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Background Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is a perennial plant belonging to the Araliaceae family that is known to have various beneficial effects including improving memory loss and spatial cognitive ability, and anti-cancer and anti-diabetes activity. Its functional benefits also include improving liver function, regulating blood pressure, stress, and providing antioxidant activity. Usually, various agrochemicals are used in cultivating ginseng preventing from many diseases. Methods FCGP (field cultivated ginseng in pot) was implemented by imitating MCWG (mountain cultivated wild ginseng). Pesticide analysis of pot cultivation was carried out and the contents of bioactive components such as ginsenoside were also analyzed. Results FCGP ginsenoside content was higher than that of FCG (field cultivated ginseng) and MCWG. FCGP has been shown to have a relatively high antioxidant effect compared with cultivated ginseng. Conclusion It was confirmed that ginseng can be grown for 6 years without resorting to use of pesticides. In addition, it was confirmed that effective accumulation of physiologically active ingredients such as ginsenoside is possible. Our result represents FCGP is a novel method of pesticide-free ginseng cultivation

As a known steroid hormone, cortisol is involved in gluconeogenesis. Uninterrupted cortisol secretion has fatal effects, both physically and psychologically, because cortisol counteracts the immune response. Moxibustion (Mox) treatment is a traditional technique used in East Asia, which therapeutically transfers heat to certain points on the body surface. In the present study, the effect of Mox treatment on stress hormone secretion was investigated using a mouse model of starvation, in which Mox was applied on the Zhongwan acupoint (CV12). First, high cortisol levels induced by starvation were dose-dependently reduced by Mox treatment. In addition, the stress-induced decline in lymphoid progenitor cell production accompanied by altered cellularity in the thymus, bone marrow, and spleen was also significantly recovered by Mox treatment. Taken together, these findings indicated that Mox treatment reduces stress hormone secretion, which may rescue stress-induced lymphopoiesis impairment. These observations also suggested that enhanced resistance to stress may be one of the mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory effects of Mox treatment.

우리나라의 중소기업은 전체 사업체 수의 99.8%, 종사자 비중의 87.9%, 전체 생산액의 48.3%를 차지하는 등 국가경제의 근간을 형성하고 있으며, 기술혁신, 고용창출, 산업의 다양성, 지역균형개발 등 여러 측면에서 국민경제 발전에 있어서 실질적인 원동력이 되고 있다. 이로 인해 중소기업은 기술혁신을 통해서 기술역량...

This study was performed to examine whether applying triamcinolone acetonide paste as a lubricant to endotracheal tubes (ETTs) reduces the incidence and severity of postoperative sore throat (POST) more effectively than applying chlorhexidine gluconate jelly.This was a randomized controlled clinical trial. Patients enrolled in the study were ages 20 to 70 yr, American Society of Anesthesiologists' physical status I and II, and scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The patients were divided randomly into two groups, the chlorhexidine group and the triamcinolone group. Prior to endotracheal intubation, ETTs in the chlorhexidine group were lubricated with 0.1% chlorhexidine gluconate jelly, whereas the ETTs in the triamcinolone group were lubricated with 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide paste 0.5 mg. During the 24 hr after the operation, we recorded the incidence and severity of POST and the incidence of cough, hoarseness, dysphagia, nausea, and dry throat.Of the 150 patients initially enrolled, 143 patients were included in the study. The incidence of POST was significantly lower in the triamcinolone group compared with the chlorhexidine group (difference = 52.4%; 95% confidence interval, 36.8% to 64.2%; P0.001). The severity score for the triamcinolone group was significantly lower than that for the chlorhexidine group. The frequencies of coughing, hoarseness, dysphagia, nausea, and dry throat were similar in the two groups for the first 24 hr after surgery.Triamcinolone acetonide paste applied along the length of the ETT resulted in clinically important and statistically significant decreases in the incidence and severity of POST compared with the application of chlorhexidine jelly. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00908817).

Background: It is well known that sevoflurane anesthesia is associated with emergence agitation (EA) in children, and that fentanyl may reduce its incidence. However, in case of midazolam, there have been conflicting reports. Therefore, we measured the effect of midazolam on EA after sevoflurane anesthesia and compared it with that of fentanyl. Methods: Sixty pediatric patients receiving sevoflurane anesthesia for tonsillectomy was assigned to 3 groups. Saline 0.1 ml/kg (group P), midazolam 0.1 mg/kg (group M), or fentanyl 1/kg (group F) was administered intravenously 10 minutes before the end of surgery. The incidences of over-sedation (OS) and EA were checked three times at the postanesthesia care unit. Results: Group M had a tendency to show a high incidence of OS, but its incidence of EA was not different from the other groups. In group F, OS and EA were less frequent than in groups P and M. Conclusions: After sevoflurane anesthesia for tonsillectomy, fentanyl effectively prevented EA, but midazolam elicited OS and was ineffective at preventing EA.

Background: Ondansetron, a receptor antagonist, is widely used for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. However, the interaction of ondansetron with non-depolarizing muscle relaxants have not been reported until now. Therefore we studied the effects of ondansetron on the neuromuscular block of vecuronium, rocuronium or atracurium in vitro. Methods: A square wave 0.1 Hz supramaximal stimuli was applied to the phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparation of a rat, and the twitch height response was recorded mechanomyographically. We measured cumulative concentration response curves of vecuronium, rocuronium or atracurium alone and after pretreating with ondansetron (1/ml). We also measured the effects of ondansetron. The 's and EC's of these muscle relaxants alone and after pretreatment with ondansetron were calculated using an inhibitory sigmoid Emax model. Results: Ondansetron depressed the twitch height in a dose-dependent manner, and its potency was lower than the muscle relaxants. The and of ondansetron were 14.7/ml and 33.4/ml, respectively. Pretreated ondansetron (1/ml) significantly reduced the EC's and EC's of vecuronium, rocuronium and atracurium (P

A 62-year-old woman with two vessel coronary artery disease was scheduled for an off-pump coronary artery bypass graft. Under general anesthesia, a 7.5 Fr pulmonary artery (PA) catheter (AH-05050-H, Arrow, USA) was inserted via an 8.5 Fr introducer in the right internal jugular vein. After several attempts, it was successfully guided into the PA, and the systolic/diastolic/mean pressure was 28/10/16 mmHg at 45 cm insertion. Since the catheter migrated into an overwedged position during the operation, the catheter was withdrawn several centimeter. After a while, a sudden change of PA pressure waveform to plateau was noticed, and then PA pressure fell into 0/0/0 mmHg. The PA catheter tip was seen protruding through the normal-appearing anterior wall of the right ventricle. The catheter was withdrawn to a right atrial position, and the perforation was closed. The operation was finished uneventfully and the patient remained stable for the next 14 days and was discharged home. In this case, withdrawal of the PA catheter probably placed its tip in the origin of the PA, from which it then slipped into and perforated the right ventricle. After withdrawal of a PA catheter to avoid an overwedged position, the balloon of the catheter should be re-advanced into a proper position or be withdrawn to a right atrial position.

Background: This study was performed to evaluate the presynaptic effects of depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs by using slow and fast frequencies of indirect stimulation on partial twitch depression in vitro. Methods: A rat phrenic nerve hemidiaphragm was dissected and was mounted in an organ bath containing an oxygenated Krebs solution. The phrenic nerve was stimulated supramaximally and the twitch response (0.1 Hz) was stabilized for at least 30 minutes. T200/T1 ratio (twitch height of the 200th stimuli divided by that of the first stimuli) at frequencies of 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 Hz using a drug concentration which provided approximately 20% twitch depression at 0.1 Hz was calculated. To compare T200/T1 ratios with TOF ratios, a 2.0 Hz TOF response was measured immediately after the 200th stimuli at either frequency of stimulation. Results: T200/T1 ratios produced by succinylcholine (SCC) and decamethonium (C10) were located between α-bungarotoxin (ABX) and hexamethonium (C6), however, significant differences among the four drugs were found at 2.0 Hz. The propensity for a decrease in T200/T1 ratios at 2.0 Hz might differ from this study: C6 > C10 > SCC > ABX. T200/T1 ratios at 2.0 Hz were not different from TOF ratios. Conclusions: It is concluded that small doses of C10 have a greater presynaptic activity than that of SCC, when the observed effects in this study were compared with the result of ABX acting predominantly at postsynaptic receptors and C6 acting predominantly at presynaptic receptors. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2001; 40: 532∼537) ꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏ

Background : Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) is widely used in the treatment of preeclamptic Hyperreflexia. Eclamptic convulsions are almost always prevented by MgSO4 in plasma concentrations of 4 to 7 mEq/L. It is well known that MgSO4 enhances the effect of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockade. But the onset time of rocuronium is not shortened by MgSO4. Methods : The effect of magnesium on the onset time of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade was investigated in vitro rat phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparation. The phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm was dissected and suspended in an organ bath containing modified Krebs' solution and produced single twitch responses under 0.2 ms, 0.1 Hz, electrical stimulation. We added rocuronium until the twitch height decreased more than 95% of the initial level and determined a dose in 95% decrease twitch height as an effective concentration (EC95). After the administration of MgSO4, the onset time of neuromuscular blockade by rocuronium 1 × EC95, 1.5 × EC95, 2 × EC95 was compared with the onset time without MgSO4. Results : EC50 and EC95 of rocuronium was 0.178 and 1.10 mg/dl. After administration of MgSO4, the concentration of Mg2 in the organ bath was 4.38 mEq/L. The onset time of the neuromuscular blockade by 1 × EC95 rocuronium was significantly shortened, but in the case of over 1.5 × EC95, it was not influenced by MgSO4. Conclusions : The concentration of Mg2 was within the therapeutic range for inhibition of uterine contraction. The onset time of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade was shortened by magnesium but because a high dose of rocuronium was administered for intubation due to low potency and high plasma concentration, the effect of magnesium on the onset time of rocuronium seems to be masked. Therefore clinically, the onset time of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade was not shortened by MgSO4. (Korean J Anesthesiol 1999; 37: 467∼471)

Background : This study was designed to determine whether presynaptic receptor blockade could be differentiated from postsynaptic receptor blockade by examining the effect of increasing frequencies of indirect stimulation on partial twitch depression in vitro rat phrenic nerve hemidiaphragm preparations. Methods: After isolating rat phrenic nerve hemidiaphragm preparation, T200/T1 ratio (twitch height of the 200th stimuli divided by that of the 1st stimuli) at frequencies of 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 Hz using a drug concentration which provided approximately 20% twitch depression at 0.1 Hz was calculated. To compare T200/T1 ratios with TOF ratios, 2.0 Hz TOF response was measured immediately after 200th stimuli at either frequency of stimulation. Results : Hexamethonium caused a marked decrease in T200/T1 ratio at 0.5∼2.0 Hz of stimulation, whereas α-bungarotoxin caused no change in T200/T1 ratios at up to 2.0 Hz of stimulation. The T200/T1 ratios produced by d-tubocurarine, vecuronium, mivacurium, and rocuronium located intermediate between α-bungarotoxin and hexamethonium, however significant differences among four drugs were found at 2.0 Hz. The propensity for decrease in T200/T1 ratios at 2.0 Hz might differ from this study: hexamethonium ＞d-tubocurarine ＞rocuronium ＞mivacurium = vecuronium ＞α-bungarotoxin. T200/T1 ratios at 2.0 Hz were not different from TOF ratios. Conclusions : When the observed effects in this study were provided with result of α-bungarotoxin acting predominantly at postsynaptic receptors and hexamethonium acting predominantly at presynaptic receptors, the effects of nondepolarizing muscle relaxants at each binding site could be differentiated by examining the T200/T1 ratios at 2.0 Hz. (Korean J Anesthesiol 1998; 35: 831∼838)

Background: Esmolol is rapid hydrolyzed by plasma esterase but may inhibit plasma cholinesterase activity based on its structure. This study was designed to evaluate the interactions between esmolol and succinylcholine or mivacurium which are metabolized by plasma cholinesterase and to determine the inhibitory effect of esmolol on human plasma cholinesterase. Methods: Neuromuscular effects of succinylcholine (1.0 mg/kg) and mivacurium (0.15 mg/kg) with or without esmolol (0.5 mg/kg or 1.0 mg/kg) were compared in 57 adult patients (ASA class I) during O2-N2O-isoflurane anesthesia. Neuromuscular block was monitored by recording the compound electromyogram of the hypothenar muscle resulting from supramaximal train of four stimuli applied to the ulnar nerve. Also plasma cholinesterase activity was measured before and 5, 10 minutes after injection of esmolol. Results: Time from injection to onset of over 95% block, clinical duration from injection to 25% recovery of control twitch, and recovery index defined as from 25% to 75% twitch recovery of succinylcholine or mivacurium were not altered by pretreatment of esmolol. Plasma cholinesterase activity was not decreased after injection of esmolol 0.5 mg/kg, but decreased by 5% after injection of 1.0 mg/kg (p＜0.05). Conclusions: It is unlikely that neuromuscular blocking effects of succinylcholine and mivacurium are prolonged by administration of clinical doses of esmolol (0.5∼1.0 mg/kg) due to inhibition of plasma cholinesterase activity in human. (Korean J Anesthesiol 1998; 35: 908∼913)

The neuromuscular and hem+odynamic effects of mivacurium 0.15 mg/kg and succinylcholine 1 mg/kg were compared in 26 adult patients (ASA I and II) during nitrous oxide-oxygen-propofol-fentanyl anesthesia. Neuromuscular block was monitored by recording the compound electromyogram of the hypothenar muscle resulting from supramaximal train-of-four stimuli applied to the ulnar nerve. Time to onset of over 95% block and duration to 25% recovery of control twitch after injection of mivacurium were significantly longer than for succinylcholine (201 +/- 37.6 vs 54 +/- 5.2 sec and 13.0 +/- 2.2 vs 8.4 +/- 2.1 min; mean +/- SD). Onset of mivacurium with priming technique was shortened (125 +/- 20.7 sec), but was also slower than that of succinylcholine. Although the recovery index during spontaneous recovery was significantly longer for mivacurium than for succinylcholine (6.9 +/- 1.3 vs 5.1 +/- 0.9 min), antagonism with neostigmine at 25% recovery of twitch height sufficiently facilitated the recovery index of mivacurium (4.5 +/- 1.0 min) to a level similar to that of succinylcholine with no statistical difference. The hemodynamic effects of mivacurium were few as compared to those of succinylcholine. In conclusion, mivacurium is considered to have additional advantages for short procedures when succinylcholine is undesirable.