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Due to working in static positions and use of repetitive movements over long periods of time, dermatologists are at increased risk of work-related musculoskeletal injury. Historically, studies on procedural ergonomics have focused on dermatologic surgery, however, laser procedures can also have a significant cumulative effect on physician posture. Here, we aim to highlight ergonomic challenges specific to dermatologic laser procedures and suggest areas of improvement in operating room organization, patient positioning, physician mechanics, and instrumentation. For the operating room, it is beneficial to store several devices in the same room, have central placement of electrical outlets, and to position the devices on the same side of the bed as the laser operator. When considering patient positioning, a Trendelenburg bed position can be helpful for vascular lesions on the head, and frequent repositioning of the patient can prevent uncomfortable bending of the operator and laser arm for circumferential lesions. Physicians should maintain a working position with a neutral spine and wrist position, moving the patient and bed as needed to reduce muscle tension. Lastly, laser instrumentation in the future could be improved upon with lightweight consoles and hand pieces, long multi-articulated device arms, and lightweight laser goggles with adjustable head straps. With the use of organizational, ergonomic positioning, and teamwork strategies, we can reduce the risk of musculoskeletal injury for our laser operators.

A simple and rapid method that is not based on race and ethnicity for classifying people with skin of color is of paramount importance in dermatology. The currently used Fitzpatrick classification of sun-reactive skin types is inadequate. Newer scales that have been used in immigration surveys and sociology studies are not applicable in the office setting. A new, non-racial and non-ethnic, colorimetric scale for skin of color has recently been proposed that is simple to perform. The scale has five colors: very light beige (skin color type 1), light brown (skin color type 2), medium brown (skin color type 3), dark brown (skin color type 4) and very dark brown (skin color type 5); an individual with white skin, such as in albinism, would have a skin color type 0 in this classification. In conclusion, the colorimetric scale enables the rapid classification of individuals with skin of color and allows for accurate assessment of skin cancer risk, more appropriate management of cosmetic dermatologic procedures and aesthetic devices, and enhanced ability for focused counseling regarding hair products, skin care interventions, and color-targeted makeup based on the person's skin tone.

C f /SiC composite is widely utilized in aerospace and defense sectors owing to their outstanding high-temperature and mechanical performance. However, this material is a typical hard-to-machining material. Building upon prior research on the novel laser-induced oxidation-assisted milling technology, this paper conducted an in-depth study of the oxidation of C f /SiC composite under laser induction. The study combined thermodynamic analysis with the detection of oxidation products to ascertain the oxidation reaction types of C f /SiC composite. The oxidation process under the induction of lasers with different energy densities was investigated by combining the oxide layer morphology, element distribution, and high-speed photography results. And the oxidation mechanism was elucidated. A second-order response surface model for the oxide layer thickness with respect to the laser energy density, scanning speed, and scanning path spacing was established, and parameter optimization was performed based on this model. Experimental validation demonstrated the reliability of the model predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the tissue dissolving capacities of sodium and calcium hypochlorite [NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2] solutions applied without activation or with two irrigant activation methods. Materials and Methods: One hundred and eight dentin cavities were prepared. Preweighed tissue pieces were placed in these dentin cavities, and samples were divided into nine groups of twelve. In groups 1, 2, and 3, NaOCl was used with non-activation (NA), passive ultrasonic (PUA), and laser activation (LA). With the same techniques, Ca(OCl)2 was used in groups 4, 5, and 6, and distilled water was used in groups 7, 8, and 9. The weight loss of tissue samples was calculated and analyzed using Two-way ANOVA and Duncan tests. Results: Distilled water groups showed no tissue dissolution in any conditions. NaOCI and Ca(OCI)2 showed statistically similar dissolving effectiveness when used with the same technique. Activated groups dissolved significantly greater tissue than non-activated ones, the highest in LA. Conclusions: Ca(OCI)2 can be an alternative to NaOCl; for both, the first choice of activation may be the LA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Traditionally, bilateral urolithiasis treatment involved staged interventions due to safety concerns. Recent studies have shown that same-sitting bilateral retrograde intrarenal surgery (SSB-RIRS) is effective, with acceptable complication rates. However, there's no clear data on the optimum laser for the procedure. This study aimed to assess outcomes of SSB-RIRS comparing thulium fiber laser (TFL) and high-power holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho:YAG) laser in a multicenter real-world practice. Materials and Methods: Retrospective analysis was conducted on patients undergoing SSB-RIRS from January 2015 to June 2022 across 21 centers worldwide. Three months perioperative and postoperative outcomes were recorded, focusing on complications and stone-free rates (SFR). Results: A total of 733 patients were included, with 415 in group 1 (Ho:YAG) and 318 in group 2 (TFL). Both groups have similar demographic and stone characteristics. Group 1 had more incidence of symptomatic pain or hematuria (26.5% vs. 10.4%). Operation and lasing times were comparable. The use of baskets was higher in group 1 (47.2% vs. 18.9%, p<0.001). Postoperative complications and length of hospital stay were similar. Group 2 had a higher overall SFR. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that age, presence of stone at the lower pole, and stone diameter were associated with lower odds of being stone-free bilaterally, while TFL was associated with higher odds. Conclusions: Our study shows that urologists use both lasers equally for SSB-RIRS. Reintervention rates are low, safety profiles are comparable, and single-stage bilateral SFR may be better in certain cases. Bilateral lower pole and large-volume stones have higher chances of residual fragments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The study aimed to compare the effects of separate and simultaneous application of Tecar therapy and low-level laser therapy on neurological symptoms of type 2 diabetic patients. Patients and methods: In this randomized control trial conducted between November 2021 and February 2022, 45 patients (30 females, 15 males; mean age: 65.7±7.6 years; range, 51 to 76 years) with type 2 diabetes and peripheral sensory neuropathy of the lower limbs were randomly divided into three groups: Tecar + sham laser (n=15), Tecar + laser (n=15), and laser + sham Tecar (n=15). Outcome measures for both right and left limbs included tibial motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV), sural nerve amplitude, sole sensation, and ankle-brachial index (ABI) measured before and after 10 sessions and after a three-month follow-up. Results: In intergroup comparison, the Tecar + laser group significantly improved compared to the laser + sham Tecar group in terms of tibial MNCV in both limbs after 10 sessions and all measured outcomes after three months (p<0.05). In addition, comparison between the Tecar + laser and Tecar + sham laser groups for tibial MNCV (p=0.021 for the right limb and p=0.002 for the left limb) and ABI (p=0.001 for the right limb and p=0.002 for the left limb) in both limbs after three months was significant. In the intragroup comparison, a significant improvement was found in the laser + sham Tecar group for sole sensation (p<0.001) and ABI (p<0.001) of both limbs after three months compared to before the interventions, whereas in the other two groups, significant improvements were found in all four outcomes. Conclusion: A significant increase was found in neurological outcomes in all three groups after 10 sessions. Moreover, the use of combined Tecar therapy and laser compared to Tecar or laser alone could lead to a more lasting effect in improving the sensory symptoms of type 2 diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy of the lower limbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a review on some important recent research, development, and innovations related to the nonconventional machining of glass material. Nonconventional machining processes were identified suitable for machining of glass, years ago, and from then to now various technological developments have made nonconventional machining a viable alternate to the conventional machining of glass material. In this article, we have mainly focused on three important nonconventional machining processes, namely, last cutting, ultrasonic machining, and electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM). Novel aspects, effects of process parameters, and salient features are discussed. Mainly, previous five years' work is reviewed. This review finally ends with a conclusion and important future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We demonstrate femtosecond ultra-stable green laser generation by an ytterbium-doped polarization-maintaining fiber laser with a 2.4 mm long lithium triborate (LBO) crystal. We generated 5.6 W of femtosecond green light at 520 nm for a fundamental power of 12 W, which corresponds to a conversion efficiency of 46.7%. The fiber chirped-pulse amplifier, which has an environmentally immune front end, delivered 170 fs pulses at a 75 MHz repetition rate centered at 1040 nm. According to the dispersion of the optical material in a double-frequency setup, the introduced dispersion had a negligible effect for the green laser, and the pulse duration of the generated green laser was calculated to be 171 fs, resulting in an excellent power stability, with fluctuation as low as 0.16% of the generated green light. This system could be of great interest in ultrafast optical and photobiology research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technologies associated with using concentrated energy flows are increasingly used in industry due to the need to manufacture products made of hard alloys and other difficult-to-process materials. This work is devoted to expanding knowledge about the processes accompanying the impact of laser pulses on material surfaces. The features of these processes are reflected in the acoustic emission signals, the parameters of which were used as a tool for understanding the accompanying phenomena. The influence of plasma formations above the material surface on self-oscillatory phenomena and the self-regulation process that affects pulse productivity were examined. The stability of plasma formation over time, its influence on the pulse performance, and changes in the heat flux power density were considered. Experimental data show the change in the power density transmitted by laser pulses to the surface when the focal plane is shifted. Experiments on the impact of laser pulses of different powers and durations on the surface of a hard alloy showed a relationship between the amplitude of acoustic emission and the pulse performance. This work shows the data content of acoustic emission signals and the possibility of expanding the research of concentrated energy flow technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: We aimed to investigate the incidence, prenatal factors and outcomes of twin‐to‐twin transfusion (TTTS) with right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (RVOTO). Material and methods: A systematic search was conducted to identify relevant studies published until February 2023 in English using the databases PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. Studies reporting on pregnancies with TTTS and RVOTO were included. The random‐effect model pooled the mean differences or odds ratios (OR) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 value. Results: A total of 17 studies encompassing 4332 TTTS pregnancies, of which 225 cases had RVOTO, were included. Incidence of RVOTO at time of TTTS diagnosis was 6%. In all, 134/197 (68%) had functional pulmonary stenosis and 62/197 (32%) had functional pulmonary atresia. Of these, 27% resolved following laser and 55% persisted after birth. Of those persisting, 27% required cardiac valve procedures. Prenatal associations were TTTS stage III (53% vs 39% in no‐RVOTO), stage IV TTTS (28% in RVOTO vs 12% in no‐RVOTO) and ductus venosus reversed a‐wave (60% in RVOTO vs 19% in no‐RVOTO). Gestational age at laser and gestational age at delivery were comparable between groups. Survival outcomes were also comparable between groups, including fetal demise of 26%, neonatal death of 12% and 6‐month survival of 82% in RVOTO group. Findings were similar when subgroup analysis was done for studies including head‐to‐head analysis. Conclusions: RVOT occurs in about 6% of the recipient twins with TTTS, especially in stages III and IV and those with reversed ductus venosus a‐wave. The findings from this systematic review support the need for a thorough cardiac assessment of pregnancies complicated by TTTS, both before and after laser, to maximize perinatal outcome, and the importance of early diagnosis of TTTS and timely management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Vascular lasers may represent a promising treatment option for periorbital veins. This article aims to: (1) systematically review the literature on the safety and effectiveness of vascular laser treatment for periorbital veins and (2) assess safety and effectiveness through a retrospective case series. Methods: Systematic review: Articles that assessed the safety and effectiveness of vascular laser treatment for periorbital veins were included and quality assessed using the Downs and Black checklist. Case series: Patient records were retrospectively reviewed from January 2020 to November 2023 to identify all patients who underwent laser treatment for periorbital veins. Outcomes assessment included percentage improvement, patient overall satisfaction and adverse effects. Results: Systematic review: Three articles were included, discussing treatment of blue, periorbital veins using a 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser. Patient Fitzpatrick skin Types I–IV were treated with high patient satisfaction rates and complete clearance of treated veins. Adverse effects included pain, erythema, mild oedema, urticaria and blister formation. Quality of included studies ranged from 7 to 14 out of 21 points. Case series: Thirty‐four patients with skin Types I–V were included. Blue and red periorbital veins were treated using 1064 and 532 nm wavelengths respectively. Mean percentage improvement was 4.8 (complete resolution) and patients' overall satisfaction was ranked 3 (completely satisfied). Adverse effects included erythema, oedema, and bruising. Conclusion: Treatment of red and blue periorbital veins using 532 and 1064 nm vascular lasers appears a safe treatment option. The procedure has a short recovery time, with patients able to resume normal activities within 1 day of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These days, metal matrix composites (MMCs) are being widely utilized in automotive and aerospace industries as prominent alternatives to traditional materials. Owing to their elevated strength-to-weight proportion, exceptional fracture toughness, and lightweight design, they can be used in a variety of applications. MMCs undergo extensive machining while making parts and components out of them. The machining of monolithic materials, such as metals and alloys, is a widely used and established process in different industries, such as the aerospace, bio-medical, and automotive sectors. Because of the properties of the metal matrix and the strong reinforcement, MMCs provide unique challenges. Modern machining processes have been found to be superior in overcoming challenges and achieving improved machinability of MMCs. An overview of MMC machining with modern methods is provided in this article. This article first outlines MMCs and addresses the need for and difficulties associated with their machining. Next, it reviews previous investigations on the machining of MMCs employing modern methods like electrical discharge machining, laser machining, abrasive machining, and hybrid machining. Productivity and surface integrity issues, including delamination and roughness, etc., are discussed. When presenting the review, the benefits and drawbacks of modern processes are also taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: This study aimed to evaluate how laser-activated irrigation (LAI) influences the retention of a fiber post when used before an endodontic filling, as well as after post space preparation. (2) Materials and Methods: Sixty freshly extracted human incisors were selected. The teeth were randomly assigned to three groups—CONVENTIONAL (CONV), PIPS or SWEEPS—and treated endodontically. Each group received irrigation with 1 × 5 mL EDTA (17%) and 3 × 5 mL NaOCl (5.25%). In the first group, the irrigants were not activated, while in the second and third group, LAI was adopted using PIPS and SWEEPS protocols (Lightwalker from Fotona, Ljubliana, Slovenia). After post space preparation, each group received the same irrigation protocol initially established. Sticky posts (everStick Post, GC AUSTRIA GmbH Swiss) were individually adapted to the corresponding post spaces and cemented using dual cure resin cement (Gradia Core, GC Austria GmbH Swiss). All specimens were vertically embedded into self-curing acrylate (Duracryl plus, Spofa Dent, Europe), and each was sectioned into three segments of type A and type B samples for debonding through push-out and pull-out tests. The results were statistically analyzed. (3) Results: The pull-out test showed the superiority of the SWEEPS group, with a mean fracture force of 133.0 ± 50.7 N, followed by the PIPS group, with 102 N, with a lower standard deviation of ± 34.5 N. The CONV group registered the lowest fracture force. Concerning the push-out test, the SWEEPS group showed superior shear stress in comparison to the other two groups (13.45 ± 4.29 MPa); the CONV group was inferior, with shear tension values of 8.31 ± 4.67 MPa. (4) Conclusions: It can be stated that the SWEEPS and PIPS protocols resulted in considerably higher fiber post retention than the conventional method, whereas the SWEEPS protocol was superior to the PIPS protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of emerging technologies observed in recent years, such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, mobile internet, big data, cloud computing, and the Internet of Everything, are generating escalating demands for expanding the capacity density, and speed in next‐generation optical communications. This poses a significant challenge to existing communication techniques. Within this context, the integration of near‐infrared broadband, tunable, and high‐gain luminescent materials into silicon optical circuits or fiber architectures to transmit and modulate light shows enormous potential for advancing next‐generation communication techniques. Here, this review provides an overview of the recent breakthroughs in near‐infrared luminescent epitaxial/colloidal quantum dots, and metal‐active‐center‐doped materials for broadband optical amplifiers and tunable lasers. We also expound on efforts to enhance the bandwidth and gain of these materials‐based amplifiers and lasers, exploring the challenges associate with developing ultra‐broadband and high‐speed optical communication systems. Additionally, the potential applications in Fifth Generation Fixed Networks, integration with 5G and 6G wireless networks, compensation for current Si electronic based CMOS for high computing capability, and the prospects of these light sources for next‐generation optoelectronic devices are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the superior luminous intensity characteristics of lasers, a thermal simulation platform employing laser-induced heating in an aerobic environment was developed. Achieving a uniformly distributed flat-topped square laser beam output was facilitated through optical fibre bundling techniques, while precise control over laser power output was attained through current modulation. Utilising the aforementioned system, thermal shock simulation experiments were conducted in an aerobic environment, subjecting two types of high-temperature-resistant composites, namely C/C and C/SiC, to temperatures up to 1800 °C. These composites were lightweight, heat-resistant materials designed for hypersonic vehicle applications. The results show that the system and method can be used to simulate high temperatures, rapid temperature increases, and thermal shocks on C/C composite materials, with minimal variation in the coupling coefficient under aerobic conditions. The system and method can also provide key technology support for thermal-force-oxygen coupling testing of high temperature resistant materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Aims Methods Conclusions Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a prevalent form of hair loss that affects both men and women, severely impacting patients' quality of life. Traditional treatments include oral medications, topical medications, and hair transplantation, but these methods have certain side effects and limitations. How to safely effectively and maximally promote hair growth has been a key issue in the treatment of AGA. In recent years, fractionated laser therapy, as a noninvasive method, has gradually gained attention due to its minimally invasive and highly effective nature.In this paper, we summarized the studies related to fractional laser treatment of AGA in the past 15 years, and discussed its therapeutic mechanism, clinical effect, future development direction, and advantages and disadvantages compared with traditional treatment methods in the treatment of AGA.An extensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Google, Google Scholar, Embase, and Scopus. All available articles studying fractional laser treatment of AGA were compiled in March 2024. Titles and abstracts were then screened for relevance and thoroughly examined for patient clinical outcomes. Prospective clinical trials, retrospective chart reviews, case series, and individual case reports were included in the literature review.Fractional laser treatment of AGA showed remarkable efficacy and high safety. Compared with traditional treatments, fractional laser has the advantages of minimally invasive, quick recovery, fewer side effects, and a wide range of population applicability, providing an effective treatment option for AGA patients. Further large‐scale clinical studies will help optimize the laser parameters and treatment settings to improve the therapeutic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, essential oils (EOs) have received increased attention from the research community, and the EOs of cinnamon, patchouli, and geranium have become highly recognized for their antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antioxidant effects. Due to these properties, they have become valuable and promising candidates for addressing the worldwide threat of antimicrobial resistance and other diseases. Simultaneously, studies have revealed promising new results regarding the effects of physical fields (magnetic and electric) and LASER (MEL) exposure on seed germination, plant growth, biomass accumulation, and the yield and composition of EOs. In this frame, the present study aims to investigate the influence of MEL treatments on cinnamon, patchouli, and geranium EOs, by specifically examining their composition, antimicrobial properties, and antioxidant activities. Results showed that the magnetic influence has improved the potency of patchouli EO against L. monocytogenes, S. enteritidis, and P. aeruginosa, while the antimicrobial activity of cinnamon EO against L. monocytogenes was enhanced by the electric and laser treatments. All exposures have increased the antifungal effect of geranium EO against C. albicans. The antioxidant activity was not modified by any of the treatments. These findings could potentially pave the way for a deeper understanding of the efficiency, the mechanisms of action, and the utilization of EOs, offering new insights for further exploration and application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effects of combining a Pilates program with photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain (CNLBP). Methods: Thirty-eight adults with CNLBP were randomly assigned to two groups: Pilates exercise + active PBMT (PIL + PBMT) or Pilates exercise + sham PBMT (PIL + SHAM). Both groups performed an 8-week mat Pilates program and received PBMT on their lumbar muscles 10 min before and after each session. The following variables were assessed before and after intervention: peak pain intensity, postural balance (i.e., center of the pressure [A-COP], velocity anteroposterior [Vel AP], and velocity mediolateral [Vel ML]), perceived disability (i.e., Oswestry Disability Index [ODI] and Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire [RMDQ]), and pain-related fear of movement (i.e., Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia [TSK], Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire [FABQ], and Pain Catastrophizing Scale [PCS]). Results: Postural balance variables showed no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) across time or between groups. The groups showed similar (p < 0.05) reductions in peak pain intensity, ODI, RMDQ, and PCS scores, but no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) in TSK and FABQ scores. Conclusion: The mat Pilates program reduced peak pain intensity, perceived disability, and pain catastrophizing in adults with CNLBP, but PBMT had no additional effect on these variables. Mat Pilates alone or combined with PBMT was not able to improve postural balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of laser technology in the 1960s, a technique was developed to inject intradermal vaccines immediately after irradiating the skin with laser light to elicit an adjuvant effect, referred to as “laser adjuvant.” We have been investigating the mechanism of laser adjuvant in influenza mouse models using noninvasive continuous-wave (CW) near-infrared (NIR) light mainly at a wavelength of 1064 nm, and have shown that the production of reactive-oxygen-species (ROS) in the skin and mast cells in the skin tissue plays an important role in the laser adjuvant effect. The new wavelength of 1270 nm NIR light is characterized by its ability to elicit the same vaccine adjuvant effect as other wavelengths at a lower energy, and may be suitable for clinical applications. In this study, we investigated the physiological activity of CW1270 nm NIR light in mast cells, its biological activity on mouse skin, and the durability of the vaccine adjuvant effect in influenza vaccine mouse models. We show that irradiation of mast cells with 1270 nm NIR light produced ROS and ATP, and irradiation of isolated mitochondria also produced ATP. In mouse skin, the relative expression levels of chemokine mRNAs, such as Ccl2 and Ccl20, were increased by irradiation with 1270 and 1064 nm NIR light at minimum safe irradiance. However, the relative expression of Nfkb1 was increased at 1064 nm, but not at 1270 nm. Serum anti-influenza IgG antibody titers increased early after immunization with 1064 nm, whereas with 1270 nm, there was not only an early response of antibody production but also persistence of antibody titers over the medium- to long-term. Thus, to our knowledge, we show for the first time that 1270 nm NIR light induces ROS and ATP production in mitochondria as photoreceptors, initiating a cascade of laser adjuvant effects for intradermal vaccines. Additionally, we demonstrate that there are wavelength-specific variations in the mechanisms and effects of laser adjuvants. In conclusion, CW1270 nm NIR light is expected to be clinically applicable as a novel laser adjuvant that is equivalent or superior to 1064 nm NIR light, because it can be operated at low energy and has a wavelengthspecific adjuvant effect with medium- to long-lasting antibody titer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For real-world applications, autonomous mobile robotic platforms must be capable of navigating safely in a multitude of different and dynamic environments with accurate and robust localization being a key prerequisite. To support further research in this domain, we present the INSANE datasets (Increased Number of Sensors for developing Advanced and Novel Estimators)—a collection of versatile Micro Aerial Vehicle (MAV) datasets for cross-environment localization. The datasets provide various scenarios with multiple stages of difficulty for localization methods. These scenarios range from trajectories in the controlled environment of an indoor motion capture facility, to experiments where the vehicle performs an outdoor maneuver and transitions into a building, requiring changes of sensor modalities, up to purely outdoor flight maneuvers in a challenging Mars analog environment to simulate scenarios which current and future Mars helicopters would need to perform. The presented work aims to provide data that reflects real-world scenarios and sensor effects. The extensive sensor suite includes various sensor categories, including multiple Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) and cameras. Sensor data is made available as unprocessed measurements and each dataset provides highly accurate ground truth, including the outdoor experiments where a dual Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) setup provides sub-degree and centimeter accuracy (1-sigma). The sensor suite also includes a dedicated high-rate IMU to capture all the vibration dynamics of the vehicle during flight to support research on novel machine learning-based sensor signal enhancement methods for improved localization. The datasets and post-processing tools are available at: https://sst.aau.at/cns/datasets/insane-dataset/ [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring the strain in the rotating flywheel in a kinetic energy storage system is important for safe operation and for the investigation of long-term effects in composite materials like carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics. An optoelectronic strain-measurement system for contactless deformation and position monitoring of a flywheel was investigated. The system consists of multiple optical sensors measuring the local relative in-plane displacement of the flywheel rotor. A special reflective pattern, which is necessary to interact with the sensors, was applied to the surface of the rotor. Combining the measurements from multiple sensors makes it possible to distinguish between the deformation and in-plane displacement of the flywheel. The sensor system was evaluated using a low-speed steel rotor for single-sensor performance investigation as well as a scaled-down high-speed rotor made from PVC plastic. The PVC rotor exhibits more deformation due to centrifugal stresses than a steel or aluminum rotor of the same dimensions, which allows experimental measurements at a smaller flywheel scale as well as a lower rotation speed. Deformation measurements were compared to expected deformation from calculations. The influence of sensor distance was investigated. Deformation and position measurements as well as derived imbalance measurements were demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) are a necessity for modelling many large-scale environmental processes. In this study, we investigate the potential of data from two spaceborne lidar altimetry missions, ICESat-2 and GEDI—with respect to their vertical accuracies and planimetric data collection patterns—as sources for rasterisation towards creating global DEMs. We validate the terrain measurements of both missions against airborne lidar datasets over three areas in the Netherlands, Switzerland, and New Zealand and differentiate them using land-cover classes. For our experiments, we use five years of ICESat-2 ATL03 data and four years of GEDI L2A data for a total of 252 million measurements. The datasets are filtered using parameter flags provided by the higher-level products ICESat-2 ATL08 and GEDI L3A. For all areas and land-cover classes combined, ICESat-2 achieves a bias of −0.11 m, an MAE of 0.43 m, and an RMSE of 0.93 m. From our experiments, we find that GEDI is less accurate, with a bias of 0.09 m, an MAE of 0.98 m, and an RMSE of 2.96 m. Measurements in open land-cover classes, such as "Cropland" and "Grassland", result in the best accuracy for both missions. We also find that the slope of the terrain has a major influence on vertical accuracy, more so for GEDI than ICESat-2 because of its larger horizontal geolocation error. In contrast, we find little effect of either beam power or background solar radiation, nor do we find noticeable seasonal effects on accuracy. Furthermore, we investigate the spatial coverage of ICESat-2 and GEDI by deriving a DEM at different horizontal resolutions and latitudes. GEDI has higher spatial coverage than ICESat-2 at lower latitudes due to its beam pattern and lower inclination angle, and a derived DEM can achieve a resolution of 500 m. ICESat-2 only reaches a DEM resolution of 700 m at the equator, but it increases to almost 200 m at higher latitudes. When combined, a 500 m resolution lidar-based DEM can be achieved globally. Our results indicate that both ICESat-2 and GEDI enable accurate terrain measurements anywhere in the world. Especially in data-poor areas—such as the tropics—this has potential for new applications and insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angiofibromas are a common facial manifestation of tuberous sclerosis (TS). However, current treatments have proven ineffective due to high recurrence rates and noncompliance. To address this issue, we developed a new triple laser therapy protocol for more effective management of angiofibromas. We conducted tests to validate its efficacy. This is a prospective study of 10 patients with TS (4 women and 6 men, mean age 26.3 years [15–37 years]) with angiofibromata who received triple sequential laser therapy at our private dermatological clinic conducted from January 2000 to December 2022. We evaluated the outcome with the Facial Angiofibromata Severity Index (FASI) via clinical photography (0, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years), and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). All patients had a successful recovery without any complications. Among these 10 patients, 4 experienced localized recurrences at their 6-month follow-up. These recurrences were treated with a second single carbon dioxide laser session. After 2 years of follow-up, we observed no recurring facial cutaneous manifestations. Furthermore, all patients experienced a decrease in their FASI score after treatment. According to the Visual Analogue Scale, patients reported 95% satisfaction, and DLQI indicated only a minor impact on their everyday lives. We believe that this protocol of three-step laser treatment is effective, safe, and compliable for patients with facial angiofibromata, providing a satisfactory outcome adaptable to the daily dermatological and plastic surgery practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Q‐switched (QS) Nd: YAG laser is one of the treatment options for solar lentigines (SLs). However, the incidence of post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) is a common complication, especially in dark‐complexioned skin. Isobutylamido thiazolyl resorcinol (ITR) has been reported as a preventive modality for ultraviolet B (UVB)‐induced hyperpigmentation. Aims: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ITR for the prevention of laser‐induced PIH. Patients/Methods: A randomized, evaluator‐blinded study including 24 subjects with SLs was conducted. Three SLs of each patient were randomized into three groups, which were to apply ITR twice daily, once daily, and no application for 2 weeks. Thereafter, 532‐nm QS Nd: YAG laser was performed. Incidence of laser‐induced PIH, relative melanin index (RMI), mean luminance score (L*), hyperpigmentation score, and adverse events were recorded for 2 months post‐laser. Results: The incidence of PIH at the 4th week after laser treatment was significantly lower in the ITR twice‐daily group compared to the no‐application group (20.83% vs. 50%, p = 0.028). There was no statistically significant difference in RMI, mean L*, and hyperpigmentation score between treatments at all visits. No serious adverse events were reported regarding ITR application and laser treatment. Conclusion: Two‐week application of ITR prior to QS: Nd YAG laser treatment may potentially reduce the incidence of PIH. A longer duration of application, including after the laser procedure, may be more beneficial for the prevention of laser‐induced PIH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machining composite to achieve the desired surface and sub-surface condition, whether through conventional or non-conventional techniques, presents persistent challenges due to their anisotropic thermal characteristics. These challenges escalate when dealing with ceramic matrix composites (CMC) due to their high melting and boiling temperature. This study investigates the surface and sub-surface characteristics of SiC-Al 2 O 3 CMC laser-cut components, produced using a 2 kW quasi-continuous wave laser. The influence of laser parameters such as focal position, cutting speed, number of cutting passes, average power, and assist gas type on surface and sub-surface characteristics have been investigated in detail. The laser cut samples were analysed using white light interferometer, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) and 3D X-ray Computer Tomography (XCT) for both surface and sub-surface characteristics. The effect of laser process parameters on the surface composition, surface topology, and sub-surface thermal defects have been studied in detail. The results revealed that multi-pass cutting (16 pass) can be used to achieve lower thermal affected zone (~200 µm) and reduced surface roughness with an overall cutting speed of 625 mm/min. No delamination was observed with multi-pass cutting. Nitrogen was found to be the most suitable assist gas, as it prevented oxide layer formation across the laser cut SiC-Al 2 O 3 CMC surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The management of renal stones, particularly those less than 2 cm in diameter, has changed with the development of endourological techniques, among which flexible ureteroscopy (FURS) using laser for lithotripsy has become a cornerstone. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of high pulse energy versus low pulse energy laser settings in renal stone dusting by Holmium YAG laser. This prospective randomized study was conducted between September 2021 and November 2023 to compare the efficacy and safety of high energy versus low-energy pulse settings using a Holmium: YAG laser dusting of renal stones less than 2 cm in diameter. A total of 174 adult patients were included, divided equally into high- and low-pulse energy groups, based on the energy settings of the laser high energy (ranged from 1.2–2.5 Joules and frequency of 8 hz) and low energy (less than 0.5 Joules and frequency ≥ 15 hz) using the dusting ‎technique with non-touch non-stop approach. The study sought to evaluate the impact of these settings on stone fragmentation efficiency, operative time, laser energy consumption, and postoperative outcomes, including stone-free rates and complications. The study involved 174 patients who underwent renal stone lithotripsy and showed that using high pulse energy laser dusting settings significantly reduced operative times and more rapid dusting compared to low pulse energy settings, without affecting the stone-free rate. The study observed no significant differences in stone size or location between both groups. Minor postoperative complications were similar between both groups, indicating high pulse energy settings for lithotripsy dusting. The efficacy of high pulse energy dusting in enhancing stone removal during surgery, potentially reducing operative time. Further validation through larger-scale studies is needed to solidify these findings. This technique presents a promising solution, particularly in regions with limited resources where acquiring expensive laser equipment is challenging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper address the performance optimization of the battery heat sink module by analyzing the lattice structure of the battery heat sink module through in-depth modeling and simulation, and combining the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF)-forming technology with mechanical and corrosion resistance experiments for a comprehensive study. It is found that the introduction of the lattice skeleton significantly improves the thermal conductivity of the phase change material (PCM), realizing the efficient distribution and fast transfer of heat in the system. At the same time, the lattice skeleton makes the heat distribution in the heat exchanger more uniform, improves the utilization rate of the PCM, and helps to maintain the stability of the cell temperature. In addition, the melting of PCM in the lattice heat exchanger is more uniform, thus maximizing its latent heat capacity. In summary, by optimizing the lattice structure and introducing the lattice skeleton, this study successfully improves the performance of the battery heat dissipation system, which provides a strong guarantee for the high efficiency and stable operation of the battery, and provides new ideas and references for the development of the battery heat dissipation technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of unique optical materials that provide amplification and lasing in new wavelength ranges is a major scientific problem, the solution of which is becoming the basis for the emergence of new optical technologies, which are primarily targeting the expanding of operating wavelengths in silica glass. In fact, one of the notable advances in the field of fiber optics over the past two decades has been the production of a new type of laser-active fibers (namely bismuth-doped fibers), which has made it possible to cover previously inaccessible (for rare-earth-doped fibers) spectral ranges, in particular O-, E-, S-, and U-telecom bands. The advance in this direction has led to further growth of the technological capabilities in the telecom industry for amplification and generation of optical radiation in various wavelength bands, which will result in the near future to overcoming the problem known as "capacity crunch" by means of expanding the data transmission range. Recently, bismuth-doped fibers have been actively studying in order to improve their characteristics, which would allow for efficient implementation of optical devices based on bismuth-doped fibers (BDFs) with deployed telecommunications systems. This is one of the dynamically developing areas, where progress has already manifested in form of emergence of new achievements, in particular commercially available various types of BDFs, as well as a series of novel fiber-optic amplifiers for the O- and E-bands. In this review, a number of scientific studies that have already led to a noticeable progress in the field of optical properties of BDFs and the practical implementation of optical devices (lasers and amplifiers) based on them are presented and discussed, with much attention to the achievements of recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The 1444 nm wavelength Neodymium:Yttrium–Aluminum–Garnet (Nd:YAG) laser treatment is an efficient method for treating axillary osmidrosis (AO); however, it has a relatively low treatment persistence. To address this issue, we performed integrated liposuction surgery with a laser to treat AO and compared the results with those of a group treated only with a laser. Materials and Methods: This study compared the outcomes of AO treatment between the two groups up to six months postoperatively. The first group of 18 patients underwent laser treatment alone, and the second group of 12 patients underwent integrated liposuction surgery in addition to laser treatment. Outcomes were assessed using the following variables: degree of malodor (DOM), sweating area, patient satisfaction, pain levels, and complications, such as burns, swelling, and contractures. Results: Compared to the laser-only group, the integrated liposuction group demonstrated significantly superior outcomes in terms of DOM (p = 0.002) and patient satisfaction (p = 0.006), as well as a reduction in the sweating area (p = 0.012). The pain rating was higher in the liposuction group, but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.054). Compared with the patients in the integrated liposuction treatment group, those in the laser treatment group exhibited a significantly higher number of burns under the axillae (p = 0.025). However, no significant differences were observed in the swelling or contracture between the groups. Conclusions: Integrated liposuction with laser therapy significantly improved treatment outcomes, including malodor, patient satisfaction, sweat test results, and decreased complication rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to compare the tissue dissolving capacities of sodium and calcium hypochlorite [NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2] solutions applied without activation or with two irrigant activation methods. Materials and Methods One hundred and eight dentin cavities were prepared. Preweighed tissue pieces were placed in these dentin cavities, and samples were divided into nine groups of twelve. In groups 1, 2, and 3, NaOCl was used with non-activation (NA), passive ultrasonic (PUA), and laser activation (LA). With the same techniques, Ca(OCl)2 was used in groups 4, 5, and 6, and distilled water was used in groups 7, 8, and 9. The weight loss of tissue samples was calculated and analyzed using Two-way ANOVA and Duncan tests. Results Distilled water groups showed no tissue dissolution in any conditions. NaOCI and Ca(OCI)2 showed statistically similar dissolving effectiveness when used with the same technique. Activated groups dissolved significantly greater tissue than non-activated ones, the highest in LA. Conclusions Ca(OCI)2 can be an alternative to NaOCl; for both, the first choice of activation may be the LA.

Background and objective: Recently, the new pulsed thulium:yttrium aluminum garnet (p-Tm:YAG) laser technology has been introduced in endourology for lithotripsy. The aim of this study was to assess and validate the clinical laser performance and safety profile of p-Tm:YAG laser in a series of patients with renal and ureteral stones who underwent flexible ureteroscopy (fURS). Methods: Prospective data were collected for patients who underwent fURS with the p-Tm:YAG laser Thulio (Dornier MedTech Systems GmbH, Wessling, Germany) at our institution by using two different laser fiber core diameters (270 and 200 μm). The primary endpoint of the study was stone-free rate (SFR), and the secondary endpoints were Clavien-Dindo complications grade ≥1 and the comparison between laser fibers of different diameters in all the parameters analyzed. Descriptive statistics relied on medians and interquartile ranges for continuous covariates, and on frequencies and percentages for categorical covariates. After stratification according to fiber types, differences between groups were tested with Wilcoxon and chi-square tests as appropriate. All the analyses and graphics were performed using R software (version 4.2.2). Key findings and limitations: The SFR was 82% at 1-mo follow-up. In six out of 50 procedures (12%), Clavien-Dindo grade I–II complications were recorded. There were no differences regarding all the laser parameters considered between patients who were treated with 270 or 200 μm laser fibers (p > 0.05). Limitations of the study include small sample size in a single center and the lack of comparative groups. Conclusions and clinical implications: In this prospective study of 50 patients who underwent fURS for ureteral and renal stones, the p-Tm:YAG laser Thulio was both effective and safe in a short-term follow-up. More prospective randomized studies in larger populations using different laser sources are required to confirm the clinical laser performance and safety of p-Tm:YAG laser for urinary stones treatment. Patient summary: In this report, we looked at the outcomes for the pulsed thulium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser Dornier Thulio in patients who underwent flexible ureteroscopy for ureteral and renal stones. We found that this new laser technology is effective and safe, representing a good alternative to the other laser machines available for stone lithotripsy. We need more studies with larger populations to establish the superiority of this laser technology over the others.

Background: Hidradenitis supprativa is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that can respond to treatment with laser hair removal. Objective: To assess alexandrite laser hair removal laser as a treatment for hidradenitis suppurativa as measured by the Hidradenitis Supprativa Clinical Response. Materials and methods: We conducted a prospective, randomized, controlled study in adult patients with hidradenitis supprativa. Participants underwent a series of 4 monthly laser treatments to 1 side of the body, with the contralateral side serving as a control. The primary outcome was Hidradenitis Supprativa Clinical Response at week 24, 8 weeks after the final laser treatment. Results: The percent improvement across treated sites after 4 treatments was 72.73% axillary, 70% inguinal, and 100% inframammary. Across all body regions, Hidradenitis Supprativa Clinical Response was significantly higher for the sites treated with the alexandrite laser compared to the contralateral controls: 75% vs 33.33% (P = .0046, 95% CI: [0.16, 1]). Limitations: The limitations of this study include a small sample size from which the data was collected. Conclusions: The 775-nm alexandrite laser is a safe and effective treatment for hidradenitis supprativa at various anatomic sites in both resolving preexisting lesions and preventing new eruptions.

Background and Objective: Removal of skin tattoos by Q-switched (QS) Nd:YAG laser is a common procedure, but its results vary. For successful tattoo removal, laser applications are combined with various methods. In laser tattoo removal, pigments are removed from the region by the lymphatic system after they are broken down into small pieces. It is hypothesized that induction with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) can increase the total amount of pigments removed in the laser tattoo removal process and possibly reduce the visibility of the remaining pigments by thickening and renewing the skin. For this purpose, a study investigating the combination of laser tattoo removal with PRP was planned. Materials and Methods: The study was planned on rats divided into three groups (with eight rats each). Four rats were used for PRP preparation. All rats were tattooed on both arms and legs. One month after the rats were tattooed, QS Nd:YAG laser and PRP or saline injections were applied to the tattoos. The tattoos were measured, photographed, and evaluated by macroscopy and dermoscopy shortly before laser application and at 1 and 2 months after laser application. Regional lymph node dissection was performed. Results: After laser application, all the tattoos showed some pigment removal. There was no significant difference in tattoo removal with various wavelengths (1064/532 nm) or with a 25% increase in laser power. Although skin quality was found to be better in the PRP-injected group, the difference was not significant compared with that in the group with saline injections. In all subjects, at least one pigmented lymph node was seen in all dissection areas. Conclusions: Laser application is effective in the removal of tattoos. However, although the combination of PRP and laser has a positive effect on the quality of the skin, it does not provide a significant positive effect on tattoo removal.

Evdokia Sourla, Peck Lin Lip Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Sandwell & West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, UKCorrespondence: Peck Lin Lip, Email pllipwoo@gmail.comAbstract: Severe sickle retinopathy is commonly known in adults but not in children, hence any related treatment for sickle retinopathy in children was not well described. We reported 2 paediatric sickle patients (aged 12 and 13) presented with severe sickle retinopathy and described details of their disease progression and treatments over 2– 3 years, along with the challenges faced when managing this particular group of young age sickle cell patients. Our case reports also demonstrated the benefits of laser photocoagulation treatment to early sickle proliferative disease, and how complications from advanced severe retinopathy hindered effective treatments.Keywords: children, seafans, vitreous hemorrhage, laser, traction, salmon patch

Abstract Considering the superior luminous intensity characteristics of lasers, a thermal simulation platform employing laser-induced heating in an aerobic environment was developed. Achieving a uniformly distributed flat-topped square laser beam output was facilitated through optical fibre bundling techniques, while precise control over laser power output was attained through current modulation. Utilising the aforementioned system, thermal shock simulation experiments were conducted in an aerobic environment, subjecting two types of high-temperature-resistant composites, namely C/C and C/SiC, to temperatures up to 1800 °C. These composites were lightweight, heat-resistant materials designed for hypersonic vehicle applications. The results show that the system and method can be used to simulate high temperatures, rapid temperature increases, and thermal shocks on C/C composite materials, with minimal variation in the coupling coefficient under aerobic conditions. The system and method can also provide key technology support for thermal-force-oxygen coupling testing of high temperature resistant materials.

Angiofibromas are a common facial manifestation of tuberous sclerosis (TS). However, current treatments have proven ineffective due to high recurrence rates and noncompliance. To address this issue, we developed a new triple laser therapy protocol for more effective management of angiofibromas. We conducted tests to validate its efficacy. This is a prospective study of 10 patients with TS (4 women and 6 men, mean age 26.3 years [15–37 years]) with angiofibromata who received triple sequential laser therapy at our private dermatological clinic conducted from January 2000 to December 2022. We evaluated the outcome with the Facial Angiofibromata Severity Index (FASI) via clinical photography (0, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years), and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). All patients had a successful recovery without any complications. Among these 10 patients, 4 experienced localized recurrences at their 6-month follow-up. These recurrences were treated with a second single carbon dioxide laser session. After 2 years of follow-up, we observed no recurring facial cutaneous manifestations. Furthermore, all patients experienced a decrease in their FASI score after treatment. According to the Visual Analogue Scale, patients reported 95% satisfaction, and DLQI indicated only a minor impact on their everyday lives. We believe that this protocol of three-step laser treatment is effective, safe, and compliable for patients with facial angiofibromata, providing a satisfactory outcome adaptable to the daily dermatological and plastic surgery practice.

Owing to their large accelerating gradients, plasma-based accelerators have attracted considerable interest as potential drivers for future, compact electron-positron colliders. Despite great progress achieved in plasma-based electron acceleration, positron acceleration still remains a challenging task, with an efficient positron source being the prerequisite for such acceleration. Here a concept for a compact, two-stage plasma-based positron source is discussed. In the first stage the positrons are created by a multi GeV electron beam produced by a laser-plasma accelerator interacting with a solid density foil. In the second stage the positrons are captured and accelerated in a plasma wave driven by either an electron beam or a laser pulse. Three potential configurations of such a source are considered: (i) a single electron beam is used for both the creation of positrons in the foil and for driving the wakefield in the second stage; (ii) a train of two electron beams is used: the positrons produced by the trailing beam in the foil are captured and accelerated in the second stage by the plasma wave generated by the leading beam; and (iii) a single electron beam is used to produce positrons in the foil and an independent laser pulse is coupled to the second stage to drive the plasma wave. These three configurations show different degrees of effectiveness with positron capture efficiency, varying from less than a percent to almost half of all produced positrons.

ObjectivesDuring holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (holmium:YAG) laser lithotripsy to break urinary stones, urologists frequently see flashes of light. As infrared laser pulses are invisible, what is the source of light? Here we studied the origin, characteristics, and some effects of flashes of light in laser lithotripsy.MethodsUltrahigh-speed video-microscopy was used to record single laser pulses at 0.2-1.0 J energy lasered with 242 µm glass-core-diameter fibers in contact with whole surgically retrieved urinary stones and hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated glass slides in air and water. Acoustic transients were measured with a hydrophone. Visible-light and infrared photodetectors resolved temporal profiles of visible-light emission and infrared-laser pulses.ResultsTemporal profiles of laser pulses showed intensity spikes of various duration and amplitude. The pulses were seen to produce dim light and bright sparks with submicrosecond risetime. The spark produced by the intensity spike at the beginning of laser pulse generated a shock wave in the surrounding liquid. The subsequent sparks were in a vapor bubble and generated no shock waves. Sparks enhanced absorption of laser radiation, indicative of plasma formation and optical breakdown. The occurrence and number of sparks varied even with the same urinary stone. Sparks were consistently observed at laser energy >0.5 J with HA-coated glass slides. The slides broke or cracked by cavitation with sparks in 63 ± 15% of pulses (1.0 J, N = 60). No glass-slide breakage occurred without sparks (1.0 J, N = 500).ConclusionUnappreciated in previous studies, plasma formation with free-running long-pulse holmium:YAG lasers can be an additional physical mechanism of action in laser procedures.

Machining, micro machining, and laser processing are key manufacturing processes for the medical device industry. They continue to grow in popularity because they produce high-precision, small-profile components and sub-assemblies with [...]

Introduction and purpose In recent years, there has been notable progress in the role of light-emitting technologies, including lasers and other energy-based devices, across various medical disciplines. Dermatology stands out as one of the prominent fields where laser treatments have gained significant popularity. In the clinical setting, a variety of laser types are utilized. A fundamental aspect of ensuring the safe use of laser devices involves comprehending their mechanisms at the tissue level. This knowledge enables practitioners to attain the desired outcomes effectively while minimizing the risk of complications. Lasers have demonstrated effectiveness in treating cutaneous vascular conditions because of their capacity to selectively target intravascular oxyhemoglobin. Rosacea, juvenile hemangioma, and port wine stains are among the vascular skin conditions for which laser therapy has shown notable success. Laser therapy is employed in treating hypertrophic scars, keloids, and acne scars because it facilitates the restructuring of the skin's architecture at the scar site, with the goal of minimizing its size and visibility. Laser therapy stands as the gold standard for removing tattoos. Materials and methods The methodology for conducting literature search involved utilizing medical subject headings terms to explore PubMed. Search terms included: “lasers”, “intense pulsed light”, “dermatology”, “rosacea”, “acne”, “scars”, “tattoo removal”. Conclusions Laser dermatological treatments are gaining popularity worldwide, driving new innovations and clinical applications. This review highlights the significant role and diverse clinical applications of lasers and intense pulsed light in dermatological practice. Improving the quality of skin in patients suffering from skin diseases can significantly increase their quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Benign pigmented lesions and a general uneven tone in people with skin of color are growing issues that have been presented to dermatologists. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first controlled study to examine the efficacy and safety of using the newly introduced 785nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) picosecond laser to treat facial benign pigmented lesions in Asian patients with diffractive lens array. Materials and Methods: A 785nm Nd:YAG picosecond laser was used to treat 15 healthy female volunteers older than 18years who had Fitzpatrick skin types II–IV and facial benign pigmented lesions. Each volunteer received five weekly treatments in dual modes. The clinical improvement was assessed by independent investigators and by objectively measuring the melanin index. Results: After the treatment, the melanin and erythema indices decreased, and the pigmented lesions showed clinical improvements. No serious adverse effects were observed during the study period. Conclusions: A 785nm Nd:YAG picosecond laser may be safe and effective in treating facial benign pigmented lesions in Asian skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-performance Ox-Ox ceramics material composites (CMC) are a strategic building block in the aerospace industry and high-temperature applications. The ceramics material composites are hard to machine due to high hardness, fracture toughness, and heterogeneous structures. Furthermore, it is prone to brittle fracture during the machining process. In this study, we successfully demonstrate ultrafast laser machining technology to machine Ox-Ox CMCs. A picosecond laser has been used to machine slots to understand the impact of laser process parameters on the material removal mechanism by performing deep machining. Different scan rates and a number of over-scans have been employed to understand the material removal mechanism, which is dominated by laser ablation and aided by melting due to the residual surface temperature. The maximum material removal rate of 21.75 mm3/min has been achieved for the scan rate of 300 mm/s. This can be related to the reduction in the ablation threshold and the critical balance between the material removal mechanism by ablation and melting. It was found that, the surface roughness of the cut surface has decreased due to melting and solidification. The cross-sectional examination reveals two distinct surface structures, which are entirely resolidified and thermally eroded regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this manuscript, a laser ablation-assisted step milling (LAAM(S)) process was proposed, building upon the foundation of laser-ablation assisted overall milling (LAAM(O)). The model of the oxidation mechanism of SiC f /SiC composites was developed to explain the evolution of material properties with laser assistance. The results of the oxidation revealed that the material undergoes melting and evaporation, forming an ablation layer, and the thickness of the ablation layer is positively correlated with laser power. In comparison to CM and LAAM(O), LAAM(S) demonstrates notable reductions in milling forces and temperatures, with corresponding decreases in tool wear of 55 μm and 30 μm respectively. These improvements are attributed to the porous and loosely adherent ablation layer, facilitating easier removal，demonstrating the effectiveness of the developed machining method. Unlike CM and LAAM(O), LAAM(S) prevents tool edge chipping and reduces surface damages such as fiber fracture and matrix fragmentation. The machining efficiency was quantitatively evaluated. The processing time reduced by 13.65 % in LAAM(S) compared to LAAM(O) when the milling distance reached 500 mm. This indicates that LAAM(S) offers superior efficiency in long-distance processing. Therefore, LAAM(S) proves to be a feasible and effective method for improving the machinability and efficiency of SiC f /SiC composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]