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A user-friendly system designed to understand local littoral processes and design/evaluate coastal interventions, named the Coastal Modeling System (SMC e ) is presented. The system, which comprises a set of numerical models, state-of-the-art methodologies and numerical databases, is prepared to provide a method for coastal practitioners, researchers and decision-makers to address coastal issues, such as erosion and flooding or to evaluate coastal defense structures. The system incorporates a method to transfer numerically generated, calibrated and validated wave series to the surf zone; to estimate the sediment littoral drift by means of up-to-date formulations; and to estimate the flooding level and impacts such as those produced by climate change. In this paper, these skills are detailed. The system, which is adaptable to any coastal region, was implemented for the Brazilian coast (SMC-Brasil). The implementation includes databases and methodological adaptations to local characteristics, a dissemination plan and the development of several study cases.

In DNA vaccines, the gene of interest is cloned into a bacterial plasmid that is engineered to induce protein production for long periods in eukaryotic cells. Previous research has shown that the intramuscular immunization of BALB/c mice with a naked plasmid DNA fragment encoding the Mycobacterium leprae 65-kDa heat-shock protein (pcDNA3-Hsp65) induces protection against M. tuberculosis challenge. A key stage in the protective immune response after immunization is the generation of memory T cells. Previously, we have shown that B cells capture plasmid DNA-Hsp65 and thereby modulate the formation of CD8+ memory T cells after M. tuberculosis challenge in mice. Therefore, clarifying how B cells act as part of the protective immune response after DNA immunization is important for the development of more-effective vaccines. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms by which B cells modulate memory T cells after DNA-Hsp65 immunization. C57BL/6 and BKO mice were injected three times, at 15-day intervals, with 100 µg naked pcDNA-Hsp65 per mouse. Thirty days after immunization, the percentages of effector memory T (TEM) cells (CD4+ and CD8+/CD44high/CD62Llow) and memory CD8+ T cells (CD8+/CD44high/CD62Llow/CD127+) were measured with flow cytometry. Interferon γ, interleukin 12 (IL-12), and IL-10 mRNAs were also quantified in whole spleen cells and purified B cells (CD43-) with real-time qPCR. Our data suggest that a B-cell subpopulation expressing IL-10 downregulated proinflammatory cytokine expression in the spleen, increasing the survival of CD4+ TEM cells and CD8+ TEM/CD127+ cells.

The fishing of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) in Brazil is almost completely carried out by baitboat fleet. A very small part is done by purse-seine vessels that normally have sardines as a target, but during the annual sardine moratorium, they turn their fishing activities to skipjack tuna. Following the tendencies of the fishing activities realized in the West Atlantic and Caribbean, fisheries in Brazil have shown an interest in the substitution of baitboat by purse-seine vessels, aiming at an increase in the production of skipjack tuna and a reduction of the problem of capturing small fish (bait). In this work a preliminary comparison between the efficiency of the two fishing techniques was carried out, using the fishing power and the length frequency distribution of the specimens captured. The objective was to supply relevant information to that the political substitution of fleets are not being deflagrates without the necessary knowledge. In spite of the purse-seine vessels are not technologically adapted for the fishing of tuna, it can be verified that comparatively each one of them has the fishing power up to three times greater than those baitboat vessels. The length frequency distribution obtained by the fisheries using both types of boat were very similar, demonstrating that there maybe no significant differences in the selectivity of both gears.