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A standing posture including various ankle positions might effectively facilitate pelvic floor muscle activity (PFMa) in incontinent women, and an ankle dorsiflexion (DS) at 15 degrees was identified as the best position able to increase PFMa. Nevertheless, this ankle inclination is very uncomfortable. We carried out this study aiming at identifying smaller ankle inclinations able to significantly affect PFMa in incontinent women reducing patient discomfort.Twenty women, not yet entered menopause and with mild-moderate uncomnplicated stress urinary incontinence, were enrolled. An electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback instrument using surface electrodes was employed to measure changes in PFMa while each patient assumed the following different ankle inclinations in upright position: horizontal standing (HS); DS at degrees (5DS), 10 degrees (10DS) and 15 degrees (15DS); and ankle plantar flexion (PS) at 5 degrees (5PS), 10 degrees (10PS) and 15 degrees (15PS).No EMG differences were found between HS and PS. PFM tension in DS, at whatever angle, was significantly greater than in both HS (P0.020) and PS (P0.040). No differences were found between IODS and 15DS in terms of resting PFMa. Concerning maximal PFMa, it was higher in 10DS than in 15DS (P = 0.010), and in 5PS than in both 5DS (P = 0.006) and 15DS (P = 0.010); no EMG differences were found between 5PS and 10DS.These preliminary results showed that 10DS in upright standing had comparable effects on resting PFMa than 15DS with same effectiveness and less patient's discomfort, facilitating a better maximal contraction. Moreover a slight PS might effectively facilitate maximal PFMa.

Purpose. To estimate the prevalence of self-reported sleep disorders (SD), to examine associations among demographic characteristics and familiar factors with SD, between SD and daytime sleep-related disorders (DD) and between evening habits and SD. Methods. An anonymous questionnaire was proposed to 1563 students (aged 14-21 years, mean age 16.5 ± 1.5; 42.8% males, 57.2% females) attending all classes of two high schools in Verona (North-East of Italy). Data were analyzed by some per- sonal and familial characteristics, by definition of three sleeper groups (non problem, occasional problem or problem-sleepers). Moreover SD were put in relation with DD and with some per- sonal evening attitudes. Results. The 75.5% of the subjects report at least one SD. Dif- ficulty falling asleep is the most frequent SD. The DD concern 91.2% of the sample. Females are more involved than males in SD and DD. All SD result strongly associated with the referred DD, except for sleepiness. Sport is significantly correlated with a minor prevalence of SD. Smoking and studying appear to be associated with SD. Conclusions. Since SD in youth constitute an important Public Health matter with a severe social impact they would be accu- rately studied to offer youth appropriate counselling given the importance of lifestyle in determining good sleep., Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene, Vol 50, No 2 (2009)

Wheat foot rot caused by Fusarium species is a worldwide wheat disease against which the use of biocontrol agents is of increasing interest. Mycoparasitic activities of a strain of five antagonistic fungi, Gliocladium roseum (GR11), Penicillium frequentans (PF), Trichoderma atroviride (TA312), T. longibrachiatum (TL9) and T. harzianum (TH144), against three pathogens, Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum and F. nivale, were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM observations suggested that the outcome of interaction between antagonist and pathogen occurred when intimate contact was established between hyphae triggering a series of events in pathogen degradation. The interaction between Trichoderma spp. and Fusarium spp. revealed that the mycoparasitic hyphae were usually attached longitudinally to the hyphae of the pathogens; hyphal coilings, hooks, pincer-shaped structures, short contact branches and hyphal depressions were also present. GR11 and PF hyphae grew mainly parallel to the pathogen causing its hyphal depression. The parasitic action of the antagonists shown with the formation of pincers, hooks and other structures leading to cell disruption, goes some way towards explaining their mode of action in the biological control of the pathogens studied.

A natural vegetation area, with 1269 ha, composed mainly by cerrado, located at Santa Rita do Passa Quatro Municipality, São Paulo State, southeastern Brazil (21°36-39'S, 47°36-38'W), was studied. From September 1995 to February 1997, a floristic survey was carried out, when all vascular plant species at reproductive stage were collected. The flowering and fruiting patterns of the community were studied, comparing the herbaceous and the woody species. In the herbaceous component, 239 species were found and, in the woody one, 108 species. The woody species flowered mainly at the beginning of the rainy season, while the herbaceous ones produced flowers generally at the end of that season. The proportion of anemo and autochorous species was greater in the herbaceous component. The zoochorous ones, on the contrary, were more frequent in the woody component. At the dry season, when their dispersion is more efficient, the proportion of anemo and autochorous species producing fruits was higher. During the rainy season, when their fruits become attractive for longer time, the zoochorous species fruited more intensely. Foi estudada uma área de vegetação natural, de 1269 ha, composta principalmente por cerrado, situada no munícipio de Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, estado de São Paulo (21°36-39'S, 47°36-38'W). Entre setembro de 1995 e fevereiro de 1997, realizou-se um levantamento florístico, em que foram amostradas as espécies vasculares de plantas em fase fértil. A partir dos dados desse levantamento, estudaram-se os padrões de floração e frutificação da comunidade, comparando as espécies herbáceo-subarbustivas com as arbustivo-arbóreas. No componente herbáceo-subarbustivo, foram encontradas 239 espécies e, no componente arbustivo-arbóreo, 108 espécies. As espécies arbustivo-arbóreas floresceram principalmente no início da estação chuvosa, enquanto as herbáceo-subarbustivas produziram flores, de modo geral, apenas no final da estação úmida. A proporção de espécies anemo e autocóricas foi maior no componente herbáceo-subarbustivo, ao contrário das zoocóricas, mais freqüentes no componente arbustivo-arbóreo. Na estação seca, quando sua dispersão é mais eficiente, a proporção de espécies anemo e autocóricas em frutificação foi maior. Já durante a estação chuvosa, as espécies zoocóricas frutificaram com maior intensidade, uma vez que seus frutos carnosos podem se manter atraentes por mais tempo.

O corte e queima são um dos tipos de perturbação predominante na floresta Atlântica montana no Sudeste do Brasil. A análise de uma cronosseqüência de regeneração (10, 18, 40 anos e floresta madura) corrobora a hipótese de que as características da floresta se transformam em diferentes velocidades em direção aos valores observados na floresta madura. Em ordem decrescente de velocidade, a floresta, após corte e queima, restaura a riqueza e a diversidade de espécies arbóreo-arbustivas, a composição de guildas, a composição florística (importância relativa das famílias) e, por último, os atributos da estrutura física, com exceção da densidade de indivíduos. A floresta com 40 anos apresentou entre 38,8% e 117,1% dos valores observados na floresta madura, sugerindo que esta se regenera dentro do padrão observado para o conjunto das florestas tropicais. Além da intensidade de perturbação, determinadas características dessa floresta montana, como o tamanho médio de diásporos e a importância relativa de grupos dispersores, podem conferir-lhe maior resiliência. As transformações florísticas direcionais, observadas durante a regeneração, podem ser descritas através de modelos sucessionais compostos por quatro ou cinco fases, dependendo da intensidade de perturbação. Nesses modelos, as espécies dominantes pertencem aos gêneros Imperata, Pteridium, Baccharis, Tibouchina e Alchornea. Slash-and-burn has been the main kind of disturbance in the Atlantic montane forest. We analyzed the change in vegetation structure, woody species composition, species richness and diversity and plant guild composition after the cutting and burning of a mature forest. According to our results the rate of vegetation change is related to the forest attribute analyzed. In the first moment, the disturbed forest had the species richness and diversity restored, followed by plant guild composition, species composition and finally its physical structure. A forty year old forest site showed between 38.8% and 117.1% of the values recorded in the mature site, suggesting that this forest regenerates following patterans observed in other tropical forests. In addition to disturbance intensity, this montane forest has particular features as the average size of diaspores and tree species richness, which are thought to provide this forest higher resilience. Changes in woody species composition can be described by successional models formed by three or four stages, depending on the disturbance intensity. Models are characterized by pioneer species of Imperata, Pteridium, Baccharis, Tibouchina and Alchornea genera.

Durante a regeneração da floresta tropical, após perturbações naturais ou antrópicas, o banco de sementes do solo está envolvido no estabelecimento de grupos ecológicos e na restauração da riqueza de espécies lenhosas. Para a análise da composição de espécies do banco de sementes de um trecho de floresta Atlântica madura, no Sudeste do Brasil, foram coletadas 57 amostras de solo, distribuídas aleatoriamente em 2 ha, totalizando 28.500 cm³ de solo coletado. Durante um período de 17 meses germinaram 497 sementes, 65% distribuídas entre 0 e 2,5 cm de profundidade, totalizando 872 sementes/m². O banco de sementes dessa floresta caracterizou-se pela presença de dois componentes: o herbáceo, composto por 66 morfotipos, pertencentes a famílias ricas em espécies pioneiras; e o arbustivo-arbóreo, formado por 19 espécies, em sua maioria, pioneiras com diásporos menores que 1 mm de comprimento. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que, na floresta Atlântica montana, o banco de sementes pode ter importância no estabelecimento de espécies de árvores e arbustos pioneiros, componentes de grupos ecológicos envolvidos na regeneração da floresta após corte e queima. Após a abertura de clareiras naturais, o banco de sementes pode ser o responsável pelo estabelecimento de espécies de Melastomataceae, principal grupo de árvores e arbustos pioneiros observados nas clareiras. Soil seed bank of tropical forests is involved in the establishment of ecological groups and in woody species richness restoration during forest regeneration, after natural or antropic disturbances. In order to analyze the seed bank composition in a tropical montane forest, Southeastern Brazil, 57 soil samples were collected, inside a 2-hectare forest plot, representing 28,500 cm³ of collected soil. Along 17 months, 497 seeds germinated, 65% between 0 and 2.5 cm depth. They represented a density of 872 seeds/m². The seed bank analyzed is characterized as having two components: one composed by 66 herbaceous taxa, belonging to families with high richness of pioneer species; and another composed by 19 pioneer shrub and tree species, most of them with diaspores shorter than 1 mm length. The results found in the study site suggest that in the Atlantic montane forest soil seed bank can be important for the establishment of woody species, which form ecological groups involved in forest regeneration, following slash-and-burn. After treefall gaps, seed bank is probably responsible for the establishment of Melastomataceae species, the richest and more abundant group of pioneer species sampled in gaps.

To evaluate the prevalence of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in Italian patients with psoriasis and to compare the Moll and Wright criteria, the European Spondylarthropathy Study Group (ESSG) criteria, and Amor criteria when applied to this patient population.We examined 205 unselected patients with psoriasis. The diagnosis of PsA was based upon the clinical experience of a rheumatologist. After, we tested these classification criteria. HLA class I and II antigens were also analyzed.Thirty-six percent (75) of psoriatic patients were considered by a clinical expert to have PsA. Moll and Wright criteria identified 46 patients (22%) with PsA; 49 patients (24%) were identified by ESSG criteria and Amor criteria; 12 patients identified by Amor criteria but not by ESSG criteria presented enthesitis or dactylitis; 10 patients identified by ESSG but not by Amor criteria had peripheral synovitis. In patients with peripheral arthritis and psoriasis, the evaluation of NSAID response was critical to fulfilling Amor criteria. However, it was not easy to retrospectively evaluate NSAID response using these criteria. The sensitivity was low for each of the 3 classification criteria (from 61 to 65%), whereas the specificity was high (from 99 to 100%).Our study confirms a high prevalence of PsA among an unselected population of Italian patients with psoriasis. Our data reveal the inadequacy of the existing criteria for PsA, including the ESSG criteria and Amor criteria for the classification of spondyloarthropathy.

Neste trabalho buscou-se identificar as plântulas de cinco taxa do gênero Brassica: B.napus, var. olei fera (colza), B.oleracea var. botrytis (couve-flor), B.oleracea var. capitata (repolho), B.oleroeca var. italica (brócolo) e B. pekinensis (couve-chinesa). Foram elaboradas chaves para adistinção das plântulas nos estágios cotiledonar, da primeira folha e da terceira - quarta folha e feitas as descrições. Foi possível a distinção das taxa por características corno: forma dos cotilédones e pilosidade, forma, bordo, cerosidade e nervação foliar.

We performed retrospective analysis of 141 Northern Italian patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This series represents all the patients seen as in and/or outpatients at the rheumatologic unit of Reggio Emilia Hospital during a 2 year period (1987-88). We observed a low frequency of nodules (16%) and vasculitis (2.1%). Thus, RA seems to be milder in our population compared to Caucasian patients with RA originating from North America or England. We observed a weak association with DR4 (RR = 2.4) in the total group of patients with RA. A low frequency of DR4 was observed in patients and controls (29 vs 14.5%, p = 0.001). When compared with controls the frequency of DR4 was significantly higher in seropositive (p = 0.001), but not in seronegative patients. We found that DR4 was significantly associated with nodules (RR = 6.4), with extraarticular features (EAF) (RR = 4) and with erosions (RR = 3) compared with controls. The subgroups with nodules and EAF had a DR4 frequency (respectively, of 52 and 40%) which was significantly higher than that observed in remaining patients (respectively, 25 and 24%). No significant difference was observed in the DR4 frequency between the patients with erosions and those without (34 vs 18%). Thus, DR4 in our population seems to be predominantly associated with a subgroup of patients characterized by seropositivity and EAF.