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The majority of esophageal squamous dysplasia (ESD) patients progress slowly, while a subset of patients can undergo recurrence rapidly or progress to invasive cancer even after proper treatment. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these clinical observations are still largely unknown.

Accurately estimating the state of charge （SOC） of energy storage batteries is of paramount importance for achieving balanced charging and discharging， and mitigating capacity degradation caused by overcharging and overdischarging. In view of the complex chemical states and nonlinear time-varying characteristics of SOC in energy storage batteries， this paper proposes a joint SOC estimation method for lithium-ion batteries based on the variable forgetting factor recursive least squares （VFFRLS） and unscented Kalman filter （UKF） algorithms. The VFFRLS algorithm is employed for online identification of battery model parameters such as resistance and capacitance， and based on the identification results， the UKF algorithm is utilized for real-time SOC estimation. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed joint method exhibits high accuracy and stability.

As the societal demand for electricity rises and extreme weather events become more frequent， power interruptions are occurring， leading to a decline in the quality of electricity for users such as residential communities. In response to this issue， a study was conducted on the operational strategies of residential microgrids incorporating emergency power sources. Initially， a model for a residential microgrid incorporating emergency power sources was established， including distributed PV， energy storage， electric vehicles， and other control resources. Subsequently， in regular conditions， a risk assessment and energy pre-management strategy was proposed with the objective of minimizing electricity purchase costs and constraining energy storage. In the event of external power supply interruptions， while ensuring the normal supply of essential loads， an emergency energy management strategy was introduced with the goals of maximizing resource utilization and minimizing operational costs， using energy storage capacity as a constraint. Finally， the effectiveness of the proposed operational strategies was validated through simulation experiments simulating load interruptions in residential communities. This operational strategy effectively addresses power interruptions in residential communities， balancing the security and reliability of residential power supply while considering the utilization rate of emergency power resources and economic operational benefits.

The purpose of this paper is to obtain the temperature variation characteristics of the optical phase conductor, the criteria of whether the transmission line is covered by ice or not and the methods for predicting the thickness of ice for the case which is more close to the actual ambient temperature. In this paper,the 3D model of the temperature field of icing optical phase conductor is established when the ambient temperature conforms to the sine function,and the finite elements method is used to solve it. The amplitude and lagging phase characteristics of the temperature of the icing part and the uncoated part of the transmission line are analyzed. The relationship between the lagging phase and the fluctuating amplitude of ambient temperature is investigated. The results reveal that the effect of the fluctuating amplitude of ambient temperature on the lagging phase can be ignored. The relationship between the lagging phase and the thickness of ice is studied. Then the criteria of whether the transmission line is covered by ice or not and the prediction formula of the thickness of ice based on the lagging phase feature are proposed. Finally the variations of fiber temperature are modeled and obtained when the ambient temperature varies according to 4 nonsinusoidal functions,and the error of the prediction formula of ice thickness is analyzed based on this. The proposed icing criterion and the prediction formula of ice thickness based on lagging phase are validated by simulation.

For investigation of the temperature variation characteristics of the overhead transmission line under different meteorological conditions and the influence of wind speed on the effectiveness of the overhead transmission line icing monitoring based on the distributed optical fiber sensing technology,a 3D temperature field model for the ice-covered optical phase conductor is established. The variation characteristics of optical fiber temperature under different ambient temperature,wind speed and icing-thickness are analyzed and obtained using the finite element analysis. From this,the results reveal that the temperature difference between the icing part and the non-icing part is independent of the initial value of the ambient temperature,and the critical wind speed expression separately considering the rate of ambient temperature change or icing-thickness is provided. In addition,the critical wind speed value under the ambient temperature change rate and icing-thickness within the common range is presented. Based on the wind speed value and interpolation,a more accurate critical wind speed value can be given under the ambient temperature change rate and icing-thickness within the common range. It provides a reference for researching the temperature variation characteristics of ice-covered overhead transmission lines under different meteorological conditions and the influence of wind speed on the effectiveness of overhead transmission line icing monitoring based on distributed optical fiber sensing technology.

Aqueous Zn/V2O5 batteries are featured for high safety, low cost, and environmental compatibility. However, complex electrode components in real batteries impede the fundamental understanding of phase transition processes and intercalation chemistry. Here, model batteries based on V2O5 film electrodes which show similar electrochemical behaviors as the real ones are built. Advanced surface science characterizations of the film electrodes allow to identify intercalation trajectories of Zn2+, H2O, and H+ during V2O5 phase transition processes. Protons serve as the vanguard of intercalated species, facilitating the subsequent intercalation of Zn2+ and H2O. The increase of capacity in the activation process is mainly due to the transition from V2O5 to more active V2O5·nH2O structure caused by the partial irreversible deintercalation of H2O rather than the increase of active sites induced by the grain refinement of electrode materials. Eventually, accumulation of Zn species within the oxide electrode results in the formation of inactive (Zn3(OH)2V2O7·2H2O) structure. The established intercalation chemistry helps to design high‐performance electrode materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of Al–Li castings is significantly influenced by fluidity and hot tearing susceptibility (HTS), underscoring the importance of comprehending castability and the related influencing mechanisms. Hence, this work systematically explores the synergistic effect of in situ TiB2 particles and Ti solute on fluidity and HTS of the Al–Li alloys. The addition of Ti solutes or in situ TiB2 particles yields a discernible improvement in both the fluidity and HTS of the Al–Li alloys. Furthermore, their combined addition further enhances fluidity and reduces HTS, resulting in a significant 67.3% enhancement and a remarkable 59.1% decrease, respectively. To elucidate these underlying influencing mechanisms, experimental results were compared with predictions derived from numerical simulation using ProCAST software, alongside assessments based on the CSC and Kou's criteria. Numerical simulations closely align with experimental results. However, the CSC criterion and Kou's criterion exhibit discrepancies when compared to experimental observations, highlighting their limitations in capturing the nuanced effects of minor Ti addition or TiB2 particles on fluidity and HTS. Therefore, a comprehensive exploration of other influencing factors, encompassing microstructural features, solidification interval, and diverse thermophysical parameters, was thoroughly examined to uncover the influencing mechanisms. These outcomes are poised to offer profound insights into the fluidity and HTS of Al–Li alloys, thereby advancing the utilization and progression of cast Al–Li alloy applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dysregulation of the transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) signaling pathway regulates cancer stem cells (CSCs) and drug sensitivity, whereas it remains largely unknown how feedback regulatory mechanisms are hijacked to fuel drug‐resistant CSCs. Through a genome‐wide CRISPR activation screen utilizing stem‐like drug‐resistant properties as a readout, the TGF‐β receptor‐associated binding protein 1 (TGFBRAP1) is identified as a TGF‐β‐inducible positive feedback regulator that governs sensitivity to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and promotes liver cancer stemness. By interacting with and stabilizing the TGF‐β receptor type 1 (TGFBR1), TGFBRAP1 plays an important role in potentiating TGF‐β signaling. Mechanistically, TGFBRAP1 competes with E3 ubiquitin ligases Smurf1/2 for binding to TGFΒR1, leading to impaired receptor poly‐ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Moreover, hyperactive TGF‐β signaling in turn up‐regulates TGFBRAP1 expression in drug‐resistant CSC‐like cells, thereby constituting a previously uncharacterized feedback mechanism to amplify TGF‐β signaling. As such, TGFBRAP1 expression is correlated with TGFΒR1 levels and TGF‐β signaling activity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues, as well as overall survival and disease recurrence in multiple HCC cohorts. Therapeutically, blocking TGFBRAP1‐mediated stabilization of TGFBR1 by selective inhibitors alleviates Regorafenib resistance via reducing CSCs. Collectively, targeting feedback machinery of TGF‐β signaling pathway may be an actionable approach to mitigate drug resistance and liver cancer stemness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we report a counter-intuitive activation of abnormal grain growth (AGG) in randomly-oriented fine grains (FGs) in an L-PBF Al–Mg–Sc–Zr alloy, which is unlikely from perspectives of curvature-driven grain growth, crystallographic texture or strain-induced boundary migration. The observed spontaneous AGG is understood in light of the growth instability of an arbitrary grain in an evolving particle-pinned polycrystalline aggregation. A generalized criterion for AGG is hence proposed, which efficaciously explains the observed susceptibility of FGs to AGG, the presence of multiple AGG activation sites, and the asynchrony of AGG activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective Through the study of 4‐dimensional (4D) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) for lung tumor, the delineation of the lung tumor target area was analyzed, the accurate target area was received, and the radiation dose of normal tissue was compared . Methods The average 4DPET volume, 3DPET volume, average 4DCT volume, and 3DCT volume of 10 tumors were compared. Taking the relative difference between the average 4D volume and the 3D volume as the difference of the volumes, the influence of the tumor size and the range of motion for 4D volume and 3D volume were studied respectively, then the target areas were delineated respectively, and the radiation doses of the normal tissues associated with the respective target areas were compared after the intensity‐modulated radiation therapy plan was formulated. Results The PET volumes of all tumors were smaller than those of CT, no matter 4D or 3D, from small to large, the volume sizes were 3DPET volume, average 4DPET volume, 3DCT volume and average 4DCT volume. The relative volume difference was related to the respiratory movement and the size of the tumors. The average 4DPET volume was 22.8% larger than the average 3DPET volume, and the volume ratio was 1.23. The volume of the average 4DCT was 15.4% larger than that of the average 3DCT, and the volume ratio was 1.16. The average volume of 4DCT was 59.5% larger than that of 4DPET. When the movement amplitude of the tumor was greater than 3 mm and less than 5 mm, the larger the tumor volume, the larger the volume ratio of the average 4DCT volume to the average 4DPET volume, with the maximum value being 1.54. When the tumor movement amplitude was greater than 5 mm, the ratio was about 1.4. When the volume of conventional 3DCT was larger than 5 cm3, the ratio of the average 4DCT volume to the average 4DPET volume was 1.9. The planning target area internal target volume (ITV)3DCT was much larger than that of ITV3DPET, intersected ITV4DCTave and ITV4DPETave, the dose V20 and V5 of normal lung tissue, and the dose V30 of heart were increased accordingly. Of these, the dose of lung and heart of ITV4DPETave was the lowest. The V20 and V5 of lung of ITV4DPETave was about 2% lower than ITV4DCTave. Conclusion To delineate lung tumor targets at various positions, particular attention should be paid to the effect of breathing exercises on large movements and large volumes. The target volume seemed to be overestimated by 4DCT, and the average multiphased 4DPET volume was more accurate for delineating the target area while reducing the radiation dose of the lung.