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Senate Bill (SB) 743 (2013) and its related regulations eliminated automobile level of service (LOS) and replaced it with vehicle miles traveled (VMT) as the primary transportation impact metric for land development projects under the California Environmental Quality Act. Actual implementation of the LOS-to-VMT shift was left up to lead agencies, primarily local governments. The LOS-to-VMT shift was expected to create many challenges, given the often-limited resources of local governments, the entrenched use of LOS, and the perceived lack of established practice regarding VMT estimation, mitigation, and monitoring. With those concerns in mind, researchers at the University of California, Davis investigated how local governments have been implementing the LOS-to-VMT shift for land development projects.  This policy brief summarizes the findings from that investigation. View the NCST Project Webpage

Despite the growing population of women in Australian prisons, limited research has explored whether commonly used risk assessments – predominantly developed and tested on men – are valid for women. We investigated the discriminative and predictive validity of the Level of Service Inventory–Revised: Screening Version (LSI-R:SV), Level of Service/Risk, Need, Responsivity (LS/RNR), and the Historical, Clinical, Risk Management 20–Version 3 (HCR-20v3) for Victorian women imprisoned for serious violence (N = 79). The LS/RNR was related to any, violent, and non-violent recidivism, and both the LSI-R:SV and the H-Scale of the HCR-20v3 were related to violent recidivism, with the H-Scale demonstrating strong predictive validity for violence. Four LS/RNR needs domains demonstrated discriminative and predictive validity for any and/or violent recidivism (criminal history, family/marital, alcohol/drug problem, antisocial pattern). Findings are locally significant, showing that the LS/RNR and HCR-20v3 H-Scale are useful for the prediction and discrimination of recidivism for Australian women incarcerated for serious violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The religious and economic importance of the city of Karbala led to an increase in the number of daily trips and an increase in the flow of traffic, therefore it was necessary to know the city’s road network. This study deals with the evaluation of the traffic performance of urban streets of the study area. The survey was conducted for several days, in the morning and the evening. The data obtained for the selected roads at a distance of 200 m are engineering data, traffic data, and side friction data. The results showed that the values of side friction occurred during the morning and evening rush hours, which affect the decrease in the average speed by 51% because of the side friction was very high.

Most of the major modern cities of the world face problems due to traffic conditions. However, in the last decade the degree of motorization combined with increased urbanization and population density causes excess traffic capacity during peak hours on the main streets of already congested cities. In these circumstances, public transport should provide a reliable and alternative choice for daily travel. The article is focused on the development of models to quantify the environment in which public transport operates and the quality of services. Also, the use of artificial neural network as a tool for assisted analysis of all traffic components can help local authorities to improve the performance of public transport service. In addition, improvements in the reliability of public transport service can reduce travel costs and change the modal split.

The platform–train interface (PTI) is one of the most complex spaces in metro stations. At the PTI, the interaction of boarding and alighting causes a high number of passengers to be present, affecting the boarding and alighting time, among other variables related to safety and efficiency. This research was performed to develop a multidimensional level of service for passengers by means of observing existing stations. The methodology included five dimensions of the level of service (passenger behaviour, train design, passenger characteristics, train operation, and platform built environment), and detection techniques based on a tracking system. The stations are operating urban services in Valparaiso Metro (Chile). The results show that there is a relationship between the speed of passengers and the detected passengers, among other variables. In addition, the dispersion of passengers is analysed at the PTI. Further research will include other types of stations and conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transport demand has been increasing in most third-world countries. However, poorly maintained facilities and poor planning exposed pedestrians to hightraffic accidents. This paper aims to evaluate pedestrian facilities using the pedestrian level of service to enhance pedestrian safety in Addis Ababa. Relevant data was collected through field measurement and direct observation from 13 purposively identified pedestrian sites across the Piyasa to Bole bridge and Megenagna to Torihayloch road corridors. Pedestrian level of service derivation considered capacity, traffic, comfort, safety, and security conditions and their sub-components. The weight of each criterion and sub-factor was decided according to the Saaty scale using the judgment of experts under the analytical hierarchical process. The result of the study strongly stipulates the presence of the problem of pedestrian facilities in Megenagna, Mexico, Urael Church, and Golagol which can affect the level of pedestrian safety. However, Denibel City, Legahare, Torhayloch, and National Theater sites have scored better Pedestrian level of service for the walking population. Finally, the study recommended the requirement of prior attention for the sites with very poor and poor pedestrian levels of service by the concerned sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the escalating density of vehicles converging at road intersections, the surge in road accidents, traffic conflicts, and traffic congestion has emerged as a pressing concern. This research paper addresses these challenges by employing MC (manual control) techniques to mitigate encroachment issues at three selected intersections. These intersections were identified through a comprehensive analysis of the Ranking-based Instance Selection (RIS), enabling the design of suitable measures to facilitate smooth traffic flow and minimize the occurrence of crashes. In order to gather pertinent data, the study incorporates various parameters such as traffic volume, peak flow rate (PFR), traffic conflicts, accidents, and intersection inventory. Through the implementation of our proposed approaches, which involve both MC techniques and signalized operation, a supreme level of service (LOS) is attainable. Notably, our findings demonstrate a remarkable reduction in the volume-to-capacity ratio (v/c ratio) of up to 0.62. This paper thus serves as a significant contribution to the field of traffic management, offering practical insights for optimizing intersection design and effectively addressing the challenges posed by increased traffic density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of shopping malls and vehicles in Baghdad has quickly increased along with the city's population. This has resulted in an increase in daily trips, which affects the roadway network's traffic flow and causes congestion, particularly on Al-Mansour Street and Al-Rowad Street near the city center. To determine the best signal time, the 14th Ramadan signalized intersection was evaluated and analyzed using the SIDRA 8.0 and SYNCHRO 11.0 software. First, the findings revealed that the chosen traffic facility is presently experiencing a substantial reduction in service level that is leading to forced conditions (LOS "F"). It is suggested that the cycle time at the intersection of the 14th Ramadan be changed from 240 seconds to 160 seconds and 125 seconds in SIDRA and SYNCHRO, respectively. Signal timings have reduced the delay for the 14th Ramadan intersection (76.8%), thus improving LOS from (F) to (D) for the intersection. The best delays after optimization in SYNCHRO 11.0, however, were 31% reduction with LOS of (E and D). Cycle times have also been lowered for the intersection to 25% as part of the optimum signal timing optimization. In SYNCHRO 11.0, which is better than SIDRA 8.0, the back of the queue has improved at the 14th Ramadan intersection by 33%. However, SYNCHRO has a better representation than SIDRA for current traffic saturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2018, pursuant to Senate Bill (SB) 743 (2013), the Governor’s Office of Planning and Research (OPR) and the California NaturalResources Agency promulgated regulations and technical guidance that eliminated automobile level of service (LOS) as a transportation impact metric for land development projects under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), and replaced it with Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT). The authors investigated how local governments have been implementing the LOS-to-VMT shift for land development projects, and how that differs from past practice. They also explored whether local governments monitor the actual VMT impacts from completed land use developments and what methods are available to do so. Their findings indicate that all responding jurisdictions acknowledged the mandatory LOS-to-VMT shift, but were in varying stages ofimplementing the shift. For those jurisdictions that had adopted VMT impact significance thresholds, most adhered closely to OPR’s recommendations. They also mostly tried to use apples-to-apples methods of calculating baseline VMT levels (for setting thresholds) and estimating project-level VMT, often relying on travel demand model outputs for both. However, most jurisdictions gave short shrift to VMT monitoring. Another important aspect of SB 743 implementation is how LOS will continue to be used outside of CEQA. The authors found that jurisdictions uniformly continue to employ LOS outside of CEQA. However, those LOS analyses are not necessarily as comprehensive and expensive as they would have been for CEQA purposes. The authors found a consensus amongst their interviewees that swapping LOS for VMT could streamline development in urban areas.View the NCST Project Webpage

In this article, we analyze the operation of the road network of the city of Karbala in Iraq, which is characterized by its religious and tourist character, and evaluate the effectiveness of the urban street network in it in order to identify the main steps that need to be taken to take measures to improve traffic efficiency and reduce delays. The scientific novelty of this work lies in the fact that it is the first of its kind, as far as we know, which addresses the problem of traffic efficiency in the city of Karbala as a whole, since the traffic density on the main transport axes in this city varies greatly during normal times and peak hours (morning and evening). The results of the analysis showed that some sectors operate in conditions of congested (stable) traffic (LOS F) in the morning and evening hours, and such sectors require immediate traffic management strategies. While the rest of the sectors are operating at or close to the same capacity (LOSE). Purpose - Analyzed the operation of the Karbala city road network in Iraq and evaluate its effectiveness to identify the main steps that need to be taken to improve traffic efficiency and reduce delays. Methodology. In this work, an experimental analytical methodology was used, in which data were collected, analyzed and compared with relevant information sources. Results. The categories of urban roads were determined based on the speed of free movement (FFS), and the level of service (LOS) is calculated for selected urban streets taking into account the average speed of traffic (ATS). Measurements of speed and travel time showed that traffic jams occurred on Fatima Al-Zahra Street, the second part of Ramadan Street and some sections of Al-Abbas Street in the morning. These areas require immediate traffic management strategies. In the evening, traffic jams were also observed on sections of Fatima Al-Zahra Street, part 2 of Al-Iskan Street and the first section of Ramadan Street. The decrease in traffic speed led to traffic jams on Al-Abbas, Al-Iskan Streets and some sections of Fatima Al-Zahra Street. Low FPS values indicate that the average speed of movement in these areas is low even with a small flow. Practical implications. It is recommended to apply the results obtained to the Traffic Management Department of the city of Karbala.

Main aim of this research was to apply multiple approaches for the development of time delay functions on three highways in Bahrain, namely; Dry Dock Highway, Arad Highway and Zallaq Highway. Four equations were obtained from previous studies and two equations were, additionally, tailored for each of the three highways. The results were used to obtain two parameters that aid in design, optimum flow rate and level of service.

The public transportation system is critical in meeting the demands of the rapidly growing population and increased mobility. Thus, providing and improving public services has become an urgent need in recent years. This study aims to evaluate the level of Baghdad's public transport system using a variety of criteria, including public transport availability, and comfort level. Service level is a method used to develop transport infrastructure labels based on a specific analysis. The importance of evaluating road operational performance services to improve bus service delivery is based on the concept of service level. The relatively high performance of bus service delivery can affect the level of satisfaction of its users. The availability of public transportation is analyzed in terms of frequency, service coverage, and hours. This study assesses the level of service for five specific major bus routes in Baghdad (4, 12, 45, 61, and 113). Survey processes were used to collect data. The results indicate that all lines according to service hours were at the level of service "E". While the service frequency is within the service levels "A", "B", and "C", and transit-auto travel time is within the service levels Class "B", and "C". This study contributes to being a useful guide for developing a comprehensive plan for the level of service and improving the quality of bus service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traffic congestion poses a persistent and escalating problem for major cities in both developed and developing countries, exerting a direct impact on the economic growth and development of these urban areas. Quantifying the extent of traffic congestion is the fundamental initial step in comprehending the severity of traffic congestion in order to devise effective methods for alleviation. The city of Addis Ababa is currently experiencing significant traffic congestion at its main intersections. The primary aim of this research is to assess the current level of traffic congestion at specific intersections. The assessment of traffic congestion was conducted using the travel time method. Data on travel time, traffic volume, and travel speed were gathered at three blocks and two intersections using a combination of quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. The travel rate, delay rate, and total travel delay (in vehicle-minutes) were computed. The total vehicle-minute delay for the selected three segments is estimated to be approximately 12,708 vehicle-minutes (or 212 vehicle-hours). The text reveals the significance of measuring the various components of traffic congestion in order to ensure a sustainable traffic system. It also highlights the importance of maintaining a satisfactory level of service for the future sustainability of City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study has two parts as determining traffic LOS and nanoscale analyses on the filters which can collect nanoparticle materials sourced by exhaust waste. Therefore, at first, determination of the traffic behaviour as the level of service (LOS) in Sıhhiye campus of Hacettepe University in Ankara was studied. Then, exhaust gas analysis by using facing masks was conducted for different parameters and these masks were used to collect and analyse exhaust on them. The parameters were determined as vehicle and fuel types, filter masks, sampling distances respect to exhaust source. The measurements and samplings were realized for the vehicles which are public cars and service minibuses which use different fuel types as petrol, eco-diesel and diesel. Additionally, 5 different filter types were used to analyse traffic behaviour as exhaust gas may affect human health. For this reason, different mask types with different specified parameters, which are using as face masks for health and a new type was prepared by Argiope lobata spider silk membrane, were also investigated in relation to the filtered exhaust gases. Measurements were made for three different distances as 30, 60 and 90 cm from exhaust pipe output and with a constant sampling time range of 3 min. Apart from the previously known microscopic and macroscopic analyses on exhaust gases, it was examined whether the exhaust outputs frequently spread nanoparticle waste or not by using SAXS analyses on samples. As a result of the study, relation with traffic conditions with clear transportation can be affirmed. Additionally, the study reported important outcomes, such as a new designed filter mask material, which prevents the nanoparticles waste material, the critical distance from the exhaust sources and the importance of different fuel usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With Nnebisi Road acting as a case study, this study focuses on the investigation of traffic congestion on Asaba Road. The study aims to examine the relationship between vehicle volume and road capacity, enabling transportation authorities to assess congestion levels and make informed decisions to alleviate traffic issues. Peak traffic counts were conducted, revealing the highest traffic flow on specific road sections on different days. The Ibusa – Stadium junction saw the highest volume on Monday, reaching 3,056 vehicles, while Ibusa – Ofili- Ilukwu junction peaked at 3,128 vehicles, also on Monday, and Ibusa – Ogbeogonogo junction hit 3,151 vehicles on Tuesday. Speed performance index varied across junctions and days, generally exceeding 60%. For instance, Ibusa – Stadium Junction ranged from 69.57% to 71.82% from Monday to Friday, Ibusa – Ofili-Ilukwu junction showed values between 63.59% and 68.95%, and Ibusa – Ogbeogonogo Junction ranged from 61.57% to 70.11%. These findings suggest a better road traffic state with higher average speeds. Moreover, the volume to capacity ratio, indicates the level of congestion and delays experienced. The ratio values along the studied road sections ranged from 0.61 to 0.70. These ratios, along with the speed performance index, classify the level of service as class B, indicating moderate congestion and delays with slightly longer travel times, yet still acceptable to users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Over the world, signalized intersections and road networks with heavy traffic have posed severe issues. So, it is crucial to employ cutting-edge software tools to ensure the current system can be managed and assessed. Therefore; this paper aims to analyze and evaluate the traffic flow performance at AL-Masbah signalized intersections in Baghdad city during peak hours by utilizing SIDRA INTERSECTION 5. For purposes of evaluation, the Level of Service LOS, average delay time, capacity, degree of saturation, queue for Intersection, fuel consumption, and carbon dioxide emission have been considered. In this study, video count was used to collect data. The main input data included peak hour factor (PHF), numbers and width of lanes, percent of heavy vehicles for each direction and movement, median, phasing, and timing. The results of the analysis indicated that the intersection is operated at LOS ( F) with a backlog queue of 166.1 which is the queue for any lane used by movement (vehicles)and a 1262m queue for any lane used by movement (meters) m, while fuel consumption was at a rate of 849.9 liters per hour. Furthermore, the results revealed that carbon dioxide (CO2) emission was increased by 2124.8 Kg per hour. So, It can be concluded that the intersection needs to improve its level of service by changing its geometry or by implementing an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of shopping malls and vehicles in Baghdad has quickly increased along with the city's population. This has resulted in an increase in daily trips, which affects the roadway network's traffic flow and causes congestion, particularly on Al-Mansour Street and Al-Rowad Street near the city center. To determine the best signal time, the 14th Ramadan signalized intersection was evaluated and analyzed using the SIDRA 8.0 and SYNCHRO 11.0 software. First, the findings revealed that the chosen traffic facility is presently experiencing a substantial reduction in service level that is leading to forced conditions (LOS "F"). It is suggested that the cycle time at the intersection of the 14th Ramadan be changed from 240 seconds to 160 seconds and 125 seconds in SIDRA and SYNCHRO, respectively. Signal timings have reduced the delay for the 14th Ramadan intersection (76.8%), thus improving LOS from (F) to (D) for the intersection. The best delays after optimization in SYNCHRO 11.0, however, were 31% reduction with LOS of (E and D). Cycle times have also been lowered for the intersection to 25% as part of the optimum signal timing optimization. In SYNCHRO 11.0, which is better than SIDRA 8.0, the back of the queue has improved at the 14th Ramadan intersection by 33%. However, SYNCHRO has a better representation than SIDRA for current traffic saturation

This study has two parts as determining traffic LOS and nanoscale analyses on the filters which can collect nanoparticle materials sourced by exhaust waste. Therefore, at first, determination of the traffic behaviour as the level of service (LOS) in Sıhhiye campus of Hacettepe University in Ankara was studied. Then, exhaust gas analysis by using facing masks was conducted for different parameters and these masks were used to collect and analyse exhaust on them. The parameters were determined as vehicle and fuel types, filter masks, sampling distances respect to exhaust source. The measurements and samplings were realized for the vehicles which are public cars and service minibuses which use different fuel types as petrol, eco-diesel and diesel. Additionally, 5 different filter types were used to analyse traffic behaviour as exhaust gas may affect human health. For this reason, different mask types with different specified parameters, which are using as face masks for health and a new type was prepared by Argiope lobata spider silk membrane, were also investigated in relation to the filtered exhaust gases. Measurements were made for three different distances as 30, 60 and 90 cm from exhaust pipe output and with a constant sampling time range of 3 min. Apart from the previously known microscopic and macroscopic analyses on exhaust gases, it was examined whether the exhaust outputs frequently spread nanoparticle waste or not by using SAXS analyses on samples. As a result of the study, relation with traffic conditions with clear transportation can be affirmed. Additionally, the study reported important outcomes, such as a new designed filter mask material, which prevents the nanoparticles waste material, the critical distance from the exhaust sources and the importance of different fuel usage.

Transport demand has been increasing in most third-world countries. However, poorly maintained facilities and poor planning exposed pedestrians to high-traffic accidents. This paper aims to evaluate pedestrian facilities using the pedestrian level of service to enhance pedestrian safety in Addis Ababa. Relevant data was collected through field measurement and direct observation from 13 purposively identified pedestrian sites across the Piyasa to Bole bridge and Megenagna to Torihayloch road corridors. Pedestrian level of service derivation considered capacity, traffic, comfort, safety, and security conditions and their sub-components. The weight of each criterion and sub-factor was decided according to the Saaty scale using the judgment of experts under the analytical hierarchical process. The result of the study strongly stipulates the presence of the problem of pedestrian facilities in Megenagna, Mexico, Urael Church, and Golagol which can affect the level of pedestrian safety. However, Denibel City, Legahare, Torhayloch, and National Theater sites have scored better Pedestrian level of service for the walking population. Finally, the study recommended the requirement of prior attention for the sites with very poor and poor pedestrian levels of service by the concerned sectors.

This white paper assesses how cities are modifying transportation impact fees in response to Senate Bill (SB) 743, adopted in 2013 to orient environmental review of transportation impacts of development projects and plans in California to support sustainable development. SB 743 and its implementing guidelines eliminated “level of service” (LOS) standards for automobile traffic delay as an environmental impact to be addressed under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), recommending instead that localities and other lead agencies responsible for CEQA review analyze, and if possible, mitigate impacts on vehicle miles traveled (VMT) instead. As cities proceed to implement SB 743, some are going further than the minimum required to analyze and mitigate for VMT at the development project level. Instead, they are also pursuing “programmatic” approaches, including altering citywide impact fees imposed on developers, to support more systematic analysis and mitigation than is possible at the project level alone. Based on public documents research and interviews with consultants and planners, this paper identifies three basic approaches that cities are taking to design impact fees in conjunction with their policy approaches for addressing SB 743: first, to design impact fee programs that fund VMT-reducing projects, but without employing a VMT “nexus” (the nexus is the basis for identifying impacts to be addressed by the program); second, to employ a VMT nexus for identifying facilities need and cost allocation; and third, to design a fee program that links to systematic CEQA-reviewed VMT analysis in the General Plan and/or other related CEQA-reviewed city wide policy documents. In this latter approach, cities may or may not design their fee program to fund VMT-reducing projects; indeed, this approach may help facilitate a more traditional, LOS-based fee program. This outcome can happen if a city analyzes VMT systematically for the General Plan, and then adopts a “statement of overriding considerations” under CEQA, which allows for development projects to “tier” off the programmatic environmental review so as to avoid the need for conducting cumulative VMT impacts analysis. This approach may facilitate more systematic integration of VMT and LOS analysis at the citywide level, but it does not support SB 743 goals for supporting VMT-reducing projects and programs.View the NCST Project Webpage

Significant social, economic, and environmental costs are associated with traffic congestion. The effectiveness of intersections makes a substantial contribution to the effectiveness of entire road networks. The three-leg at-grade Al-Husainea intersection, located 20 km from the center of holy Karbala city in Iraq, is subjected to serious congestion, resulting in an increase in delay time, reduction in capacity, and bad level of service (LOS). Therefore, it is essential to use advanced software tools to ensure that the current intersection can be controlled, evaluated, and improved. So, the major goal of this study is to use SIDRA, an acronym for signalized and unsignalized intersection design and research aid, software to evaluate the LOS of the Al-Husainea intersection, in which the traffic is assessed using the current LOS. LOS, delay time, and degree of saturation were the criteria utilized to evaluate the traffic flow performance. SIDRA is also used to assess benefits as a result of suggested changes in the design of particular junctions. The first stage is to gather field data regarding traffic volumes utilizing a method of traffic volume gathering. From 7 am to 6 pm, the SIDRA program gathered data for a full 7 days. The results showed that the LOS for the Al-Husainea intersection in the Al-Husainea arm is F, with an average delay of 52 s per vehicle and a saturation level of 0.86 v/c. Finally, it was determined that the Al-Husainea intersection needs additional improvements based on the study and findings from the SIDRA program, and some remedies are suggested in this study to improve the intersection traffic flow.

Introduction. Historic cities face the issues of sustainable development, especially city centres that have high cultural value. One of the most important topics is ensuring connectivity and accessibility as road and street networks in historic centres have their own characteristics: narrow alleys, high density of buildings, vehicles, pedestrian flows and a variety of public activities. In this aspect, there is the research interest to assess current condition of streets in the historic centres to make informed decisions about their reconstruction in order to create a flexible, comfortable and safe public environment.Materials and methods. Selecting Aleppo city as the object of study, analyzing the current situation of general plan and infrastructure of the city using GIS maps, open public data and information provided by local municipality of the city and through applying (LOS-Level of Service) method which is designed for analyzing transportation networks in this case in the historic city centre.Results. A classification of the streets of the historic city centre was developed, which is designed due to pedestrian ratios, taking into account hierarchy that considers the valuable heritage objects that are located near the studied streets that attract visitors. As a final result a method was suggested for the purpose of ranking level of street services from A to F and the classification of streets according to their values.Conclusions. Identified streets that require reconstruction solutions to improve the quality of the urban environment, with the aim of creating comfortable and safe conditions for pedestrians, while ensuring the accessibility of the urban infrastructure, taking into account its historical value.

Effective facility asset management requires specific skills and tools to optimize the use of limited resources, making a decision support system essential. This research introduces a comprehensive decision support system, which is a framework organized into three models: the criticality model, the rehabilitation model, and the optimum criticality model to manage the rehabilitation of facility assets. The criticality model utilizes the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to assess the group of assets. Emphasizing criticality as a central management factor, this model lays the foundation for subsequent decision-making. The rehabilitation model employs an Artificial Neural Network (ANN), integrating Customer Level of Service (CLoS), Technical Level of Service (TLoS), and asset criticality to determine appropriate rehabilitation actions. NeuralTools 7.5 is leveraged for precise predictions of rehabilitation strategies tailored to specific assets. The third model, optimum criticality, focuses on prioritizing rehabilitation activities within the constraints of limited budgets. Lingo 20.0 is utilized to optimize rehabilitation activities, considering budget limitations and other constraints, offering a strategic approach to maximize the impact of available resources. This integrated framework provides decision-makers with a systematic and data-driven approach to facility management, enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of rehabilitation actions. An academic building was chosen as a hypothetical example to implement the three models and suggest the essential considerations for managing both the academic building itself and other infrastructure assets. The results obtained demonstrate that the principles and methodologies encapsulated in this project can be extrapolated and scaled up for application to large-scale infrastructure assets, ensuring the sustenance of the requisite level of service and the management of acceptable risk on a broader scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The public transportation system is critical in meeting the demands of the rapidly growing population and increased mobility. Thus, providing and improving public services has become an urgent need in recent years. This study aims to evaluate the level of Baghdad's public transport system using a variety of criteria, including public transport availability, and comfort level. Service level is a method used to develop transport infrastructure labels based on a specific analysis. The importance of evaluating road operational performance services to improve bus service delivery is based on the concept of service level. The relatively high performance of bus service delivery can affect the level of satisfaction of its users. The availability of public transportation is analyzed in terms of frequency, service coverage, and hours. This study assesses the level of service for five specific major bus routes in Baghdad (4, 12, 45, 61, and 113). Survey processes were used to collect data. The results indicate that all lines according to service hours were at the level of service "E". While the service frequency is within the service levels "A", "B", and "C", and transit-auto travel time is within the service levels Class "B", and "C". This study contributes to being a useful guide for developing a comprehensive plan for the level of service and improving the quality of bus service.

Traffic congestion poses a persistent and escalating problem for major cities in both developed and developing countries, exerting a direct impact on the economic growth and development of these urban areas. Quantifying the extent of traffic congestion is the fundamental initial step in comprehending the severity of traffic congestion in order to devise effective methods for alleviation. The city of Addis Ababa is currently experiencing significant traffic congestion at its main intersections. The primary aim of this research is to assess the current level of traffic congestion at specific intersections. The assessment of traffic congestion was conducted using the travel time method. Data on travel time, traffic volume, and travel speed were gathered at three blocks and two intersections using a combination of quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. The travel rate, delay rate, and total travel delay (in vehicle-minutes) were computed. The total vehicle-minute delay for the selected three segments is estimated to be approximately 12,708 vehicle-minutes (or 212 vehicle-hours). The text reveals the significance of measuring the various components of traffic congestion in order to ensure a sustainable traffic system. It also highlights the importance of maintaining a satisfactory level of service for the future sustainability of City.

Over the world, signalized intersections and road networks with heavy traffic have posed severe issues. So, it is crucial to employ cutting-edge software tools to ensure the current system can be managed and assessed. Therefore; this paper aims to analyze and evaluate the traffic flow performance at AL-Masbah signalized intersections in Baghdad city during peak hours by utilizing SIDRA INTERSECTION 5. For purposes of evaluation, the Level of Service LOS, average delay time, capacity, degree of saturation, queue for Intersection, fuel consumption, and carbon dioxide emission have been considered. In this study, video count was used to collect data. The main input data included peak hour factor (PHF), numbers and width of lanes, percent of heavy vehicles for each direction and movement, median, phasing, and timing. The results of the analysis indicated that the intersection is operated at LOS ( F) with a backlog queue of 166.1 which is the queue for any lane used by movement (vehicles)and a 1262m queue for any lane used by movement (meters) m, while fuel consumption was at a rate of 849.9 liters per hour. Furthermore, the results revealed that carbon dioxide (CO2) emission was increased by 2124.8 Kg per hour. So, It can be concluded that the intersection needs to improve its level of service by changing its geometry or by implementing an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS).

The platform–train interface (PTI) is one of the most complex spaces in metro stations. At the PTI, the interaction of boarding and alighting causes a high number of passengers to be present, affecting the boarding and alighting time, among other variables related to safety and efficiency. This research was performed to develop a multidimensional level of service for passengers by means of observing existing stations. The methodology included five dimensions of the level of service (passenger behaviour, train design, passenger characteristics, train operation, and platform built environment), and detection techniques based on a tracking system. The stations are operating urban services in Valparaiso Metro (Chile). The results show that there is a relationship between the speed of passengers and the detected passengers, among other variables. In addition, the dispersion of passengers is analysed at the PTI. Further research will include other types of stations and conditions.

The COVID-19 pandemic dramatically affected transportation systems, including the ability of localities to pay for them. We explore the effects of the pandemic and the associated economic turbulence on local option sales taxes (LOSTs), an increasingly common revenue source for transportation in California and across the U.S. LOSTs have many advantages over alternative finance instruments, and they can raise prodigious amounts of revenue. However, LOST funding relies on consumer spending. During times of economic weakness, spending and therefore LOST revenues will lag. This is precisely the pattern we observe in California counties during the initial months of the pandemic. Fortunately for local transportation budgets, LOST revenues recovered after the initial economic shock of COVID-19, albeit at a lower level than they likely would have otherwise. LOST revenue trends during the pandemic were affected by national and regional economic conditions and government policy as well. This public health crisis illustrates both the pitfalls and resilience of LOSTs during economic downturns and recoveries. The lessons from the pandemic’s effects on LOSTs will be useful for policymakers and analysts in preparing for inevitable future economic fluctuations.

Smart transport planning based on the use of available data while supporting sustainable transport modes is an integral part of the Smart city concept. This article presents a critical analysis of the Level of Service of Public Transport Operation Assessment Method, which is based on two indicators - the reliability index and the travel speed index. The method is applied to a larger sample of data from several different cities, it makes it possible to evaluate the possible shortcomings of the method, since the method has not yet been applied to such a large number of case studies.

The growing number of vehicles in Jordan has contributed to traffic congestion, particularly at roundabouts. Roundabouts deflect high volumes of traffic flow. To improve the performance of roundabouts, it is necessary to consider the impact of all components on traffic conditions, especially delay, queue length, and level of service (LOS), to reduce congestion and enhance efficiency and sustainability, etc. This study aims to (a) identify the optimal queue detector locations on all approaches at two selected roundabouts in Amman, Jordan, using micro-simulation (VISSIM) supported by programming (Python) software, and (b) validate the simulated models with the best LOS. Traffic and geometric data of roundabouts (Prince Faisal Bin al-Hussein, fifth; and Prince Rashid Bin Hassan, sixth roundabouts) were used for simulation purposes. The queue detector (across 15 distinct scenarios at various distances) and standard (base scenario, 50 m from the stop line) locations were assessed for optimal placement. The model validation was made based on all scenarios including signalized and non-signalized roundabouts. The best-case scenario for queue detector location was determined based on the highway capacity manual (HCM) criteria for measurement of effectiveness (MOE) at roundabouts. The optimal location was measured based on the duration of traffic delay (seconds), average queue length (m), and LOS. The optimal queue detector's location was observed to be 97 m from the roundabout stop line. It can reduce the traffic delay (or speed up the traffic flow) by 85.25%. The average queue length can be reduced up to 76.76%. The LOS F status on the selected roundabouts can be improved to LOS D. Overall, the application of adaptive signal and queue detectors in appropriate locations at all roundabout approaches is crucial to improve imbalanced traffic flow while reducing delays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local governments have long relied on Level of Service (LOS), a measure of automobile congestion, as the basis for assessing transportation impacts of land use development projects. However, use of the LOS metric creates an incentive for projects that contribute to urban sprawl while penalizing denser development projects that could allow people better accessibility to jobs and services through alternate modes like walking, bicycling, or transit. Starting July 1, 2020, local governments in California are required to use vehicle miles traveled (VMT) rather than LOS to measure land use projects’ transportation impacts. Researchers at UC Davis studied how this change affects the approval process for urban development. Because most agencies have not yet switched to using VMT in their analyses, the researchers looked back at environmental documents for development projects in the City of Los Angeles between 2001 and 2016 and determined whether these projects could have benefited from using a VMT metric instead of LOS for measuring their transportation impacts. Findings are summarized in this policy brief.View the NCST Project Webpage

Planners have been seeking new urban solutions to increase the presence of citizens once again without any constraints to ensure a safe urban space and provide equal opportunities for using transportation modes. Multi-modal level of service, used as a tool for analyzing complete streets, facilitates the creation of a fair and equal environment for all users and the enhancements of public safety and security against road accidents. The main purpose of this study is to resolve the problems of urban space allocation of central streets to all users in cities of middle-income countries that lie in historical context. The analysis is based on the multi-modal level of service indicators and is influenced by efficient plans and global policy strengths. In this regard, identifying the characteristics affecting the road network system in the high-income country plans is inspiring for this research. In this paper by probing the case study and identifying the most important criteria affecting the comfort of street users, the proposed planning framework is presented in two stages: strategies and alternatives. The alternatives are presented at 3 levels based on the type of intervention, which is weighted by the AHP method. Then, the best and most practical alternative is selected based on the local criteria fitting the conditions of Sabzevar city with the TOPSIS technique. The results indicate that historical contexts, especially in the core of the cities, require conservative approaches; so, as much as possible, without physical destruction, the existing spaces need to distribute among all urban users in the most optimal way for ease of movement. Therefore, in Beyhaq Street, as a historical street in the center of Sabzevar city, by inspiring the methods of global traffic planning, a contextual format of devising has been presented to improve traffic problems.

Traffic lights are installed to reduce crucial conflicts at high-traffic volume intersections. However, waiting time, a critical factor related to the delay and level of service, cannot be avoided at these intersections. In addition, the long waiting time may lead to road users’ impatience. Consequentially, it can motivate them to violate red lights. Therefore, designers should provide an appropriate cycle length and waiting time that meets the road users’ acceptability level. This paper tends to determine factors affecting road users’ acceptability level of waiting time in Hanoi by applying an ordered probit model using questionnaire data. The results demonstrate that the most significant factors include gender, occupation, transportation mode, commuting time/frequency, and traffic law understanding. Specifically, males, people whose occupation is business, who have commuting time in peak hours, who have commuting frequency more than three times per week, and motorcycle riders are sensitive and have less patience with the delay. By contrast, people who understand the traffic law may be more patient to wait at long cycle-length signalized intersection.

Queues or waiting lines are a natural occurrence in the everyday lives of consumers and the process of every business. Being customers' first point of contact with the business, a customer’s experience in the queue becomes a determining factor of their first impression of the business. Queuing provides the cornerstone of efficiency to businesses as they assist employees and managers in tracking, prioritising, and ensuring the delivery of services and transactions. Inefficiencies in queues are undesired as they can result in substantial losses to a business, such as bad reputation and loss of customers due to balking or reneging behaviour.Previous research has shown that the application of queuing theory enables businesses to analyse their queuing system and the trends of demand for their services. This allows the business to effectively identify measures to improve their queuing system and serve demand at the desired level of service.In this paper, where it examined Cairo International Airport (CAI)’s existing departure queue system and benchmarked it against the optimum wait time suggested in the International Air Transport Association’s (IATA) Level of Service (LoS) concept. The application of Kendall-Lee’s Notation is applied to describe the existing queuing system of the airport. It also suggested areas of improvement after the analysis and recommended that the CAI focus on improving service time for its Check-in, Security, and Boarding process. Although the Immigration process has met IATA’s recommended optimal wait time, training could be provided to employees to enable them to progressively work towards a better service time and prepare for the future higher traffic volume. The team has also suggested for CAI to introduce autonomous technology for the departure process and software which analyses passenger flow and projects a forecast value based on the airport growth trends.

In order to transform cities into more liveable, safe, and sustainable places, we must shift our mobility paradigms. As one auspicious concept amongst novel intelligent transportation systems, personal rapid transit (PRT) disaggregates urban transportation into small, electric vessels that are centrally operated on dedicated infrastructure, yielding the potential to make public transit more convenient, affordable, and sustainable all at once. In light of this, we examined the potential performance of PRT in a medium-sized German city. Utilizing the traffic simulator SUMO, as well as a specifically developed open source mobility scenario consisting of infrastructure and travel demand, we assessed the level of service and efficiency. We found that a fleet of 30 vehicles can serve the mobility demand of the chosen city while passenger waiting times are guaranteed to stay below three minutes. Vehicle occupancies can be doubled when coordinating vehicles between stations instead of letting them idle randomly. Furthermore, our results show that different combinations of system designs and operating strategies succeed in meeting typical performance requirements—for instance, an operating strategy where unoccupied vehicles idle randomly can effectively compensate for a reduced fleetsize. Depending on the preliminaries of specific cities, such as the availability of space, travel behavior, political background, or acceptable investment and operational costs, a matching transportation system can be designed around the quantitative findings obtained in this study.

Increased traffic levels have exacerbated traffic congestion in many cities, including Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria, due to a range of causes such as inappropriate parking, slow vehicle speeds, and mixed vehicular and pedestrian traffic. The use of technology to alleviate traffic congestion concerns, as well as traffic planning and management using applications such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is gaining traction. As a result, this study used GIS to assess traffic congestion pattern in Akure's central business district. The study methodology involved the use of ArcGIS 10.7 and QGIS 3.18, which were integrated with Google Earth and Maps, as well as a physical survey at the site to generate spatial and non-spatial data for the study. The study's findings demonstrated that, using GIS it is possible to make well-informed decisions when it comes to resolving traffic congestion problems. According to the study, traffic congestion caused delays at the intersection, resulting in a class F level of service. However, with the use of alternative routes established using GIS, motorists' journey times can be greatly decreased as the intersection will be less crowded. According to the study, traffic congestion is caused by a combination of human, physical, and technical factors. In addition to enforcing traffic restrictions, the study recommended good land use practices, road user education, and the use of technology such as traffic control devices and CCTV to monitor and control traffic situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is an important input for irrigated agriculture. However, the irrigation sector, especially in developing countries, often faces pressure to secure water for production activities and maintain irrigation services. To sustain the supply and delivery of water in irrigation, not only should efficient use of water resources be promoted, but the balance between the cost and revenue from water supply must be sustained. In most cases, the appropriate setting and application of water pricing is crucial to achieving these objectives. In this paper, the use of level-of-service-based water pricing is described and illustrated with a case of a modernized irrigation system in a central highland province of Vietnam. The results from this study show that: (i) modernization of irrigation systems increases service levels and farmers have more choices for selecting services provided; (ii) water rates can be reasonably calculated with respect to the level of irrigation services provided; and (iii) farmers are more likely to select an acceptable level of service for a reasonable water price instead of choosing to pay more for a higher quality of service. This paper highlights the importance of policies which support the modernization of irrigation systems and pursuing level-of-service-based water pricing to promote more sustainable irrigation development in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stormwater infrastructure system (SWIS) is a main component of a municipal infrastructure system that safely passes excess runoff, controls floods, and manages pollutant discharges. A comprehensive literature review has revealed that stormwater infrastructure level of service (LOS) assessment, an important step in asset management, has been abstractly defined. LOS assists in infrastructure performance assessment as well as investment decision-making. This research proposes a methodological framework for LOS assessment of SWIS and adopts the proposed method in asset management decision-making. A hierarchical framework was developed to assess the LOS by using key performance indicators. The proposed framework was demonstrated in a case study for a municipality in Southwestern ON. To improve the LOS of sub-catchments with low LOS, low-impact development (LID) controls were proposed. The cost-benefit analysis revealed that an investment of $110 950 in LIDs could increase the LOS by 26.4% (from medium to good). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart transport planning based on the use of available data while supporting sustainable transport modes is an integral part of the Smart city concept. This article presents a critical analysis of the Level of Service of Public Transport Operation Assessment Method, which is based on two indicators - the reliability index and the travel speed index. The method is applied to a larger sample of data from several different cities, it makes it possible to evaluate the possible shortcomings of the method, since the method has not yet been applied to such a large number of case studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vehicular platooning is one of the most challenging issues affecting the level of service (LOS) of two-lane roads. This phenomenon has been involved with variables governing performance measures. Thus, to improve the quality of these roads and predict a comprehensive model for future plans under this phenomenon, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of vehicular platooning variables on performance measures and then identify the critical headways of vehicular platooning associated with the vehicle-gap-acceptance behavior. Multiple linear regression (MLR) and Bayesian linear regression (BLR) models were used to develop performance measurement models that are based on conjugate Bayesian analysis. The vehicular platooning was formed in the threshold of a time headway of 2.4 s. According to a comparative evaluation of the developed models, the best predictive model was found between the traffic flow and the number of followers per capacity (NFPC). In addition, the BLR model showed a higher accuracy rate in predicting NFPC compared with the MLR model due to low errors and high prediction performance. Thus, NFPC was introduced as a surrogate performance measure, which had a premier capability to predict the LOS for unsaturated and saturated traffic conditions compared with the two performance measures from the Highway Capacity Manual (2010), including percent time spent following and average travel speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high traffic congestion in metropolitan cities of India is still a problem which affects the capacity of road. The traffic congestion decreases the speed of vehicle and accumulates the vehicles on road. The gradual expansion of urbanization and the rise of megacities, with their massive populations, present considerable obstacles for developing nations. As the world's populace continues to grow, there is a continuous influx of individuals relocating to urban areas. The developing country such as India facing a problem traffic congestion and its affect the infrastructure of road. Thus, in that case Level of Service (LOS) will be beneficial for increasing the capacity of road. Therefore, this study aims to analyse the LOS estimation in peak and non-peak hours. Estimation of LOS in peak and non-peak hours in urban areas will be beneficial for Indian government to take necessary action. Results revealed that During both peak and non-peak hours, the PCU readings for different types of vehicles are calculated. The velocity of vehicles has a notable influence on the capacity of roadways, even when traffic numbers are modest. Increasing the width of the road leads to a corresponding increase in the Passenger Car Unit (PCU) of a certain vehicle. Due to the increased flexibility offered by a broader thoroughfare, it is more advantageous to traverse by vehicle.

Effective facility asset management requires specific skills and tools to optimize the use of limited resources, making a decision support system essential. This research introduces a comprehensive decision support system, which is a framework organized into three models: the criticality model, the rehabilitation model, and the optimum criticality model to manage the rehabilitation of facility assets. The criticality model utilizes the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to assess the group of assets. Emphasizing criticality as a central management factor, this model lays the foundation for subsequent decision-making. The rehabilitation model employs an Artificial Neural Network (ANN), integrating Customer Level of Service (CLoS), Technical Level of Service (TLoS), and asset criticality to determine appropriate rehabilitation actions. NeuralTools 7.5 is leveraged for precise predictions of rehabilitation strategies tailored to specific assets. The third model, optimum criticality, focuses on prioritizing rehabilitation activities within the constraints of limited budgets. Lingo 20.0 is utilized to optimize rehabilitation activities, considering budget limitations and other constraints, offering a strategic approach to maximize the impact of available resources. This integrated framework provides decision-makers with a systematic and data-driven approach to facility management, enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of rehabilitation actions. An academic building was chosen as a hypothetical example to implement the three models and suggest the essential considerations for managing both the academic building itself and other infrastructure assets. The results obtained demonstrate that the principles and methodologies encapsulated in this project can be extrapolated and scaled up for application to large-scale infrastructure assets, ensuring the sustenance of the requisite level of service and the management of acceptable risk on a broader scale.

Indian Railways has one of the most extensive rail systems in the world which covers 68,000 km of rail track, 7318 stations with over 23 million passengers daily. This public transport system is one of the cheapest modes of travel for millions of Indians daily. With such an extensive system in place, railways need to maintain an efficient infrastructure system; it is expected passengers handling to reach 15.20 Billion by FY20, passenger traffic is noted to grow by 1.69 percent year on year. With such a kind of growth in patronage, it profoundly impacts the existing infrastructure. Thus, a constant upgrade is required in infrastructure. This research study focuses on NSG-1 (Non – Suburban Stations) taking New Delhi station as a case study. The research study is based on the level of service for access and dispersal facilities of the passengers. This paper will analyze the optimum level of service for passengers based on their behavior in a terminal building. This study identifies Equivalent Passenger Units (EPU’s) from passenger behavior and anthropometric studies. EPU’s further is used to evaluate the level of services for the passenger's mobility in the terminal building. Access and Dispersal facilities have been studied for the case study station, and influence zones are created for the same. The outcome of the study is the space assessment. The methodology can be used to identify the optimum level of services for different categories of the railway station. The space planning norms can be generated and then can be used by consultants for efficient planning of brownfield and greenfield stations at the optimum design service level.

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Queues or waiting lines are a natural occurrence in the everyday lives of consumers and the process of every business. Being customers' first point of contact with the business, a customer's experience in the queue becomes a determining factor of their first impression of the business. Queuing provides the cornerstone of efficiency to businesses as they assist employees and managers in tracking, prioritising, and ensuring the delivery of services and transactions. Inefficiencies in queues are undesired as they can result in substantial losses to a business, such as bad reputation and loss of customers due to balking or reneging behaviour. Previous research has shown that the application of queuing theory enables businesses to analyse their queuing system and the trends of demand for their services. This allows the business to effectively identify measures to improve their queuing system and serve demand at the desired level of service. In this paper, where it examined Cairo International Airport (CAI)'s existing departure queue system and benchmarked it against the optimum wait time suggested in the International Air Transport Association's (IATA) Level of Service (LoS) concept. The application of Kendall-Lee's Notation is applied to describe the existing queuing system of the airport. It also suggested areas of improvement after the analysis and recommended that the CAI focus on improving service time for its Check-in, Security, and Boarding process. Although the Immigration process has met IATA's recommended optimal wait time, training could be provided to employees to enable them to progressively work towards a better service time and prepare for the future higher traffic volume. The team has also suggested for CAI to introduce autonomous technology for the departure process and software which analyses passenger flow and projects a forecast value based on the airport growth trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measuring the traffic quality and congestion level is fundamental in highway engineering, and several decades of studies and research have pursued this specific objective, especially for freeways. Nowadays, smart technologies on personal devices and information shared by users have made available various online information platforms that provide dynamic representations of the use of the road network. If, on the one hand, these tools provide a simple and direct representation of the quality of circulation, on the other hand, their aggregated information is only partial for those dealing with traffic and highway engineering. This branch of engineering relies on multidimensional knowledge of traffic flow phenomena, and only through their in-depth knowledge, we can assess traffic quality and congestion risk. After identifying the different approaches for analyzing in quantitative terms the traffic quality on the freeway, the paper deepens the reliability approach. From this point of view, the paper aims to unite the two perspectives in the literature, namely, the probabilistic analysis of traffic instability with the characterization of speed random processes and the analysis of breakdowns with the survival analysis. For this purpose, the work outlines a procedure based on the estimation and simulation of ARIMA models for speed random processes in a freeway section, particularly on the leftmost lane, to assess the traffic reliability function. Applying the Product Limit Method to the Monte Carlo simulation results makes it possible to obtain probabilistic assessments of congestion, considering the Level of Service density limits defined in the Highway Capacity Manual. Its application to a case study makes it possible to illustrate the application of the method, which can be easily applied to historical and near-real-time data using a continuous flow of information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metro stations are considered complex areas of pedestrian mobility due to the increasing congestion, due to the a high level of demand of different circulation spaces. Given this situation and the limited physical spaces remaining to develop transport systems in urban areas, railways acquire greater relevance given the need to mobilize pedestrians. Within the stations, the most problematic area is the platform-train interface (PTI) due to the high number of interactions between passengers boarding and alighting. The objective of this study is to identify the PTI configuration that maximizes the level of service for passengers, safeguards the operational continuity of the system and improves user experience by reducing dissatisfaction and delay times. For this, a pedestrian microsimulation model is used in order to recreate the reality of a generic metro station and its different scenarios given the combinations of two factors: the platform configurations (topology) and the traffic control elements. Subsequently, these scenarios are analyzed through a factorial design, looking for the situation that optimizes the combination of metrics chosen in a weighted way. Finally, it is found that the PTI configuration that maximizes the level of service for users is the mixed station with signaling. It is this which includes the factors with the greatest positive effect on the chosen metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has forced national and local governments to re-consider the relationship between mobility, urban space and health in order to ensure physical distancing while meeting the travel needs of inhabitants. In the first stage, corresponding to the expansion of infection, mobility was limited to essential workers and freight. In the second stage, with the easing of restrictions, limitations still remained for public transport. Limitations associated with perceived risk of infection significantly influenced travel behaviors, pushing a modal repositioning in demand to active mobility (walking, cycling, and use of micro-mobility). On the other hand, the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on mobility during the COVID outbreak are mostly directed at dedicating more urban space to cyclists and pedestrians, especially in densely populated urban areas, thus avoiding crowding on public transport and the use of private cars. In the same direction, the National Association of City Transportation Officials (NACTO, 2020) went during periods of stabilization and long-term recovery. It suggests policies and measures for the cities mobility to help people maintain physical distance while moving around the city. In the given conditions, walking becomes predominant for a sustainable mobility scenario, and structural measures (widening of the pathway) or regulatory measures (regulation of pedestrian flows) can be adopted withing the given strategy. Current pedestrian infrastructural offer is severely limited in functional terms by the urban planning and development, therefore measures oriented to enhance non-motorized mobility require the development and planning of new public spaces and infrastructures for pedestrian mobility within the urban layout. Policy makers and town planners need to rethink urban spaces and mobility in the pedestrian perspective. A methodology for classification of pathways, by capacity and level of service, is presented in the paper, on which to base strategies, policies and specific measures to verify pedestrian mobility demand.

The development of infrastructure, especially road construction, also has an impact on changes in various urban systems in an area. Developments in the transportation system, including the opening of toll road access, will certainly affect increasing traffic flow. With the opening of toll road access, it creates new intersections so that the Cibubur Alternative Road experiences a high increase, especially during peak hours. This study aims to determine the effect of access to the Cimanggis-Cibitung toll road on the performance of the Cibubur Alternative Road. The study begins with collecting data according to the parameters needed as the basis for analyzing road performance, namely the degree of saturation and the level of service based on the 2014 PKJI by comparing the conditions and assumptions of normal conditions (by dividing 75% of the existing conditions). The results of the analysis show that the highest degree of saturation is on Alternative Cibubur Road 0.74 and if it is assumed under normal conditions it is 0.99 (the lowest service level is E with the lowest speed reaching 30.0 km/hour), queue length 194.47 meters and delays time. Reaching 109.87 seconds indicates a conflict at the signalized intersection because the queue length affects the performance of the Cibubur alternative road. After doing the simulation and getting an effective intersection optimization, namely resetting the green time with VISSIM software modeling, it gives better results during peak hours and reduces the highest queue length by 56,58% and delays by 80,16%.