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Bu çalışmanın amacı 4 farklı bitki türü Elaeagnus rhamnoides, Quercus cerris, Coryllus maxima veCrataegus monogyna ile besleyerek Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki tarafından enfekte edilenMalacosoma neustria larvalarının hayatta kalmasına ve bazı bağışıklık enzimlerine bitkilerdeki krom,nikel, bakır ve çinko metal iyonlarının etkisini araştırmaktır. Düşük nikel miktarına sahip Q. cerris ve C.monogyna bitkileriyle beslenen larvalarda hayatta kalma oranı yüksek nikel miktarına sahip olan E.rhamnoides ve C. maxima’ya göre daha düşüktür. En yüksek bakır miktarına sahip Q. cerris bitkisi ilebeslenen larvalarda katalaz enzimi diğer bitkilerle beslenen larvalara göre yüksektir. En yüksek çinko veen düşük nikel miktarına sahip olan C. monogyna ile beslenen larvalarda glutatyon peroksidaz aktivitesien yüksektir. Düşük çinko ve yüksek nikel miktarına sahip olan E. rhamnoides ile beslenen larvalarda endüşük glutatyon peroksidaz aktivitesi bulunmuştur. En yüksek çinko içeren C. monogyna ile beslenenenfekte edilmiş larvalarda süperoksit dismutaz aktivitesi en yüksektir. Yüksek nikel ve bakır miktarınasahip E. rhamnoides ile beslenen larvalarda hemosit sayısı en yüksektir. En düşük hemosit sayısı ise nikelve bakır miktarının en az olduğu C. monogyna bitkisi ile beslenen larvalarda bulunmuştur. In this study, Malacosoma neustria larvae infected by Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki were fedwith 4 different types of plant species, Elaeagnus rhamnoides, Quercus cerris, Coryllus maxima andCrataegus monogyna, in order to see the effects of chromium, nickel, copper and zinc heavy metal ionsin plants on the survival and the immune enzymes of these larvae. The larvae fed the C. monogyna plantwith the highest zinc content had the lowest survival rate. In the infected groups, the catalase enzymeactivity was the highest in larvae fed with the Q. cerris plant, which has a high chromium content, andthe lowest in the larvae fed with E. rhamnoides. In the larvae fed with the highest copper-containing Q.cerris plant, the catalase enzyme was higher than the larvae fed with other plants. The larvae fed with C.monogyna with the highest zinc content had the highest glutathione peroxidase activity. The lowestglutathione peroxidase activity was found in the larvae fed with E. rhamnoides having low zinc content.Superoxide dismutase activity was the highest in the infected larvae fed with the highest zinc containingC. monogyna. The highest number of hemocytes were found in the larvae fed with E. rhamnoidescontaining high amounts of nickel and copper, while the lowest hemocyte count was found in larvae fedwith C. monogyna plant, where the amount of nickel and copper was the lowest.

Malacosoma neustria (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) causes economic losses in apple, pear, plum, willow, oak and other economically important trees. In this study, an alphabaculovirus was isolated from the larval population of M. neustria from Samsun in the central Black Sea Region of Turkey between 2015 and 2016. Electron microscope analysis of occlusion bodies (OBs) obtained from dead larvae showed that the nucleocapsids of a new isolate (ManeNPV-T4) are multiply enveloped. The Kimura two-parameter analysis and the phylogenetic tree were performed based on concatenated nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the partial lef-8, lef-9 and polh genes from ManeNPV-T4 isolate compared to those of other 51 baculoviruses. Insecticidal activity tests against third instar M. neustria larvae produced 48 to 100% mortalities. The LC 50 of ManeNPV-T4 was 0.78 x 10 3 OBs/ml in M. neustria . Additionally, the isolate caused mortalities lower than 50% in Spodoptera exigua (Hubner, 1808) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) , Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) , Hyphantria cunea (Drury, 1773) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) and Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner, 1805) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. Consequently, the new nucleopolyhedrovirus is infectious on M. neustria larvae and other lepidopterans.

Malacosoma neustria (LINNAEUS, 1758) Neu für die Ionischen Inseln. Bei Vathi erschienen die Männchen i.A. (11.– 12.05.2002) und am Ormos Kakogilos i.M. (15.– 16.05.2002) am Licht. Die Raupen Ende April bis Mitte Mai sehr verbreitet und stellenweise häufig auf Kefalonia, Ithaka und Lefkada. Auch von Lefkada (Evgiris) aus dem Jahre 2003 gemeldet (DE FREINA & PIATKOWSKI, 2006: 250)., Published as part of Weidlich, Michael, 2016, Zur Schmetterlingsfauna der Ionischen Inseln Griechenlands mit der Beschreibung neuer Psychiden-Taxa sowie ein Beitrag zu ihrer Köcherfliegenfauna (Lepidoptera, Trichoptera), pp. 265-320 in Beiträge Zur Entomologie = Contributions to Entomology 66 (2) on page 282, DOI: 10.21248/contrib.entomol.66.2.265-320, http://zenodo.org/record/5372615, {"references":["FREINA, J. J. DE & PIATKOWSKI, H. - J. 2006: Beitrag zur Erfassung der Heteroceren Griechenlands (Lepidoptera). - Entomologische Zeitschrift 116 (6): 243 - 260."]}

Laboratory experments and field traits were carried out on the efficiency of selected three con-centrations of each Garlic Gard extract and a mix-ture of chili oil of mustard extract (Valoram) based on fourth instar larvae of the insect. Garlic Gard extract was used in a concentrations of: 1 cm3/L, 0.5 cm3/L and 0.25 cm3/L. The mortality percentages were: 87.5 %, 83.3 % and 66.6 % respectively. The mixture of chili extract and oil of mustard extract was used in a concentrations of : 2 cm3/L, 1 cm3/L and 0.5 cm3/L The mortality per-centages were : 100%, 100% and 73% respect-tively. Garlic Gard extract when used in a field with concentrations of : 8 cm3/L, 6 cm3/L and 4 cm3/L mortality percentages were: 23.3%, 3.3% and 3.3% respectively, and for pupation were : 83.3 %, 49.9% and 36.6% respectively, also the mixture of chili extract and oil of mustard was used in a concentrations of: 20 cm3/L, 10 cm3/L and 7 cm3/L the mortality percentage: 46.6%, 6.6% and 6.6% respectively. And for pupation: 89.9%, 83.3% and 66.6% respectively. Laboratory experiments showed that the mixture of chili ex-tract and of mustard oil was highly effective against insect and more effective than Garlic Gard extract. Field traits showed that both Garlic Gard extract and the mixture of chili extract, and oil of mustard showed repellent effect and Killer materi-als to insects. The mortality percentage was high in using Valoram in comparison with Garlic Gard.

Prikazujemo sedem vrst metuljev, ki obžirajo hrastove liste: gobar (Lymantria dispar), zeleni hrastov zavijač (Tortrix viridana), mali zimski pedic (Operophthera brumata), veliki zimski pedic (Erannis defoliaria), hrastov sprevodni prelec (Thaumetopoea processionea), zlatoritka (Euproctis chrysorrhoea) in prstaničar (Malacosoma neustria). L. dispar in T. viridana sta se v submediteranskem in predpanonskem območju Slovenije pojavljala večkrat v močnejših gradacijah in povzročala škode. Naslednje dve vrsti pri nas povzročata manjše golobrste predvsem v naravnih sestojih doba v Prekmurju in Krakovskem gozdu ter v sestojih termofilnih hrastov v primorskem območju. T. processionea, E. chrysorrhoea ter M. neustria sporadično povzročajo poškodbe listja hrastov. Ugotavljajo, da se metulji defoliatorji pojavljajo v evropskih gozdovih vse pogosteje in začenjajo ponovno povzročati velike škode.Tudi pri nas ugotavljamo v zadnjih letih ponavljajoče se golobrste v hrastovih sestojih. Na kratko je prikazana morfologija, bionomija, opis poškodb, morebitne zamenjave, gostitelji, najpomembnejši naravni sovražniki inza nekatere omenjene vrste tudi vzroki za nastanek in nadaljevanje gradacij ter ogroženost sestojev. In the present contribution seven species of butterflies on oaks (Quercus spp.) are presented: gypsy moath (Lymantria dispar), European oak leaf roller (Tortrix viridana), winter moth (Operophthera brumata), mottled umber moth (Erannis defoliaria), oak processionary moth (Thaumetopoea processionea), browntail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea) and lackey moth (Malacosoma neustria).L. dispar and T. viridana have appeared several times in the sub-mediterranean and sub-pannonic areas of Slovenia and have caused damage. The next two species cause less significant defoliation mostly in natural pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) stands in Prekmurje and in the Krakovo forest as well as in thermophyllic oak stands in the coastal region. T. processionea, E. chrysorrhoea and M. neustria cause damage on oaks sporadically. Researchers state that butterflies which defoliate forests are appearing more frequently in Europe and are starting to cause extensive damagein forests again. Recently, in Slovenia the situation in oaks forests isthe same. A short description of the insects' morphology, bionomy, a description of damage, possible misidentifications, hosts, their most important natural enemies, causes of beginning or continuation of their outbreaks and their threat to forests are given.

The crystalline material covering the cocoon of Malacosoma neustria testacea (Lasiocampidae, Lepidoptera) was analyzed physically and chemically. The mean component was identified as calcium oxalate monohydrate, and the crystals were found to be whewellite in form.

A review is given of the recurrent outbreaks of the tentcaterpillar, Malacosoma neustria L., affecting the elm trees in the city of Amsterdam in the period 1930—1957. An outbreak of the brown tail moth, Euproctis chrysorrhoea L., in 1935—1936 is also mentioned and some occasional loss of foliage through the caterpillars of the vapourer moth, Orgyia antiqua L. Large fluctuations in the size of the Malacosoma populations were found. After some years in which the damage was negligeable, the increase always started in the N.W. part of the centre of the city. In the following years the outbreaks moved to adjacent parts of the centre and finally sometimes even to more eccentric parts (see Fig. 6—9). However, the occurrence of really harmful numbers of tentcaterpillars was mostly restricted to the centre of the town. The merits of the control measures which were carried out with derris/talcum powder spread by motordusters are discussed. The insecticide was thought to be the only sufficiently harmless for its use in the centre of a city. Some cases of defoliation and other inconveniences caused by the presence of crowds of caterpillars could apparently be reduced by the control measures. In several instances, however, the efficacy of the method remained doubtful. The urgency is stressed of further studies of the bionomics of Malacosoma under local conditions and some suggestions are made for a better organization of the measures applied.

A review is given of the recurrent outbreaks of the tentcaterpillar, Malacosoma neustria L., affecting the elm trees in the city of Amsterdam in the period 1930—1957. An outbreak of the brown tail moth, Euproctis chrysorrhoea L., in 1935—1936 is also mentioned and some occasional loss of foliage through the caterpillars of the vapourer moth, Orgyia antiqua L. Large fluctuations in the size of the Malacosoma populations were found. After some years in which the damage was negligeable, the increase always started in the N.W. part of the centre of the city. In the following years the outbreaks moved to adjacent parts of the centre and finally sometimes even to more eccentric parts (see Fig. 6—9). However, the occurrence of really harmful numbers of tentcaterpillars was mostly restricted to the centre of the town. The merits of the control measures which were carried out with derris/talcum powder spread by motordusters are discussed. The insecticide was thought to be the only sufficiently harmless for its use in the centre of a city. Some cases of defoliation and other inconveniences caused by the presence of crowds of caterpillars could apparently be reduced by the control measures. In several instances, however, the efficacy of the method remained doubtful. The urgency is stressed of further studies of the bionomics of Malacosoma under local conditions and some suggestions are made for a better organization of the measures applied.