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Two meteor radars with enhanced power and sensitivity and located at closely conjugate latitudes (54.6degN and 53.8degS) are employed for inter-hemispheric comparisons of mean winds and planetary wave structures. Our study uses data from June 2008 through May 2010 during which both radars provided nearly continuous wind measurements from approx.80 to 100 km. Monthly mean winds at 53.8degS exhibit a somewhat stronger westward mean zonal jet in spring and early summer at lower altitudes and no westward monthly mean winds at higher altitudes. In contrast, westward mean winds of approx.5-10 m/s at 54.6degN extend to above 96 km during late winter and early spring each year. Equatorward monthly mean winds extend approximately from spring to fall equinox at both latitudes, with amplitudes of approx.5-10 m/s and more rapid decreases in amplitude at 54.6degN at higher altitudes. Meridional mean winds are more variable at both latitudes during fall and winter, with both poleward and equatorward monthly means indicating longer-period variability. Planetary waves seen in the 2-day mean data are episodic and variable at both sites, exhibit dominant periodicities of approx.8-10 and 16-20 days and are more confined to late fall and winter at 54.6degN. At both latitudes, planetary waves in the two period bands coincide closely in time and exhibit similar horizontal velocity covariances that are positive (negative) at 54.6degN (53.8degS) during peak planetary wave responses.

The purpose of this study is to seek observational evidence for diurnal, vertically propagating inertia-gravity waves (IGWs) in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT). Numerical modeling studies indicate that vertically propagating IGWs excited by tropical heating provide a significant source of momentum for the semiannual oscillation (SAO) in the equatorial zonal mean winds. The power spectrum of these waves has a strong diurnal component. We analyze global patterns of ascending and descending node differences in MLT satellite temperatures, which are assumed in this study to be proxies for waves of diurnal period. Juxtaposed upon the planetary-scale features are localized variations with longitudinal wavelengths ranging from 25 deg to 50 deg, and with vertical wavelengths between 13 and 25 km. These intermediate-scale variations are spatially coherent, and persist for several weeks. Their amplitudes generally increase with altitude, while their phase structures suggest both eastward and westward propagation. The variance of wave numbers 9-17 in the MLT is examined in relation to the underlying stratospheric zonal mean zonal gradient winds. Stronger variances generally coincide with periods where the underlying zonal mean winds are relatively light, or unidirectional. The weak inverse association between variance strength and zonal wind magnitude is suggestive of a wave filtering mechanism.

Combustion byproducts are numerous. A few examples of the gaseous byproducts include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen cyanide and ammonia. For detecting these chemical species, classic absorption spectroscopy has been used for many decades, but the sensitivity of steady-state methods is often unsuitable for the detection of trace compounds at the low levels (parts per million to parts per billion) appropriate for scientific purposes. This is particularly so for monitoring equipment, which must be compact and cost-effective, and which is often subjected to shock, vibration, and other environmental effects that can severely degrade the performance of high-sensitivity spectrometers in an aircraft. Steady-state techniques also suffer from a lack of specificity; the deconvolution of the spectra of complex mixtures is a laborious and error prone process. These problems are exacerbated in remote fiber-optic monitoring where, for practical reasons, the fundamental absorbance region of the spectrum (often between 3 and 8 microns) is inaccessible, and the low-strength, closely spaced, near-infrared overtone absorbance bands must be used. We circumvented these challenges by employing correlation spectroscopy, a variation of modulation spectroscopy.

This study presents a climatology of mesospheric and lower-thermospheric diurnal tidal winds obtained with the High Resolution Doppler Imager (HRDI) on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). The observations reveal that although tidal structures are present at all times, like the prevailing zonal winds, they exhibit significant semiannual as well as other shorter-term variations in amplitude. Results are presented for a period extending over more than one year from November 1991 to July 1993. The 1,1 diurnal tidal amplitude of the meridional component, characterized by the value at an altitude of 90 km and a latitude of 22 deg, ranges from a minimum at solstice of less than 20 m per sec to an equinox maximum of over 70 m per sec. The vertical wavelength and phase of the tide show only slight variations throughout the year, with a suggestion of semiannual variations in both.

A strong westward traveling oscillation, with a period of 2 days and zonal wave number 3, is observed in the mesospheric and lower thermospheric winds from the High Resolution Doppler Imager (HRDI) on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). The important events happen in January, July, and September/October, of which the occurrence in January is the strongest with an amplitude over 60 m/s. Detailed analyses for the periods of January 1992 and January 1993 reveal a cause-and-effect relationship in the wave developing process at 95 km. The global structures of the wave amplitude and phase are also presented.

This paper presents analyses of mesospheric and lower thermospheric zonal mean winds observed by the High Resolution Doppler Imager (HRDI) on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). Monthly averages of the equatorial zonal mean zonal winds are presented for January 1992 through June 1993. Equatorial zonal winds in the 70-90 km region are dominated by a semiannual oscillation (SAO), ranging from 30 m/s (westerly) to -100 m/s (easterly). At high latitudes the zonal wind variations are predominantly annual. Above 90 km, the low-latitude flow is easterly at all times, punctuated by a small semiannual variation. This behavior may be related to the deposition of momentum by the diurnal tides.

Wind fields in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere are obtained with the High Resolution Doppler Imager (HRDI) on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) by observing the Doppler shifts of emission lines in the O2 Atmospheric band. The validity of the measured winds depends on an accurate knowledge of the positions on the detector of the observed lines in the absence of a wind-induced Doppler shift. These positions have been determined to an accuracy of approximately 5 m/s from the comparison of winds measured by HRDI with those obtained by MF radars. Excellent agreement is found between HRDI measured winds and winds observed with radars and rockets. In addition, the sensitivity of HRDI to migrating tides and other large scale waves is demonstrated.

Preliminary experimental results on systems designed to demonstrate sensor operation in regenerative food production and crew air supply applications are presented. The systems use conventional fibers and sources in conjunction with custom wavelength division multiplexers in their optical signal processing sections and nonstandard porous optical fibers in the optical sensing elements. It is considered to be possible to create practical sensors for life-support system applications, and particularly, in regenerative food production environments, based on based on reversible sensors for oxygen, carbon monoxide, and humidity.

Given a directed graph, a natural topology is defined and relationships between standard topological properties and graph theoretical concepts are studied. In particular, the properties of connectivity and separatedness are investigated. A metric is introduced which is shown to be related to separatedness. The topological notions of continuity and homeomorphism. A class of maps is studied which preserve both graph and topological properties. Applications involving strong maps and contractions are also presented.