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It is noted that the concept of the presumption of innocence is a fundamental element of the modern legal system and a key principle of criminal law. According to this principle, every individual is considered innocent of committing an offense until their guilt is established in accordance with the law and confirmed by a court verdict. This principle serves a dual function: on the one hand, it ensures the protection of the rights of the accused, and on the other hand, it serves as a mechanism to deter potential abuses by state authorities. Thus, the presumption of innocence contributes to ensuring the fairness of the judicial process and strengthens public confidence in the le gal system as a whole. The article is devoted to the study of specific issues of the principle of presumption of innocence in the context of international criminal law. The author examines its enshrinement in international legal documents and application in the practice of international judi cial institutions. The paper analyzes certain aspects of the presumption of innocence, including its interpretation by the European Court of Human Rights as a fundamental principle of justice and a specific right of the accused. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of the presumption of innocence as an objective legal provision, rather than a subjective opinion of the partic ipants in the process. The author explores the differences in the formulation of the principle of presumption of innocence in various international documents and their impact on the procedures for applying and refuting this principle. Key decisions of the European Court of Human Rights that interpret and apply the relevant provisions of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms are examined. The author emphasizes the importance of this principle as a guarantor of fairness and objectivity in international criminal justice. The work contains a review of scientific sources, demonstrating the complexity and multifaceted nature of the issue of presumption of innocence in international law. Based on the analysis conducted, there is a need for further research and adaptation of this principle to ensure its effectiveness in the context of the development of international criminal justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to analyzing threats to Ukraine's critical infrastructure. The relevance of the study is driven by the dangerous dynamics of threat levels that affect national security and the socioeconomic stability of the state under martial law. A review of the scientific literature revealed that there is currently no unified approach to the classification and assessment of such threats. Therefore, the article aims to analyze existing classifications of threats to critical infrastructure and propose an original classification of their manifestations on critical infrastructure objects under martial law, considering both international and national experiences. During the research, several tasks were accomplished: the essence of the term «threat to critical infrastructure» was defined; an analysis of legal documents related to the protection of critical infrastructure was conducted; domestic and international experiences in threat classification were studied; principles underlying both domestic and foreign classifications were reviewed and their effectiveness was assessed; and an original classification of threats to critical infrastructure for Ukraine was developed. The results of the study revealed that there are various classifications of threats to critical infrastructure today. However, in our opinion, the most effective classification that meets modern challenges is one that considers all forms of their manifestations: physical assaults, cyberattacks, economic sabotage, terrorist actions, and assaults using climate weapons. This classification of threats to Ukraine's critical infrastructure is developed based on international and domestic experience and is of great importance for enhancing national security, as its value lies in the systematization of theoretical knowledge and a deep analysis of modern threats facing the state. The main scientific value of the proposed classification lies in its ability to integrate different aspects of threats into a single classification that takes into account both internal and external factors. This allows for a more accurate risk assessment and the implementation of appropriate measures to protect national critical infrastructur e objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article carries out a scientific analysis of the concept, characteristic features, types and mechanisms of providing administrative services in the field of social protection. The current state of the mechanism for the provision of social services in Ukraine and the prospects for reforming this sphere in the future are considered. It is noted that the legal provision of social services in Ukraine is based on several key legal acts and strategic documents. This is, in particular, the Law of Ukraine «On Social Services», which defines the basic principles, types, procedure of providing social services and is aimed at creating a competitive market of social services and ensuring their availability for all citizens. The strategy for the development of the social services system for the period until 2025 defines strategic directions and tasks for improving the quality of social services, including decentralization, standardization and quality monitoring. The legal provision of social services also includes a number of state social standards and guarantees established by laws and other normative legal acts, which standards determine the minimum amounts of social benefits, pensions and other types of social assistance. Social protection is characterized as a system of economic, social, legal, and organizational measures that provides able-bodied people and citizens with appropriate conditions for improving their well-being at the expense of personal labor contributions, and the disabled and socially vulnerable strata of the able-bodied population - guarantees in the use of public consumption funds, material support, tax reduction. Various approaches to the classification of administrative services of a social nature based on legislative and scientific-theoretical principles are highlighted. The mechanism for providing administrative services of a social nature is revealed. It has been established that administrative services are provided by subjects of administrative service provision directly and through centers for the provision of administrative services or through the Unified State Portal of Administrative Services. It is emphasized that reforming social services in Ukraine is an important direction of state policy aimed at improving the quality and availability of social services for c itizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the legal provision of volunteering in Ukraine. The problem of defining the forms of charitable activity is being studied, because consensus among scientists has not yet been reached regarding their scope. It is established that the Law of Ukraine «On Charitable Activities and Charitable Organizations» dated 07/05/2012 No. 5073-VI does not establish the forms of charitable activity, although the term «form of charitable activity» appears in ot her legislative acts. It is proven that volunteer activity is precisely the form of the latter. However, given the relatively recent adoption of a special law in this area -- the Law of Ukraine «On Volunteering» dated April 19, 2011 No. 3236-VI, it is still too early to assert the perfection of the legal framework. In addition, the legal provision of volunteering in special literature is insufficiently developed: individual problems are covered fragmentarily, there is no unity among scientists regarding the legal nature of this phenomenon. Based on the analysis of the legislative definition of the concept of volunteering and the study of the terms «non-profitability», «gratuitousness» and «selflessness», we propose to make changes to the definition enshrined in Art. 1 of the Law of Ukraine «On Volunteering», replacing «non-profit activity» with «selfless» in the definition of volunteer activity and «free» in the definition of volunteer assistance with «selfless». The experience of some foreign countries was also studied. The Law of the Republic of Moldova «On Volunteering» dated June 18, 2010 No. 121 and the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan «On Volunteering» dated December 30, 2016 No. 42-VI ZRK were analyzed. Conclusions were made about the expediency for Ukraine to borrow some of the legislative de velopments. The work also concludes about the correlation between the concepts of charity and volunteer activity, namely that it is incorrect to equate them, because they are a whole and a part. It is also proposed, for clarity and to avoid unnecessary discussions, to supplement the Law of Ukraine «On Charitable Activities and Charitable Organizations» with a separate article with a list of forms of charitable activity, among which to enshrine volunteer activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to current issues of civil law, as well as Roman private law in Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to trace the influence of Roman private law on the development of civil law. In the course of the research, a number of general scientific and special methods of cognition were used, including: historical, dialectical, comparative-legal, logical analysis, formal-legal and other methods. Our legal culture has received Roman law, which became the basis for civil law and is still reflected in modern Ukrainian legislation. In the course of the study, it was established that the Civil Code of Ukraine contains articles that are evidence of both direct and indirect reception. Direct reception occurs when the ideas and provisions of Roman private law are transmitted directly from the primary sources of Ancient Roman law. Indirect (derivative) reception occurred when Roman legal ideas and legal solutions were borrowed not directly from primary sources, but through those legal systems where reception had occurred earlier. That is, indirect reception is the perception of the law of other states where this process has already taken place, and not directly through the primary source. We can affirm the successful reception of Roman law in Ukraine through the basic principles of law, moral and social values, which became the basis of the legal provisions of Roman law and the achievements of human social culture. Therefore, the achievements of Roman law are not only in the formation of civil law in Ukraine, but also in the ability to expand legal thinking and respect for law as a value and the main achievement of society. It can be unequivocally stated that civil law, being part of the Romano-Germanic legal system, is a reproduction of Roman private law, which on the one hand, through centuries-old transformation, has acquired a corresponding theoretical content and remains unchanged and relevant to this day. The conclusions obtained during the study of the influence of Roman private law on the development of civil law as a whole develop both the theory of civil law and the philosophy of law and serve as a subject for further research on the genesis of civil law institutions, the origin and essence of most legal norms in Ukrainian civil law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the study of the main areas of research on the constitutional principles of civil proceedings. The researcher addresses the issue more comprehensively and provides some factors that may affect the course of the study. The author analyses the areas which influence the study of the constitutional principles of civil justice. In particular, the author emphasises the trend towards the fundamentalisation of human rights and freedoms. It should be noted that they began to form most clearly immediately after the end of the Second World War when the former liberal ideas underlying the existing legal order were replaced by new values, which became human rights and freedoms. The author proves that only democratic legal procedures and respect for human rights and liberties can be the basis for the activities of modern states and be applied to the judiciary and civil proceedings. The author suggests that numerous international legal documents reflecting the state of development, changes and consolidation of human rights and freedoms, in particular, those which form the model of civil proceedings, are a promising area for analysis. The author argues that the legal phenomenon of the rule of law has a more significant impact than the legislator gives it. The author explains its defining and essential importance for the system of principles, which is a necessary direction for studying the constitutional principles of civil justice. In addition, the author believes that the stage of reform and adaptation which Ukrainian legislation is undergoing as part of its approximation to the EU legislation is important as one of the next areas of research. The impact of constitutional provisions on justice is also significant. The article examines the impact of the Constitution of Ukraine on sectoral legislation and its significance for establishing the scope of civil justice. The article analyses the importance of the rule of law for legislative and law enforcement activities. The author proves the necessity of referring to the category of a system of principles because of their legislative consolidation. The author focuses on the importance of developing clear criteria for classifying a provision as a principle of civil procedure. The author emphasises the need for critical analysis and study of judicial practice to research the constitutional principles of civil procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to continue the analysis of Ukrainian legislation and international acts that regulate or affect the process of regulating basic human rights and freedoms in Ukraine’s education field. The conduct of this study is due to the activities of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine in 2024, which intervened directly during the admission process of students to higher educational institutions during the 2024 admission campaign. The mentioned aspects especially affected the education seekers who declared their desire to study full-time and on a paid basis in graduate school to obtain the third (educational and scientific) level of higher education. Regarding the above, it became necessary to legally examine the observance of basic human rights and freedoms when conducting the admission process under martial law along with implementing and regulating educational activities. In particular, the article examines the main conditions and guarantees of equality of rights of education seekers when enrolling in educational institutions. Additionally, the study underlines the main legal provisions on the human right to safety and dignity, which shall be observed during the admission campaign and when carrying out educational activities in conditions of military emergency as well as in conditions of economic crisis. At the same time, special attention is focused on the need to establish different admission conditions and study conditions for free education and paid education recipients. In addition, the authors analyze the legislation of Ukraine regarding the possibility of using the factor of knowledge of foreign languages as a condition for admission to institutions of higher education, both in the general context and taking into account the specifics of the education received by the student. Thus, this article is the third article from the cycle of research and contains the results of a legal study of the principle of equal rights in the field of education, the principle of safety and human dignity in education, in particular, during the period of military emergency in Ukraine, as well as the principle of Ukrainian-language education in Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the modern legal system, legal structures play an important role in ensuring effective enforcement of both substantive and procedural law. That is why the author has selected an appropriate source (scientific and normative) base, and has formed the goal and objectives that fully reveal the subject matter of the study. The author emphasizes that substantive law regulates basic social relations by establishing the rights and obligations of subjects, while procedural law provides mechanisms for their actual implementation and protection. Legal constructions are a legal instrument which allows to organize legal provisions, ensuring their clarity, universality and unambiguous implementation. In addition, the author examines the internal construction of a legal provision and a legal prescription, and the correlation of these legal phenomena. The author emphasizes such an important characteristic of the legal construction of a legal provision as a genetic link, which is used to further form legal institutions, sub-branches and branches of substantive and procedural law. The article focuses on the analysis of the role of legal constructions of substantive and procedural rules of law in the process of law enforcement. The author separately considers the issues of their creation, application and impact on the efficiency of legal regulation. The author examines the interaction of substantive and procedural law through the prism of legal constructions of legal norms, which allows identifying key aspects of their systemic effect in the legal system. The work contains examples from the current legislation, in particular, the Civil, Civil Procedure Codes of Ukraine and other legal acts. The author examines the case law which demonstrates the practical value of the issue raised and the need for proper construction of legal provisions at the stage of law-making, which results in their further implementation. The author characterizes the impact of legal constructions on legal practice and their role in ensuring legal stability and predictability. Based on the study, the relevant conclusions were formed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the peculiarities of language and style of a legal act in the context of studying Article 35 of the Law of Ukraine «On Lawmaking». It is determined that compliance by public authorities and local self-government bodies with the basic requirements for drafting and adopting regulatory legal acts is an integral part of an effective lawmaking process in Ukraine. In our opinion, the requirements to the language and style of a legal act are also important, since lawyers-drafters should have additional knowledge in this area, in particular, the linguistic features of writing legal norms. The author`s conclude that the issue of language aspects of legal drafting is relevant because the use of clearly defined and prescribed legal terms not only avoids ambiguity and different understandings, but also ensures the accuracy and unambiguity of the law’s interpretation. Therefore, a law should be written in a language that is understandable to everyone, but it should also use legal terminology to avoid misunderstandings and misinterpretations. It is noted that the Law of Ukraine «On Lawmaking» in Article 35 defines the basic rules of text presentation and peculiarities of the style of a legal act. However, for lawyers, the linguistic aspects of writing a legal provision are not always clear, so it is necessary to analyse in more detail the requirements of the law regarding the language of a legal document and to highlight the general principles of using terms and linguistic rules in the legal sphere. The author`s identify problems in the implementation of the provisions of Article 34 of the Law, in particular: 1) the lack of developed and adopted standards of Ukrainian legal terminology, which creates difficulties in the construction of legal norms; 2) the absence of a separate linguistic department which would deal with proofreading of draft legal documents, both in the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and in other state and non-state structures; 3) the absence of a Unified Glossary of Legal Terms, which also affects terminological consistency in the drafting of a legal document. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses logic as an element of legal reasoning and its application in the process of drafting legal documents. Mastering the art of drafting legal documents is an invaluable skill in the professional legal activity of representatives of various legal professions, which can ensure their comprehensibility and clarity, and accordingly, the proper protection of rights. An integral part of this skill is logic as an element of legal reasoning, the correctness of its application. Representatives of various legal professions, whose work is related to legal norms and the drafting of legal documents, refer to elementary rules of logic. Legal reasoning related to the interpretation of normative legal acts and their application to cases, during the evaluation of evidence and making final decisions, which are reflected in legal documentation, is an important means of achieving the rule of law. Due to the special legal thinking, lawyers get the ability to consider any thing from a concrete and not an abstract point of view. Every successful lawyer must be well versed in the laws of formal and informal logic, the rules of operating concepts, judgments, and inferences. Logic is the science of how we should reason if our goal is to discover truth. Neglecting the laws of formal logic in the process of drafting legal documents (identity, contradiction, excluded third party and sufficient grounds) leads to errors. The lack of necessary skills can manifest itself in the composition of the text of legal documents in the form of errors, which, in turn, can cause serious consequences in the form of violations of human rights and freedoms and, as a result, the principle of the rule of law. Knowledge of formal and informal logic, the peculiarities of its application, will contribute to the development of the skills of correct and effective legal reasoning, which will master the art of drafting legal documents -- an invaluable skill in the professional legal activity of representatives of various legal professions, which is the unconditional foundation of the observance of human rights and freedoms in our state, as well as implementation of the rule of law principle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses the reasons and potential consequences of the abolition of the Commercial Code of Ukraine. It is noted that the Ukrainian legal system, like any other, must adapt to changes in society. Among the key factors influencing the need for changes are European integration processes and the consequences of the Russian-Ukrainian war. It also highlights internal problems and contradictions between different legislative acts that need to be resolved. The Commercial Code of Ukraine was adopted in 2003 to regulate economic relations between business entities and public authorities. It consisted of nine chapters covering various aspects of economic activity. Over time, shortcomings of the Code were identified, such as fragmentation of legal provisions and conflicts of consistency with other legislative acts. This necessitated its revision and improvement. It is emphasised that there are several approaches to solving the problem. Some experts believe that the contradictions between the Commercial and Civil Codes can only be resolved by cancelling the Commercial Code. Others are convinced that the Code can be modernised by removing contradictory provisions and harmonising it with other legislation. The abolition of the Commercial Code may lead to significant changes in the legal framework, create a period of legal uncertainty and cause problems for legal entities engaged in economic activity. However, it may also help to simplify the legal regulation of economic relations, making it more transparent and understandable for business entities in other societies. This can create the basis for the development of the business sector and attract investment to our country. It is important to carefully prepare for the abolition of the Commercial Code, ensure a smooth transition to the new legal framework and minimise possible risks to Ukraine’s economy and legal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is indicated in a legal state, regulation of interaction between members of society, coordination of their interests and smoothing of conflicts arising between them and their associations is unthinkable without law. With the help of the influence of law on social relations, it is possible to order and regulate them in a civilized manner. In the sphere of achieving a state of security, the law allows you to set the limits of what is permitted, to determine the obligations and prohibitions in the behavior of the relevant subjects. Due to regulatory legal regulation, security receives a unique meaning that determines the final goal of its provision, connects it with national priorities and interests of each legal entity, preventing blurring of the understanding of the essential characteristics of the basic category «national security» and its derivatives. The conducted scientific analysis of the legal regulation of the economic security system of Ukraine made it possible to conclude that it has a complex and multifaceted nature, that is, it involves the creation of a complex of legal, economic and administrative-organizational mechanisms aimed at ensuring the rights of citizens and other subjects of economic activity to protect private property, economic freedom and unimpeded implementation of economic and other economic activities. It is pointed out that the state should implement the appropriate organizational and legal provision of economic security of Ukraine, aimed at increasing the investment attractiveness of the country, eliminating offenses in the economic sphere. The analysis of regulatory legal acts made it possible to single out the following shortcomings of the legal provision of economic security of Ukraine: complexity, vagueness and inconsistency of individual legislative norms, ambiguous interpretation in their application; inconsistency between developers and lack of system of legal acts regulating economic security. It was concluded that the presence of such shortcomings indicates the need to modify approaches to the formation of legal support for the economic security of the state, to make changes to the current legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the growing role and importance of socially responsible business behavior. This is associated with a number of factors, such as the increasing ethical consciousness of society, the growing impact of business on the environment and people’s lives, and intensified competition in the market. It is noted that socially responsible business behavior involves respect for human rights, environmental protection, investment in human capital, and the fight against corruption. The purpose of the article is to explore and substantiate the ways to stimulate business towards socially responsible and respect human rights in the economic sphere. This goal is realized in the article by solving the following research tasks: the author analyzes the concept and essence of socially responsible business behavior and respect for human rights in international legal documents; defines the basic principles of socially responsible business behavior; studies the factors influencing the incentives for business towards socially responsible behavior; and develops and substantiates a complex of measures to stimulate business towards socially responsible behavior and respect for human rights. The author explores the role of business in society and the need to take into account social and ethical aspects in its activities. The author analyzes the impact of socially responsible behavior of business entities on economic development and positive impact on society as a whole. The expected results of the proposed measures are determined. The general conclusion of the article is that socially responsible business behavior and respect for human rights in the economic sphere are important components of sustainable development in modern society. Specific recommendations are proposed for enterprises to engage in these processes and maximize their social impact. The results of this study can be used to develop and implement state policy in the field of stimulating socially responsible business behavior, as well as for self-improvement of business entities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the current status of China's legislation on safeguarding sovereignty and security, resource security, navigation security, ecological security, and regulating law enforcement and judicial activities, and summarizes the characteristics of existing marine security legislation. This paper utilizes literature analysis and comparative analysis methods, under China's Overall National Security Outlook, this paper proposes a path of improvement by consolidating marine-related norms, promoting the formulation of a basic law on the seas, refining the legal provisions on marine security, improving the marine data classification and grading system and safeguarding marine data security, and pushing forward the reform of the adjudication mechanism of the maritime courts to enhance the ability to actively safeguard the rights and interests of the oceans and seas through the use of the rule of law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Purpose] The threat of cyber-attacks is very acute. The purpose of this paper is to examine the need of the amendment of rules of international law required for the cyber resilient enterprise. [Methodology] This paper proposes a novel approach investigating whether the amendment of rules of international law is required for the cyber resilient enterprise. The methodology of international legal research and analysis of data is applied. [Findings] The analyses in this paper show the impact of the cyber security on the shipping industry. The proposals of documents on cyber security and recommendations for maritime cyber risk management are discussed. [Practical Implications] This study is useful for practitioners to consider and evaluate the cyber security. This study is useful for graduate students as well. [Originality] Although some research is being conducted in this area, maritime cybersecurity has not been deeply investigated. This paper presents a detailed analysis of legal documents and research published in international studies on the law of cyber security for maritime industry highlighting security problems and challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the evolution of legal writing in the context of emerging technologies, particularly artificial intelligence (AI), which is revolutionizing how legal professionals craft persuasive arguments. Topics include the significance of Aristotle's principles of persuasion in legal writing, the importance of adopting a growth mindset and learning from established legal writers, and the practical application of AI tools to enhance clarity and effectiveness in legal documents.

The mining industry is indispensable for development, and in developing countries like Ghana, it drives economic growth by generating revenue and creating job opportunities for millions of people. Nonetheless, irresponsible mining results in the deprivation of people's right to surface land, predominantly held under customary land tenure, with agriculture as the mainstay of livelihood. Mining activities have extensive repercussions for the land tenure system, resulting in the displacement of people, the loss of land rights, and reduced control and access to land. All these impact the economic, environmental, and social conditions of the people in the community. This systematic literature review thoroughly analyzes the impact of mining on land rights in Ghana, revealing complex dynamics, challenges, and possible remedies. To achieve this, 183 of an initial pool of 495 academic journals, research papers, books, reports, policies, and legal documents were critically reviewed. This research reveals the challenges faced by mining-induced communities because of the displacement which has resulted in the loss of ancestral lands and disruption to community life. The displacement is also coupled with economic disparities and social tension. Furthermore, the ripple effects of environmental degradation, such as deforestation, water pollution, noise, and air pollution, have dire consequences on land use and ownership, particularly for communities dependent on natural resources. This review brings to light various responses and effective strategies to mitigate the negative impacts of mining on land tenure in Ghana. These include community engagement strategies, corporate social responsibility initiatives, and legal reforms. This study reveals that mining compensation depends on the duration of the mining lease, therefore implying that the expropriated parties have reversionary interests in their lands. The procedure for giving the land back to the owner is not explicitly outlined in the law. This underscores the need for a review of the law governing mining, sustainable mining practices, and environmental management to safeguard the land tenure system. This review enlightens policymakers, researchers, mining enterprises, and local communities regarding the intricacies of this convergence, offering a foundation for well-informed decision making. It underscores the crucial importance of upholding sustainable development, social fairness, and responsible resource management within the framework of Ghana's diverse land tenure traditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legal documents, like contracts or laws, are subject to interpretation. Different people can have different interpretations of the very same document. Large parts of judicial branches all over the world are concerned with settling disagreements that arise, in part, from these different interpretations. In this context, it only seems natural that during the annotation of legal machine learning data sets, disagreement, how to report it, and how to handle it should play an important role. This article presents an analysis of the current state-of-the-art in the annotation of legal machine learning data sets. The results of the analysis show that all of the analysed data sets remove all traces of disagreement, instead of trying to utilise the information that might be contained in conflicting annotations. Additionally, the publications introducing the data sets often do provide little information about the process that derives the "gold standard" from the initial annotations, often making it difficult to judge the reliability of the annotation process. Based on the state-of-the-art, the article provides easily implementable suggestions on how to improve the handling and reporting of disagreement in the annotation of legal machine learning data sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to legal information is fundamental to access to justice. Yet accessibility refers not only to making legal documents available to the public, but also rendering legal information comprehensible to them. A vexing problem in bringing legal information to the public is how to turn formal legal documents such as legislation and judgments, which are often highly technical, to easily navigable and comprehensible knowledge to those without legal education. In this study, we formulate a three-step approach for bringing legal knowledge to laypersons, tackling the issues of navigability and comprehensibility. First, we translate selected sections of the law into snippets (called CLIC-pages), each being a small piece of article that focuses on explaining certain technical legal concept in layperson's terms. Second, we construct a Legal Question Bank, which is a collection of legal questions whose answers can be found in the CLIC-pages. Third, we design an interactive CLIC Recommender. Given a user's verbal description of a legal situation that requires a legal solution, CRec interprets the user's input and shortlists questions from the question bank that are most likely relevant to the given legal situation and recommends their corresponding CLIC pages where relevant legal knowledge can be found. In this paper we focus on the technical aspects of creating an LQB. We show how large-scale pre-trained language models, such as GPT-3, can be used to generate legal questions. We compare machine-generated questions against human-composed questions and find that MGQs are more scalable, cost-effective, and more diversified, while HCQs are more precise. We also show a prototype of CRec and illustrate through an example how our 3-step approach effectively brings relevant legal knowledge to the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the public availability of legal documents, there is a need for finding specific information contained in them, such as paragraphs, clauses, items and so on. With such support, users could find more specific information than only finding whole legal documents. Some research efforts have been made in this area, but there is still a lot to be done to have legal information available more easily to be found. Thus, due to the large number of published legal documents and the high degree of connectivity, simple access to the document is not enough. It is necessary to recover the related legal framework for a specific need. In other words, the retrieval of the set of legal documents and their parts related to a specific subject is necessary. Therefore, in this work, we present a proposal of a RDF-based graph to represent and search parts of legal documents, as the output of a set of terms that represents the pursued legal information. Such a proposal is well-grounded on an ontological view, which makes possible to describe the general structure of a legal system and the structure of legal documents, providing this way the grounds for the implementation of the proposed RDF graph in terms of the meaning of their parts and relationships. We posed several queries to retrieve parts of legal documents related to sets of words and the results were significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Transformer-based language models (TLMs) have widely been recognized to be a cutting-edge technology for the successful development of deep-learning-based solutions to problems and applications that require natural language processing and understanding. Like for other textual domains, TLMs have indeed pushed the state-of-the-art of AI approaches for many tasks of interest in the legal domain. Despite the first Transformer model being proposed about six years ago, there has been a rapid progress of this technology at an unprecedented rate, whereby BERT and related models represent a major reference, also in the legal domain. This article provides the first systematic overview of TLM-based methods for AI-driven problems and tasks in the legal sphere. A major goal is to highlight research advances in this field so as to understand, on the one hand, how the Transformers have contributed to the success of AI in supporting legal processes, and on the other hand, what are the current limitations and opportunities for further research development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzing and evaluating legal case reports are labor-intensive tasks for judges and lawyers, who usually base their decisions on report abstracts, legal principles, and commonsense reasoning. Thus, summarizing legal documents is time-consuming and requires excellent human expertise. Moreover, public legal corpora of specific languages are almost unavailable. This paper proposes a transfer learning approach with extractive and abstractive techniques to cope with the lack of labeled legal summarization datasets, namely a low-resource scenario. In particular, we conducted extensive multi- and cross-language experiments. The proposed work outperforms the state-of-the-art results of extractive summarization on the Australian Legal Case Reports dataset and sets a new baseline for abstractive summarization. Finally, syntactic and semantic metrics assessments have been carried out to evaluate the accuracy and the factual consistency of the machine-generated legal summaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to issues of international standards for the use of coercive measures by police authorities. It is noted that the main goal of reforming law enforcement agencies in our country, which has chosen the path of European and Euro-Atlantic integration, is to improve their activities by ensuring proper protection of the rights and legitimate interests of citizens, as well as an emphasis on the prevention and prevention of offenses. To achieve this goal, it is important to introduce international standards and practical experience of foreign police bodies into the national legislation of Ukraine, as well as their effective implementation in the practice of law enforcement agencies. This will not only contribute to the development of the rule of law, but will also improve the international image of our country. Attention is focused on the fact that when analyzing international legal documents, it is important to note that in accordance with the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment and Punishment, adopted by the UN General Assembly, as well as the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment and Punishment, recognition of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human community is the basis of freedom, justice and universal peace. Since the use of coercive measures by the police affects the protection of human rights and freedoms, police activities should be organized in accordance with the main international standards developed in this direction. It noted that in most of the disputed use-of-force incidents, the officers could not be blamed because their actions were consistent with the specific training they had received. Thus, in the training of US police officers, special attention is paid to training through realistic exercises that reflect the different types of situations that police officers may encounter. It was concluded that the police in the democratic countries of the world focus their activities on ensuring human rights and freedoms through crime prevention, crime prevention and crime fighting, introducing new methods and modern technological means. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is dedicated to the analysis of a new category of rights, which legal specialists refer to as the fourth generation of rights. This is directly related to the rapid development of new technologies and significant changes in legal relations that have emerged at present, as well as the emergence of new forms of business activities and certain information asymmetry, and the sharp increase in online life, which increasingly requires legal regulation. These factors influence the increase and intensification of challenges for both international and national law. The article analyzes the possible risks associated with the violation of such important values as freedom of expression, justice, and the rule of law, leading to the threat of human rights violations in the information space and the inability to protect them due to the lack of legal certainty and the absence of legal frameworks. Therefore, the author provides certain options for resolving the issue of protecting digital human rights. The article explores digital human rights and the specifics of their restriction in the context of contemporary legal challenges. Given society’s increasing dependence on information technologies, the protection of digital rights is becoming a crucial aspect of ensuring citizens’ fundamental freedoms. The main international legal documents regulating digital rights, such as the European Convention on Human Rights, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, are examined. Special attention is given to the conditions for derogating digital rights during emergencies, particularly in the context of the Russian Federation’s military aggression against Ukraine. The main forms of digital rights violations are analyzed, including Internet access restrictions, censorship, privacy breaches, disinformation, and propaganda. The article emphasizes the necessity of adhering to the principles of legality, necessity, proportionality, and temporariness when restricting digital rights to ensure a balance between national security and the preservation of fundamental human rights. An authorial definition of the term “digital rights” is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The topic of public health is indispensable to talk about. It is essential to discuss new inventions, new and improved treatments, and their efficiencies with different combinations, but one thing that is important to remember is whether these inventions are available for those in need. Availability concerns are linked with affordability, as the affordability of a drug determines its consumption; furthermore, affordability can lead to overconsumption. The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement provides flexibility to control the misuse of patent monopolies. The object of this research is twofold: one is to investigate whether and how Pakistan incorporates TRIPS flexibilities in its national patent legislation, and the second is to find out the reason for unaffordable cancer treatment in Pakistan. This research highlights that the use of TRIPS flexibilities in Pakistan will help the state authorities to provide better health facilities to the public generally as well as particularly in cancer cases, as cancer treatment in Pakistan is unaffordable. The methodology applied for this research is primarily comparative and bears the qualitative aspect of the issue. This research concludes that Pakistan's legal system fails to incorporate effective legal provisions related to TRIPS flexibilities, and it also highlights that the ever-greening of patents results in the high prices of cancer medicines in Pakistan. This research further recommended that there is a dire need to incorporate and use TRIPS flexibilities in the country to control the high prices of cancer treatment and cancer mortality rate in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Elementary Education / Revija za Elementarno Izobraževanje is the property of University of Maribor, Faculty of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: During the 1970s the Nordic countries liberalized their abortion laws. Objective: We assessed epidemiological trends for induced abortion on all Nordic countries, considered legal similarities and diversities, effects of new medical innovations and changes in practical and legal provisions during the subsequent years. Methods: New legislation strengthened surveillance of induced abortion in all countries and mandated hospitals that performed abortions to report to national abortion registers. Published data from the Nordic abortion registers were considered and new comparative analyses done. The data cover complete national populations. Results and conclusions: After an increase in abortion rates during the first years following liberalization, the general abortion rates stabilized and even decreased in all Nordic countries, especially for women under 25 years. From the mid-1980s higher awareness about pregnancy termination led women to present at an earlier gestational age, which was accelerated by the introduction of medical abortion some years later. Most terminations (80–86%) are now done before the 9th gestational week in all countries, primarily by medical rather than surgical means. Introduction of routine ultrasound screening in pregnancy during the late 1980s, increased the number of 2nd trimester abortions on fetal anomaly indications without an overall increase in the proportion of 2nd relative to 1st trimester abortions. Further refinement of ultrasound screening and non-invasive prenatal diagnostic methods led to a slight increase in the proportion of early 2nd trimester abortions after the year 2000. Country-specific differences in abortion rates have remained stable over the 50 years of liberalized abortion laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Forensic medicine deals with the identification of individuals, but it also involves legal documents, financial transactions, and civil affairs. One of the most established and trustworthy biometric techniques is the fingerprint, which is accepted as valid identification documentation for individuals. Methods: This cross‑sectional research involved 420 Saudi students, including 300 males and 120 females, aged between 18 and 27. On a white A4‑sized Performa, rolled imprints of each participant’s ten fingers were obtained, and these were categorized into loops, whorls, arches, and composites. The relationship between the ABO and Rh blood groups and fingerprint patterns were compared using the Chi‑square test to see for any correlation. Results: The study included 420 participants in total. Of these 420, there were males 300 (71.4%), and females 112 (28.6%) participants, respectively. Of the 420 participants, blood groups, such as A, B, AB, and O, were represented by 112 (26.7%), 75 (17.8%), 20 (4.8%), and 213 (50.7%) of the participants, respectively. Out of the 4200 fingerprints, 127 (3.0%) were composite, 1547 (36.8%) were whorl, 197 (4.7%) were arch, and 2329 (55.5%) were loop. An analysis of the fingerprint patterns of the ABO blood group revealed a statistically significant variance (P = 0.0002). Conclusion: According to this study, the most common fingerprints were loop (55.5%) and whorl (36.8%). ABO blood group differences in fingerprint patterns were found to be statistically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with the translation of syntactic features in legal documents from Arabic into English. It aims to identify the syntactic features and to describe translatability of the syntactic features of Arabic and English Sharia divorce documents, accordingly, will help in assessing translators’ choices ad decisions. Being a qualitative descriptive study, samples of translated divorce contracts have been collected from Palestinian sworn translators and translation certified offices. Data is collected manually, and analysed using purposeful sampling, open-ended data collection, and personal interpretation. Analysis of the differences of syntactic features between Arabic and English divorce sharia court documents revealed that differences lie in the following aspects: the form of complex sentence structure, use of passive, use of nominal forms, binominals and triplets, modal verbs, conditional sentences, and the form of pronouns. The study concluded that the differences between Arabic and English syntactic features resulted in some problems of mother tongue influence, and using redundant synonyms and the literal translation of the successive dependent and parenthetical phrases which make the sentence long and complex, accordingly, not easy to be comprehended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why do modern states allow parts of their territory to be governed by non‐state actors? We study this question using the Frontier Crimes Regulation (FCR) in Pakistan, a British Colonial law abrogated only in 2018, which left governance to pre‐colonial tribal councils in large parts of modern day Pakistan. In areas where the FCR did not apply, the British and then Pakistani state built modern political and bureaucratic institutions. Using primary legal documents, we build a dataset of when and where the FCR applied between 1901 and 2012. The territorial extent of the formal state is both cleanly demarcated by this law and varies substantially over time, permitting an empirical examination of the determinants of state control. The data reveal that the Green Revolution's potential to transform agriculture played a major role in extending the formal state. The law was repealed first from areas where agricultural productivity benefited the most from the Green Revolution. This is consistent with a model in which technological changes that shift the returns to control influence where states choose to govern. This paper is part of the Economica 100 Series. Economica, the LSE "house journal" is now 100 years old. To commemorate this achievement, we are publishing 100 papers by former students, as well as current and former faculty. Michael Callen is an Associate Professor at the LSE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the Torture and Custodial Death (Prevention and Punishment) Act, 2022 in Pakistan, with special reference to its origin, characteristics, and the way it affects the criminal justice system. Topics discussed include genesis of the law, salient features of the law, and impact of the law on the criminal justice system.

Air pollution poses severe risks to public health and the environment, with acts contributing to air contamination potentially constituting environmental crimes or public health offenses. This research examines the national legislations and international legal frameworks aimed at safeguarding atmospheric air quality and addressing air pollution-related offenses in Central Asian countries. Particular attention is given to legal provisions that establish emission standards, monitoring mechanisms, and punitive measures for violations. By exploring the genesis and implementation of these legal instruments, the research identifies potential gaps, inconsistencies, or weaknesses that may hinder the effective prosecution of environmental crimes associated with air pollution in the Central Asian region. This study contributes to the broader understanding of environmental criminology by examining the interplay between international norms, national legislations, and institutional structures in combating air pollution-related offenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Belügyi Szemle / Academic Journal of Internal Affairs is the property of Ministry of Interior of Hungary and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Humanities & Educational Sciences Journal is the property of Humanities & Educational Sciences Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is the leading international organization in the field of nuclear energy and nuclear non-proliferation. This paper examines the most important policy body of the Agency, the Board of Governors (BoG). The legal foundation of the BoG will be discussed in light of its constitutional documents, most notably the Statute of the IAEA and the Rules of Procedure of the BoG. The research question will be approached from the theoretical angle of functionalism. The paper suggests that in fact, the practical role of the BoG is even more important than could be concluded on the basis of the legal documents whence the powers of the BoG derive. Over the years, the normative framework of the IAEA has enabled the BoG to adapt to rapidly changing decision-making environments and political situations. Furthermore, this has made it possible for the BoG to contribute in a relatively effective manner to the development of substantive international nuclear policy and law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is indicated that, in the conditions of the developed civil world community, especially in the territory of modern Europe, recently the issue of criminal-legal provision of military security and various kinds of legally significant actions in the context of provision of military security have become an integral part of every person's life. This definitely becomes especially relevant in the context of the unprovoked aggression of the Russian Federation against our country. The issue of criminal law enforcement of life activity is manifested in the scope of implementation of various military aspects in various spheres of safety of life activity of society. However, in the conditions of the Russian onslaught, the urgency is not just to improve the current legislative requirements, but also to fundamentally clarify the specific interpretations and definitions of the criminal law protection of the country's military security, which were part of Moscow's interests a long time ago - in the last century. The article highlights the peculiarities of the organization of criminal and legal provision of military security in Georgia and the Republic of Poland in the context of their comparison with Ukraine. The analysis of the Criminal Codes of Ukraine, Georgia and the Republic of Poland proved that the place of military criminal offenses in the system of criminal laws in these countries is different. Therefore, the criminal law norms regarding the provision of military security are contained in the legislation of all the listed countries, but they are fully and adequately codified in the best way only in the Republic of Poland. It has been established that the legislation of Ukraine regulates certain aspects of ensuring military security in our country under the conditions of the legal regime of martial law. Attention is drawn to the fact that domestic legal science needs a theoretical and legal understanding of the current state of legal relations in the military sphere, as well as a systematization of existing approaches to the conceptual and categorical apparatus of military criminal offenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author examines the legal nature and content of the EU founding treaties in the part of their impact on the regulation of tax relations. Having the nature of international legal acts, the EU founding treaties emerge as a result of the treaty process. They are aimed at establishing the European Communities and the European Union itself with the relevant functions and tasks. As a result, these treaties form the legal basis for the functioning of the entire EU structure. They also create an international treaty-based integration mechanism for future members, which is carried out within the framework of the latter. This functional system is a set of international agreements that guide the development of integration processes for the entire association. In the context of demonstrating the taxlegal dimension of the EU founding treaties, we distinguish the understanding of the EU founding treaties in three aspects. Taken together, they will be defined as the result of the systemic action of specific legal and social factors that influence the nature, usefulness and appropriateness of the regulation of tax relations within the EU. Firstly, the founding treaty as the primary act of EU tax law itself is expressed in the fact that the legal norms enshrined in the founding treaties form the constitutional basis - the fundamental legal framework, the basis of the legal order of the European Union. It is a primary law that can be compared and equated with national constitutional provisions. The rules of primary law directly give rise to rights and obligations of both Member States and individuals (natural and legal) of these states, and this trend is no exception in the tax area. Today, the functioning of the legal order of the European Union is based on the Lisbon Treaty, which includes the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. They demonstrate the primary foundations of tax and legal regulation: the key feature of tax regulation is the fundamental principle of harmonisation of tax legislation of the EU Member States. This is implemented in the process of creating and using various legal forms (legal acts) that enshrine the rules of tax integration law created by EU legal institutions. Secondly, the founding treaty is an act of defining and establishing secondary acts of tax law. And this is reflected in the fact that the provisions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, which relate to and define the basis of tax regulation within the EU, are both law-making and law-implementing. Thus, the tax-legal dimension of the EU founding treaties can be considered both as a rule-making constant of provisions that determine the specifics of legal acts envisaged by the founding treaties, their legal nature and peculiarities of adoption. Moreover, as a law enforcement constant of provisions regulating the harmonisation of taxation legislation, approximation of laws in this area and other provisions that may be relevant to taxation. Thirdly, the actual content of the founding treaty with tax-legal elements. This is because EU tax regulation is aimed at the continuous operation of the single market. Therefore, the enshrined legal provisions are mainly related to indirect taxation (value added tax, excise duties, import duties, energy and other environmental taxes). However, the provisions of EU tax law limit the sovereign taxation rights of EU Member States in the area of direct taxation mainly when the object or subject of taxation has a connection with two or more EU Member States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sakarya University Journal of Law Faculty (SHD) is the property of Sakarya University Journal of Law Faculty (SHD) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sakarya University Journal of Law Faculty (SHD) is the property of Sakarya University Journal of Law Faculty (SHD) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly expanding in myriad industries and systems. This study sought to investigate public trust in using AI in the criminal court process. While previous research has identified factors that influence trust in AI, such as perceived accuracy and transparency of algorithms, less is known about the role of influential leaders—such as judges—in shaping public trust in new technology. This study examined the relationship between locus of control, anthropomorphism, cultural values, and perceived trust in AI. Participants completed a survey assessing their perceptions of trust in AI in determining bail eligibility, bail fines and fees, sentencing length, sentencing fines and fees, and writing legal documents (e.g., findings and disposition). Participants were more likely to trust AI performing financial calculations rather than determining bail eligibility, sentence length, or drafting legal documents. Participants' comfort with AI in decision-making also depended on their perceptions of judges' trust in AI, and they expressed concerns about AI perpetuating bias and the need for extensive testing to ensure accuracy. Interestingly, no significant association was found with other participant characteristics (e.g., locus of control, anthropomorphism, or cultural values). This study contributes to the literature by highlighting the role of judges as influential leaders in shaping public trust in AI and examining the influence of individual differences on trust in AI. The findings also help inform the development of recommended practices and ethical guidelines for the responsible use of AI in the courts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]