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Objective We aimed to examine white matter microstructure and connectivity in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and their unaffected siblings, relative to healthy controls. Methods Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) scans were acquired in 30 patients with OCD, 21 unaffected siblings, and 31 controls. We examined white matter microstructure using measures of fractional anisotropy (FA), radial diffusivity (RD), and axial diffusivity (AD). Structural networks were examined using network-based statistic (NBS). Results Compared to controls, OCD patients showed significantly reduced FA and increased RD in clusters traversing the left forceps minor, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, anterior thalamic radiation, and cingulum. Furthermore, the OCD group displayed significantly weaker connectivity (quantified by the streamline count) compared to controls in the right hemisphere, most notably in edges connecting subcortical structures to temporo-occipital cortical regions. The sibling group showed intermediate streamline counts, FA and RD values between OCD and healthy control groups in connections found to be abnormal in patients with OCD. However, these reductions did not significantly differ compared to controls. Conclusion Therefore, siblings of OCD patients display intermediate levels in dMRI measures of microstructure and connectivity, suggesting white matter abnormalities might be related to the familial predisposition for OCD.

We aimed to examine the whole-brain white matter connectivity and local topology of reward system nodes in patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and unaffected siblings, relative to healthy comparison individuals. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans were acquired from 18 patients with AUD, 15 unaffected siblings of AUD patients and 15 healthy controls. Structural networks were examined using network-based statistic and connectomic analysis. Connectomic analysis showed a significant ordered difference in normalized rich club organization (AUD Sibling > AUD) for both nodal clustering coefficient and nodal local efficiency in reward system nodes, particularly left caudate, right putamen and left hippocampus. Network-based statistic analyses showed that AUD group had significantly weaker connectivity than controls in the right hemisphere, mostly in the edges connecting putamen and hippocampus with other brain regions. Our results suggest that reward system network abnormalities, especially in subcortical structures, and impairments in rich-club organization might be related to the familial predisposition for AUD.

WOS: 000368752800003, PubMed ID: 26773986, Background: Dimensional Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (DY-BOCS) is a promising scale for assessing frequency and severity of symptom dimensions. The main objective of the study was to assess the psychometric properties of the DY-BOCS in a large sample of children and adolescents from Turkey. Methods: We studied 143 children and adolescents, 7-18 years, with well characterized DSM-IV-R OCD, ascertained from seven collaborating university or state hospital sites. We compared the DY-BOCS scores with the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS), the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) and the Child Behavior Checklist 6-18 years (CBCL 6-18). Results: The internal consistency of the DY-BOCS symptom dimensions and inter-rater agreement of component scores were excellent. The agreement between global DY-BOCS score and the total CY-BOCS score was highly significant (Pearson's r = 0.55, p < 0.0001). Severity scores for individual symptom dimensions were independent of one another, only modestly correlating with the global ratings, and were also differentially related to ratings of depression, anxiety and tic severity. Conclusion: The DY-BOCS is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing multiple aspects of OCD symptom severity in children and adolescents from Turkey. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved., Fogarty/NIH ICOHRTA [5D43TW005807]; NIH/Fogarty International Center MHDD Research Training Program at the Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Developmental Medicine, Harvard Medical School [5D43TW005807], The research was funded in part by Fogarty/NIH ICOHRTA grant 5D43TW005807 and Dr. AS Guler was supported by the NIH/Fogarty International Center MHDD Research Training Program (5D43TW005807, PI, Dr. K. Munir) at the Boston Children's Hospital, Division of Developmental Medicine, Harvard Medical School.

Background and Objectives: There is growing research indicating that event centrality strongly predicts posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, there is not much research on what makes a traumatic event central to one's life story. One reason a traumatic memory becomes a reference point for one's life story is that it brings about significant changes in one's life. This study investigated the relationships between transitional impact of an event, event centrality, and PTSD symptoms. Specifically, it tested whether higher negative changes were associated with higher levels of event centrality and PTSD symptoms. It also investigated whether event centrality mediated the relationship between transitional impact and PTSD severity. Methods: 101 individuals diagnosed with PTSD completed the Transitional Impact Scale (TIS), Centrality of Event Scale, and Impact of Event Scale-Revised regarding their traumatic experiences. Furthermore, they responded to the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Scale-Self Report (PSS-SR), Traumatic Events Checklist (TELC), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Results and Conclusions: Results indicate that (a) the TIS had valid and reliable psychometric properties in a PTSD sample, (b) most of the traumatic events received high negative psychological and material change scores, and (c) event centrality mediated the relationship between transitional impact and PTSD severity.

Cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT), antidepressants and neuromodulation techniques are current treatment options used in various stages of treatment procedure for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The factors that disparate treatment options from psychological approaches to invasive surgical techniques in a psychiatric disorder have in common have scarcely been described in the relevant literature. Cognitive neuropsychological model (CNM) as a novel approach offers a common framework in which psychological and neurobiological models of different psychopathologies are reconciled by means of impaired emotional processing. In this paper, an integrated approach of disrupted top-down and bottom-up emotional processing has been described to understand the efficacy of the different treatment modalities for OCD. In this model, the cognitive therapy is proposed to contribute to the gradual breakdown of schemata through the effect on top-down emotional processing instead of acting on information processing biases directly. Antidepressant drugs and behavioral therapy are proposed to alter the brain's emotion processing in a bottom-up process. Resistance to pharmacotherapy and CBT is a common problem in the patients with OCD, and a lot of factors have been described as negative predictors of these treatment options. The severity of symptoms, presence of specific symptoms, poorer insight, high level of dissociation and family accommodation are the factors associated with resistance to both pharmacotherapy and CBT. The underlying reasons establishing an association between the presence of these diverse factors and treatment resistance were discussed in the context of CNM.

The predictive value of interpersonal schemas, perfectionism, and thought action-fusion in obsessive-compulsive disorder Objective: Cognitive vulnerability factors are central in the etiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Nosological classifications among symptom clusters have been developed to enable the understanding of possible mechanisms underlying obsessive compulsive symptoms. Previous researchers have emphasized that perfectionist attitudes and thought action-fusion link to increase in obsessive compulsive symptom severity in clinical and nonclinical samples. However, multi-dimensional relations between obsessive compulsive symptoms and vulnerability factors such as interpersonal schemas have received little attention. This study examined connections between cognitive vulnerability factors and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Method: The data collected from 263 university students. Associations between variables were analyzed by using structural equation modeling. Results: The results of the study indicated that dysfunctional interpersonal schemas were the most hazardous factors that predict perfectionist attitudes, thought action-fusion, and symptom severity in obsessive compulsive disorder. Washing and precision were the final manifestation symptoms mediated by checking. Maladaptive interpersonal schemas, perfectionist attitudes, and thought action-fusion were all vulnerability agents in the development of obsessive compulsive symptoms. Checking played a prominent role in exacerbation of obsessive –compulsive symptoms. Conclusion: Onset and maintenance of obsessive-compulsive disorder is a multidimensional process. Negativistic interpersonal beliefs seem to be an important risk factor. Findings are discussed in the light of current theoretical considerations.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the symptoms of psychopathology caused by the shift-work and to evaluate their impact on the quality of life. Method: Forty-two nurses working at daytime and 45 nurses working at the night shift were evaluated with Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R) and Short Form 36 (SF-36) for assessing general psychiatric symptoms and quality of life. Results: Shift-work nurses reported significantly higher somatization, obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety, paranoid ideation and global severity index scores than daytime nurses. Significant differences were not found in the depression, hostility, phobic anxiety and psychoticism scores. Shift-work nurses also reported significantly worse scores on pain and physical function compared with daytime nurses. Conclusion: In our study, shift-work was shown to be a potential risk factor for increased psychiatric morbidity and low quality of life among nurses. Therefore, adjusting the work schedule with the potential problems of the workers may improve their life quality.

Twenty-eight subjects with and 46 subjects without sleep-related violence (VBS) were evaluated regarding the presence of self-mutilative behaviors (SMBs). The subjects with and without VBS were compared using dissociative experiences scale (DES). The subjects with VBS had higher mean DES score and more frequent SMBs than those without VBS. These findings suggest that dissociation may be related to both daytime SMBs and violent behaviors during sleep in young population.

A majority of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) do not seek health care. To better understand why not, health care-seekers (HCS) with OCD (n = 25) were compared with non-health care-seekers (NHCS) with OCD (n = 23) regarding their sociodemographic variables, symptom severity, types of obsessions and compulsions, 'insight degree, comorbid diagnosis, and quality-of-life (QOL) level. There was no significant difference for sociodemographic characteristics between the groups. NHCS scored significantly lower on a measure of illness severity than HCS. The NHCS group had significantly poorer insight degree than the HCS group. Aggressive and religious obsessions were significantly less identified in the NHCS group compared to the HCS group. NHCS were significantly less likely to have comorbid diagnosis than HCS. The NHCS group reported significantly worse levels of QOL in psychological health and level of independence domains. To identify the predictors of health care seeking behavior, probable variables were entered in a logistic regression model. Insight degree and level of independence emerged as the predictors of health care seeking. Our results suggest that health care seeking behavior in OCD is associated with the individuals' ability to recognize their symptoms as a disorder and subjective interpretation regarding the impact of OCD on their level of independence. Results of the present study extend findings of two recent studies that have investigated factors related to health care seeking in OCD. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Introduction: The current article addresses the validation of the construct of obsessional probabilistic inference in clinical and non-clinical samples. Obsessional probabilistic inference or obsessional doubt refers to a type of inferential process resulting in the belief that a state of affairs “maybe” causes development of a maladaptive cognitive coping style in terms of obsessing. Methods: The latent structure of the Obsessional Probabilistic Inference Scale (OPIS) was evaluated with confirmatory factor analysis. Results: Explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses indicated that a one-factor solution was satisfactory for the instrument, assessing a unidimensional psychological construct. The OPIS was shown to have high internal consistency in all samples, as well as temporal stability, relying on predominantly non-clinical individuals. The scale exhibited high convergent validity and successfully discriminated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder from both depressive patients and controls. Conclusion: The findings replicated and extended the role of reasoning process in the development and maintenance of obsessive compulsive symptoms. The results are discussed in regard to assumptions of the inference-based approach to obsessive-compulsive disorder. (Archives of Neuropsychiatry 2014; 51: 355-362)

Objective: Our aim was to investigate cognitive models of OCD via the influence of mothers' cognitive appraisals on children's cognitions and OCD symptoms. Method: Our sample consisted of 21 adolescents with OCD, their mothers and 27 parent child dyads for control group without OCD. Subjects with OCD and their mothers were administered The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), The Thought Action Fusion Scale (TAFS), The White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI), The Padua Inventory-Revised (PI-R) and The Penn Inventory of Scrupulosity (PIS). Results: While the BDI (t = 2.18, p < 0.05) and TAF Morality (t = 2.18, p < 0.05) scores of the mothers of OCD subjects were significantly higher than the mothers of control subjects, the comparisons for the PI, TAF likelihood and PIOS scores of groups were not significant. Intradyadic correlation revealed significant relationships for PI-Rumination, PI-Checking and WBSI scales between the scores of parent and child in OCD dyads, (respectively, r = 0.49, P = 0.11; r = 0.37, P = 0.045; and r = 0.47, P = 0.014). There was no significant relationship in the control group. Conclusion: Our results partially supported that mothers' cognitive appraisals are associated with the cognitive appraisal of adolescents. A cognitive intradyadic interaction between mother and child might be more likely in the presence of OCD in adolescents. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Introduction: The Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R) is a widely used self-report instrument developed to overcome the problems with the available instruments. The aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the revised Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (OCI-R) in Turkish sample. Methods: The psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R) were assessed in clinical samples (n44 for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and n44 for patients with major depression (MD) and a non-clinical student sample (n287). Results: The confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the original six-factor structure was valid in the Turkish sample. The overall and each of the subscales showed moderate to good internal consistency and convergent validity as well as test-retest reliability. However, the Cronbachs alpha was excessively low for the hoarding subscale in the OCD group. The total and subscale scores of the OCI-R satisfied at discriminating patients with OCD from both patients with MD and healthy controls, with an exception of the neutralizing subscale. Conclusion: The Turkish version of the OCI-R did not reveal sound psychometric properties. Findings are discussed in the light of current theoretical considerations., Giriş: Obsesif-Kompulsif Envanteri-Revize (OKE-R) varolan ölçme araçlarındaki sorunların üstesinden gelebilmek amacıyla geliştirilmiş yaygın olarak kullanılan bir öz değerlendirme aracıdır. Bu çalışmada, Obsesif-Kompulsif Envanterinin revize edilmiş formunun Türk örneklemindeki psikometrik özelliklerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Obsesif-Kompulsif Envanteri-Revizenin Türkçe formunun psikometrik özellikleri klinik örneklemlerde (obsesif-kompulsif bozukluk tanısı alan hastalarda n44 ve major depresyon tanısı alan hastalarda n44) ve klinik olmayan öğrenci örnekleminde (n287) ele alınmıştır. Bulgular: Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda orijinal altı faktörlü yapının Türk örnekleminde geçerli olduğu bulunmuştur. Ölçeğin tümü ve alt ölçekler için orta düzeyden yükseğe doğru değişen düzeylerde iç tutarlılık, birlikte geçerlik ve test tekrar test geçerliği değerleri elde edilmiştir. İstifleme alt ölçeği için obsesif kompulsif grupta çok düşük Cronbach alfa değeri elde edilmiştir. Nötürleştirme alt ölçeği dışında toplam puanların ve alt ölçeklerin genel olarak obsesif kompulsif bozukluğu olan hastaları sağlıklı kontrollerden ve major depresyon hastalarından başarıyla ayırt edebildiği görülmüştür. Sonuç: Obsesif-Kompulsif Envanteri-Revizenin Türkçe formu için yeterli psikometrik özellikler saptanmamıştır. Bulgular konuya ilişkin kuramsal tartışmaların ışığında ele alınmıştır.

Objective: There is mounting evidence indicating that oxidative and inflammatory processes may have an important role in the pathogenesis of panic disorder (PD). PD is a heterogeneous disease, and panic attacks are divided according to the different symptom clusters as respiratory, nocturnal, non-fearful, cognitive, or vestibular subtypes. The aim of this study was to compare whole-blood and serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase and adenosine deaminase activities in PD patients with/without nocturnal, respiratory subtypes and healthy subjects. Methods: The study was conducted including 60 patients with PD and 30 healthy control subjects. The Panic Attack Symptom Checklist, Panic and Agoraphobia Scale, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale were administered to the patients. Biochemical analyses were performed after all the blood samples were collected. Results: We found that whole-blood SOD and glutathione peroxidase activities of patients were significantly lower and adenosine deaminase activities of patients were higher than those of healthy controls. There were no statistically significant differences between respiratory and nocturnal subtypes. In addition, there were no marked relationships between the duration of illness and panic-agoraphobia scores of patients with nocturnal subtypes. Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale scores of patients with the nocturnal subtype were markedly higher than those of patients without the nocturnal subtype. Conclusion: The results suggest that oxidative and inflammatory processes may play a role in the pathophysiology of PD. These findings may support the idea that both nocturnal and respiratory subtypes of PD have different symptom clusters of the same disease. Copyright (C) 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel Objective: There is mounting evidence indicating that oxidative and inflammatory processes may have an important role in the pathogenesis of panic disorder (PD). PD is a heterogeneous disease, and panic attacks are divided according to the different symptom clusters as respiratory, nocturnal, non-fearful, cognitive, or vestibular subtypes. The aim of this study was to compare whole-blood and serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase and adenosine deaminase activities in PD patients with/without nocturnal, respiratory subtypes and healthy subjects. Methods: The study was conducted including 60 patients with PD and 30 healthy control subjects. The Panic Attack Symptom Checklist, Panic and Agoraphobia Scale, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale were administered to the patients. Biochemical analyses were performed after all the blood samples were collected. Results: We found that whole-blood SOD and glutathione peroxidase activities of patients were significantly lower and adenosine deaminase activities of patients were higher than those of healthy controls. There were no statistically significant differences between respiratory and nocturnal subtypes. In addition, there were no marked relationships between the duration of illness and panic-agoraphobia scores of patients with nocturnal subtypes. Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale scores of patients with the nocturnal subtype were markedly higher than those of patients without the nocturnal subtype. Conclusion: The results suggest that oxidative and inflammatory processes may play a role in the pathophysiology of PD. These findings may support the idea that both nocturnal and respiratory subtypes of PD have different symptom clusters of the same disease.

IntroductionCognitive models hypothesize that certain dysfunctional beliefs leading to misinterpretation of the significance of intrusions are important in the etiology and maintenance of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). There is no consensus about which characteristics of OCD patients more likely to be associated with better treatment response.ObjectivesWe aimed to investigate whether obsessive beliefs change over time in the OCD patients receiving Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. We also investigated the effect of change in obsessive beliefs on psychopharmacological treatment response.MethodsA sample of 75 patients with OCD were interviewed the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). To measure dysfunctional beliefs, they were administered the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire-44 (OBQ-44) which contains three subscales; threat overestimation and responsibility, importance and control of intrusive thoughts, and perfectionism and need for certainty.ResultsThe seventy-six percent (n=57) patients completed the treatment period and they were reassessed after 12 weeks with the Y-BOCS, HDRS and OBQ-44. The mean change scores of responders for OBQ-44 Responsibility/Threat Estimation and OBQ-44 Perfectionism/Certainty were not significantly differing from those of non-responders. The mean change in responders for OBQ-44 Importance/Control of Thoughts and HDRS were significantly higher than non responders.ConclusionsOur results suggest that treatment response to pharmacotherapy in OCD is negatively associated with the obsessive beliefs about perfectionism and certainty. The alleviation of negative mood by SRIs may not allow the sufferer disengages from dysfunctional appraisals.

Objective: We aimed to assess whether cognitive processes change over time in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) receiving selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors without cognitive behavioral therapy and to investigate the factors associated with probable cognitive changes. Methods: During the 16 weeks of the study, 55 patients who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, criteria for OCD received open-label treatment with sertraline (100-200 mg/d) or fluoxetine (40-80 mg/d) and were assessed using the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Thought-Action Fusion Scale (TAFS), Metacognitions Questionnaire (MCQ-30), and White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI). Results: The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (P < .001), BDI (P < .001), TAFS morality (P < .005), MCQ-30 (P < .01), and WBSI (P < .005) scores at follow-up were significantly lower than baseline scores. When we excluded OCD patients with depressive disorder (n = 12), statistical significance in paired comparisons for MCQ and WBSI disappeared. Similarly, when OCD patients with religious obsessions (n = 16) were excluded, paired comparisons for MCQ and TAF morality were not statistically significant. Changes in BDI, TAFS morality, MCQ-30, and WBSI (P < .005) were significantly correlated with changes in severity of obsessions, but not that of compulsions. After controlling for the change in depression severity, significant correlations between changes in obsessive and cognitive scales did not continue to have statistical significance. The BDI changes (P < .05) significantly explained the changes in symptom severity in a linear regression model. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors can change appraisals of obsessive intrusions via their effects on negative emotions.

Inconsistent results have been found in the studies evaluating the effect of both total and partial sleep deprivation (SD) on mood in healthy subjects and a few variables have been analyzed as possible predictors. In the present study, we examined whether circadian preference modifies the effect of SD on mood changes in healthy subjects. Sample consisted of 60 healthy volunteers (including 30 morningness and 30 eveningness subjects). Then, the two groups were again divided into two groups for two SD procedures. Fifteen morningness and 15 eveningness chronotypes were total sleep deprived and 15 morningness and 15 eveningness subjects were partial sleep deprived. The mood changes were evaluated before and after SD using Profile of Mood States. Two main results were obtained from our study: a significant increase in depression subscale in morningness chronotypes and a significant decrease in depression subscale score after total SD (TSD) in eveningness chronotypes. The changes in depression-dejection scores of eveningness chronotypes after total (P < 0.01) and partial SD (P < 0.01) were significantly different from changes in morningness chronotypes after TSD. Our results suggest that the effect of SID on mood in normal subjects is related to their circadian preferences. The morningness or eveningness characteristics of the shift workers have significant impact on their mood states. Therefore, adjusting the work schedule with the morningness and eveningness characteristics of the workers may improve their mood alterations.

Objective: To examine serum lipid levels in patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and to test whether panic symptoms affect lipid concentrations in OCD patients. Methods: We assessed 33 OCD patients and 33 healthy control subjects matched for sex and age. Results: OCD patients had higher low-density lipoprotein, very-low-density lipoprotein, and tryglyceride levels, but lower high-density lipoprotein levels, than normal control subjects. We also found that only OCD patients with panic attacks had higher serum lipid concentrations, compared with normal control subjects. Serum lipid levels of pure OCD patients did not differ from control values. Conclusion: These findings suggest that high serum lipid concentrations are related to panic anxiety rather than other symptoms of the illness.

Introduction Unfortunately, many patients who remit fully or partially from an episode of major depression continue to have difficulty in achieving the recovery. Objectives Our study assesses the effect of some probable risk factors on the non-recovery in a group of major depressive patients. Methods Sixty patients, 18 to 65 years of age, with current major depressive disorder defined using DSM-IV-TR criteria were participated in the study. They began a 24-week course of open-label acute plus continuation phase treatment mainly with SSRIs, especially escitalopram. Maintenance treatment was not planned for not affecting the natural course. All participants were evaluated by CGI-S, BDI, HAMD-17, PSQI, and ISI at weeks 0, 4, 12, 24, and 52. Results Logistic regression analysis was done to predict the effect of some probable risk factors that obtained from 1st evaluation (at week 0) on the non-recovery (at week 52) and current age, number of previous episodes, age of first depressive episode, and episode type (first-episode versus double or chronic or recurrent) were found to be statistically significant. Conclusions Early recognition of the socio-demographic and clinical risk factors impairing the recovery process of the major depressive disorder may be important for developing an individualised treatment plan.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada yas tutan bireylerde görülen yas tepkilerinin Şiddetini değerlendiren CBI’nın (Core Bereavement Items) Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirliğinin araştırılması amaçlandı. Yöntemler: Araştırmanın örneklemini 50 birey oluşturdu. Bu bireyler birinci derece yakınlarından sevdiği birini en az 1 ay önce, en fazla 2 ay önce kaybetmiş bireylerdi. Bu gruba “yas grubu” adı verildi. İkinci grup olarak, birinci dereceden sevdiği bir yakınını 5 yıl içerisinde kaybetmiş olmayan 50 birey çalışmaya dahil edildi. Ölçeğin iç tutarlılığı Cronbach-· istatistiği ve Pearson bağıntı analizi ile araştırıldı. İki farklı uygulama zamanında CBI toplam puanlarının test-tekrar test güvenirliği bağımlı gruplarda t testi ve Pearson bağıntı analizi uygulanarak değerlendirildi. Yas grubu ve 2. grubun toplam puanları bağımsız gruplarda t testi kullanılarak geçerliğe ilişkin kanıtlar araştırıldı. Bulgular: Ölçek toplam puanı yeterli bir test-tekrar test güvenirliği göstermiş ve iç tutarlığı yüksek (α=0.94) bulunmuştur. İç tutarlıkta Pearson bağıntı katsayısı da her bir madde için 0.46-0.87 arasında bulundu. Geçerlik analizinde 4., 8., 9. ve 10. maddeler dışında maddelerin tümü ve toplam puanları açısından ayırt edici bir geçerliğe sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Sonuç: Sonuçlar, CBI’nın Türkiye örneklemi için yas sürecindeki bireylerde yasın Şiddetini ve gelişimini değerlendirmede geçerli ve güvenilir bir araç olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Core Bereavement Items (CBI) that assess the intensities of the bereavement reaction of bereaved individuals. Methods: The study involved 50 bereaved subjects who had lost a loved one through death within the past two months and 50 unbereaved subjects who had not experience such a loss within the past 5 years or more prior to the test. Internal consistency and homogeneity were tested by the Cronbach’s and Pearson’s correlation coefficients. The student’s t-test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were used for rest-retest reliability. Validity was assessed with the student’s t-test in independent groups. Results: Psychometric analyses showed that the Turkish version of the CBI had a high internal consistency (α=0.94). As for internal consistency, the · ranged between 0.46 and 0.87 for each item. The items of the CBI discriminated the bereaved group from the unbereaved group, except for items 4, 8, 9, 10. Conclusion: The Turkish version of the CBI has appropriate reliability and validity for assessing the intensity of bereavement.

OZET: Sol temporal bolge lezyonu ile iliskili atipik psiki- yatrik semptomlara sahip iki olgu sunumu Genel tibbi durumla iliskili pek cok etmen psikiyatrik bozukluklara sebep olabilir ve beyin lezyonlari da ozellikle tipik olmayan belirti ve bulgular olusturmasi sebebiyle onemli bir risk faktorudur. Psikiyatrik belirtilerle beyin ici lezyonun tipi ve lokalizasyonu arasinda iliski vardir. Bu vaka sunumunda sol temporal bolgede lezyonu bulunan iki olgu dolayisiyla, belirgin norolojik belirtiler ortaya cikmadan gorulen karisik psikiyatrik belirtiler ve bu tur olgularda tedavi yaklasimlari tartisilacaktir. Her iki olgu da hem tani hem de tedavi acisindan klinisyenin beyin lezyonuna ikin- cil olarak olusan psikiyatrik bozukluklarin ayirici tanisinin yapilmasinda dikkatli olmasi gerektigini hatirlatmaktadir.