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Dynamic activation (DA) techniques, such as DejaVu and MoEfication, have demonstrated their potential to significantly enhance the inference efficiency of large language models (LLMs). However, these techniques often rely on ReLU activation functions or require additional parameters and training to maintain performance. This paper introduces a training-free Threshold-based Dynamic Activation(TDA) method that leverage sequence information to exploit the inherent sparsity of models across various architectures. This method is designed to accelerate generation speed by 18-25\% without significantly compromising task performance, thereby addressing the limitations of existing DA techniques. Moreover, we delve into the root causes of LLM sparsity and theoretically analyze two of its critical features: history-related activation uncertainty and semantic-irrelevant activation inertia. Our comprehensive analyses not only provide a robust theoretical foundation for DA methods but also offer valuable insights to guide future research in optimizing LLMs for greater efficiency and effectiveness.

The dependence of the sources and properties of the near-Earth solar wind on solar cycle activity is an important issue in solar and space physics. We use the improved two-step mapping procedure that takes into account the initial acceleration processes to trace the near-Earth solar winds back to their source regions from 1999 to 2020, covering solar cycles (SCs) 23 and 24. Then the solar wind is categorized into coronal hole (CH), active region (AR), and quiet Sun (QS) solar wind based on the source region types. We find that the proportions of CH and AR (QS) wind during SC 23 are higher (lower) than those during SC 24. During solar maximum and declining phases, the magnetic field strength, speed, helium abundance (AHe), and charge states of all three types of solar wind during SC 23 are generally higher than those during SC 24. During solar minimum, these parameters of solar wind are generally lower during SC 23 than those during SC 24. There is a significant decrease in the charge states of all three types of solar wind during the solar minimum of SC 23. The present statistical results demonstrate that the sources and properties of the solar wind are both influenced by solar cycle amplitude. The temperatures of AR, QS, and CH regions exhibit significant difference at low altitudes, whereas they are almost uniform at high altitudes., Comment: 21 pages, 11 figures

Massive Over-activation Yielded Uplifts(MOYU) is an inherent property of large language models, and dynamic activation(DA) based on the MOYU property is a clever yet under-explored strategy designed to accelerate inference in these models. Existing methods that utilize MOYU often face a significant 'Impossible Trinity': struggling to simultaneously maintain model performance, enhance inference speed, and extend applicability across various architectures. Due to the theoretical ambiguities surrounding MOYU, this paper elucidates the root cause of the MOYU property and outlines the mechanisms behind two primary limitations encountered by current DA methods: 1) history-related activation uncertainty, and 2) semantic-irrelevant activation inertia. Our analysis not only underscores the limitations of current dynamic activation strategies within large-scale LLaMA models but also proposes opportunities for refining the design of future sparsity schemes.

In this work, we systematically investigate the efficacy of dynamic activation mechanisms within the LLaMA family of language models. Despite the potential of dynamic activation methods to reduce computation and increase speed in models using the ReLU activation function, our empirical findings have uncovered several inherent pitfalls in the current dynamic activation schemes. Through extensive experiments across various dynamic activation strategies, we demonstrate that LLaMA models usually underperform when compared to their ReLU counterparts, particularly in scenarios demanding high sparsity ratio. We attribute these deficiencies to a combination of factors: 1) the inherent complexity of dynamically predicting activation heads and neurons; 2) the inadequate sparsity resulting from activation functions; 3) the insufficient preservation of information resulting from KV cache skipping. Our analysis not only sheds light on the limitations of dynamic activation in the context of large-scale LLaMA models but also proposes roadmaps for enhancing the design of future sparsity schemes.

Pipeline parallelism is an essential technique in the training of large-scale Transformer models. However, it suffers from imbalanced memory consumption, leading to insufficient memory utilization. The BPipe technique was proposed to address this issue and has proven effective in the GPT-3 model. Nevertheless, our experiments have not yielded similar benefits for LLaMA training. Additionally, BPipe only yields negligible benefits for GPT-3 training when applying flash attention. We analyze the underlying causes of the divergent performance of BPipe on GPT-3 and LLaMA. Furthermore, we introduce a novel method to estimate the performance of BPipe.

Motivated by the possibility of a strain tuning effect on electronic properties of graphene, the semimetal-Mott insulator transition process on the uniaxial honeycomb lattice is numerically studied using Determinant Quantum Monte Carlo. As our simulations are based on the half-filled repulsive Hubbard model, the system is sign problem free. Herein, the temperature-dependent DC conductivity is used to characterize electronic transport properties. The data suggest that metallic is suppressed in the presence of strain. More interestingly, within the finite-size scaling study, a novel antiferromagnetic phase arises at around $U\sim U_{c}$. Therefore, a phase diagram generated by the competition between interactions and strain is established, which may help to expand the application of strain effect on graphene., Comment: Published version

The shapes and morphology of the organs and tissues are important prior knowledge in medical imaging recognition and segmentation. The morphological operation is a well-known method for morphological feature extraction. As the morphological operation is performed well in hand-crafted image segmentation techniques, it is also promising to design an approach to approximate morphological operation in the convolutional networks. However, using the traditional convolutional neural network as a black-box is usually hard to specify the morphological operation action. Here, we introduced a 3D morphological operation residual block to extract morphological features in end-to-end deep learning models for semantic segmentation. This study proposed a novel network block architecture that embedded the morphological operation as an infinitely strong prior in the convolutional neural network. Several 3D deep learning models with the proposed morphological operation block were built and compared in different medical imaging segmentation tasks. Experimental results showed the proposed network achieved a relatively higher performance in the segmentation tasks comparing with the conventional approach. In conclusion, the novel network block could be easily embedded in traditional networks and efficiently reinforce the deep learning models for medical imaging segmentation.

2G high temperature superconducting (HTS) wires, YBCO coated conductors, perform a better carrying current capability, which is potentially applied in the manufacture of HTS magnets. This paper presents the experimental results of the pumping current for YBCO coils using a pulse-type magnetic flux pump in the conduction-cooling system and liquid nitrogen bath (LN2) cryogenic environment. Optimization of the flux pump used in the conduction-cooling system is that a constantan heater was added to keep the temperature of the pumping bridge at a certain value. Excitation effects of the YBCO coil at different temperatures were investigated in the conduction-cooling system. A fast-increasing of pumping current in the YBCO coil occurs when the temperature of the YBCO sheet (i.e., pumping bridge) is in the range of 50 K to 80 K. The relationships between saturated pumping current and input voltage, working frequency, numbers of magnetic poles were also studied. Using the seven-pole configuration, the saturated current can reach 155 A when the frequency is 20 Hz and the voltage is 6 V. The excitation characteristics of the flux pump in the LN2 cooling system show the possibility of the pulse-type magnetic flux pump for the practical application of HTS magnets.