34 results on '"Marijn C. W. Kroes"'
Search Results
2. Context conditioning in humans using commercially available immersive Virtual Reality
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Marijn C. W. Kroes, Joseph E. Dunsmoor, Wayne E. Mackey, Mason McClay, and Elizabeth A. Phelps
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
Abstract Despite a wealth of knowledge on how humans and nonhuman animals learn to associate meaningful events with cues in the environment, far less is known about how humans learn to associate these events with the environment itself. Progress on understanding spatiotemporal contextual processes in humans has been slow in large measure by the methodological constraint of generating and manipulating immersive spatial environments in well-controlled laboratory settings. Fortunately, immersive Virtual Reality (iVR) technology has improved appreciably and affords a relatively straightforward methodology to investigate the role of context on learning, memory, and emotion while maintaining experimental control. Here, we review context conditioning literature in humans and describe challenges to study contextual learning in humans. We then provide details for a novel context threat (fear) conditioning paradigm in humans using a commercially available VR headset and a cross-platform game engine. This paradigm resulted in the acquisition of subjective threat, threat-conditioned defensive responses, and explicit threat memory. We make the paradigm publicly available and describe obstacles and solutions to optimize future studies of context conditioning using iVR. As computer technology advances to replicate the sensation of realistic environments, there are increasing opportunities to bridge the translational gap between rodent and human research on how context modulates cognition, which may ultimately lead to more optimal treatment strategies for anxiety- and stress-related disorders.
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- 2017
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3. How serotonin transporter gene variance affects defensive behaviours along the threat imminence continuum
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Marijn C. W. Kroes, Judith R. Homberg, and Marloes J. A. G. Henckens
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biology ,Continuum (measurement) ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,05 social sciences ,Variance (accounting) ,Flight behaviour ,Affect (psychology) ,050105 experimental psychology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Behavioral Neuroscience ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,0302 clinical medicine ,biology.protein ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Psychology ,Neuroscience ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Serotonin transporter - Abstract
Adequate responding to threat is essential to survival. The optimal defensive behavioural response depends on threat imminence. Serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene variance is known to affect defensive behaviours, and thought to predispose to stress-related disorders. Here, we propose that reduced 5-HTT availability is associated with increased defensive behaviours before and after threat detection, as well as flight behaviour at circa-strike, all aimed at preventing direct threat confrontation, whereas it reduces fight behaviour. These differences in preferred behavioural responses seem concomitant with shifts in activity in the neurocircuitry underlying defensive behaviours. However, understanding of the altered recruitment of the neurocircuitry of defensive behavioural repertoires is still limited, warranting further research to delineate how 5-HTT gene variance affects neural responses along the threat imminence continuum.
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- 2019
4. Roles of the amygdala and basal forebrain in defense: A Reply to Lucyk et al. and implications for defensive action
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Marijn C. W. Kroes and Floris Klumpers
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Reply ,230 Affective Neuroscience ,Basal Forebrain ,Stress-related disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 13] ,Nucleus accumbens ,Anxiety ,Amygdala ,Choice Behavior ,050105 experimental psychology ,Experimental Psychopathology and Treatment ,03 medical and health sciences ,Threat imminence ,0302 clinical medicine ,All institutes and research themes of the Radboud University Medical Center ,Defensive action ,medicine ,Avoidance Learning ,Animals ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis ,Threat ,Basal forebrain ,05 social sciences ,Translational ,Neuropsychology ,Fear ,Defensive reaction ,Stria terminalis ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Action (philosophy) ,Threat avoidance ,Avoidance ,Defensive ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Neuroscience ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Anxiety disorders - Abstract
Contains fulltext : 204116.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) The commentary by Luyck and colleagues on our paper provides many stimulating viewpoints and interpretations of our original study on dissociable responses in the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in threat processing. Here, we reply to some of the points raised and while agreeing with most of the comments also provide some alternative viewpoints. We end by putting forward a research agenda for how to further investigate the roles of these regions in threat processing, with an emphasis on studying their roles in defensive action. 4 p.
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- 2019
5. Effectiveness of Emotional Memory Reactivation vs Control Memory Reactivation Before Electroconvulsive Therapy in Adult Patients With Depressive Disorder A Randomized Clinical Trial
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Aart H. Schene, Jeroen A. van Waarde, Marijn C. W. Kroes, Guido van Wingen, Damiaan Denys, Freek ten Doesschate, Robert A. Schoevers, Claudi L H Bockting, Mirjam Westra, Dominique S. Scheepens, Henricus G. Ruhé, Graduate School, Adult Psychiatry, APH - Mental Health, APH - Personalized Medicine, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Mood, Anxiety, Psychosis, Stress & Sleep, and APH - Digital Health
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medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Psychological intervention ,Stress-related disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 13] ,Cognition ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,law.invention ,Memory Intervention ,Electroconvulsive therapy ,All institutes and research themes of the Radboud University Medical Center ,Randomized controlled trial ,law ,Rating scale ,Internal medicine ,Emotional memory ,mental disorders ,Medicine ,Major depressive disorder ,business - Abstract
Importance: Although electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is often effective, approximately half of patients with depression undergoing ECT do not benefit sufficiently, and relapse rates are high. ECT sessions have been shown to weaken reactivated memories. The effect of emotional memory retrieval on cognitive schemas remains unknown. Objective: To assess whether emotional memory retrieval just before patients receive ECT sessions weakens underlying cognitive schemas, improves ECT effectiveness, increases ECT response, and reduces relapse rates. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this multicenter randomized clinical trial conducted from 2014 to 2018 in the departments of psychiatry in 3 hospitals in the Netherlands, 72 participants were randomized 1:1 to 2 parallel groups to receive either emotional memory reactivation (EMR-ECT) or control memory reactivation (CMR-ECT) interventions before ECT sessions. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS [total score range: 0-52, with 0-7 indicating no depression and ≥24 indicating severe depression]) was used to measure symptoms of depression during and after ECT, with a 6-month follow-up period. Participants were between ages 18 and 70 years with a primary diagnosis of unipolar major depressive disorder (MDD) according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition, Text Revision) and in whom ECT was indicated. Data analysis was performed from July to November 2019. Interventions: EMR-ECT or CMR-ECT interventions prior to ECT sessions. Main Outcomes and Measures: Depression scores and relapse rates within 6 months were assessed with the HDRS and analyzed using logistic and linear multiple regression analyses. Results: A total of 66 patients (mean [SD] age, 49.3 [12.3] years; 39 [59.1%] women) were randomized to the EMR-ECT group (n = 32) or the CMR-ECT group (n = 34). Regardless of the memory intervention, 42.4% (28 of 66) of patients responded (≥50% decrease of symptom severity on the HDRS). Of patients who responded, 39.3% (11 of 28) relapsed within 6 months. Remission rates (CMR-ECT group, 29.4% [10 of 34] vs EMR-ECT group, 25.0% [8 of 32]; P = .58), mean (SD) HDRS scores after the ECT course (CMR-ECT group, 14.6 [8.6] vs EMR-ECT group, 14.9 [8.8]; P = .88), total mean (SD) number of required ECT sessions for response (CMR-ECT group, 14.9 [7.9] vs EMR-ECT group, 15.6 [7.3]; P = .39), and relapse rates (CMR-ECT group, 46.7% [7 of 15] vs EMR-ECT group, 30.8% [4 of 13]; P = .33) were not significantly altered by the intervention. Conclusions and Relevance: Study findings suggest that the EMR-ECT intervention just before patient receipt of ECT for depression did not improve effectiveness, increase speed of response, or reduce relapse rates after the ECT course compared with patients receiving CMR-ECT. Trial Registration: Trialregister.nl Identifier: NL4289.
- Published
- 2020
6. Investigating the efficacy of the reminder-extinction procedure to disrupt contextual threat memories in humans using immersive Virtual Reality
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Joseph E. Dunsmoor, Wayne E. Mackey, Marijn C. W. Kroes, Maxime C. Houtekamer, Judith R. Homberg, and Marloes J. A. G. Henckens
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Adult ,Male ,Adolescent ,Memory, Episodic ,Reminder Systems ,Conditioning, Classical ,Stress-related disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 13] ,lcsh:Medicine ,Context (language use) ,050105 experimental psychology ,Article ,Extinction, Psychological ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,All institutes and research themes of the Radboud University Medical Center ,130 000 Cognitive Neurology & Memory ,Avoidance Learning ,Psychology ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Exploration behaviour ,lcsh:Science ,Episodic memory ,Memory Consolidation ,Multidisciplinary ,Neurodevelopmental disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 7] ,Human studies ,05 social sciences ,lcsh:R ,Virtual Reality ,Extinction (psychology) ,Fear ,Amygdala ,Memory consolidation ,lcsh:Q ,Female ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Cognitive psychology ,Neuroscience - Abstract
Upon reactivation, consolidated memories can enter a temporary labile state and require restabilisation, known as reconsolidation. Interventions during this reconsolidation period can disrupt the reactivated memory. However, it is unclear whether different kinds of memory that depend on distinct brain regions all undergo reconsolidation. Evidence for reconsolidation originates from studies assessing amygdala-dependent memories using cue-conditioning paradigms in rodents, which were subsequently replicated in humans. Whilst studies providing evidence for reconsolidation of hippocampus-dependent memories in rodents have predominantly used context conditioning paradigms, studies in humans have used completely different paradigms such as tests for wordlists or stories. Here our objective was to bridge this paradigm gap between rodent and human studies probing reconsolidation of hippocampus-dependent memories. We modified a recently developed immersive Virtual Reality paradigm to test in humans whether contextual threat-conditioned memories can be disrupted by a reminder-extinction procedure that putatively targets reconsolidation. In contrast to our hypothesis, we found comparable recovery of contextual conditioned threat responses, and comparable retention of subjective measures of threat memory, episodic memory and exploration behaviour between the reminder-extinction and standard extinction groups. Our result provide no evidence that a reminder before extinction can prevent the return of context conditioned threat memories in humans.
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- 2020
7. Event segmentation protects emotional memories from competing experiences encoded close in time
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Michael Evans, Caroline M. Moscatelli, Marijn C. W. Kroes, Elizabeth A. Phelps, Lila Davachi, and Joseph E. Dunsmoor
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Social Psychology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Stress-related disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 13] ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Article ,050105 experimental psychology ,Arousal ,03 medical and health sciences ,Behavioral Neuroscience ,All institutes and research themes of the Radboud University Medical Center ,0302 clinical medicine ,Perception ,Social emotional learning ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Segmentation ,Memory segmentation ,Psychology ,Episodic memory ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Cognitive psychology ,Recognition memory ,media_common - Abstract
SUMMARY Fear memories are characterized by their permanence and a fierce resistance to unlearning by new experiences. We considered whether this durability involves a process of memory segmentation that separates competing experiences. To address this question, we used an emotional learning task designed to measure recognition memory for category exemplars encoded during competing experiences of fear-conditioning and extinction. Here we show that people recognized more fear-conditioned exemplars encoded during conditioning than conceptually related exemplars encoded immediately after a perceptual event boundary separating conditioning from extinction. Selective episodic memory depended on a period of consolidation, an explicit break between competing experiences, and was unrelated to within-session arousal or the explicit realization of a transition from conditioning to extinction. Collectively, these findings suggest that event boundaries guide selective consolidation to prioritize emotional information in memory—at the expense of related but conflicting information experienced shortly thereafter. We put forward a model whereby event boundaries bifurcate related memory traces for incompatible experiences. This stands in contrast to a mechanism that integrates related experiences for adaptive generalization123, and reveals a potentially distinct organization by which competing memories are adaptively segmented to select and protect nascent fear memories from immediate sources of interference.
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- 2018
8. Context conditioning in humans using commercially available immersive Virtual Reality
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Wayne E. Mackey, Mason McClay, Joseph E. Dunsmoor, Marijn C. W. Kroes, and Elizabeth A. Phelps
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Adult ,Male ,Reflex, Startle ,Adolescent ,Computer science ,Science ,Conditioning, Classical ,Emotions ,Stress-related disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 13] ,Context (language use) ,Anxiety ,Virtual reality ,Cognitive neuroscience ,Article ,050105 experimental psychology ,Bridge (nautical) ,Arousal ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Human–computer interaction ,Skin Physiological Phenomena ,Immersion (virtual reality) ,medicine ,Humans ,Learning ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Young adult ,Simulation ,Multidisciplinary ,Electromyography ,05 social sciences ,Virtual Reality ,Contextual learning ,Cognition ,Galvanic Skin Response ,Models, Theoretical ,Medicine ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Contains fulltext : 177119.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Despite a wealth of knowledge on how humans and nonhuman animals learn to associate meaningful events with cues in the environment, far less is known about how humans learn to associate these events with the environment itself. Progress on understanding spatiotemporal contextual processes in humans has been slow in large measure by the methodological constraint of generating and manipulating immersive spatial environments in well-controlled laboratory settings. Fortunately, immersive Virtual Reality (iVR) technology has improved appreciably and affords a relatively straightforward methodology to investigate the role of context on learning, memory, and emotion while maintaining experimental control. Here, we review context conditioning literature in humans and describe challenges to study contextual learning in humans. We then provide details for a novel context threat (fear) conditioning paradigm in humans using a commercially available VR headset and a cross-platform game engine. This paradigm resulted in the acquisition of subjective threat, threat-conditioned defensive responses, and explicit threat memory. We make the paradigm publicly available and describe obstacles and solutions to optimize future studies of context conditioning using iVR. As computer technology advances to replicate the sensation of realistic environments, there are increasing opportunities to bridge the translational gap between rodent and human research on how context modulates cognition, which may ultimately lead to more optimal treatment strategies for anxiety- and stress-related disorders.
- Published
- 2017
9. How human amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis may drive distinct defensive responses
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Marijn C. W. Kroes, Guillén Fernández, Floris Klumpers, and Johanna M.P. Baas
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Adult ,Male ,Adolescent ,Stress-related disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 13] ,Poison control ,Anxiety ,Amygdala ,050105 experimental psychology ,Developmental psychology ,Experimental Psychopathology and Treatment ,Random Allocation ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Heart Rate ,130 000 Cognitive Neurology & Memory ,medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Research Articles ,Brain Mapping ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,General Neuroscience ,Functional connectivity ,05 social sciences ,Fear ,Anticipation, Psychological ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Anticipation ,Electric Stimulation ,Stria terminalis ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Female ,Septal Nuclei ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Functional magnetic resonance imaging ,Nucleus ,Neuroscience ,Photic Stimulation ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
The ability to adaptively regulate responses to the proximity of potential danger is critical to survival and imbalance in this system may contribute to psychopathology. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is implicated in defensive responding during uncertain threat anticipation whereas the amygdala may drive responding upon more acute danger. This functional dissociation between the BNST and amygdala is however controversial, and human evidence scarce. Here we used data from two independent functional magnetic resonance imaging studies [n= 108 males andn= 70 (45 females)] to probe how coordination between the BNST and amygdala may regulate responses during shock anticipation and actual shock confrontation. In a subset of participants from Sample 2 (n= 48) we demonstrate that anticipation and confrontation evoke bradycardic and tachycardic responses, respectively. Further, we show that in each sample when going from shock anticipation to the moment of shock confrontation neural activity shifted from a region anatomically consistent with the BNST toward the amygdala. Comparisons of functional connectivity during threat processing showed overlapping yet also consistently divergent functional connectivity profiles for the BNST and amygdala. Finally, childhood maltreatment levels predicted amygdala, but not BNST, hyperactivity during shock anticipation. Our results support an evolutionary conserved, defensive distance-dependent dynamic balance between BNST and amygdala activity. Shifts in this balance may enable shifts in defensive reactions via the demonstrated differential functional connectivity. Our results indicate that early life stress may tip the neural balance toward acute threat responding and via that route predispose for affective disorder.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPreviously proposed differential contributions of the BNST and amygdala to fear and anxiety have been recently debated. Despite the significance of understanding their contributions to defensive reactions, there is a paucity of human studies that directly compared these regions on activity and connectivity during threat processing. We show strong evidence for a dissociable role of the BNST and amygdala in threat processing by demonstrating in two large participant samples that they show a distinct temporal signature of threat responding as well as a discriminable pattern of functional connections and differential sensitivity to early life threat.
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- 2017
10. Patients with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex lesions are capable of discriminatory threat learning but appear impaired in cognitive regulation of subjective fear
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Marijn C. W. Kroes, Mathew Hakimi, Sofie Oosterwaal, Elizabeth A. Phelps, Joseph E. Dunsmoor, and Michael R. Meager
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Adult ,Male ,cognition ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,Conditioning, Classical ,emotion ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Stimulus (physiology) ,Neuropsychological Tests ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,patients ,050105 experimental psychology ,lesions ,Lesion ,Discrimination Learning ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Neuroimaging ,mental disorders ,medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Prefrontal cortex ,Aged ,prefrontal cortex ,Matched control ,Regulation of emotion ,05 social sciences ,Cognition ,regulation ,General Medicine ,Fear ,Middle Aged ,Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,nervous system ,Female ,Original Article ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Neuroscience ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,psychological phenomena and processes - Abstract
Humans are able to cognitively regulate emotions by changing their thoughts. Neuroimaging studies show correlations between dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) activity and cognitive regulation of emotions. Here our objective was to investigate whether dlPFC damage is associated with impaired cognitive regulation of emotion. We therefore tested the ability of patients with dlPFC lesions (N = 6) and matched control participants (N = 19) to utilize a laboratory version of cognitive regulation training (CRT) to regulate subjective fear and autonomic threat responses following Pavlovian threat conditioning. We found that patients with dlPFC lesions were able to acquire conditioned threat but seemed impaired in their ability to utilize CRT to cognitively regulate subjective fear to a threatening stimulus. Despite inclusion of a limited number of lesion patients, our results suggest that the dlPFC is important for the cognitive regulation of subjective fear.
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- 2019
11. Propofol-induced deep sedation reduces emotional episodic memory reconsolidation in humans
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Ana Galarza Vallejo, Maria Victoria Acedo, Enrique Rey, Marijn C. W. Kroes, Guillén Fernández, Bryan A. Strange, and Stephan Moratti
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Adult ,Male ,Hydrocortisone ,Medicina ,Sedation ,Memory, Episodic ,education ,Emotions ,Stress-related disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 13] ,Traumatic memories ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,130 000 Cognitive Neurology & Memory ,medicine ,Memory impairment ,Animals ,Humans ,Psychology ,Episodic memory ,Propofol ,Research Articles ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,Telecomunicaciones ,Multidisciplinary ,business.industry ,Mental Disorders ,SciAdv r-articles ,Fear ,Impaired memory ,Middle Aged ,Anesthetic ,Mental Recall ,Memory consolidation ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Deep Sedation ,business ,Neuroscience ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,psychological phenomena and processes ,medicine.drug ,Research Article - Abstract
Administering the anesthetic propofol after a brief reminder reduces retrieval of established emotional memory 24 hours later., The adjustment of maladaptive thoughts and behaviors associated with emotional memories is central to treating psychiatric disorders. Recent research, predominantly with laboratory animals, indicates that memories can become temporarily sensitive to modification following reactivation, before undergoing reconsolidation. A method to selectively impair reconsolidation of specific emotional or traumatic memories in humans could translate to an effective treatment for conditions such as posttraumatic stress disorder. We tested whether deep sedation could impair emotional memory reconsolidation in 50 human participants. Administering the intravenous anesthetic propofol following memory reactivation disrupted memory for the reactivated, but not for a non-reactivated, slideshow story. Propofol impaired memory for the reactivated story after 24 hours, but not immediately after propofol recovery. Critically, memory impairment occurred selectively for the emotionally negative phase of the reactivated story. One dose of propofol following memory reactivation selectively impaired subsequent emotional episodic memory retrieval in a time-dependent manner, consistent with reconsolidation impairment.
- Published
- 2019
12. Threat Learning Promotes Generalization of Episodic Memory
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Joseph E. Dunsmoor, Marijn C. W. Kroes, Elizabeth A. Phelps, Lila Davachi, Francesca Starita, Starita, Francesca, Kroes, Marijn C.W., Davachi, Lila, Phelps, Elizabeth A., and Dunsmoor, Joseph E.
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Adult ,Male ,Psychology (all) ,Adolescent ,Memory, Episodic ,Conditioning, Classical ,Developmental cognitive neuroscience ,Generalization ,Stress-related disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 13] ,Fear conditioning ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,PsycINFO ,Generalization, Psychological ,Article ,050105 experimental psychology ,Young Adult ,All institutes and research themes of the Radboud University Medical Center ,Developmental Neuroscience ,Generalization (learning) ,Stress (linguistics) ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Episodic memory ,General Psychology ,05 social sciences ,Classical conditioning ,Fear ,Object (philosophy) ,Female ,Psychology ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
The ability to generalize from and distinguish between aversive memories and novel experiences is critical to survival. Previous research has revealed mechanisms underlying generalization of threat-conditioned defensive responses, but little is known about generalization of episodic memory for threatening events. Here we tested if aversive learning influences generalization of episodic memory for threatening events in human adults. Subjects underwent Pavlovian threat-conditioning in which objects from one category were paired with a shock and objects from a different category were unpaired. The next day, subjects underwent a recognition memory test that included old, highly similar, and entirely novel items from the shock-paired and shock-unpaired object categories. Results showed that items highly similar to those from the object category previously paired with shock were mistaken for old items more often than items from the shock-unpaired category. This finding indicates that threat learning promotes generalization of episodic memory, and is consistent with the idea that threat generalization is an active process that may be adaptive for avoiding a myriad of potential threats following an emotional experience. Enhanced generalization of aversive episodic memories may be maladaptive, however, when old threat memories are inappropriately reactivated in harmless situations, exemplified in a number of stress- and anxiety-related disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
- Published
- 2019
13. Action boosts episodic memory encoding in humans via engagement of a noradrenergic system
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Archy O. de Berker, Sven Bestmann, Marijn C. W. Kroes, Ana Galarza-Vallejo, Javier J. Gonzalez-Rosa, Vanesa Soto-León, Antonio Oliviero, Bryan A. Strange, Mar Yebra, and Psicología
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0301 basic medicine ,Adult ,Male ,Adolescent ,Medicina ,Science ,Memory, Episodic ,Movement ,Pupil diameter ,Stress-related disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 13] ,General Physics and Astronomy ,02 engineering and technology ,Mnemonic ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Article ,Learning and memory ,03 medical and health sciences ,Norepinephrine ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,All institutes and research themes of the Radboud University Medical Center ,medicine ,Humans ,lcsh:Science ,Episodic memory ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,Telecomunicaciones ,Multidisciplinary ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Episodic encoding ,Cognitive neuroscience ,General Chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Noradrenergic mechanism ,030104 developmental biology ,Locus coeruleus ,lcsh:Q ,Electrónica ,Female ,Locus Coeruleus ,Aversive Stimulus ,0210 nano-technology ,Psychology ,Functional magnetic resonance imaging ,Neuroscience ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
We are constantly interacting with our environment whilst we encode memories. However, how actions influence memory formation remains poorly understood. Goal-directed movement engages the locus coeruleus (LC), the main source of noradrenaline in the brain. Noradrenaline is also known to enhance episodic encoding, suggesting that action could improve memory via LC engagement. Here we demonstrate, across seven experiments, that action (Go-response) enhances episodic encoding for stimuli unrelated to the action itself, compared to action inhibition (NoGo). Functional magnetic resonance imaging, and pupil diameter as a proxy measure for LC-noradrenaline transmission, indicate increased encoding-related LC activity during action. A final experiment, replicated in two independent samples, confirmed a novel prediction derived from these data that emotionally aversive stimuli, which recruit the noradrenergic system, modulate the mnemonic advantage conferred by Go-responses relative to neutral stimuli. We therefore provide converging evidence that action boosts episodic memory encoding via a noradrenergic mechanism., Goal-directed movement is known to promote release of noradrenaline in the brain, and noradrenaline is known to enhance memory encoding. Here, the authors provide evidence that active movement, compared to action inhibition, boosts episodic memory encoding in humans via a noradrenergic mechanism.
- Published
- 2019
14. Episodic memory and Pavlovian conditioning: ships passing in the night
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Marijn C. W. Kroes and Joseph E. Dunsmoor
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Cognitive Neuroscience ,05 social sciences ,Stress-related disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 13] ,Classical conditioning ,050105 experimental psychology ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,Behavioral Neuroscience ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,0302 clinical medicine ,Emotional memory ,Social emotional learning ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Psychology ,Episodic memory ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Contains fulltext : 204811.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Research on emotional learning and memory is traditionally approached from one of two directions: episodic memory and classical conditioning. These approaches differ substantially in methodology and intellectual tradition. Here, we offer a new approach to the study of emotional memory in humans that involves integrating theoretical knowledge and experimental techniques from these seemingly distinct fields. Specifically, we describe how subtle modifications to traditional Pavlovian conditioning procedures have provided new insight into how emotional experiences are selectively prioritized in long-term episodic memory. We also speculate on future directions and undeveloped lines of research where some of the knowledge and principles of classical conditioning might advance our understanding of how emotion modifies episodic memory, and vice versa.
- Published
- 2019
15. A Stress-Induced Shift from Trace to Delay Conditioning Depends on the Mineralocorticoid Receptor
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Floris Klumpers, Harm J. Krugers, Melly S. Oitzl, Susanne Vogel, Marian Joëls, Marijn C. W. Kroes, Krista T Oplaat, Guillén Fernández, and Structural and Functional Plasticity of the nervous system (SILS, FNWI)
- Subjects
Neuroinformatics ,Adult ,Male ,Hydrocortisone ,Memory systems ,Mineralocorticoid receptor ,Conditioning, Classical ,Stress-related disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 13] ,Hippocampus ,Spironolactone ,Stress ,Research Support ,Amygdala ,Experimental Psychopathology and Treatment ,Young Adult ,Double-Blind Method ,130 000 Cognitive Neurology & Memory ,medicine ,Journal Article ,Humans ,Fear conditioning ,Non-U.S. Gov't ,Biological Psychiatry ,Fear processing in the brain ,Brain Mapping ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Recall ,Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ,Fear ,Galvanic Skin Response ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Cold Temperature ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Receptors, Mineralocorticoid ,Randomized Controlled Trial ,Mental Recall ,Conditioning ,Psychology ,Functional magnetic resonance imaging ,Neuroscience ,Stress, Psychological - Abstract
Contains fulltext : 152028.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) BACKGROUND: Fear learning in stressful situations is highly adaptive for survival by steering behavior in subsequent situations, but fear learning can become disproportionate in vulnerable individuals. Despite the potential clinical significance, the mechanism by which stress modulates fear learning is poorly understood. Memory theories state that stress can cause a shift away from more controlled processing depending on the hippocampus toward more reflexive processing supported by the amygdala and striatum. This shift may be mediated by activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) for cortisol. We investigated how stress shifts processes underlying cognitively demanding learning versus less demanding fear learning using a combined trace and delay fear conditioning paradigm. METHODS: In a pharmacological functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we tested 101 healthy men probing the effects of stress (socially evaluated cold pressor vs. control procedure) and MR-availability (400 mg spironolactone vs. placebo) in a randomized, placebo-controlled, full-factorial, between-subjects design. RESULTS: Effective stress induction and successful conditioning were confirmed by subjective, physiologic, and somatic data. In line with a stress-induced shift, stress enhanced later recall of delay compared with trace conditioning in the MR-available groups as indexed by skin conductance responses. During learning, this was accompanied by a stress-induced reduction of learning-related hippocampal activity for trace conditioning. The stress-induced shift in fear and neural processing was absent in the MR-blocked groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results are in line with a stress-induced shift in fear learning, mediated by the MR, resulting in a dominance of cognitively less demanding amygdala-based learning, which might be particularly prominent in individuals with high MR sensitivity. 10 p.
- Published
- 2015
16. A reminder before extinction strengthens episodic memory via reconsolidation but fails to disrupt generalized threat responses
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Joseph E. Dunsmoor, Michael Evans, Marijn C. W. Kroes, Qi Lin, and Elizabeth A. Phelps
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Adult ,Male ,Time Factors ,Adolescent ,Memory, Episodic ,Conditioning, Classical ,Stress-related disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 13] ,lcsh:Medicine ,Article ,050105 experimental psychology ,Extinction, Psychological ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,lcsh:Science ,Episodic memory ,Memory Consolidation ,Multidisciplinary ,business.industry ,lcsh:R ,05 social sciences ,Flexibility (personality) ,Recognition, Psychology ,Extinction (psychology) ,Female ,lcsh:Q ,Memory consolidation ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,Psychology ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Contains fulltext : 177015.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) A reminder can temporarily renew flexibility of consolidated memories, referred to as reconsolidation. Pavlovian threat-conditioning studies suggest that a reminder can renew flexibility of threat responses but that episodic memories remain stable. In contrast, outside the threat-conditioning domain, studies testing memory for word lists or stories find that a reminder can renew flexibility of episodic memory. This discrepancy in findings leaves it unclear if episodic memories reconsolidate, or only Pavlovian responses. Here we unite the different approaches in the field and show that a reminder can retroactively strengthen episodic memory for Pavlovian threat-conditioned events, but that, in contrast to threat-conditioning studies with simple sensory stimuli, extinction after a reminder fails to prevent recovery of generalized threat responses. Our results indicate the episodic memories also reconsolidate, allowing strengthening of relevant memories. These findings also suggest that generalized threat responses and episodic memories are less susceptible to be modified by reminder-interventions procedures.
- Published
- 2017
17. Associative Learning of Social Value in Dynamic Groups
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Marijn C. W. Kroes, Sandra F. Lackovic, Joseph E. Dunsmoor, Elizabeth A. Phelps, and Oriel FeldmanHall
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Value (ethics) ,Adult ,Male ,Social Values ,Conditioning, Classical ,Stress-related disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 13] ,Social value orientations ,Outcome (game theory) ,050105 experimental psychology ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,General Psychology ,05 social sciences ,Classical conditioning ,Association Learning ,Social learning ,Associative learning ,Group Processes ,Open data ,Dictator ,Female ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Item does not contain fulltext Although humans live in societies that regularly demand engaging with multiple people simultaneously, little is known about social learning in group settings. In two experiments, we combined a Pavlovian learning framework with dyadic economic games to test whether blocking mechanisms support value-based social learning in the gain (altruistic dictators) and loss (greedy robbers) domains. Subjects first learned about an altruistic dictator, who subsequently made altruistic splits collectively with a partner. Results revealed that because the presence of the dictator already predicted the outcome, subjects did not learn to associate value with the partner. This social blocking effect was not observed in the loss domain: A kind robber's partner, who could steal all the subjects' money but stole little, acquired highly positive value-which biased subjects' subsequent behavior. These findings reveal how Pavlovian mechanisms support efficient social learning, while also demonstrating that violations of social expectations can attenuate how readily these mechanisms are recruited.
- Published
- 2017
18. Threat intensity widens fear generalization gradients
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Elizabeth A. Phelps, Stephen H. Braren, Marijn C. W. Kroes, and Joseph E. Dunsmoor
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Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Conditioning, Classical ,Stress-related disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 13] ,Audiology ,050105 experimental psychology ,Article ,Developmental psychology ,Arousal ,03 medical and health sciences ,Behavioral Neuroscience ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Generalization (learning) ,medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Fear conditioning ,Fear processing in the brain ,Electroshock ,Generalization, Response ,05 social sciences ,Classical conditioning ,Fear ,Galvanic Skin Response ,Conditioning ,Anxiety ,Female ,Aversive Stimulus ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Item does not contain fulltext Research in nonhuman animals reveals threat-sensitive generalization of defensive behavior that favors widespread generalization when threat intensity is high and limited generalization (i.e., specificity) when threat intensity is low. Here, we used Pavlovian fear conditioning to systematically investigate whether threat intensity widens behavioral generalization gradients to stimuli that decreasingly resemble a learned threat cue. Using a between-subjects design, volunteers underwent fear conditioning with a tone paired with either a high-intensity or low-intensity aversive stimulus prior to a test of fear generalization to novel tones. Results showed no effect of threat intensity on initial acquisition of conditioned fear. However, volunteers who underwent fear conditioning with a high-intensity aversive stimulus exhibited widespread generalization of autonomic arousal (skin conductance responses) as compared to volunteers who received a low-intensity aversive stimulus. These results show a transition from normal (selective) to overgeneralized fear as threat intensity increases, and have implications for understanding overgeneralization characteristic of trauma- and stress-related disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record
- Published
- 2017
19. An fMRI investigation of posttraumatic flashbacks
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Chris R. Brewin, Marijn C. W. Kroes, Michael D. Rugg, Zoe Huntley, Simon W. Davis, and Matthew G. Whalley
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Adult ,Neuroinformatics ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,Precuneus ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,Article ,050105 experimental psychology ,Perceptual Disorders ,Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Memory ,mental disorders ,Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Dual-process ,Flashbacks ,Episodic memory ,Anterior cingulate cortex ,Recognition memory ,Brain Mapping ,05 social sciences ,Precentral gyrus ,Recognition, Psychology ,PTSD ,Middle Aged ,Familiarity ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Posterior cingulate ,Psychology ,Neuroscience ,Insula ,Photic Stimulation ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Parahippocampal gyrus - Abstract
Highlights ► Flashbacks in PTSD are associated with decreased rather than increased MTL activation. ► Flashbacks in PTSD are associated with activation in the insula and in motor and sensory areas. ► Flashbacks in PTSD may correspond to familiarity rather than recollection responses., Flashbacks are a defining feature of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but there have been few studies of their neural basis. We tested predictions from a dual representation model of PTSD that, compared with ordinary episodic memories of the same traumatic event, flashbacks would be associated with activity in dorsal visual stream and related areas rather than in the medial temporal lobe. Participants with PTSD, with depression but not PTSD, and healthy controls were scanned during a recognition task with personally relevant stimuli. The contrast of flashbacks versus ordinary episodic trauma memories in PTSD was associated with increased activation in sensory and motor areas including the insula, precentral gyrus, supplementary motor area, and mid-occipital cortex. The same contrast was associated with decreased activation in the midbrain, parahippocampal gyrus, and precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex. The results were discussed in terms of theories of PTSD and dual-process models of recognition.
- Published
- 2013
20. Retrieved emotional context influences hippocampal involvement during recognition of neutral memories
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Atsuko Takashima, Guillén Fernández, Marijn C. W. Kroes, and Frauke van der Ven
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Adult ,Male ,110 000 Neurocognition of Language ,Adolescent ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,Context-dependent memory ,Emotions ,Stress-related disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 13] ,Learning and Plasticity ,Hippocampus ,Context (language use) ,Amygdala ,050105 experimental psychology ,Session (web analytics) ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Encoding (memory) ,medicine ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Brain Mapping ,05 social sciences ,Recognition, Psychology ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Neurology ,Pattern Recognition, Visual ,Mental Recall ,Memory consolidation ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Parahippocampal gyrus ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Contains fulltext : 177645.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) It is well documented that emotionally arousing experiences are better remembered than mundane events. This is thought to occur through hippocampus-amygdala crosstalk during encoding, consolidation, and retrieval. Here we investigated whether emotional events (context) also cause a memory benefit for simultaneously encoded non-arousing contents and whether this effect persists after a delay via recruitment of a similar hippocampus-amygdala network. Participants studied neutral pictures (content) encoded together with either an arousing or a neutral sound (that served as context) in two study sessions three days apart. Memory was tested in a functional magnetic resonance scanner directly after the second study session. Pictures recognised with high confidence were more often thought to have been associated with an arousing than with a neutral context, irrespective of the veridical source memory. If the retrieved context was arousing, an area in the hippocampus adjacent to the amygdala exhibited heightened activation and this area increased functional connectivity with the parahippocampal gyrus, an area known to process pictures of scenes. These findings suggest that memories can be shaped by the retrieval act. Memory structures may be recruited to a higher degree when an arousing context is retrieved, and this may give rise to confident judgments of recognition for neutral pictures even after a delay. 13 p.
- Published
- 2016
21. How administration of the beta-blocker propranolol prior to extinction can prevent the return of fear
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Guido van Wingen, Hanneke E. M. den Ouden, Klodiana-Daphne Tona, Guillén Fernández, Susanne Vogel, Marijn C. W. Kroes, Amsterdam Neuroscience - Compulsivity, Impulsivity & Attention, and Adult Psychiatry
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Male ,0301 basic medicine ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Adrenergic beta-Antagonists ,Exposure therapy ,Prefrontal Cortex ,Hippocampus ,Poison control ,Extinction, Psychological ,Developmental psychology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Double-Blind Method ,Memory ,130 000 Cognitive Neurology & Memory ,Explicit memory ,medicine ,Humans ,Prefrontal cortex ,Pharmacology ,Fear processing in the brain ,Neuro- en revalidatiepsychologie ,Action, intention, and motor control ,Functional Neuroimaging ,Ventral striatum ,Neuropsychology and rehabilitation psychology ,Brain ,Perception, Action and Control [DI-BCB_DCC_Theme 2] ,Fear ,Extinction (psychology) ,Plasticity and Memory [DI-BCB_DCC_Theme 3] ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Propranolol ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Original Article ,Female ,Psychology ,Neuroscience ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Contains fulltext : 157652.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Combining beta-blockers with exposure therapy has been advocated to reduce fear, yet experimental studies combining beta-blockers with memory reactivation have had contradictory results. We explored how beta-blockade might affect the course of safety learning and the subsequent return of fear in a double-blind placebo-controlled functional magnetic resonance imaging study in humans (N=46). A single dose of propranolol before extinction learning caused a loss of conditioned fear responses, and prevented the subsequent return of fear and decreased explicit memory for the fearful events in the absence of drug. Fear-related neural responses were persistently attenuated in the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), increased in the hippocampus 24 h later, and correlated with individual behavioral indices of fear. Prediction error-related responses in the ventral striatum persisted during beta-blockade. We suggest that this pattern of results is most consistent with a model where beta-blockade can prevent the return of fear by (i) reducing retrieval of fear memory, via the dmPFC and (ii) increasing contextual safety learning, via the hippocampus. Our findings suggest that retrieval of fear memory and contextual safety learning form potential mnemonic target mechanisms to optimize exposure-based therapy with beta-blockers. 10 p.
- Published
- 2016
22. Schematic memory components converge within angular gyrus during retrieval
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Marijn C. W. Kroes, Richard G. M. Morris, Isabella C. Wagner, Marieke van der Linden, Guillén Fernández, Tjerk P. Gutteling, Mariët van Buuren, Clinical, Neuro- & Developmental Psychology, IBBA, and LEARN! - Educational neuroscience, learning and development
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Adult ,Male ,Neuroinformatics ,Transfer test ,Adolescent ,Computer science ,QH301-705.5 ,Science ,Stress-related disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 13] ,computer.software_genre ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Angular gyrus ,Young Adult ,schema ,Memory ,Parietal Lobe ,130 000 Cognitive Neurology & Memory ,Schema (psychology) ,Humans ,memory retrieval ,Biology (General) ,Associative property ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,Action, intention, and motor control ,business.industry ,General Neuroscience ,fMRI ,Brain ,Perception, Action and Control [DI-BCB_DCC_Theme 2] ,Schematic ,General Medicine ,multi-voxel pattern analysis ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Healthy Volunteers ,Radiography ,angular gyrus ,Medicine ,Female ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,computer ,Natural language processing ,Research Article ,Neuroscience ,Human - Abstract
Mental schemas form associative knowledge structures that can promote the encoding and consolidation of new and related information. Schemas are facilitated by a distributed system that stores components separately, presumably in the form of inter-connected neocortical representations. During retrieval, these components need to be recombined into one representation, but where exactly such recombination takes place is unclear. Thus, we asked where different schema components are neuronally represented and converge during retrieval. Subjects acquired and retrieved two well-controlled, rule-based schema structures during fMRI on consecutive days. Schema retrieval was associated with midline, medial-temporal, and parietal processing. We identified the multi-voxel representations of different schema components, which converged within the angular gyrus during retrieval. Critically, convergence only happened after 24-hour-consolidation and during a transfer test where schema material was applied to novel but related trials. Therefore, the angular gyrus appears to recombine consolidated schema components into one memory representation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09668.001, eLife digest To make sense of the world around us, we constantly try to work out the relationship of new information to other things that we already know, and sort our knowledge into pre-existing mental frameworks, or “schemas”. This makes learning new things that are related to a schema, as well as remembering this knowledge, easier. The process of making these mental connections is thought to involve an extensive brain network. Separate types of information are stored in different brain regions within this network, yet to link this information together, the brain must combine them into a single representation. Wagner et al. have now investigated which brain regions are involved in recombining separate information. Human volunteers were trained to interpret the positions or colors of pairs of circles with different rules. The combination of these separate types of information formed a mental schema that could be used as a “weather forecast”. The design of the experiment meant that measuring the brain activity of the volunteers during the task (using a technique called functional magnetic resonance imaging) allowed the brain regions involved in retrieving the different parts of such a schema to be distinguished. Twenty-four hours later volunteers returned to use the mental schemas that they had learned to predict the weather. Retrieving which weather conditions the circle pairs represented activated a network of regions in the volunteers’ brains. Further analysis revealed that some of these regions showed specific activity patterns in response to remembering information about only one element of the task (for example, only the rules or only the visual information). However, the different aspects of the task all appeared to be integrated by a brain region called the angular gyrus. This suggests that the angular gyrus is responsible for combining separate memory parts and pieces of information into a single representation. It is able to do so by connecting to brain regions that code for such specific aspects, although this only occurs 24 hours after the mental schemas have been established. Future studies could investigate the result of damage to the angular gyrus: different pieces of information might not be combined, or could result in an incorrect memory during retrieval. Finally, since the angular gyrus has been related to a wealth of different mental processes, it remains a challenge for future research to "converge" these findings and to understand the underlying computations. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09668.002
- Published
- 2015
23. Author response: Schematic memory components converge within angular gyrus during retrieval
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Marieke van der Linden, Marijn C. W. Kroes, Mariët van Buuren, Richard G. M. Morris, Isabella C. Wagner, Tjerk P. Gutteling, and Guillén Fernández
- Subjects
Angular gyrus ,Computer science ,Schematic ,Algorithm - Published
- 2015
24. β-Adrenergic Blockade during Memory Retrieval in Humans Evokes a Sustained Reduction of Declarative Emotional Memory Enhancement
- Author
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Bryan A. Strange, Marijn C. W. Kroes, and Raymond J. Dolan
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.drug_class ,Adrenergic beta-Antagonists ,Emotions ,Adrenergic ,Propranolol ,Amygdala ,Article ,Young Adult ,Memory ,Receptors, Adrenergic, beta ,Emotional memory ,medicine ,Explicit memory ,Humans ,General Neuroscience ,Receptor antagonist ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Mental Recall ,Female ,Memory consolidation ,Psychology ,medicine.drug ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Memory enhancement for emotional events is dependent on amygdala activation and noradrenergic modulation during learning. A potential role for noradrenaline (NE) during retrieval of emotional memory is less well understood. Here, we report that administration of the β-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol at retrieval abolishes a declarative memory enhancement for emotional items. Critically, this effect persists at a subsequent 24 h memory test, in the absence of propranolol. Thus, these findings extend our current understanding of the role of NE in emotional memory to encompass effects at retrieval, and provide face validity to clinical interventions using β-adrenergic antagonists in conjunction with reactivation of unwanted memories in anxiety-related disorders.
- Published
- 2010
25. Sensitivity for reverse-phi motion
- Author
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Roger J. E. Bours, Marijn C. W. Kroes, and Martin J. M. Lankheet
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No-phi motion ,Motion analysis ,Interval temporal logic ,Motion Perception ,Step size tuning ,Stimulus (physiology) ,Contrast Sensitivity ,Discrimination, Psychological ,Optics ,Psychophysics ,Humans ,Visual Pathways ,Physics ,Adaptation, Ocular ,Optical Illusions ,business.industry ,Contrast (statistics) ,Reverse-phi motion ,Sensory Systems ,Temporal tuning ,Ophthalmology ,Motion coherence ,Sensory Thresholds ,Cells signal ,business ,Biological system ,Photic Stimulation - Abstract
Low-level contrast information in the primary visual pathway is represented in two different channels. ON-center cells signal positive contrasts and OFF-center cells signal negative contrasts. In this study we address the question whether initial motion analysis is performed separately in these two channels, or also through combination of signals from ON and OFF cells. We quantitatively compared motion coherence detection for regular and for reverse-phi motion stimuli. In reverse-phi motion the contrast of a pattern flips during displacements. Sensitivity is therefore based on correlating positive and negative contrasts, whereas for regular motion it is based on correlating similar contrasts. We compared tuning curves for step size and temporal interval for stimuli in which motion information was limited to a single combination of step size and interval. Tuning for step size and temporal interval was highly similar for the two types of motion. Moreover, minimal coherence thresholds for both types of motion matched quantitatively, irrespective of dot density. We also measured sensitivity for so-called no-phi motion stimuli, in which the contrast of displaced dots was set to zero. Sensitivity for no-phi motion was low for stimuli containing only black or only white dots. When both dot polarities were present in the stimulus, sensitivity was absent. Thus, motion information based on separate contrasts was effectively cancelled by a component based on different contrasts. Together these results show equal efficiency in correlating dots of opposite contrast and of similar contrast, which strongly suggests efficient detection of correlations across ON and OFF channels.
- Published
- 2009
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26. An electroconvulsive therapy procedure impairs reconsolidation of episodic memories in humans
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Guido van Wingen, Jeroen A. van Waarde, Bryan A. Strange, Indira Tendolkar, Guillien Fernandez, Marijn C. W. Kroes, ANS - Amsterdam Neuroscience, and Adult Psychiatry
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Psychotherapist ,Time Factors ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Memory, Episodic ,Medizin ,Stress-related disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 13] ,Choice Behavior ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Electroconvulsive therapy ,130 000 Cognitive Neurology & Memory ,medicine ,Humans ,Learning ,In patient ,Electroconvulsive Therapy ,Episodic memory ,Retrospective Studies ,Analysis of Variance ,Depressive Disorder ,Memory Disorders ,General Neuroscience ,Follow up studies ,Single application ,Middle Aged ,030227 psychiatry ,Memory consolidation ,Female ,Psychology ,Neuroscience ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Mathematics ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
Contains fulltext : 127646.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Despite accumulating evidence for a reconsolidation process in animals, support in humans, especially for episodic memory, is limited. Using a within-subjects manipulation, we found that a single application of electroconvulsive therapy following memory reactivation in patients with unipolar depression disrupted reactivated, but not non-reactivated, memories for an emotional episode in a time-dependent manner. Our results provide evidence for reconsolidation of emotional episodic memories in humans. 3 p.
- Published
- 2014
27. Food can lift mood by affecting mood-regulating neurocircuits via a serotonergic mechanism
- Author
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Guido van Wingen, Guillén Fernández, Marijn C. W. Kroes, Joris Kloek, Jonas Wittwer, M. Hasan Mohajeri, Amsterdam Neuroscience, and Adult Psychiatry
- Subjects
Adult ,Cingulate cortex ,Dorsum ,Serotonin ,Adolescent ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,Caudate nucleus ,Stress-related disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 13] ,Serotonergic ,Young Adult ,Double-Blind Method ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,130 000 Cognitive Neurology & Memory ,Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ,medicine ,Humans ,Cross-Over Studies ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Tryptophan ,Brain ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Affect ,Amino Acids, Neutral ,Mood ,Neurology ,Food ,Female ,Psychology ,Functional magnetic resonance imaging ,Neuroscience - Abstract
Contains fulltext : 135892.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) It is commonly assumed that food can affect mood. One prevalent notion is that food containing tryptophan increases serotonin levels in the brain and alters neural processing in mood-regulating neurocircuits. However, tryptophan competes with other long-neutral-amino-acids (LNAA) for transport across the blood-brain-barrier, a limitation that can be mitigated by increasing the tryptophan/LNAA ratio. We therefore tested in a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study (N=32) whether a drink with a favourable tryptophan/LNAA ratio improves mood and modulates specific brain processes as assessed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We show that one serving of this drink increases the tryptophan/LNAA ratio in blood plasma, lifts mood in healthy young women and alters task-specific and resting-state processing in brain regions implicated in mood regulation. Specifically, Test-drink consumption reduced neural responses of the dorsal caudate nucleus during reward anticipation, increased neural responses in the dorsal cingulate cortex during fear processing, and increased ventromedial prefrontal-lateral prefrontal connectivity under resting-state conditions. Our results suggest that increasing tryptophan/LNAA ratios can lift mood by affecting mood-regulating neurocircuits.
- Published
- 2014
28. Initial investigation of the effects of an experimentally learned schema on spatial associative memory in humans
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Marijn C. W. Kroes, M. van Buuren, Lisa Genzel, Richard G. M. Morris, Isabella C. Wagner, Guillén Fernández, Clinical, Neuro- & Developmental Psychology, IBBA, and LEARN! - Educational neuroscience, learning and development
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,RETRIEVAL ,education ,Stress-related disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 13] ,Posterior parietal cortex ,EPISODIC MEMORY ,Spatial memory ,Angular gyrus ,Young Adult ,schema ,Schema (psychology) ,health services administration ,memory retrieval ,Humans ,POSTERIOR PARIETAL CORTEX ,NETWORK ,BRAIN ,PRIOR KNOWLEDGE ,Prefrontal cortex ,Episodic memory ,GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries) ,Associative property ,CONSOLIDATION ,Spatial Memory ,spatial associative memory ,Brain Mapping ,CUED-RECALL ,General Neuroscience ,fMRI ,ATTENTION ,Association Learning ,Brain ,Articles ,Content-addressable memory ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Female ,Psychology ,medial prefrontal cortex ,Photic Stimulation ,Psychomotor Performance ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Networks of interconnected neocortical representations of prior knowledge, “schemas,” facilitate memory for congruent information. This facilitation is thought to be mediated by augmented encoding and accelerated consolidation. However, it is less clear how schema affects retrieval. Rodent and human studies to date suggest that schema-related memories are differently retrieved. However, these studies differ substantially as most human studies implement pre-experimental world-knowledge as schemas and tested item or nonspatial associative memory, whereas animal studies have used intraexperimental schemas based on item-location associations within a complex spatial layout that, in humans, could engage more strategic retrieval processes. Here, we developed a paradigm conceptually linked to rodent studies to examine the effects of an experimentally learned spatial associative schema on learning and retrieval of new object-location associations and to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying schema-related retrieval. Extending previous findings, we show that retrieval of schema-defining associations is related to activity along anterior and posterior midline structures and angular gyrus. The existence of such spatial associative schema resulted in more accurate learning and retrieval of new, related associations, and increased time allocated to retrieve these associations. This retrieval was associated with right dorsolateral prefrontal and lateral parietal activity, as well as interactions between the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and medial and lateral parietal regions, and between the medial prefrontal cortex and posterior midline regions, supporting the hypothesis that retrieval of new, schema-related object-location associations in humans also involves augmented monitoring and systematic search processes.
- Published
- 2014
29. Light sleep versus slow wave sleep in memory consolidation: a question of global versus local processes?
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Martin Dresler, Lisa Genzel, Marijn C. W. Kroes, and Francesco P. Battaglia
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Neuroinformatics ,UP-DOWN STATES ,Stress-related disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 13] ,BRAIN ACTIVITY ,sleep stages ,PREFRONTAL CORTEX ,Non-rapid eye movement sleep ,replay ,Memory ,130 000 Cognitive Neurology & Memory ,Humans ,sleep ,Prefrontal cortex ,Slow-wave sleep ,SPATIAL MEMORY ,SPINDLE ACTIVITY ,Sleep Stages ,SWR ,LATE NOCTURNAL SLEEP ,General Neuroscience ,downscaling ,Eye movement ,Brain ,Long-term potentiation ,FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY ,Sleep in non-human animals ,memory consolidation ,REM-SLEEP ,Memory consolidation ,Psychology ,Sleep ,MOTOR MEMORY ,Neuroscience ,spindles ,EYE-MOVEMENT SLEEP - Abstract
Contains fulltext : 135951.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Sleep is strongly involved in memory consolidation, but its role remains unclear. 'Sleep replay', the active potentiation of relevant synaptic connections via reactivation of patterns of network activity that occurred during previous experience, has received considerable attention. Alternatively, sleep has been suggested to regulate synaptic weights homeostatically and nonspecifically, thereby improving the signal:noise ratio of memory traces. Here, we reconcile these theories by highlighting the distinction between light and deep nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Specifically, we draw on recent studies to suggest a link between light NREM and active potentiation, and between deep NREM and homeostatic regulation. This framework could serve as a key for interpreting the physiology of sleep stages and reconciling inconsistencies in terminology in this field.
- Published
- 2014
30. Association between flashbacks and structural brain abnormalities in posttraumatic stress disorder
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Michael D. Rugg, Chris R. Brewin, Marijn C. W. Kroes, and Matthew G. Whalley
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Time Factors ,computer.software_genre ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,Severity of Illness Index ,Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Inferior temporal gyrus ,Voxel ,Parietal Lobe ,mental disorders ,medicine ,Humans ,Anterior cingulate cortex ,Depression (differential diagnoses) ,Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ,Organ Size ,Voxel-based morphometry ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Temporal Lobe ,030227 psychiatry ,Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Mood disorders ,Brain size ,Female ,Occipital Lobe ,Psychology ,computer ,Insula ,Functional Neurogenomics [DCN 2] ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
ObjectivePosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is reliably associated with reduced brain volume relative to healthy controls, in areas similar to those found in depression. We investigated whether in a PTSD sample brain volumes in these areas were related to reporting specific symptoms of PTSD or to overall symptom severity.MethodStructural MRI scans were obtained from 28 participants diagnosed with PTSD according to DSM-IV-TR. Participants reported the extent of individual PTSD symptoms using the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale. Voxel-based morphometry applying the Dartel algorithm implemented within SPM5 was used to identify volumetric changes, related to PTSD total, symptom cluster, and individual symptom scores.ResultsBrain volume was unrelated to overall PTSD severity, but greater reexperiencing scores predicted reduced volumes in the middle temporal and inferior occipital cortices. Increased reports of flashbacks predicted reduced volume in the insula/parietal operculum and in the inferior temporal gyrus.ConclusionThe data illustrate the value of analyses at the symptom level within a patient population to supplement group comparisons of patients and healthy controls. Areas identified were consistent with a neurobiological account of flashbacks implicating specific abnormalities in the ventral visual stream.
- Published
- 2011
31. Structural brain abnormalities common to posttraumatic stress disorder and depression
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Chris R. Brewin, Matthew G. Whalley, Marijn C. W. Kroes, and Michael D. Rugg
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Anxiety ,Brain mapping ,Cuneus ,Life Change Events ,Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,mental disorders ,medicine ,Humans ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Psychiatry ,Biological Psychiatry ,Depression (differential diagnoses) ,Temporal cortex ,Psychiatric Status Rating Scales ,Brain Mapping ,Depressive Disorder ,Brain ,Voxel-based morphometry ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Research Papers ,3. Good health ,030227 psychiatry ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Mood disorders ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,Functional Neurogenomics [DCN 2] ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Anxiety disorder ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Contains fulltext : 98370.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) BACKGROUND: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depression are reliably associated with reductions in brain volume in markedly similar areas. To our knowledge, no volumetric studies have directly contrasted these conditions. We investigated which, if any, grey matter reductions would be uniquely associated with each disorder. We also investigated more subtle independent effects: specifically, correlations between brain volume and self-report measures of psychopathology. METHODS: We obtained structural magnetic resonance imaging scans from participants with PTSD, major depression and healthy controls exposed to trauma. Participants completed standardized self-report measures of anxiety and depression. We used voxel-based morphometry, applying the DARTEL algorithm within SPM5 to identify associated volumetric changes. RESULTS: We enrolled 24 patients with PTSD, 29 with major depression and 29 controls in our study. The clinical groups had regions of markedly smaller volume compared with the control group, particularly in prefrontal areas, but did not differ from each other. Greater self-reported anxiety was inversely related to volume in several areas, particularly the inferior temporal cortex, among patients with PTSD, but was associated with some volume increases in patients with major depression. Greater self-reported depression showed similar but weaker effects, being inversely related to brain volume in patients with PTSD but positively related to volume in the cuneus and precuneus of those with major depression. LIMITATIONS: To maintain the representativeness of the sample, patients with PTSD were not excluded if they had typical comorbid conditions, such as depression. Patients were not all medication-free, but we controlled for group differences in antidepressant use in the analyses. CONCLUSION: We identified commonalities in areas of brain volume in patients with PTSD and those with major depression, suggesting that existing findings concerning reductions in prefrontal areas in particular may not be specific to PTSD but rather related to features of the disorder that are shared with other conditions, such as depression. More subtle differences between patients with PTSD and those with major depression were represented by distinct structural correlates of self-reported anxiety and depression.
- Published
- 2011
32. Protecting endangered memories
- Author
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Marijn C. W. Kroes and Guillén Fernández
- Subjects
Cognitive science ,Hardware_MEMORYSTRUCTURES ,General Neuroscience ,130 000 Cognitive Neurology & Memory ,Endangered species ,Neuroinformatics [DCN 3] ,Psychology ,Functional Neurogenomics [DCN 2] ,Mechanism (sociology) - Abstract
Memories are continually adapted by ongoing experience. A study now suggests that the reactivation of previously stored memories during the formation of new memories is a critical mechanism for determining memory survival.
- Published
- 2010
33. Emotion-induced retrograde amnesia is determined by a 5-HTT genetic polymorphism
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Jonathan P. Roiser, Geoffrey Tan, Marijn C. W. Kroes, Bryan A. Strange, and Raymond J. Dolan
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Adult ,Male ,Genotype ,Emotions ,Neuropsychological Tests ,Amygdala ,Article ,Gene Frequency ,Polymorphism (computer science) ,mental disorders ,medicine ,Humans ,Genetic Predisposition to Disease ,Allele ,Episodic memory ,Serotonin transporter ,Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins ,Analysis of Variance ,Polymorphism, Genetic ,biology ,General Neuroscience ,Retrograde amnesia ,Human brain ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,nervous system diseases ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,nervous system ,Case-Control Studies ,biology.protein ,Amnesia, Retrograde ,Female ,Serotonin ,Psychology ,Neuroscience - Abstract
A polymorphism in the human serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene is implicated in susceptibility to anxiety and depression and in enhanced emotion-induced activation in the amygdala. A role for 5-HTT polymorphism in the emotional modulation of human episodic memory has yet to be demonstrated. Here, we demonstrate that whereas emotional memory for aversive events per se is not influenced by 5-HTT polymorphism, an emotion-induced retrograde amnesia is expressed solely in the presence of the short allele. The findings indicate a critical role for the serotonin system in emotion-mediated memory disruption.
- Published
- 2008
34. The parallel between reverse-phi and motion aftereffects
- Author
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Roger J. E. Bours, Marijn C. W. Kroes, and Martin J. M. Lankheet
- Subjects
Physics ,Communication ,business.industry ,Transparent motion ,Motion Perception ,Adaptation (eye) ,Test stimulus ,Motion opponency ,Reverse-phi motion ,Sensory Systems ,Motion (physics) ,Contrast Sensitivity ,Ophthalmology ,Classical mechanics ,Motion detection ,Figural Aftereffect ,Orientation (geometry) ,Orientation ,Humans ,Motion aftereffect ,business ,Photic Stimulation - Abstract
Periodically flipping the contrast of a moving pattern causes a reversal of the perceived direction of motion. This direction reversal, known as reverse-phi motion, has been generally explained with the notion that flipping contrasts actually shifted the balance of motion energy toward the opposite direction. In this sense, the reversal is trivial because any suitable motion energy detector would be optimally excited in a direction opposite to that for regular motion. This notion, however, does not address the question how these two types of motion are initially detected. Here we show several perceptual phenomena indicating that low-level detection of the two types of motion is quite different. Reverse-phi motion percepts in many respects behave more like motion aftereffects than like regular motion. Motion adaptation causes reduced activity during a stationary test stimulus, which by means of directional opponency leads to motion perceived in the opposite direction. Our findings suggest that reverse-phi motion similarly reduces the activity of low-level motion detectors.
- Published
- 2006
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