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Biodiversity conservation contributes to satisfy the human well-being. Particularly, protected areas reshape the ways in which people interact with ecosystems and each other, producing changes in the opportunities they have to satisfy the different dimensions of their well-being. The pathways linking human well-being and protected areas could be understood as one or more causal mechanisms, which can be structured through nature’s contributions to people -or ecosystem services- (NCP). A semi-structured interview captured the perceptions of stakeholders of four Chilean protected areas to identify the multiple mechanisms regarding how protected areas and well-being are related. Stakeholders expressed a diversity of NCP from protected areas, including material, non-material, and regulating NCP. The frequencies of mentions of the categories of NCP varied significantly among protected areas. The reported NCP varied among stakeholders from different institutions. The stakeholders’ narratives suggested that protected areas satisfy several dimensions of human well-being, which varied across protected areas. Protected areas were declared as contributing to several dimensions of human well-being, not only economically. The narratives showed co-occurrences of the satisfaction of dimensions of human well-being and NCP or activities from protected areas. Narratives suggested a set of multiple mechanisms between protected areas and human well-being at local level. This study emphasizes the need to design adaptive management plans of protected areas based on multiple mechanisms linking biodiversity protection and human well-being. Also, our results could facilitate the alignment of biodiversity conservation and community development agendas.

Objective It is recognised that professionalism should play a central role in dental education. However, its implementation into the curricula of dental schools is still limited. Our objective was to identify the main values related to professionalism based on the perceptions of students and faculty members from the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile. Methods A Dental Values Survey was validated and culturally adapted in order to guarantee the greatest possible internal validity. The adapted survey was administered to students and faculty members (416 and 225, respectively). The final survey contained 64 items rated on a Likert scale of 1-5. Each item was categorised according to five dimensions: Altruism, Consciousness, Personal Satisfaction, Quality of Life and Professional Status. The values were compared between faculty and students and among students at different courses. A values scale was constructed by selecting the five items with the highest average score for each dimension. Results Survey respondents composed 34.32% of the universe, of which 50.46% were faculty and 49.54% were students. Values associated with Altruism, Consciousness and Professional Status, were the highest rated by students and faculty. Values associated with Personal Satisfaction and Quality of Life received the lowest scores for both groups. Conclusions To provide the best possible attention to patients (Consciousness), and that patients have access to affordable dental care (Altruism), are the values at the top of our scale. On the other hand, to maintain financial stability and to be well paid (Quality of Life) were the less considered. Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica

RESUMEN: Antecedentes: En Chile desde 2005 se implementó la Ley Auge que establece como derecho de los usuarios, beneficiarios tanto del sistema público o privado de salud, cuatro Garantías Explícitas de Salud denominadas GES, entre las que se incluye la garantía de calidad y dentro de ella se establece la mediación como un procedimiento prejudicial, obligatorio, tendiente a evitar la judicialización de los casos de responsabilidad sanitaria. Este procedimiento contempla dos instancias de mediación según el prestador sea público o privado. Objetivo: describir las mediaciones por atenciones odontológicas en ambos subsistemas. Métodos: estudio trasversal descriptivo sobre las mediaciones efectuadas desde la implementación de este procedimiento (año 2005) hasta el año 2014, por prestaciones odontológicas, otorgadas tanto por prestadores públicos como privados. Resultados: En el periodo de estudio, se efectuaron 519 mediaciones en el ámbito odontológico. La mayoría (60,4%) de las reclamantes en mediaciones públicas son mujeres. Las especialidades o prestaciones odontológicas más comprometidas, información no disponible para las mediaciones públicas, son por atenciones de endodoncia (25%), implantología (16%) y prótesis (15%). El 58% de las mediaciones privadas y sólo el 34% de las públicas finalizan con acuerdo total entre las partes, existiendo dificultades para comparar ambos subsistemas, por la amplia variación en la recolección de datos. Entre las mediaciones públicas, un alto porcentaje de los reclamantes (70%) solo solicita disculpas y/o atención de salud y no busca retribuciones económicas. Conclusión: las reclamantes en las mediaciones en odontología son mayoritariamente mujeres, las especialidades odontológicas más comprometidas son endodoncia, implantes y prótesis, y la mayoría solicita sólo disculpas/explicaciones de los hechos y prestaciones asistenciales. Los registros de las mediaciones públicas y privadas contienen información disímil y parcial, por lo que se no se puede concluir sobre sus diferencias.

El coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 causa la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), una infeccion que produce un sindrome respiratorio agudo severo, que se ha caracterizado por fiebre, sintomas respiratorios y gastrointestinales, asi como otras manifestaciones sistemicas (Guan et al., 2020).

Este editorial presenta el dossier temático Políticas públicas de salud oral en Iberoamérica, que Universitas Odontologica publica en esta ocasión en asociación con el Observatorio Iberoamericano de Políticas Públicas sobre Salud Oral.

Sr. Editor Garantizar el acceso a la Salud en una sociedad que demanda servicios resolutivos y de calidad es un desafio complejo, que requiere de un permanente analisis de sus diversos determinantes, entre ellos, el recurso humano existente. En nuestro pais, la estimacion del personal medico, principalmente de los especialistas, tiene limitaciones, pese a que se han elaborado metodologias tales como la propuesta del Banco Mundial1 y otras2. Al respecto, resulta importante no solo la determinacion de la brecha de profesionales, sino que tambien conocer las variables que podrian condicionar aspectoscomo el ingreso, movilidad, permanencia laboral y capacitacion de estos, aportando mayor y mejor informacion a los distintos agentes involucrados en la respuesta sanitaria, con fines investigativos y/o elaboracion de politicas publicas. Todo ello en un ambiente de marcado aumento de matricula universitaria, participacion femenina e importante alza de inmigracion profesional. Leer mas...

Objective: To compare the oral health profile of institutionalized elderly persons in Brazil and in Barcelona, Spain, by gender and country of residence. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed of individuals aged 65 years and above (n=1,440), resident in the health region of Barcelona and in Brazil. Two surveys and exams relating to the oral health status of institutionalized elderly persons in Brazil (in 2008) and in Barcelona, Spain (in 2009) were carried out. Periodontal disease, tooth loss and dental caries were analyzed, considering age and cognitive ability. The sample was stratified by gender and country. Bivariate and multivariate Robust Poisson Regression models were used to obtain adjusted Prevalence Ratios (aPR), and a 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was employed. Results: In Barcelona, men and women had a higher prevalence of periodontal illness: Men - calculus (aPR:1.5; CI:1.08-2.19) and pocket (aPR:2.05; CI:1.43-2.93) results. Women - calculus (aPR:2.4; CI:1.77-3.24) and pocket (aPR:3.2; CI:2.29-4.53) results. In Barcelona there was a lower prevalence of edentulism (aPR:0.49; CI:0.37-0.65) and functional edentulism (aPR:0.49; CI:0.40-0.60) among men. The same results were found among women with a lower prevalence of edentulism (aPR:0.49; CI: 0.41-0.58) and functional edentulism (aPR:0.42; CI: 0.30-0.49). Conclusions: A poor state of oral health of men and women was observed in both countries, with the elderly from Barcelona having worse periodontal health and the elderly from Brazil having greater tooth loss. Resumo Objetivo: Comparar o perfil de saúde bucal de idosos institucionalizados no Brasil e em Barcelona, Espanha, segundo gênero e país de residência. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo do tipo cross-seccional, em indivíduos de 65 anos e mais (n=1.440), residentes na Região Sanitária de Barcelona, Espanha e no Brasil. Foram realizados dois levantamentos epidemiológicos para averiguar as condições de saúde bucal em idosos do Brasil (em 2008) e de Barcelona-ES (em 2009). Foram estudadas as seguintes condições com seus respectivos indicadores: doença periodontal (CPI), perda dentária (edentulismo e edentulismo funcional) e cárie dentária (CPO-D). A amostra foi estratificada pelo gênero e país dos idosos. Foram realizadas Regressão de Poisson Bivariada e Multivariada para a obtenção das Razões de Prevalência Ajustadas (RPa) com seus respectivos Intervalos de Confiança com 95% de significância (IC95%). Resultados: Em Barcelona-ES, homens e mulheres tiveram uma alta prevalência de doença periodontal em relação aos idosos brasileiros: homens: cálculo (RPa:1,5; IC:1,08-2,19) e bolsa periodontal (RPa:2,05; IC:1,43-2,93). Mulheres: cálculo (RPa:2,4; IC:1,77-3,24) e bolsa periodontal (RPa:3,2; IC: 2,29-4,53). Em Barcelona-ES foi encontrada uma baixa prevalência de edentulismo (RPa:0,49; IC:0,37-0,65) e edentulismo funcional (RPa:0,49; IC: 0,40-0,60) entre os homens. Resultados semelhantes foram observados entre as mulheres, com uma baixa prevalência de edentulismo (RPa:0,49; CI:0,41-0,58) e edentulismo funcional (RPa:0,42; CI:0,30-0,49). Conclusões: Foi observada uma precária condição de saúde bucal entre homens e mulheres idosos em ambos os países, sendo que os idosos de Barcelona-ES tiveram uma pior condição periodontal e os idosos brasileiros tiveram uma maior perda dentária.

The study examines changes in the distribution and socioeconomic inequalities of dental care utilization among adults after the major healthcare reform in Chile, 2004–2009. We evaluated the proportion of people who visited the dentist at least once in the previous two years, and the mean number of visits. These outcome variables were stratified by sex, age (20–39, 40–59, 60–63, ≥64 years), educational level (primary, secondary, higher), type of health insurance (public, private, uninsured), and socioeconomic status (quintiles of an asset-index). We also used the concentration index (CIndex) to assess the extent of socioeconomic inequalities in the use of dental care, stratified by age and sex as a proxy for dental care needs. The use of dental care significantly increased between 2004 and 2009, especially in those with public health insurance, with lower educational level and lower socioeconomic status. The CIndex for the total population significantly decreased both for the proportion who used dental care, and also the mean number of visits. Findings suggest that the use of dental care increased and socioeconomic-related inequalities in the utilization of dental care declined after a Major Health Reform, which included universal coverage for some dental cares in Chile. However, efforts to ameliorate these inequalities require an approach that moves beyond a sole focus on rectifying health coverage.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyse inequalities in the use of dental care services according to socioeconomic position (SEP) in individuals aged ≥50 years in European countries in 2006, to examine the association between the degree of public coverage of dental services and the extent of inequalities, and specifically to determine whether countries with higher public health coverage show lower inequalities. METHODS: We carried out a cross-sectional study of 12 364 men and 14 692 women aged ≥50 years from 11 European countries. Data were extracted from the second wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE 2006). The dependent variable was use of dental care services within the previous year, and the independent variables were education level as a measure of SEP, whether services were covered to some degree by the country's public health system, and chewing ability as a marker of individuals' need for dental services. Age-standardized prevalence of the use of dental care as a function of SEP was calculated, and age-adjusted indices of relative inequality (RII) were computed for each type of dental coverage, sex and chewing ability. RESULTS: Socioeconomic inequalities in the use of dental care services were higher in countries where no public dental care cover was provided than in countries where there was some degree of public coverage. For example, men with chewing ability from countries with dental care coverage had a RII of 1.39 (95%CI: 1.29-1.51), while those from countries without coverage had a RII of 1.96 (95%CI: 1.72-2.23). Women without chewing ability from countries with dental care coverage had a RII of 2.15 (95%CI: 1.82-2.52), while those from countries without coverage had a RII of 3.02 (95%CI: 2.47-3.69). CONCLUSIONS: Dental systems relying on public coverage seem to show lower inequalities in their use, thus confirming the potential benefits of such systems. This study uses data from SHARE release 2.5.0, as of 24 May 2011. The SHARE data collection has been primarily funded by the European Commission through the 5th framework programme (project QLK6-CT-2001- 00360 in the thematic programme Quality of Life), through the 6th framework programme (projects SHARE-I3, RII-CT2006-062193, COMPARE, CIT5-CT-2005-028857 and SHARELIFE, CIT4-CT-2006-028812) and through the 7th framework programme (SHARE-PREP, 211909 and SHARE-LEAP, 227822). Additional funding from the U.S. National Institute on Aging (U01 AG09740-13S2, P01 AG005842, P01 AG08291, P30 AG12815, Y1-AG4553-01 and OGHA 04-064, IAG BSR06-11, R21 AG025169)

Objectives: To describe the frequency of brushing teeth and cleaning of dentures, performed by caregivers, for institutionalized elderly people. Methods: A cross-sectional study in a sample of 196 caregivers of 31 health centers in Barcelona. The dependent variables were frequency of dental brushing and frequency of cleaning of dentures of the elderly by caregivers. The independent variables were characteristics of caregivers and institutions. We performed bivariate and multivariate descriptive analyses. Robust Poisson regression models were fitted to determine factors associated with the dependent variables and to assess the strength of the association. Results: 83% of caregivers were women, 79% worked on more than one shift, 42% worked only out of necessity, 92% were trained to care for elderly persons, 67% were trained in oral hygiene care for the elderly, and 73% recognized the existence of institutional protocols on oral health among residents. The variables explaining the lower frequency of brushing teeth by caregivers for the elderly, adjusted for the workload, were: no training in the care of elderly persons (PRa 1.7 CI95%: 1.6-1.8), not fully agreeing with the importance of oral health care of the elderly (PRa 2.5 CI95%: 1.5-4.1) and not knowing of the existence of oral health protocols (PRa 1.8 CI95%: 1.2-2.6). The variables that explain the lower frequency of cleaning dentures, adjusted for the workload, were lack of training in elderly care (PRa 1.7 CI95%: 1.3-1.9) and not knowing of the existence of protocols (PRa 3.7 CI95%: 1.6-8.7). Conclusion: The majority of caregivers perform activities of oral health care for the elderly at least once per day. The frequency of this care depends mainly on whether caregivers are trained to perform these activities, the importance given to oral health, the workload of caregivers and the existence of institutional protocols on oral health of institutionalized elderly persons. Key words:Institutionalized elderly, caregivers, oral hygiene, long-term care, oral health.

Objective: The objective of this study is to describe the oral health status and the factors associated with oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in people aged 65 and older institutionalized in Barcelona in 2009. Study Design: Cross sectional study in 194 elderly. The dependent variable was poor OHRQoL, according to the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI). The independent variables were socio-demographic data, last dental visit, subjective and objective oral health status. Robust Poisson regression analysis was used to determine the factors associated with OHRQoL as well as the strengths of association (Prevalence Ratios with respective confidence intervals at 95%). Results: According to GOHAI, 94 women (68.1%) and 36 men (64.3%) had poor OHRQoL. The average DMFT index (number of decayed, missing and filled teeth) was 22.8, with mean 10.2 remaining teeth. According to the Community Periodontal Index only 1.9% were healthy. 33.8% of the sample (35.5% of women and 30.4% of men) presented edentulism, 54.2% needed upper dental prostheses (51.1% of women and 60.7% of men) and 64.7% needed lower ones (61.6% of women and 71.4% of men). Only 7.2% had visited a dentist in the past year (8.8% of women and 3.6% of men). After fitting several multivariate adjusted robust Poisson regression models, poor OHRQoL was found to be associated to self-reporting problems with teeth or gums, self-reporting poor opinion about teeth/gums/denture and also associated to functional edentulism, needing upper denture, but not to socio-demographic factors or time since last dental visit. Conclusions: The study population has poor objective oral health. A high percentage has poor OHRQoL associated to subjective and objective oral health conditions. Dental care is required and these services should be included in the Spanish National Health System. Key words:Oral health, homes for the aged, elderly, self-assessment, quality of life, geriatric oral health assessment index (GOHAI).

La hipertrofia maseterina es una condicion benigna que puede manifestarse en forma bilateral o unilateral. Presenta como principal problema el componente estetico. Se han planteado diversos tratamientos, siendo la alternativa quirurgica la mas radical y predecible. Se presenta el caso de una adolescente de 15 anos que presento hipertrofia maseterina unilateral, la cual fue tratada en forma quirurgica y fue controlada durante 6 anos sin recidivas.

Odontogenic Calcificant Cystic Tumor (OCCT) is an infrequent injury. It arises from odontogenic epithelial rests present in the maxilla, jaw or gum. Gorlin and col. described the OCCT for first time as an own pathological entity in 1962. Clinically, the OCCT represents 1% of the odontogenic injuries. It is possible to be found from the first decade to the eighth decade. It affects in same proportion the maxilla and the jaw, being the most common in the dented zones, with greater incidence in the first molar area. Two case reports of OCCT in two different ages, both in female individuals, one at 5 years old and the other at 35 years old are presented. Enucleation of the tumor was the treatment chosen. The purpose of this article is to present a review of the literature related to these two cases of OCCT and its treatment, putting an emphasis on its aetiology, biological behaviour and treatment.

Osteochondroma is the most common benign neoplasia of the skeleton. In the head it was been described in cranial base, posterior maxillary surface, maxillary sinus, and different mandibular areas like condyle, ramus, body and symphysis. Osteochondroma of the coronoid process are rare. We present a review of the literature and the report of the cas of a 44 years old female patient presenting limited mouth opening and swelling of the left cheek, with diffuse limits, bony consistency, painless, and covered of normal skin. No temporomandibular joint disease was present. In panoramic radiographs was evident a coronoid tumor localized in the union of zigomatic arch and bone. Under general anaesthesia coronoidectomy was made, recovering mouth opening until 43 mm. The post-operative period was performed without complications. Histopatological examinations revealed normal trabecular bone covered with hyaline cartilage. The histopatological diagnosis was osteochondroma. Clinical and pathological aspects, treatment and differential diagnosis with other lesions are discussed.

ResumenSe presenta el caso de un paciente de sexo masculino, 29 años de edad, insuficiente renal crónico, con hiperparatiroidismo secundario y múltiples lesiones osteolíticas en las estructuras craneomaxilofaciales, diagnosticadas histológicamente como lesiones de células gigantes. La lesión de mayor tamaño afecta al maxilar superior, estructura raramente comprometida por este tipo de lesiones. Este tumor pardo produce gran deformidad facial y compromiso del piso orbitario, seno maxilar y fosa nasal correspondiente. No se evidenció regresión tumoral tras la paratiroidectomía y la normalización de los niveles de calcio séricos. Finalmente se realiza el remodelamiento quirúrgico del tumor pardo maxilar, con ausencia de recurrencia durante 7 años.AbstractA case is presented of a 29 year-old male patient suffering from chronic renal failure, secondary hyperparathyroidism and multiple osteolytic lesions in cranio-maxillo-facial structures, and with a histological diagnosis of giant cell lesions. The larger lesion affected the superior maxillary, a structure rarely compromised by this type of injury. This brown tumour caused a large facial deformity and compromised the orbital floor, maxillary sinus and the corresponding nostril. There was no evidence of tumour regression after parathyroidectomy and the serum calcium levels returned to normal. Finally, surgical remodelling of the maxillary brown tumour was performed, and no recurrence has been observed for 7 years.