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Intenzitet erozije zemljišta rezultat je kombinovanog delovanja različitih prirodnih i antropogenih faktora. Ovaj rad ima za cilj da utvrdi agrarne indikatore kao determinante promene intenziteta erozije zemljišta u slivovima Crnice i Rasničke reke. Model potencijala erozije primenjen je za procenu stanja erozije zemljišta za dva perioda 1971. godine i 2010. godine. Koeficijent erozije u slivu Crnice iznosio je Z1=0,390 i Z2=0,360, a specifična produkcija nanosa Ws1=529 m3/km2/god i Ws2=463 m3/km2/god. Koeficijent erozije u slivu Rasničke reke iznosio je Z1=0,437 i Z2=0,374, a specifična produkcija nanosa Ws1=861 m3/km2/god i Ws2=622 m3/km2/god. Ekstremno smanjenje agrarnog pritiska na zemljište, veliki udeo naselja regresivnog tipa od 80 %, kao i intenzivan proces depopulacije rezultiralo je većoj redukciji erozije zemljišta u slivu Rasničke reke. Rezulati ove studije mogu omogućiti donosiocima odluka nove pristupe za adekvatno upravljanje zemljišnim resursima u ruralnim sredinama.

Dynamics of totall dissolved solids (TDS) and suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) were monitored on the river Nišava at the hydrological station Dimitrovgrad. Water samples were collected each day in the period from 01.01.2010–31.12.2010. TDS concentration followed a seasonal pattern imposed by the availability of water, with higher concentrations recorded in low-flow periods and lower concentration in the highflow period. SSC was extremely variable and dominate mainly with specific high-flow events. Mean annual discharge (Q=6.68 m3/s, q=13.9 l/s/km2) over the year was 3.3 times higher than the average for the period of 50 years. In the study period, the annual transport dissolved load (Qd) was 36962.8 t (specific load Qds=76.7 t/km2/yr) and suspended sediment load (Qs) was 98861.9 t (specific load Qss=205.1 t/km2/yr). The transport of dissolved load and suspended sediment load shows temporal variations in different seasons. The analysis revealed that the maximum loads was transferred during the winter (Qd=43.3% and Qs=56.8% of the annual transport) and spring season (Qd=37.9% and Qs=38.9% of the annual transport). A comparative analysis of Q, Qd, and Qs show that the suspended sediment shows greater variability and exponential pattern of transport. For instance, 90% of the time was required to export 65% of the total water and transported 77% of the total dissolved load and only 22% total suspended sediment load. The most extreme precipitation episodes and extreme temperatures events was recorded in February 2010. The floods in February contributed by 44.8% of the total Qs transport over the study period. These findings have important implications for water resource management in the context of sediments mobilization, erosion, channel management, water quality and ecological functions.

Sediment transport time series have shown a severe change in the suspended sediment load transported by the Velika Morava River (Republic of Serbia) during the last few decades. The research objectives of this study were to determine the suspended sediment trends, and to assess the impact of variations in precipitation and human activities on the suspended sediment load. The causes and timing of this severe decrease were analyzed, and the results show that there has been a signifcant sudden shift downwards for the suspended sediment load (p<0.0001) during the research period. The change points for sediment load were very similar and the transition years all ranged between 1982 and 1984. The combined efects of precipitation and human activities are responsible for the decrease in the suspended sediment load, with human activity being the most active factor in the sediment regime changes. The contribution rate for human activities amounts to 87.7–91.9%, while precipitation explains 8.1–12.3% of the reduction in the suspended sediment load. The processes of deagrarization and depopulation had an infuence on the sediment load decrease in the study area. The results of the spatial autocorrelation analysis of rural settlements showed that the reduction in sediment was due to the process of depopulation and the large reduction in the amount of arable land in rural areas and settlements. The changes in sediment regimes were also infuenced by soil and water conservation programmes.

The intensity of soil erosion is the result of a combined action of natural factors and different human activities. This work aims to determine the factors controlling the change of soil erosion. Eleven watersheds from different parts of Serbia were used as the study area. An Erosion Potential Model was applied to estimate the soil erosion status of the watersheds in two periods, 1971 and 2010. The model indicated that the reduction of soil erosion intensity in the watersheds ranges from 12.4% to 82.7%. The statistical analysis examines quantitative relationships and combined effects between soil erosion and socio-economic and main physical-geographical determinants in watersheds. Watershed characteristics were divided into 5 classes, and within each class 22 variables were calculated: two variables relate to erosion, one to topography, two to land cover, seven to demographic and ten to agrarian variables. Correlation analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) have been applied to understand the main variables that contribute to change soil erosion intensity. The PCA identified four components that can explain at least up to 79.06% of the variation of all variables. This study explores new indicators for correlations with changing soil erosion and provides decision makers with access to quantification for environmental impact assessment and decision-making for adequate soil conservation and management programs.

The erosion potential model was applied to estimate the soil erosion status of rural settlements during the years 1971 and 2011. We used univariate and bivariate local Moran’s I indices to detect and visualize the spatial clustering of settlements with respect to changes in erosion intensity and agricultural land use, as well as their mutual spatial correlation. The study area was differentiated into four statistically significant clusters using the calculated bivariate local Moran’s I indices. The statistical analysis examined the two largest clusters, i.e., the high–high and low–low clusters, and the results of the research indicate that the first four principal components explained 70.50% and 73.47% of the total variance, respectively. In the high–high cluster, the low rates of erosion reduction (average Index Z = 98) in the most significant types of rural settlements were determined according to demographic indicators (i.e., the higher population vitality and population density, the smaller share of the old population and the lower average age of the population) and the large proportion of arable land and Neogene sediments. In the low–low cluster, high erosion reduction rates were detected (average index Z = 64). In this cluster, the more statistically significant influence of natural conditions in combination with demographic–agrarian processes (i.e., the larger share of the old population, the higher average age of the population, the lower vitality index and deagrarization) were decisive factors in changing erosion intensity

This study expounds the dynamic relationships among agricultural land-use change, rural population migration, and sediment transport. The variability of suspended sediment load was detected by Mann-Kendall and Pettitt tests. From 1961 to 2007, the annual trend in suspended sediment concentration and sediment load demonstrated significant reduction (alpha = 0.001), with decreasing rates of 0.0144 g/L/y and 84.7 t/y, respectively. An abrupt change-point was detected in 1984 for the sediment load (p = 0.0001). The double-mass curve method and regression analysis of sediment load versus precipitation were used to quantify the effects of climate change and human activities on sediment load variations. The changes in sediment load were predominantly impacted by human activities (89%), while precipitation explained 11% of the reduction in suspended sediment. An important land-use change recorded in the Juzna Morava river basin comprised the abandonment of agricultural lands due to depopulation processes, as well as economic and social changes, which was followed by significant impacts on soil erosion and sediment transport. Land abandonment was most pronounced in marginal mountain or semi-mountainous areas, where agriculture was until recent decades traditional or semi-traditional. The results of the correlation matrix were significant at the p lt 0.05 level, demonstrating that the decrease of rural population, agricultural land, and arable land were directly related to the decline of suspended sediment. High correlation coefficients were found between anthropogenic indicators and sediment parameters, ranging from 0.94 to 0.97.

Prostorno-vremenska dinamika suspendovnog nanosa u rekama širom sveta u fokusu je istraživanja naučnika od sredine 20. veka. Posebna pažnja vidno izražena u protekla dve decenije 21. veka usmerena je na procenu uticaja klimatskih promena i antropogenog faktora na režim nanosa. Razumevanje režima suspendovanog nanosa je ključni preduslov adekvatnog upravljanja vodnim resursima. Pored istraživanja na globalnom novou, pojedine zemlje razvile su adekvatne nacionalne programe upravljanja rečnim geosistemima u kojima su inkorporirale monitoring suspendovanog nanosa kao jedan od primarnih faktora praćenja promena u životnoj sredini. Značaj proučavanja sedimenata u rekama je višestruk. Promene u režimu nanosa imaju direktne reprekusije na stanje i kvalitet vodnih ekosistema, posledice pojave poplavnih talasa, sa posebnim uticajem na povećanje troškova prečišćavanja voda, postojeća energetska postrojenja i vodne akumulacije. U ovom radu dat je novi pristup vremenskoj determinaciji transporta suspendovanog nanosa, kao i uticaj antropogenog faktora sa aspekta promene načina korišćenja zemljišta na režim nanosa za dugoročne vremenske serije.

The key problem of rural settlements in the South Banat district lasted into the 21st century through the spread of depopulated areas. Considering that settlements give a cultural landscape its basic features, that they are the main bearers of functional organization, and the hotspots of geo-spatial transformation, based on quantitative-qualitative indicators this paper analyzes the spatial-demographic determinants of the development of 94 settlements, and the impact of depopulation on the changes in the surrounding forest cover. The time span included in the analytical-statistical research of the demographic components and forest dislocation lasted from 1990 to 2018. Geo-spatial data for forest areas were taken from the Corine Land Cover database. The data obtained were then turned into visual representations, or maps, using the GIS ArcMap 10.8. software. The results indicated that total depopulation has been an ongoing, 30-years process in this area on the one hand, while the forest cover in the depopulated settlements located on the outskirts of the Deliblato sands (a special nature reserve) has decreased, and the forest cover in the depopulated settlements in the zone of the Vršac mountains has increased, on the other. These analyses are useful for obtaining more detailed insight into the state of forested areas in this part of Serbia, which is the least afforested one.

One of the biggest problems of environmental protection in Serbia is landfills. It is often a case that the economic interests are predominant in the landfill sitting; thus, most landfills are not located according to standards. This study shows that detailed geological data assets combined with geographical modeling represents a reliable way to define and locate the landfill site. Geological evaluation is discussed in detail with regard to bedrock lithology, quaternary geology, geological structure, hydrogeology, surface runoff patterns, and topography. An approach combining geographical modeling and geology is presented for determining the sites suitable for landfill selection with respect to their geologic favorability. As opposed to numerous research papers on this topic, in the methodological procedure, special importance is devoted to the analysis of the geological criteria. In this way, it is significantly easier to determine the landfill area with the best characteristics due to geological structure and lithology which unequivocally and precisely indicates inadequate territories for candidate sites. The multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) is based on geological criteria upgraded with road (primary, residential, secondary, and tertiary), settlements network, railway, airport, infrastructure, land use, hypsometry aquifer, wetland, and surface water. The score values are divided into four classes, i.e., restricted areas, suitable but avoid, suitable, and most suitable. Combining geographical modeling with geology led to the recognition of two locations to be most favorable for landfill site located in the most suitable area, which represents 25.3% of the study area.

Global climate change and changes caused by human activity have had a considerable impact on river systems. Recent studies have observed different trends of water discharge and sediment transport for the largest rivers in the world. This paper deals with the trend analysis of suspended sediment load (Qs) at the most downstream hydrological station of the Juzna Morava (Mojsinje). The data, which were obtained from the Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia (RHSS), included daily values of water discharge (Q) and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) for the time period 1958-2007. The trend of sediment load was determined using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test, while the Pettitt test was used to establish the transition year. The results show that the average perennial suspended sediment load for the given time period was 2.47x10(6) t (160.5 t/km(2)/yr), ranging from 0.04x10(6) t (2.6 t/km(2)/yr) to 9.85x10(6) t (640.3 t/km(2)/yr). The average decrease in sediment yield was 5.15 t/km(2)/yr with high statistical significance of 0.001. Using the Pettitt test, the year of 1985 was determined as a transition year in suspended sediment load. Suspended sediment load declined by 71% in the period after 1985.

In many Eastern European countries, the standard of living increased as a result of the process of industrialization in the second half of the 20th Century. Consequently, the population in rural areas with small-scale farming decreased due to the availability of employment elsewhere. This directly impacted soil erosion (and thereby sustainability of the land), but the degree and direction are not well known. This study investigates two municipalities within Serbia, their change in population and its impact on land use changes and soil erosion. The standard of living increased after the industrialization process in the 1960s within these municipalities. The erosion potential model is used to calculate gross annual erosion. The changes related to population and arable land in rural settlements are analyzed according to proportional spatial changes. The results show an overall decrease of erosion intensity in the study area. In addition, two basic findings are derived: first, the highest level of human impact on soil is in rural settlements at the lowest elevation zones, where erosion intensity shows the least amount of decrease; and, second, the most intensive depopulation process, recorded in higher elevation zones, indicates a rapid decrease of erosion intensity.

In this paper the relationship between demographic and land use changes and their impact on the intensity of erosion processes in the Nisava River basin is examined by using quantitative typology. For the purposes of quantifying the erosion intensity changes, the erosion potential model (EPM) was used to calculate the annual gross erosion and spatial distribution of soil erosion in study area. The value of the erosion coefficient was reduced from Z(1) = 0.443 in 1971 to Z(2) = 0.356 in 2011. Specific annual gross erosion in the Nisava River basin was 765.3 m(3)/km(2)/year in 1971 while in 2011 it was 533.3 m(3)/km(2)/year. Therefore, due to changes in intensity of erosion processes the specific annual gross erosion in study area was decreased for 232.3 m(3)/km(2)/year. In 40-year period, there were no significant changes in natural conditions, so the anthropogenic influences were responsible for the reduced erosion intensity. Research results indicate three types of population and land use changes with different scale and intensity of erosion process: progressive type with favourable demographic potentials, huge land use transformation and intensive process of soil erosion; stagnant type with advanced agricultural and demographic dimension which imposed pressures to the environment and soil erosion; regressive type and dominant regressive sub-type with depopulation and deagrarization have significant decereasing effect on soil erosion. These results are basis for all integral soil and water management projects, forest ecosystems and environmental protection, spatial planning, agriculture and other human activities.

Предмет докторске дисертације представља комплексна анализа при-родних и антропогених фактора у циљу утврђивања интензитета ерозивних процеса у сливовима Јабланице и Кутинске реке, као и квантификовање утицаја свих фактора на геопросторни распоред интензитета ерозије..., The subject of the doctoral dissertation is a complex analysis of the natural and anthropogenic factors in order to determine the intensity of erosive processes in the basins of Jablanica and Kutinska River, as well as the quantification of the influence of all factors on the geospatial distrubition of the erosion intensity...

"Tupižnička ledenica" predstavlja krašku jamu sa interesantnim mikroklimatskim obeležjima i zadržavanjem snega i leda u većem delu godine. Jama je formirana u prekristalisalim neritskim bankovitim i masivnim donjokrednim krečnjacima (fosiloferni biomikriti) koji pripadaju mudstone mikrofaciji. Kao takva, “Tupižnička ledenica” predstavlja važan relikt koji oslikava značajne momente u razvoju Zemljine kore na teritoriji opštine Knjaževac. Početkom 2019. godine je dobila status Spomenik prirode i svrstana je u I kategoriju zaštićenog područja nacionalnog, odnosno izuzetnog značaja. Mogućnost ostvarivanja turističke ponude opštine Knjaževac na bazi prezentacije jedinstvenih prirodnih vrednosti “Tupižničke ledenice” predstavlja jedan od potencijala ove opštine. Osnovna ograničenja za efikasniju zaštitu “Tupižničke ledenice” mogu da se jave usled nepoštovanja režima zaštite zaštićenog prirodnog dobra, nedovoljne dostupnosti zbog nekvalitetne mreže puteva kao i nedovoljne integracije geonasleđa u turističku prezentaciju.

Torrential floods are the most frequent natural hazard events in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The increase of intensive rains in Bosnia and Herzegovina over last years, as a consequence of the climate changes, has triggered many torrential floods, which have generated a lot of damages and losses of human lives. This study was focused on development of torrential susceptibility model using GMM Method and GIS in the Vrbas river basin as an attempt to create a new methodological approach which can be used on other river basins in Bosnia and Herzegovina. First, a total of 174 torrential basins were identified in the Vrbas river basin, as a base for creating an inventory map, which was a base map for the assessment of torrential floods susceptibility. The GIS Matrix Method and six influencing factors were used for generation of Torrential Flood Susceptibility Model. Based on the obtained values of Torrential Flood Susceptibility Model for the Vrbas river basin, 45.52% of the study area is within strong and very strong susceptibility category. The Torrential Flood Susceptibility Model was validated using a "degree of fit" method. Validation indicators of the TFSM show that the 80.04% are in the category of strong and very strong susceptibility, while only 4.37% are in the category of very low and low susceptibility. This fact suggests that used methodology based on GMM method and used influencing factors enable delimitation of the area with high and very high susceptibility to torrential floods into the Vrbas basin. Therefore, used methodological approach represents a good base for future research, and it has potential for the practical use and should be tested in other river basins in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Considering recent weather events in Serbia (especially the floods in 2014), a need has arisen for research that would help in identifying extreme weather phenomena. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to determine the thresholds above which intense precipitation can be considered as extreme precipitation events in Serbia. In this study, we determined the frequency of precipitation occurring at an intensity above the threshold of an extreme phenomenon (1961-2015), as well as the frequency of precipitation occurring at or above the absolute daily maximum in the reference period (1961-1990). The study sample included daily rainfall observations from 28 stations from the national meteorological network in Serbia. Applying a decile method, all the stations recording precipitation above the threshold of dangerous phenomena on the same day are classified into the corresponding decile. The threshold value was determined as the average value of the extreme annual precipitation in the analyzed period. The cases that are due to the high prevalence listed in the last decile are considered extreme. The results showed that the critical number of observation points above which an event is considered extreme precipitation event is 6.21, and a warning of the danger could be ensured only in the case of neighboring stations in the network. The threshold of extreme precipitation events for the individual stations ranges up to 130 mm. The obtained results might be used to mitigate the effects of extreme precipitation events in Serbia in the future.

Предмет овог истраживања је испитивање географског и културног контекста каснонеолитских и раноенеолитских насеља ради утврђивања карактера промена у економским стратегијама и друштвеној организацији заједница 5. миленијума пре н. е. на централном Балкану. У дисертацији се у уводном делу образлаже тема у контексту досадашњих истраживања и предложених модела промене, излажу се циљеви и методологија истраживања и даје се приказ основних географских одлика у истраживаним регијама. Потом се у делу анализа испитују карактеристике образаца насељавања на два нивоа, микрорегионалном и регионалном, док је макрорегионалниниво испитан у закључном делу рада. Истражен је географски контекст насеља,динамика насељавања локација, унутрашња структура насеља и просторни однос насеља ка ресурсима и између насеља у шест регија централнoг Балканa. Локалитети су анализирани уз помоћ Географског Информационог Система (ГИС), а посматрана је територија полупречника 5 km од локалитета..., The object of this research is to examine geographic and cultural contexts of the late neolithic and early eneolithic settlements in order to determine the character of changes in economic strategies and social organization of the 5th millennium BC communities in the Central Balkans. In the introductory part of the thesis I explain theme in the context of previous researches and proposed models of change, represent the aims and methodology of research and provide an overview of the basic geographical features in the studied regions. In the part of the analysis I examine the characteristics of settlement patterns on two level, microregional and regional, while macroregional level was examined in the concluding part of the thesis. Geographic context of the settlements, dynamics of locations settling, internal structure of settlements and spatial relationship of the settlements towards resources and between settlements in six regions of the Central Balkans was investigated. The sites were analyzed with the help of Geographical Information System (GIS), and the territory of the 5 km radius of the site was observed...

Predmet ovog istraživanja je ispitivanje geografskog i kulturnog konteksta kasnoneolitskih i ranoeneolitskih naselja radi utvrđivanja karaktera promena u ekonomskim strategijama i društvenoj organizaciji zajednica 5. milenijuma pre n. e. na centralnom Balkanu. U disertaciji se u uvodnom delu obrazlaže tema u kontekstu dosadašnjih istraživanja i predloženih modela promene, izlažu se ciljevi i metodologija istraživanja i daje se prikaz osnovnih geografskih odlika u istraživanim regijama. Potom se u delu analiza ispituju karakteristike obrazaca naseljavanja na dva nivoa, mikroregionalnom i regionalnom, dok je makroregionalninivo ispitan u zaključnom delu rada. Istražen je geografski kontekst naselja,dinamika naseljavanja lokacija, unutrašnja struktura naselja i prostorni odnos naselja ka resursima i između naselja u šest regija centralnog Balkana. Lokaliteti su analizirani uz pomoć Geografskog Informacionog Sistema (GIS), a posmatrana je teritorija poluprečnika 5 km od lokaliteta..., The object of this research is to examine geographic and cultural contexts of the late neolithic and early eneolithic settlements in order to determine the character of changes in economic strategies and social organization of the 5th millennium BC communities in the Central Balkans. In the introductory part of the thesis I explain theme in the context of previous researches and proposed models of change, represent the aims and methodology of research and provide an overview of the basic geographical features in the studied regions. In the part of the analysis I examine the characteristics of settlement patterns on two level, microregional and regional, while macroregional level was examined in the concluding part of the thesis. Geographic context of the settlements, dynamics of locations settling, internal structure of settlements and spatial relationship of the settlements towards resources and between settlements in six regions of the Central Balkans was investigated. The sites were analyzed with the help of Geographical Information System (GIS), and the territory of the 5 km radius of the site was observed...