and health. This fundamental shift demands advanced optimal control methods to manage escalating energy demand and avert power outages. Reinforcement learning (RL) emerges as a promising method to address these challenges. In this paper, we explore ten questions related to the application of RL in buildings, specifically targeting flexible energy management. We consider the growing availability of data, advancements in machine learning algorithms, open-source tools, and the practical deployment aspects associated with software and hardware requirements. Our objective is to deliver a comprehensive introduction to RL, present an overview of existing research and accomplishments, underscore the challenges and opportunities, and propose potential future research directions to expedite the adoption of RL for building energy management.

Electrophysiology in plants is understudied, and, moreover, an ideal model for student inclusion at all levels of education. Here, we report on an investigation in open science, whereby scientists worked with high school students, faculty, and undergraduates from Chile, Germany, Serbia, South Korea, and the USA. The students recorded the electrophysiological signals of >15 plant species in response to a flame or tactile stimulus applied to the leaves. We observed that approximately 60% of the plants studied showed an electrophysiological response, with a delay of ~ 3-6 s after stimulus presentation. In preliminary conduction velocity experiments, we verified that observed signals are indeed biological in origin, with information transmission speeds of ~ 2–9 mm/s. Such easily replicable experiments can serve to include more investigators and students in contributing to our understanding of plant electrophysiology.

Abstract As the mean age of first-time mothers increases in the industrialized world, inquiries into causes of human reproductive senescence have followed. Rates of ovulatory dysfunction and oocyte aneuploidy parallel chronological age, but poor reproductive outcomes in women older than 35 years are also attributed to endometrial senescence. The current studies, using primary human endometrial stromal cell (ESC) cultures as an in vitro model for endometrial aging, characterize the proinflammatory cytokine, IL-1β-mediated and passage number-dependent effects on ESC phenotype. ESC senescence was accelerated by incubation with IL-1β, which was monitored by RNA sequencing, ELISA, immunocytochemistry and Western blotting. Senescence associated secreted phenotype (SASP) proteins, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, MMP3, CCL2, CCL5, and other senescence-associated biomarkers of DNA damage (p16, p21, HMGB1, phospho-γ-histone 2 A.X) were noted to increase directly in response to 0.1 nM IL-1β stimulation. Production of the corresponding SASP proteins increased further following extended cell passage. Using enzyme inhibitors and siRNA interference, these effects of IL-1β were found to be mediated via the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway. Hormone-induced ESC decidualization, classical morphological and biochemical endocrine responses to estradiol, progesterone and cAMP stimulation (prolactin, IGFBP-1, IL-11 and VEGF), were attenuated pari passu with prolonged ESC passaging. The kinetics of differentiation responses varied in a biomarker-specific manner, with IGFBP-1 and VEGF secretion showing the largest and smallest reductions, with respect to cell passage number. ESC hormone responsiveness was most robust when limited to the first six cell passages. Hence, investigation of ESC cultures as a decidualization model should respect this limitation of cell aging. The results support the hypotheses that “inflammaging” contributes to endometrial senescence, disruption of decidualization and impairment of fecundity. IL-1β and the JNK signaling pathway are pathogenetic targets amenable to pharmacological correction or mitigation with the potential to reduce endometrial stromal senescence and enhance uterine receptivity.

Abstract Etruria contained one of the great early urban civilisations in the Italian peninsula during the first millennium BC, much studied from a cultural, humanities-based, perspective, but relatively little with scientific data, and rarely in combination. We have addressed the unusual location of twenty inhumations found in the sacred heart of the Etruscan city of Tarquinia, focusing on six of these as illustrative, contrasting with the typical contemporary cremations found in cemeteries on the edge of the city. The cultural evidence suggests that the six skeletons were also distinctive in their ritualization and memorialisation. Focusing on the six, as a representative sample, the scientific evidence of osteoarchaeology, isotopic compositions, and ancient DNA has established that these appear to show mobility, diversity and violence through an integrated bioarchaeological approach. The combination of multiple lines of evidence makes major strides towards a deeper understanding of the role of these extraordinary individuals in the life of the early city of Etruria.

The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted an unprecedented global effort to understand and mitigate the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In this study, we present a comprehensive analysis of COVID-19 in Western New York (WNY), integrating individual patient-level genomic sequencing data with a spatially informed agent-based disease Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) computational model. The integration of genomic and spatial data enables a multi-faceted exploration of the factors influencing the transmission patterns of COVID-19, including genetic variations in the viral genomes, population density, and movement dynamics in New York State (NYS). Our genomic analyses provide insights into the genetic heterogeneity of SARS-CoV-2 within a single lineage, at region-specific resolutions, while our population analyses provide models for SARS-CoV-2 lineage transmission. Together, our findings shed light on localized dynamics of the pandemic, revealing potential cross-county transmission networks. This interdisciplinary approach, bridging genomics and spatial modeling, contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of COVID-19 dynamics. The results of this study have implications for future public health strategies, including guiding targeted interventions and resource allocations to control the spread of similar viruses.

In recent years, particular interest has developed in molecular biology applied to the field of dermatopathology, with a focus on nevi of the Spitz spectrum. From 2014 onwards, an increasing number of papers have been published to classify, stratify, and correctly frame molecular alterations, including kinase fusions. In this paper, we try to synthesize the knowledge gained in this area so far. In December 2023, we searched Medline and Scopus for case reports and case series, narrative and systematic reviews, meta-analyses, observational studies—either longitudinal or historical, case series, and case reports published in English in the last 15 years using the keywords spitzoid neoplasms, kinase fusions, ALK, ROS1, NTRK (1-2-3), MET, RET, MAP3K8, and RAF1. ALK-rearranged Spitz tumors and ROS-1-rearranged tumors are among the most studied and characterized entities in the literature, in an attempt (although not always successful) to correlate histopathological features with the probable molecular driver alteration. NTRK-, RET-, and MET-rearranged Spitz tumors present another studied and characterized entity, with several rearrangements described but as of yet incomplete information about their prognostic significance. Furthermore, although rarer, rearrangements of serine–threonine kinases such as BRAF, RAF1, and MAP3K8 have also been described, but more cases with more detailed information about possible histopathological alterations, mechanisms of etiopathogenesis, and also prognosis are needed. The knowledge of molecular drivers is of great interest in the field of melanocytic diagnostics, and it is important to consider that in addition to immunohistochemistry, molecular techniques such as FISH, PCR, and/or NGS are essential to confirm and classify the different patterns of mutation. Future studies with large case series and molecular sequencing techniques are needed to allow for a more complete and comprehensive understanding of the role of fusion kinases in the spitzoid tumor family.

Abstract Anoxia halts oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) causing an accumulation of reduced compounds in the mitochondrial matrix which impedes dehydrogenases. By simultaneously measuring oxygen concentration, NADH autofluorescence, mitochondrial membrane potential and ubiquinone reduction extent in isolated mitochondria in real-time, we demonstrate that Complex I utilized endogenous quinones to oxidize NADH under acute anoxia. 13C metabolic tracing or untargeted analysis of metabolites extracted during anoxia in the presence or absence of site-specific inhibitors of the electron transfer system showed that NAD+ regenerated by Complex I is reduced by the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase Complex yielding succinyl-CoA supporting mitochondrial substrate-level phosphorylation (mtSLP), releasing succinate. Complex II operated amphidirectionally during the anoxic event, providing quinones to Complex I and reducing fumarate to succinate. Our results highlight the importance of quinone provision to Complex I oxidizing NADH maintaining glutamate catabolism and mtSLP in the absence of OXPHOS.

Hereditary aortopathies are a group of rare genetic diseases affecting the aorta and its major branches, and they represent a cause of sudden cardiac death. These pathologies are classified into syndromic hereditary aortopathies and non-syndromic hereditary aortopathies. The epidemiology of hereditary aortopathies varies according to the specific genetic condition involved; however, these disorders are believed to account for a significant proportion of sudden cardiac death in young individuals with a family history of inherited cardiovascular conditions. The causes of hereditary aortopathies are primarily genetic, with pathogenic variants in various genes encoding structural proteins of the vascular wall, leading to dissection, aneurysms, rupture, and ultimately sudden cardiac death. When the cause of death remains unknown after an autopsy, it is referred to as sudden unexplained death, and post-mortem genetic testing, known as a molecular autopsy, is crucial to confirm hereditary aortopathies and assess the genetic risk in the patient’s relatives. This helps to facilitate diagnostic and therapeutic pathways and/or implement monitoring strategies to prevent sudden cardiac death. In this state-of-the-art review, we focus on syndromic and non-syndromic hereditary aortopathies causing sudden cardiac death in the young and explore preventive strategies for affected family members.

The grafting of trialkoxysilanes is the most common method for the surface functionalization of silica gel, and it is usually carried out in the presence of toluene or other solvents such as acetonitrile or acetone. Here, we replaced these solvents with alcohols to afford silica materials containing alkoxy groups linked to the silicon atom. The grafting of N,N-dimethyl-3-amino- or 3-amino-propyltrimethoxysilane was carried out in the presence of several alcohols containing an unsubstituted alkyl chain (C7 and C14), a PEG functionalized chain, or an amino-substituted chain (N,N-dimethylamino, pyridyl). Materials were characterized via solid-state 13C- and 29Si CPMAS NMR and thermogravimetric analysis to prove that alcohols are not “innocent” solvents but take part in the reaction and lead to [RSi(OR1)-(OSi)2] systems where the OR1 group proceeds from the alcohol used in the synthesis. As a proof of concept, we briefly studied the catalytic activity of some of these materials with the aim of showing how different modifications can influence the course of a selected reaction. Finally, a quaternary ammonium salt (QAS)-based silica was prepared containing both an alkyl-QAS and an alkoxy-QAS linked to silicon atoms. This could represent an interesting approach for the development of new antifouling-based materials and, overall, the described strategy could be useful for the preparation of new organosilica materials.

Summary: Using 13C6 glucose labeling coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and 2D 1H-13C heteronuclear single quantum coherence NMR spectroscopy, we have obtained a comparative high-resolution map of glucose fate underpinning β cell function. In both mouse and human islets, the contribution of glucose to the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is similar. Pyruvate fueling of the TCA cycle is primarily mediated by the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase, with lower flux through pyruvate carboxylase. While the conversion of pyruvate to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) can be detected in islets of both species, lactate accumulation is 6-fold higher in human islets. Human islets express LDH, with low-moderate LDHA expression and β cell-specific LDHB expression. LDHB inhibition amplifies LDHA-dependent lactate generation in mouse and human β cells and increases basal insulin release. Lastly, cis-instrument Mendelian randomization shows that low LDHB expression levels correlate with elevated fasting insulin in humans. Thus, LDHB limits lactate generation in β cells to maintain appropriate insulin release.

The advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has in just a few years supplied multiple areas of knowledge, including in the medical and scientific fields. An increasing number of AI-based applications have been developed, among which conversational AI has emerged. Regarding the latter, ChatGPT has risen to the headlines, scientific and otherwise, for its distinct propensity to simulate a ‘real’ discussion with its interlocutor, based on appropriate prompts. Although several clinical studies using ChatGPT have already been published in the literature, very little has yet been written about its potential application in human pathology. We conduct a systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, using PubMed, Scopus and the Web of Science (WoS) as databases, with the following keywords: ChatGPT OR Chat GPT, in combination with each of the following: pathology, diagnostic pathology, anatomic pathology, before 31 July 2023. A total of 103 records were initially identified in the literature search, of which 19 were duplicates. After screening for eligibility and inclusion criteria, only five publications were ultimately included. The majority of publications were original articles (n = 2), followed by a case report (n = 1), letter to the editor (n = 1) and review (n = 1). Furthermore, we performed a ‘query session’ with ChatGPT regarding pathologies such as pigmented skin lesions, malignant melanoma and variants, Gleason’s score of prostate adenocarcinoma, differential diagnosis between germ cell tumors and high grade serous carcinoma of the ovary, pleural mesothelioma and pediatric diffuse midline glioma. Although the premises are exciting and ChatGPT is able to co-advise the pathologist in providing large amounts of scientific data for use in routine microscopic diagnostic practice, there are many limitations (such as data of training, amount of data available, ‘hallucination’ phenomena) that need to be addressed and resolved, with the caveat that an AI-driven system should always provide support and never a decision-making motive during the histopathological diagnostic process.

Obesity has been recognized as a potential risk factor for the carcinogenesis of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). The aim of this observational study was to investigate the prognostic role of BMI in influencing DTC histopathological aggressiveness and the risk of tumor relapse. We enrolled 257 patients with DTC, consecutively admitted to our Institution between January 2016 and December 2023. The following variables were collected: demographic, anthropometric and clinical parameters, risk factors for DTC, surgical and radioiodine therapy, histopathological features of DTC, and biochemical markers of disease. Tumor recurrence was assessed during short-, medium- and long-term follow-up. According to BMI tertiles (e.g; I: BMI < 23.3 kg/m2; II: 23.3 ≤ BMI < 27.1 kg/m2; III: BMI ≥ 27.1 kg/m2), the clinical and histopathological characteristics did not differ between groups. The multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that BMI was not associated with clinical and histopathological aggressiveness of DTC, independently from sex, age, and risk factors for DTC onset. Moreover, BMI did not constitute a predictor of tumor recurrence during follow-up. In conclusion, BMI does not represent a predictor of clinical and histopathological aggressiveness of DTC. Since it is not a reliable marker of adiposity, BMI cannot be considered alone in evaluating the potential association between obesity and DTC prognosis.

The adherence of pathogenic microorganisms to surfaces and their association to form antibiotic-resistant biofilms threatens public health and affects several industrial sectors with significant economic losses. For this reason, the medical, pharmaceutical and materials science communities are exploring more effective anti-fouling approaches. This review focuses on the anti-fouling properties, structure–activity relationships and environmental toxicity of quaternary ammonium salts (QAS) and, as a subclass, ionic liquid compounds. Greener alternatives such as QAS-based antimicrobial polymers with biocide release, non-fouling (i.e., PEG, zwitterions), fouling release (i.e., poly(dimethylsiloxanes), fluorocarbon) and contact killing properties are highlighted. We also report on dual-functional polymers and stimuli-responsive materials. Given the economic and environmental impacts of biofilms in submerged surfaces, we emphasize the importance of less explored QAS-based anti-fouling approaches in the marine industry and in developing efficient membranes for water treatment systems.

Congenital absence of the pericardium (CAP) is an unusual condition discovered, in most cases, incidentally but can potentially lead to fatal complications, including severe arrhythmias and sudden death. Recently, the use of modern imaging technologies has increased the diagnosis of CAP, providing important findings for risk stratification. Nevertheless, there is not yet consensus regarding therapeutic decisions, and the management of patients with CAP remains challenging. In this paper, we discuss the pathophysiological implication of CAP, review the current literature and explain the role of multimodality imaging tools for its diagnosis, management and treatment.

Abstract Aging progressively modifies the physiological balance of the organism increasing susceptibility to both genetic and sporadic neurodegenerative diseases. These changes include epigenetic chromatin remodeling events that may modify the transcription levels of disease-causing genes affecting neuronal survival. However, how these events interconnect is not well understood. Here, we found that Su(var)3-9 causes increased methylation of histone H3K9 in the promoter region of TDP-43, the most frequently altered factor in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), affecting the mRNA and protein expression levels of this gene through epigenetic modifications that appear to be conserved in aged Drosophila brains, mouse, and human cells. Remarkably, augmented Su(var)3-9 activity causes a decrease in TDP-43 expression followed by early defects in locomotor activities. In contrast, decreasing Su(var)3-9 action promotes higher levels of TDP-43 expression, improving motility parameters in old flies. The data uncover a novel role of this enzyme in regulating TDP-43 expression and locomotor senescence and indicate conserved epigenetic mechanisms that may play a role in the pathogenesis of ALS.

Abstract Background Sudden cardiac death is a major public health concern. The incidence of sudden cardiac death in young adults remains unclear and is generally underestimated. Case presentation This is a case report of a 24-year-old man with a silent pathological history, who suddenly collapsed in a restaurant during dinner with his workmates. Autopsy and ancillary examination revealed focal atrioventricular node fibrosis and thymic hyperplasia. Conclusions Thymic hyperplasia has been considered a cause of sudden death in the past century. The mode of death was explained through nosographic entities such as status lymphaticus or thymic asthma, which are currently consigned to history books. Nevertheless, recent studies have sought to determine the relationship between thymic hyperplasia and sudden unexpected deaths in adults. Moreover, isolated fibrosis of the atrioventricular node is a rare condition that can remain undiagnosed even after a full autopsy. This report aims to provide a concise review of the existing literature concerning sudden cardiac death and discuss the so-called “thymic death” theory, which is now considered a myth. Was the finding of thymic hyperplasia and atrioventricular node fibrosis a coincidence? Should the myth surrounding “thymic death” be re-examined?

Abstract Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is defined as a Type 2 eosinophilic disease, while CRSsNP is considered a Type 1 neutrophilic disease. Since neutrophils are also activated in eosinophilic CRSwNP, the eosinophil–neutrophil dualism has been revaluated. Among the inflammatory cells infiltrating sinus-nasal tissues, the role of mast cells (MCs) is not already recognized, although Clinical-Cytological Grading, which defines the severity of CRSwNP, attributes to mixed eosinophil-MC forms of CRSwNP a greater risk of recurrence. We aimed to examine nasal polyps from both a cytological and histopathological point of view, to evaluate the presence and localization of MCs. Cytological and histological examination of 39 samples of nasal polyps were performed. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the presence of Tryptase + CD117 + MCs, which were counted both in the epithelial layer and in the lamina propria. A statistically significant correlation was found between intraepithelial MCs and CRSwNP severity (p

Tick-borne flaviviruses (TBFV) can cause severe neuroinvasive disease which may result in death or long-term neurological deficit in over 50% of survivors. Multiple mechanisms for invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) by flaviviruses have been proposed including axonal transport, transcytosis, endothelial infection, and Trojan horse routes. Flaviviruses may utilize different or multiple mechanisms of neuroinvasion depending on the specific virus, infection site, and host variability. In this work we have shown that the infection of BALB/cJ mice with either Powassan virus lineage I (Powassan virus) or lineage II (deer tick virus) results in distinct spatial tropism of infection in the CNS which correlates with unique clinical presentations for each lineage. Comparative transcriptomics of infected brains demonstrates the activation of different immune pathways and downstream host responses. Ultimately, the comparative pathology and transcriptomics are congruent with different clinical signs in a murine model. These results suggest that the different disease presentations occur in clinical cases due to the inherent differences in the two lineages of Powassan virus.

Reinforcement learning (RL) has shown significant success in sequential decision making in fields like autonomous vehicles, robotics, marketing and gaming industries. This success has attracted the attention to the RL control approach for building energy systems which are becoming complicated due to the need to optimize for multiple, potentially conflicting, goals like occupant comfort, energy use and grid interactivity. However, for real world applications, RL has several drawbacks like requiring large training data and time, and unstable control behavior during the early exploration process making it infeasible for an application directly to building control tasks. To address these issues, an imitation learning approach is utilized herein where the RL agents starts with a policy transferred from accepted rule based policies and heuristic policies. This approach is successful in reducing the training time, preventing the unstable early exploration behavior and improving upon an accepted rule-based policy — all of these make RL a more practical control approach for real world applications in the domain of building controls.