Search

El Alilicucú Orejudo o Ribereño (Megascops sanctaecatarinae) fue ignorado en la mayoría de las obras ornitológicas de la Argentina y es muy escaso el conocimiento sobre esta lechucita en el país. Comentamos el tratamiento de la especie por diferentes autores durante el siglo XX, brindamos 41 registros en 18 localidades en la provincia de Misiones y aportamos información sobre la identificación, distribución, morfología, dieta y hábitat. Para la identificación de esta lechuza en el campo, resultan claves las vocalizaciones, esencialmente de la hembra. También puede ser distinguida de sus congéneres simpátricos por el mayor tamaño corporal y el plumaje ‘escamado’ del pecho, pero en ocasiones no se distinguen estas características, especialmente en las fotos; el largo de las ‘orejas’ y el color del iris, frecuentemente citados como marcas de campo, no resultan diagnósticos. La encontramos asociada a arroyos de distintos caudales, en bosques degradados o en recuperación, o fajas de selva, pero no en bosques prístinos. Una dieta que incluye anfibios y peces podría ser la clave en la asociación con ambientes riparios. Los registros del Alilicucú Grande (Megascops atricapilla) en la provincia de Corrientes podrían ser confusiones con Megascops sanctaecatarinae: la voz del macho de M. sanctaecatarinae y la variación de coloración de plumaje y en los iris, en ambas especies podrían contribuir a estos errores. Recomendamos búsquedas con playback en el sur de Misiones y sectores más australes para evaluar la verdadera distribución, abundancia y conservación de M. sanctaecatarinae en Argentina.

Global-scope scientific journals have played an important role in upholding a colonial legacy of north-south inequities in ornithology, and they now have a key role to play in increasing equity in scientific publishing. We explore common barriers faced by ornithologists in the Neotropics (Latin America and the Caribbean) and suggest priority actions that Ornithological Applications, Ornithology, and other global-scope ornithological journals can take to increase equity in publication and research uptake. Among the most important problems, we identified (1) restrictive (and north-biased) criteria for assessing research “importance” and “novelty,” (2) the high publication costs of the Author Pay (Gold) Open Access model, (3) language hegemony, (4) under-representation of ornithologists from the Neotropics on editorial boards and as lead authors on invited articles, and (5) lack of attention to ethics of collaboration and citation. We recommend that Ornithological Applications, Ornithology, and other global-scope ornithological journals (1) adjust their criteria for publication with the aim to publish all scientifically robust and ethically rigorous ornithology research submitted by first authors based in the Neotropics, including negative results and articles on basic biology; (2) maintain or create options for free or low-cost publication; (3) offer the option of a submission and review process in Spanish (and possibly other languages in the future); (4) increase the representation of ornithologists based in the Neotropics (especially women and those belonging to other marginalized groups) in core editorial teams and on editorial boards; and (5) introduce structured reflexivity statements, in which authors declare how local scientists were involved in the research and how equity was promoted in the collaboration that resulted in the manuscript. For these changes to be broadly effective in the long term, ornithologists across the Global South, and Indigenous, Brown, and Black ornithologists globally, should play lead roles in designing, implementing, and assessing the effectiveness of journal policies and programs. Spanish and Portuguese translations are available in the supplementary material.

A major barrier to advancing ornithology is the systemic exclusion of professionals from the Global South. A recent special feature, Advances in Neotropical Ornithology, and a shortfalls analysis therein, unintentionally followed a long-standing pattern of highlighting individuals, knowledge, and views from the Global North, while largely omitting the perspectives of people based within the Neotropics. Here, we review current strengths and opportunities in the practice of Neotropical ornithology. Further, we discuss problems with assessing the state of Neotropical ornithology through a northern lens, including discovery narratives, incomplete (and biased) understanding of history and advances, and the promotion of agendas that, while currently popular in the north, may not fit the needs and realities of Neotropical research. We argue that future advances in Neotropical ornithology will critically depend on identifying and addressing the systemic barriers that hold back ornithologists who live and work in the Neotropics: unreliable and limited funding, exclusion from international research leadership, restricted dissemination of knowledge (e.g., through language hegemony and citation bias), and logistical barriers. Moving forward, we must examine and acknowledge the colonial roots of our discipline, and explicitly promote anti-colonial agendas for research, training, and conservation. We invite our colleagues within and beyond the Neotropics to join us in creating new models of governance that establish research priorities with vigorous participation of ornithologists and communities within the Neotropical region. To include a diversity of perspectives, we must systemically address discrimination and bias rooted in the socioeconomic class system, anti-Blackness, anti-Brownness, anti-Indigeneity, misogyny, homophobia, tokenism, and ableism. Instead of seeking individual excellence and rewarding top-down leadership, institutions in the North and South can promote collective leadership. In adopting these approaches, we, ornithologists, will join a community of researchers across academia building new paradigms that can reconcile our relationships and transform science. Spanish and Portuguese translations are available in the Supplementary Material.

In the Northern Hemisphere, several avian cavity excavators (e.g., woodpeckers) orient their cavities increasingly toward the equator as latitude increases (i.e. farther north), and it is proposed that they do so to take advantage of incident solar radiation at their nests. If latitude is a key driver of cavity orientations globally, this pattern should extend to the Southern Hemisphere. Here, we test the prediction that cavities are oriented increasingly northward at higher (i.e. colder) latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere and describe the preferred entrance direction(s) of 1,501 cavities excavated by 25 avian species (n = 22 Picidae, 2 Trogonidae, 1 Furnariidae) across 12 terrestrial ecoregions (15°S to 55°S) in South America. We used Bayesian projected normal mixed-effects models for circular data to examine the influence of latitude, and potential confounding factors, on cavity orientation. Also, a probability model-selection procedure was used to simultaneously examine multiple orientation hypotheses in each ecoregion to explore underlying cavity-orientation patterns. Contrary to predictions, and patterns from the Northern Hemisphere, birds did not orient their cavities more toward the equator with increasing latitude, suggesting that latitude may not be an important underlying selective force shaping excavation behavior in South America. Moreover, unimodal cavity-entrance orientations were not frequent among the ecoregions analyzed (only in 4 ecoregions), whereas bimodal (in 5 ecoregions) or uniform (in 3 ecoregions) orientations were also present, although many of these patterns were not very clear. Our results highlight the need to include data from under-studied biotas and regions to improve inferences at macroecological scales. Furthermore, we suggest a re-analysis of Northern Hemisphere cavity orientation patterns using a multi-model approach, and a more comprehensive assessment of the role of environmental factors as drivers of cavity orientation at different spatial scales in both hemispheres.

Population size is a key predictor of extinction risk and is critical to listing species in IUCN threat categories. Assessing population size can be particularly difficult for gregarious species, such as parrots—one of the most threatened bird families—whose ecology and behavior generate multiple sources of uncertainty that need to be addressed in monitoring efforts. To improve estimates of abundance for the endangered Vinaceous-breasted Parrot (Amazona vinacea), we combined extensive roost counts over the global range of the species (Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil) with an intensive regional survey designed to address five sources of uncertainty about parrot abundance in western Santa Catarina state (WSC), Brazil, in 2016 and 2017. We estimated abundance at both regional and whole-range scales using N-mixture models of replicated count data, which account for imperfect detection. The regional-scale estimate was 1826 ± 236 and 1896 ± 105 individuals for 2016 and 2017, respectively; global abundance was estimated at 7789 ± 655 and 8483 ± 693 individuals for the same two years. We found no statistical evidence of population change at either scale of the analysis. Although our assessments of abundance and geographic range are larger than those currently reported by the IUCN, we suggest the Vinaceous-breasted Parrot should remain in the ‘Endangered’ IUCN threat category pending further investigation of population trends. We recommend that roost-monitoring programs for parrots consider and address sources of uncertainty through adequate field protocols and statistical analyses, to better inform assessments of population size, trends, and threat status. Fil: Zulian, Viviane. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Brasil Fil: Müller, Eliara Solange. Universidade Comunitária Da Região de Chapecó; Brasil Fil: Cockle, Kristina Louise. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Museo de Ciencias Naturales. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA; Argentina Fil: Lesterhuis, Arne. Guyra Paraguay; Paraguay Fil: Tomasi Júnior, Roberto. Associação Amigos Do Meio Ambiente; Brasil Fil: Prestes, Nêmora Pauletti. Associação Amigos Do Meio Ambiente; Brasil Fil: Martinez, Jaime. Associação Amigos Do Meio Ambiente; Brasil. Universidade de Passo Fundo; Brasil Fil: Kéry, Marc. Swiss Ornithological Institute; Suiza Fil: Ferraz, Gonçalo. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Brasil

The Atlantic Forest in southeastern South America is a biodiversity hotspot with high species richness and high forest loss. Three large to medium-sized woodpecker species (Robust Woodpecker Campephilus robustus, Lineated Woodpecker Dryocopus lineatus, and the globally threatened Helmeted Woodpecker Celeus galeatus) coexist in the south of the ecoregion, and show remarkable convergence in plumage patterns and colouration, possibly driven by interspecific interactions. We assessed differentiation in nest tree species, nest substrates, and timing of breeding and evaluated whether nesting ecology may be a factor explaining an association with mature forests in the Helmeted Woodpecker. Robust and Lineated Woodpeckers excavated cavities in nine and eight nest tree species, respectively, whereas Helmeted Woodpeckers specialized narrowly on laurel trees (88% of nest cavities in two species in genus Nectandra of 52 ± 14 cm DBH). Helmeted Woodpecker is further distinguished by a more frequent use of living, partially decayed trees and by more frequent re-use of nest cavities. When nesting in selectively logged forest (vs. old-growth), Robust and Lineated Woodpeckers used trees with smaller DBH and Robust Woodpeckers excavated lower in trees. Helmeted Woodpeckers selected nest trees with similar dimensions in both environments, indicating lesser flexibility. Helmeted Woodpeckers bred 20-23 days later in the year than Lineated and Robust Woodpeckers, potentially allowing them to avoid nesting near the two larger species. The narrow specialization of Helmeted Woodpecker on nesting in Nectandra trees of large sizes at the onset of decay is a possible factor in making it sensitive to selective logging effects. To stop declines of Helmeted Woodpecker we recommend (1) sparing large trees from selective logging (including Nectandra and tree species used for roosting), and (2) restoring more forested areas to mature forest conditions. Fil: Lammertink, J. Martjan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; Argentina Fil: Fernández, Juan Manuel. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste; Argentina. Provincia de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción; Argentina Fil: Cockle, Kristina Louise. University of British Columbia; Canadá. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; Argentina

Schiffornis (Aves: Tityridae) includes seven species of Neotropical forest birds whose breeding biology is poorly known. We studied three nests of Greenish Schiffornis ( Schiffornis virescens ) in the Atlantic Forest of Misiones, Argentina. Nests were bulky cups of dead leaves and other vegetative fibres, lined with Marasmius rhizomorphs and fine rootlets. They were attached laterally to tree fern ( Alsophila procera ) stems, supported from below, and camouflaged by abundant epiphytes and tree fern petioles. Each contained three eggs, which were creamy white speckled with chestnut. Only one adult was seen to incubate, with on-bouts of 65, 69 and 89 min, and off-bouts of 18, 25 and 28 min. Two nests were depredated at the incubation stage, and the third was not followed. Considering that no Schiffornis nest has been followed to fledging, we strongly encourage researchers and bird watchers to be alert to Schiffornis flushing in the understory, and to follow nests to completion whenever possible.

El Atajacaminos Ala Negra (Eleothreptus anomalus) es una especie amenazada cuya biología reproductiva es casi desconocida. En la Reserva Natural Rincón de Santa María (Corrientes, Argentina) capturamos adultos entre 2012 y 2019. Realizamos 47 capturas de hembras y 209 de machos, de los cuales 13 hembras y ningún macho tenían parche incubatorio. La temporada reproductiva comenzó en agosto con marcada actividad sonora (mecánica y vocal) por parte de los machos en reuniones de tipo leks. Adultos en estado reproductivo se encontraron entre octubre y enero cuando aún capturamos hembras con parches incubatorios y juveniles dependientes. Colocamos radiotransmisores a dos hembras con parche incubatorio. Una hembra con radiotransmisor hizo dos posturas con una diferencia de 12 días y 361 m de distancia entre sí, pero ambas fueron depredadas. Las posturas fueron de uno y dos huevos aunque es posible que la primera puesta haya sido depredada antes de completarse. Los huevos eran de color blanco cremoso con manchas y pintas marrones rojizas y manchas y placas grises de variable tamaño, en toda la superficie. La densidad y distribución de las marcas variaba entre los huevos, incluso en una misma nidada. Las medidas y pesos de los huevos fueron 27,3 x 21,9 mm, 7,2 g; 26,6 x 20,8 mm, 6,2 g; y 25,8 x 21,1 mm, 6,3 g. Los huevos fueron puestos directamente sobre (1) pasto seco aplastado, rodeado de pastizal nativo de 2,2 m de alto con algunas matas de Baccharis dracunculifolia y (2) en tierra desnuda arriba de un tacurú (nido viejo de hormiga carpintera, Camponotus sp.) de unos 50 cm de alto, rodeado de pastizal nativo inundado. Es importante confirmar el cuidado uniparental en Eleothreptus anomalus y poner a prueba la hipótesis de un sistema de apareamiento tipo lek como se ha propuesto para su único congénere el Atajacaminos Ala Blanca (Eleothreptus candicans)., The Sickle-winged Nightjar (Eleothreptus anomalus) is a threatened species whose reproductive biology is almost unknown. At Reserva Natural Rincón de Santa María (Corrientes, Argentina), we captured adults between 2012 and 2019. We made 47 captures of females and 209 of males, of which 13 females and no males had brood patches. The reproductive period began in August with marked production of sounds (mechanical and vocal) by males in lek-like groupings. Adults in reproductive condition were found between October and January when we still captured females with brood patches and dependent juveniles. We attached radio transmitters to two females with brood patches. One radio-tagged female laid two clutches with a difference of 12 days and separated by 361 m, but both were depredated. The clutches contained one and two eggs, respectively, although it is possible that the first clutch was depredated before it was completed. The eggs were creamy white with reddish-brown patches and spots, and grey patches of variable size, all over the surface. The density and distribution of markings varied among eggs, even within the same clutch. Egg measurements and weights were 27.3 x 21.9 mm, 7.2 g; 26.6 x 20.8 mm, 6.2 g; and 25.8 x 21.1 mm, 6.3 g. Eggs were laid directly on (1) crushed dry grass, surrounded by native grassland, c. 2.2 m tall, with some Baccharis dracunculifolia shrubs and (2) on bare earth atop an old nest of Camponotus sp. ants, about 50 cm high, surrounded by flooded native grassland. It is important to confirm uniparental care in the Sickle-winged Nightjar and test the hypothesis of a lek-mating system as proposed for its only congener, the White-winged Nightjar (Eleothreptus candicans)., Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo

Woodpeckers (Picidae) are broadly associated with forests but vary in sensitivity to habitat alteration, with some species restricted to mature and old-growth forests, usually because of their foraging or nesting requirements. Roosting sites have rarely been considered a critical resource for woodpecker conservation because nearly all woodpecker species roost year-round in excavated cavities similar to their nest sites. A possible exception is the globally vulnerable Helmeted Woodpecker (Celeus galeatus) of the Atlantic Forest of South America. To determine whether roosting ecology may explain their association with mature forest, we radio-tracked 12 Helmeted Woodpeckers in old-growth and selectively logged forests in Argentina, monitored roost cavities, and provided 9 roost boxes. Unlike other woodpeckers, Helmeted Woodpeckers roosted year-round in decay-formed cavities (n = 21), with perching space above the entrance, in the living trunks of large trees. Adults usually roosted alone, but after nesting (in excavated cavities), each adult roosted with one juvenile in a shared, decay-formed cavity for up to 67 days, implying that cavities need enough space for 2 birds. We did not observe use of roost boxes. Helmeted Woodpeckers travelled up to 1,482 m between nests and roosts, reused roost cavities over multiple years (sometimes changing ownership), and interacted aggressively with other cavity-nesting birds at roost cavities, indicating that suitable cavities are a scarce resource. Because logging is likely to have a strong negative impact on the availability of this resource, we urge managers in the Atlantic Forest region to retain large living trees with decay-formed cavities and to allow more selectively logged areas to become old growth. Los pájaros carpinteros (Picidae, Aves) están ampliamente asociados a los bosques, pero varían en su sensibilidad a la alteración del hábitat, con algunas especies restrictas a bosques maduros en buen estado de conservación, usualmente debido a sus requerimientos de forrajeo y nidificación. Los sitios dormidero rara vez han sido considerados un recurso crítico para la conservación de los pájaros carpinteros, debido a que casi todas las especies pernoctan todo el año en cavidades similares a sus sitios de nidificación. Una posible excepción es Celeus galeatus, del Bosque Atlántico de Sudamérica, vulnerable a nivel mundial. Para determinar si la ecología de los dormideros puede explicar su asociación a bosques maduros, colocamos radio-transmisores a 12 C. galeatus en bosques maduros y bajo tala selectiva en Argentina, monitoreamos cavidades-dormidero, y colocamos 9 cajas-dormidero. A diferencia de otros carpinteros, C. galeatus pernoctó todo el año en cavidades formadas por degradación de la madera (n = 21), con espacio para perchar por encima de la entrada, en troncos vivos de árboles grandes. Los adultos usualmente pernoctaron solos, sin embargo, después de nidificar (en cavidades excavadas), cada adulto pernoctó con un juvenil en una cavidad formada por degradación por hasta 67 días, implicando que las cavidades deben tener suficiente espacio para dos carpinteros. Individuos de C. galeatus hicieron movimientos hasta 1,482 m entre nidos y cavidades-dormideros, reutilizaron cavidades-dormidero a lo largo de varios años (y por parte de individuos sucesivos), y tenían interacciones agresivas con otras especies de aves en las cavidades-dormidero, indicando que las cavidades adecuadas son un recurso escaso. Es probable que la tala tenga un fuerte impacto negativo en la disponibilidad de este recurso. Instamos a los gestores en la región del Bosque Atlántico a retener árboles grandes, vivos, con cavidades formadas por descomposición, y recuperar más áreas con explotación selectiva. Fil: Lammertink, J. Martjan. Provincia de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción; Argentina. Cornell University; Estados Unidos Fil: Fernández, Juan Manuel. Provincia de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura; Argentina Fil: Cockle, Kristina Louise. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical; Argentina. University of British Columbia; Canadá

Para conservar una superficie representativa de los bosques subtropicales de Misiones (Argentina), ecosistema amenazado a nivel mundial, es necesario encontrar una solución económicamente viable a las superficies que actualmente y de acuerdo a la ley 26331 pueden destinarse exclusivamente al manejo sostenible del bosque nativo, así como disminuir la deforestación en las áreas pasibles de ser reemplazadas (901617 ha y 477858 ha, respectivamente, de acuerdo al último ordenamiento territorial llevado a cabo por la Provincia de Misiones). La deforestación, que ocurre desde mediados del siglo pasado, ha sido fomentada por políticas públicas de incentivos a actividades de producción intensivas como las plantaciones forestales u otros cultivos. Los bosques remanentes se encuentran degradados por la explotación de las principales especies nativas comerciales en ciclos de corta menores a 20 años, y la productividad maderera es más baja de lo necesario para sostener económicamente la actividad. La productividad podría recuperarse en algunos casos con manejos post-extracción (por ejemplo, el corte de bambúes y lianas), mientras que en situaciones de mayor degradación se necesitan acciones de manejo más intensivas como la escarificación de los suelos o la plantación de renovales de especies de alto valor comercial y rápido crecimiento que permitan turnos de corta de 30 años e incrementos de al menos 3 m3 ha-1 año-1. Asimismo, se necesita una política de control del comercio ilegal de madera nativa, la cual disminuye los precios y reduce la rentabilidad de productores responsables. Por otra parte, la obtención de madera debería complementarse con disminuciones impositivas, por ejemplo, a través de la compensación por provisión de servicios ecosistémicos, o mediante otros tipos de usos como el aprovechamiento de recursos no madereros. En el caso de pequeños y medianos productores, el gobierno y organizaciones no gubernamentales deberían estimular la conservación del bosque por el uso de sus recursos y servicios ambientales, incentivar activamente la diversificación de la producción, y brindar las herramientas que les permitan a los productores independizarse del cultivo intensivo de tabaco. Es necesario mayor financiamiento directo a los productores para el manejo, así como a organismos dedicados a generar conocimiento que permita avances concretos en el manejo sostenible del bosque. To conserve a representative area of the subtropical forests of Misiones, a globally endangered ecosystem, it is necessary to find a viable economic solution for the areas destined under Law 26331 exclusively for sustainable management of native forest, and to reduce deforestation in the areas where replacement of native forest is permi�ed (901617 ha and 477858 ha, respectively, according to the latest land use planning by the Province of Misiones). Since the middle of the last century, public policies have provided incentives for plantations of trees and other crops, promoting deforestation. Remnant forests are degraded from exploitation of the principal commercial species in cu�ing cycles shorter than 20 years, and productivity of wood is now too low to be economically useful. Productivity can be improved through post-harvest management (e.g., cu�ing of bamboo and lianas), but on highly degraded sites more intensive management is needed, such as scarifying of soils or planting seedlings of high-value, fast-growing species to allow cu�ing cycles of around 30 years and increments greater than 3 m3 .ha-1.year-1. Action is also needed to control illegal trade in native wood, which diminishes the prices and reduces the viability of socially and environmentally responsible enterprises. Moreover, sustainable management of the native forest should be accompanied by reductions in taxes, for example through payment for ecosystem services, or by other types of use, such as harvesting of non-timber forest products. In the case of small and medium property owners, governments and organizations should stimulate conservation of forest through forest resources and services use, actively encourage diversification of production, and offer tools that promote independence from intensive tobacco cultivation. Funding is needed both directly to producers (through laws) and to institutions that generate knowledge that permits concrete advances in sustainable forest management. Fil: Campanello, Paula Inés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco"; Argentina Fil: Von Below, Jonathan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales; Argentina Fil: Hilgert, Norma Ines. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales; Argentina Fil: Cockle, Kristina Louise. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical; Argentina Fil: Villagra, Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical; Argentina Fil: Di Francescantonio, Débora. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical; Argentina Fil: García, Daily Sofía. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales; Argentina Fil: Jaramillo, Manuel. Fundacion Vida Silvestre; Argentina Fil: Gauto, Oscar Arturo. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales; Argentina Fil: Goldstein, Guillermo Hernan. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; Argentina

Population size is a key predictor of extinction risk and is critical to listing species in IUCN threat categories. The population size of parrots—one of the most threatened bird families—is often assessed using roost counts, which suffer from multiple sources of uncertainty that need to be addressed in monitoring efforts. To improve estimates of abundance for endangered Vinaceous-breasted Parrot (Amazona vinacea), we compared extensive roost counts over the whole range of the species (Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil) with an intensive regional survey designed to address five sources of uncertainty about parrot abundance in western Santa Catarina state (WSC), Brazil, in 2016 and 2017. We estimated regional-scale abundance using a sampling design that minimizes double counting and an N-mixture model of replicated count data, which accounts for imperfect detection, implemented in a Bayesian framework. The whole-range counts amounted to 3,888 and 4,084 individuals in 2016 and 2017, respectively; regional estimates were 945 ± 50 and 1,393 ± 40 individuals, for the same two years. We found no evidence of population growth because the increase in numbers matched an increase in observation effort on both spatial scales. When extrapolating the WSC abundance estimate to three hypothetical geographical range areas of the species, under the simplifying assumption of homogenous density, we obtained values above the whole-range counts, but within the same order of magnitude, putting the global population size of Vinaceous-breasted Parrot in the thousands of individuals. Although our estimates of abundance and geographic range are larger than those currently reported by the IUCN, we suggest that Vinaceous-breasted Parrot remain in the ‘Endangered’ IUCN threat category pending further investigation of population trends. We recommend that roost-monitoring programs for parrots consider and address sources of uncertainty through field protocols and statistical analysis, to better inform assessments of population size, trends, and threat status.

The Neotropical ovenbirds (Furnariidae) are an adaptive radiation of suboscines renowned for the diversity of their nests. Like most altricial insectivores, they generally exhibit biparental care. One tribe, Philydorini, includes 46 species thought to nest in either underground burrows or tree cavities, nest types traditionally treated as equivalent in phylogenetic studies. Their parental care systems are poorly known, but could help illuminate how uniparental care – typically associated with frugivory – can arise in insectivores. We examined the extent to which nest placement, parental care, and associated reproductive traits map onto two major clades of Philydorini identified by genetic hypotheses. We review published literature and present new information from the Atlantic Forest of Argentina, including the first nest descriptions for Ochre-breasted Foliage-gleaners (Anabacerthia lichtensteini) and Sharp-billed Treehunters (Heliobletus contaminatus). In the Automolus-Thripadectes-Clibanornis clade (including Philydor rufum), 134 of 138 reported nests were in underground burrows. In the Syndactyla-Anabacerthia-Anabazenops clade (including Heliobletus, Philydor atricapillus, and Philydor erythrocercum), 44 of 48 nests were in tree cavities. Remaining nests were in buildings or species-level identification was unclear. At least eight species in the first clade, but none in the second clade, excavated their nest sites. Biparental care was confirmed for nine species in the first clade and one species in the second clade. In contrast, nests of A. lichtensteini and H. contaminatus were attended by a single secretive adult. We propose that species in the Automolus-Thripadectes-Clibanornis clade are underground burrow excavators, and those in the Syndactyla-Anabacerthia-Anabazenops clade are secondary tree-cavity nesters (nonexcavators). We also note that parental care strategies in Furnariidae vary with nest complexity and conspicuousness – from uniparental care in secretive tree-cavity nesters to cooperative breeding in highly vocal builders of elaborate nests – suggesting evolutionary links among nest-building, concealment, and parental care strategies. Fil: Cockle, Kristina Louise. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Museo de Ciencias Naturales. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA; Argentina Fil: Bodrati, Alejandro. Proyecto Selva de Pino Paraná; Argentina

Psittaciformes (parrots, cockatoos) are among the most endangered birds, with 31% of Neotropical species under threat. The drivers of this situation appear to be manifold and mainly of anthropogenic origin. However, this assessment is based on the last extensive consultation about the conservation situation of parrots carried out in the 1990s. Given the rapid development of anthropogenic threats, updated data are needed to strategize conservation actions. Using a population approach, we addressed this need through a wide-ranging consultation involving biologists, wildlife managers, government agencies and non-governmental conservation organizations. We gathered up-to-date information on threats affecting 192 populations of 96 Neotropical parrot species across 21 countries. Moreover, we investigated associations among current threats and population trends. Many populations were affected by multiple threats. Agriculture, Capture for the Pet Trade, Logging, each of them affected > 55% of the populations, suggesting a higher degree of risk than previously thought. In contrast to previous studies at the species level, our study showed that the threat most closely associated with decreasing population trends is now Capture for the local Pet Trade. Other threats associated with decreasing populations include Small-holder Farming, Rural Population Pressure, Nest Destruction by Poachers, Agro-industry Grazing, Small-holder Grazing, and Capture for the international Pet Trade. Conservation actions have been implemented on < 20% of populations. Our results highlight the importance of a population-level approach in revealing the extent of threats to wild populations. It is critical to increase the scope of conservation actions to reduce the capture of wild parrots for pets., La lista completa de autores puede encontrarse en el archivo asociado., Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo

We report on the breeding biology of the White-throated Woodcreeper (Xiphocolaptes albicollis), a species endemic to the Atlantic forest of South America, based on 16 nesting attempts in 11 cavities (9 natural tree cavities and 2 nest boxes) in Misiones, northeastern Argentina. Natural cavities were 3.3–8.3 cm in diameter and 46–103 cm in depth, and generated by decay processes (not woodpeckers) at heights of 3–17 m in live trees 29–106 cm in diameter at breast height. White-throated Woodcreepers laid 2–4 eggs on alternate days, on a bed comprised of bark flakes, leaf fragments and seed pods. Incubation bouts (n = 3) were more than 1 hr 40 mins. Incubation lasted 17 days and the nestling period 18–22 days, shorter than the congeneric Great Rufous Woodcreeper (Xiphocolaptes major). Both adults brought nest material, incubated the eggs, fed the nestlings, and removed fecal sacs; however, we suspect that the male contributed more to fecal sac removal. Both adults roosted in the cavity a few nights...

Many forest bird species require tree cavities for nesting, and share this resource with a diverse community of animals. When cavities are limited, niche overlap can result in interspecific competition, with negative consequences for threatened populations. Vinaceous-breasted Parrots (Amazona vinacea) are endangered cavity nesters endemic to the subtropical Atlantic Forest, where cavities are scarce. We examined nest niche overlap among Vinaceous-breasted Parrots and 9 potential competitors (birds and mammals >140 g, and social insects) in Argentina, considering (1) timing of breeding, (2) characteristics of cavities (depth, entrance diameter, height), trees (diameter at breast height DBH, species, condition), and habitat (surrounding land use, distance to edge), and (3) interspecific cavity reuse. During 10 breeding seasons we studied nests and roosts, measured their characteristics, and monitored cavities to detect reuse. We used multinomial logistic regression to determine whether the 6 most abundant taxa differed in nest and roost site characteristics. Timing of breeding overlapped for all bird species except the White-eyed Parakeet (Psittacara leucophthalmus). No combination of cavity, tree, and habitat characteristics predicted the taxa that utilized cavities. Moreover, 8 of the 10 taxa reused cavities interspecifically. The high level of overlap in realized nest niche, combined with previous evidence that cavities could limit bird density in our study area, suggest the possibility of interspecific competition for cavities among multiple taxa. Although models did not perform well at classifying cavities by taxon, some characteristics of cavities, trees, and habitat were selected more by Vinaceous-breasted Parrots than by other taxa, and we recommend targeting conservation efforts toward cavities and trees with these characteristics (7-40 cm entrance diameter, >10 m high, DBH >55 cm). We found 62% of Vinaceous-breasted Parrot nests on farms (vs. ≤50% for other taxa), highlighting the importance of working with local farmers to conserve cavities in anthropogenic habitats as well as in protected areas. Fil: Bonaparte, Eugenia Bianca. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Museo de Ciencias Naturales. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; Argentina Fil: Cockle, Kristina Louise. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Museo de Ciencias Naturales. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA; Argentina. University of British Columbia; Canadá

Logging often reduces taxonomic diversity in forest communities, but little is known about how this biodiversity loss affects the resilience of ecosystem functions. We examined how partial logging and clearcutting of temperate forests influenced functional diversity of birds that nest in tree cavities. We used point-counts in a before-after-control-impact design to examine the effects of logging on the value, range, and density of functional traits in bird communities in Canada (21 species) and Chile (16 species). Clearcutting, but not partial logging, reduced diversity in both systems. The effect was much more pronounced in Chile, where logging operations removed critical nesting resources (large decaying trees), than in Canada, where decaying aspen Populus tremuloides were retained on site. In Chile, logging was accompanied by declines in species richness, functional richness (amount of functional niche occupied by species), community-weighted body mass (average mass, weighted by species densities), and functional divergence (degree of maximization of divergence in occupied functional niche). In Canada, clearcutting did not affect species richness but nevertheless reduced functional richness and community-weighted body mass. Although some cavity-nesting birds can persist under intensive logging operations, their ecosystem functions may be severely compromised unless future nest trees can be retained on logged sites. Fil: Ibarra, José Tomás. University of British Columbia; Canadá. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Chile Fil: Martin, Michaela. University of British Columbia; Canadá Fil: Cockle, Kristina Louise. University of British Columbia; Canadá. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Museo de Ciencias Naturales. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA; Argentina Fil: Martin, Kathy. University of British Columbia; Canadá

In forests worldwide, tree-cavity supply can limit populations of the 10-40% of bird and mammal species that require cavities for nesting or roosting. Conservation efforts aimed at cavity-using communities have often focused on woodpeckers because, as cavity excavators, they are presumed to control cavity supply. We show that avian excavators are the primary cavity producers in North America (77% of nesting cavities), but not elsewhere (26% in Eurasia and South America; 0% in Australasia). We studied survivorship of 2805 nest cavities and found similar persistence of cavities created by woodpeckers and those created by decay in Canada, but low persistence of woodpecker-excavated cavities in Poland and Argentina. Outside of North America, the ephemeral nature of many woodpecker cavities may render most cavity-using vertebrates critically dependent on the slow formation of cavities by damage and decay. The future of most cavity-using communities will therefore be highly dependent on changing forest policies to stem the current loss of old trees. Fil: Cockle, Kristina Louise. University of British Columbia; Canadá. Universidad Maimónides; Argentina. Provincia de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción; Argentina Fil: Martin, Kathy. University of British Columbia; Canadá. Environment Canada; Canadá Fil: Wesołowski, Tomasz. Wrocław University; Polonia

Cavity-nesting birds may frequently compete for a limited supply of nest and roost cavities in trees, but interspecific sharing of these cavities has rarely been reported. The globally vulnerable Helmeted Woodpecker (Dryocopus galeatus), a little-known Atlantic Forest endemic, is believed to be threatened by nest-site competition; however, little is known about its ecology or natural history. I report an observation of a female Helmeted Woodpecker roosting with two White-eyed Parakeets (Aratinga leucophthalma) in their non-excavated (natural) nest cavity at Cruce Caballero Provincial Park, Argentina, and discuss possible implications for ecology and conservation of this rare woodpecker.

Avian hosts may either resist the negative effects of nestling ectoparasites by minimizing the number of parasites, or tolerate parasitism by increasing their fecundity via the reproductive compensation hypothesis. Little is known about the interactions between ectoparasites and their avian hosts in the tropics. We (1) examined nestling development rates, and tested whether (2) parasitism by a subcutaneous ectoparasitic botfly (Philornissp.) had negative effects on the condition of nestlings, and (3) these negative effects were minimized in larger broods in a tropical cavity-nesting bird, the planalto woodcreeper (Dendrocolaptes platyrostris), in primary and secondary Atlantic forests in the northern province of Misiones, Argentina. Nestling mass and ectoparasite load per nestling reached maxima when nestlings (n = 50) were between 10 and 14 d old. General linear mixed models predicted that mass at fledging declined with increasing nestling parasite load, suggesting that botflies had a negative influence on fledging condition. Parasite load per nestling declined with increasing brood size indicating that woodcreepers that increase their reproductive output minimize the negative effects of parasitism. Overall we found evidence to support the tolerance via reproductive compensation hypothesis. Future tests of the reproductive compensation hypothesis may help determine the underlying mechanism of the observed negative correlation between parasite load of nestlings and brood size.

One of the five most important global biodiversity hotspots, the Neotropical Atlantic forest supports a diverse community of birds that nest in tree cavities. Cavitynesting birds may be particularly sensitive to forestry and agricultural practices that remove potential nest trees; however, there have been few efforts to determine what constitutes a potential nest tree in Neotropical forests. We aimed to determine the characteristics of trees and cavities used in nesting by excavators (species that excavate their own nest cavity) and secondary cavity-nesters (species that rely on existing cavities), and to identify the characteristics of trees most likely to contain suitable cavities in the Atlantic forest of Argentina. We used univariate analyses and conditional logistic regression models to compare characteristics of nest trees paired with unused trees found over three breeding seasons (2006‐2008). Excavators selected dead or unhealthy trees. Secondary cavity-nesters primarily selected cavities that were deep and high on the tree, using live and dead cavity-bearing trees in proportion to their availability. Nonexcavated cavities suitable for birds occurred primarily in live trees. They were most likely to develop in large-diameter trees, especially grapiaApuleia leiocarpaand trees in co-dominant or suppressed crown classes. To conserve cavity-nesting birds of the Atlantic forest, we recommend a combination of policies, economic assistance, environmental education, and technical support for forest managers and small-scale farmers, to maintain large healthy and unhealthy trees in commercial logging operations and on farms.

We provide the first description of the nest, eggs, and nestlings of the Planalto Woodcreeper (Dendrocolaptes platyrostris), a secondary cavity-nester, based on three nests in natural cavities and 14 in nest boxes. Nests were found from October to January in 1997, 2006, and 2007 in the humid Chaco and Atlantic Forest of Argentina. Planalto Woodcreepers used natural cavities and nest boxes 40–60 cm deep with entrance diameters of 5–12 cm. They selected the deepest nest boxes available. Three or four white eggs were laid on a bed of bark flakes and incubated for 14–16 days. Newly hatched nestlings had pink skin with gray down, yellow mouth linings, and large whitish gape flanges. They opened their eyes when 6–7 days of age and fledged at 16–18 days. Nearly all nestlings were infested with botflies (Philornis sp.). Both adults contributed to nest building, incubation, nestling-rearing, and nest sanitation.

Most bamboos are semelparous. Their synchronous masting events occur on a cycle of 3–120 yr and represent an extremely pulsed resource for granivorous birds. Although many bird species feed occasionally on bamboo seeds, there are constraints to specializing on such a fluctuating resource and few bird species are known to specialize on bamboo seeds. Three of these bird species are endemic to the Atlantic forest of South America: the purple-winged ground-dove Claravis godefrida, buff-fronted seedeater Sporophila frontalis, and Temminck's seedeater Sporophila falcirostris. All three species are irregularly recorded in the province of Misiones, Argentina. We compared the temporal and spatial patterns of records of these birds in Misiones to masting events of the five common bamboos: yatevoGuadua trinii, takuaruzuGuadua chacoensis, takuapiMerostachys claussenii, pitinga Chusquea tenella, and takuaremboChusquea ramosissima. All bird records coincided with times and places where Guadua bamboos (G. trinii and G. chacoensis) were known or estimated to have seeds. None of the bird species occurred during masting events of Merostachys or Chusquea, unless Guadua was also masting. We discuss relevant ecological and morphological features of the birds that might bear on their association with Guadua bamboos and that might be key to their conservation. RESUMEN Especializacion en semillas de Guadua por tres especies de aves en la Selva Atlantica Interior de Argentina. – La mayoria de los bambues son semelparos. Sus eventos de floracion masiva ocurren en ciclos que tardan entre 3 y 120 anos, y representan un recurso extremadamente pulsado para las aves granivoras. Aunque muchas especies de aves se alimentan ocasionalmente de semillas de bambu, existen restricciones que dificultan la especializacion en un recurso tan fluctuante, y se conocen unas pocas especies de aves especialistas en semillas de bambu. Tres de estas aves son endemicas de la Selva Atlantica de Sudamerica: la Palomita de Ala Morada (Claravis godefrida), el Corbatita Olivaceo (Sporophila frontalis), y el Corbatita Picudo (Sporophila falcirostris). Estas tres especies son registradas irregularmente en la provincia de Misiones, Argentina. Comparamos los patrones de distribucion espacial y temporal de estas aves en Misiones con los eventos de floraciones masivas de los cinco bambues comunes: Yatevo (Guadua trinii), Takuaruzu (Guadua chacoensis), Takuapi (Merostachys claussenii), Pitinga (Chusquea tenella), y Takuarembo (Chusquea ramosissima). Todos los registros de las aves coincidieron con sitios y en momentos en que las Guadua (G. trinii y G. chacoensis) tenian semillas o estimamos que habrian tenido semillas. Ninguna de las especies de aves fue registrada durante eventos de floracion de Merostachys o Chusquea, a menos que alguna Guadua tambien estuviera floreciendo. Discutimos caracteristicas ecologicas y morfologicas que pueden estar relacionadas con la asociacion de las aves con las Guadua y que pueden ser clave para su conservacion.

Network analysis offers insight into the structure and function of ecological communities, but little is known about how empirical networks change over time during perturbations. ?Nest webs? are commensal networks that link secondary cavity-nesting vertebrates (e.g., bluebirds, ducks, and squirrels, which depend on tree cavities for nesting) with the excavators (e.g., woodpeckers) that produce cavities. In central British Columbia (Canada), Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus) is considered a keystone excavator, providing most cavities for secondary cavity-nesters. However, roles of species in the network, and overall network architecture, are expected to vary with population fluctuations. Many excavator species increased in abundance in association with a pulse of food (adult and larval beetles) during an outbreak of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae), which peaked in 2003?2004. We studied nest web dynamics from 1998 to 2011 to determine how network architecture changed during this resource pulse. Cavity availability increased at the onset of the beetle outbreak and peaked in 2005. During and after the outbreak, secondary cavity-nesters increased their use of cavities made by five species of beetle-eating excavators, and decreased their use of flicker cavities. We found low link turnover, with 74% of links conserved from year to year. Nevertheless, the network increased in evenness and diversity of interactions, and declined slightly in nestedness and niche overlap. These patterns remained evident 7 years after the beetle outbreak, suggesting a legacy effect. In contrast to previous ?snapshot? studies of nest webs, our dynamic approach reveals how the role of each cavity producer, and thus quantitative network architecture, can vary over time. The increase in interaction diversity with the beetle outbreak adds to growing evidence that insect outbreaks can increase components of biodiversity in forest ecosystems at various temporal scales. The observed changes in (quantitative) network architecture contrast with the relatively stable (qualitative) architecture of empirical mutualistic networks that have been studied to date. However, they are consistent with recent theory on the importance of population fluctuations in driving network architecture. Our results support the view that models should allow for the possibility of rewiring (species switching partners) to avoid overestimation of secondary extinction risk. Fil: Cockle, Kristina Louise. University Of British Columbia; Canadá. State University Of Louisiana; Estados Unidos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Salta. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del Noroeste Argentino; Argentina Fil: Martin, Kathy. University Of British Columbia; Canadá. Environment Canada; Canadá

There are a large number of ornithological societies in North America, some dating back to the 1880s. Although they differ in part by history, region, scientific approach and taxonomic focus, many of the memberships overlap and the societies are increasingly holding joint meetings. The largest of

Worldwide, populations of a diverse array of bamboo-specialist birds must respond to the life cycles of typical woody bamboos, which include a long vegetative phase, a short period in sexual reproduction (seeding), and a short period dead. While some bamboo species flower continuously in time, but scattered in space, over different parts of their distribution, others exhibit a single, synchronized mass-seeding event, followed by death over hundreds of square kilometers. Thus, bamboo-specialist birds experience extreme variability in their habitat and food sources, and may pass from a period of overabundant habitat and food resources to a period of extreme resource scarcity. At a community level, bamboo species are out of phase with each other. Masting events of several bamboo species may coincide one cycle, but not the next. The resulting long-term dynamics of bamboo cycles at a community scale will result in a temporal and geographic mosaic of resource availability over very long periods of time, where the initial conditions that any bird experienced may occur only sporadically over centuries and very large regions. We aim to propose a theoretical framework for understanding the population ecology of bamboo-specialist birds and discuss implications for their conservation. Three main diet and life-history strategies of bamboo-specialist birds can be identified based on their natural history. First, insectivorous bamboo specialists that inhabit woody bamboos may be relatively sedentary during the long vegetative growth phase, but they must experience population declines, switch to alternative habitat, or travel widely during bamboo die-off events. They benefit from long-term habitat stability but must face short-term reductions in habitat that do not affect all generations of birds. Second, bamboo seed specialists must rely on an ephemeral source of food available only after large intervals of time at most locations. Since bamboo cycles are typically much longer than the lives of individual birds, there is no chance for seed-specialist birds to learn when and where bamboo seeds will be available in the future. Thus, although bamboo seed availability is ecologically predictable (i. e., seeds are always available after the same length of time at a given place), seed availability is unpredictable to individual birds. During their lifetime, most individual bamboo seed-specialists must face a lack of their preferred food supply, at which time they must wander to survive. And third, mixed strategists usually feed on bamboo shoots, leaves, and insects, but consume bamboo seeds when available. Their life history combines elements of both previous categories: they can benefit from long-term habitat stability like insectivores, and take advantage of masting events like seed specialists. Niche width (degree of specialization) in conjugation with the long-term dynamics of bamboo cycles should determine the degree of nomadism and amplitude of bamboo-specialist population cycles. Nomadism appears to be distributed along a continuum from the temporarily nomad insectivores and mixed strategists to the local and regional nomadic seed specialists. A protected area cannot shelter healthy populations of the most specialized bamboo-seed specialists because they track temporally and spatially unpredictable resources over large temporal and spatial scales. Overall, to effectively protect this ecological system, it is crucial to conserve a network of natural areas capable of providing bamboo in different phases and at different times and places, as well as subsidiary food resources that will allow birds to move away from bamboo patches as they become unsuitable to new, suitable patches. © 2012 Dt. Ornithologen-Gesellschaft e.V. Fil: Areta, Juan Ignacio. Provincia de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción; Argentina. Grupo FALCO; Argentina Fil: Cockle, Kristina Louise. Provincia de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción; Argentina. Fundación de Historia Natural Félix de Azara; Argentina. Universidad Maimónides; Argentina. University of British Columbia; Canadá

El Loro Vinoso (Amazona vinacea) es endémico de la Selva Atlántica y es una de las aves más amenazadas de Argentina. Ha desaparecido en gran parte de su distribución en Misiones y hoy ocupa principalmente el centro-este de la provincia, en una zona donde predominan poblados y actividades de agricultura y ganadería. Se piensa que su declinación se debe a la pérdida de hábitat y la persecución directa, especialmente la captura de los pichones para convertirlos en mascotas. En base a ocho años de entrevistas, educación ambiental y trabajo de campo, se evaluó la situación actual de la especie en Argentina. Luego de siete años de educación ambiental, más del 80% de los alumnos de primaria indicaron que no está bien capturar un loro para tenerlo en la casa como mascota, aún si encontraban un pichón caído del nido. Desde 2005 parece haber disminuido la captura de pichones y la población está estable en el centro-este de Misiones, con 247 individuos contados en 2011, aproximadamente el 94% de la población de Argentina y el 10% de la mundial. Un problema grave para el Loro Vinoso puede ser la escasez de cavidades óptimas para nidificar (debido a la deforestación y la tala selectiva de árboles grandes), que aumentaría la competencia con otras especies. Se necesitan estudios demográficos para priorizar medidas de conservación a futuro, pero hay dos medidas que hoy parecen imprescindibles: expandir la educación ambiental para reducir la captura de pichones en el norte de la distribución actual y promover la educación, política ambiental y apoyo técnico en el centroeste de Misiones para conservar a largo plazo los grandes árboles con huecos. The Vinaceous-breasted Amazon (Amazona vinacea) is endemic to the Atlantic Forest and is one of the most endangered birds in Argentina. The species has disappeared from a large part of its range in Misiones and now occurs mainly in the central-eastern portion of the province in an area dominated by towns and farms. The decline of the Vinaceous-breasted Amazon is thought to be linked to habitat loss and direct persecution, especially capture of nestlings to be made into pets. Based on eight years of interviews, environmental education and field work, we evaluate the current situation of the species in Argentina. After seven years of environmental education, more than 80% of primary school students indicated that it is not good to capture a parrot to keep as a pet, even if a nestling is found on the ground, fallen from the nest. Capture of nestlings appears to have declined since 2005, and the parrot population is stable in central-eastern Misiones, with 247 individuals counted in 2011, approximately 94% of the population of Argentina and 10% of the global population. A serious problem for the Vinaceous-breasted Amazon could be the scarcity of suitable nesting cavities (a result of deforestation and selective logging of large trees) that leads to increased competition with other species. Demographic studies are needed in order to prioritize future conservation measures, but two measures currently appear essential: environmental education should be expanded to reduce the capture of nestlings in the northern part of the current distribution, and education, environmental policies and technical support should be promoted in central-eastern Misiones to conserve, over the long term, large cavitybearing trees.

Este artículo no cuenta con un resumen.

Vinaceous Amazons (Amazona vinacea) are endemic to the Atlantic forest of southeastern Brazil, eastern Paraguay, and the province of Misiones in Argentina. We searched for Vinaceous Amazons throughout the western part of its range in Argentina and Paraguay during 1639 days of fieldwork from 1997 to 2006. These parrots have disappeared from most areas where they were historically recorded in these countries, and are now limited to a few sites in northeastern Paraguay and central Misiones (Argentina). We estimate the minimum remaining populations at 220 individuals in Paraguay and 203 individuals in Argentina. Important sites for the species are (1) the farming area from San Pedro to Tobuna (Misiones, Argentina) and (2) the Itaipú reserves complex and Reserva Natural Privada Itabó (Paraguay). In our surveys, Vinaceous Amazons were absent from the largest tracts of forest in Misiones, and were most often observed feeding, roosting, and nesting in small forest remnants and in agricultural areas that included forest fragments and isolated trees. Threats to amazons in these areas include nest poaching, forest clearing, and being shot as a crop pest. We confirmed 40 Vinaceous Amazons kept as pets in 35 homes between San Pedro and Tobuna. Environmental education and law enforcement are urgently needed to reduce threats in populated areas, and subsistence farmers need technical and logistical support to slow or stop the conversion of forest into cropland. Finally, additional study is needed to determine this amazon's habitat preferences, nest site requirements, and demography in different habitats. Fil: Cockle, Kristina Louise. Fundación de Historia Natural Félix de Azara; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Capuzzi, Gabriel. Fundación de Historia Natural Félix de Azara; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Misiones; Argentina Fil: Bodrati, Alejandro. Fundación de Historia Natural Félix de Azara; Argentina. Guyra Paraguay; Paraguay Fil: Clay, Rob. Guyra Paraguay; Paraguay Fil: Del Castillo, Hugo. Guyra Paraguay; Paraguay Fil: Velázquez, Myriam. Guyra Paraguay; Paraguay. Fundacion Moises Bertoni; Paraguay Fil: Areta, Juan Ignacio. Provincia de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción; Argentina. Fundación de Historia Natural Félix de Azara; Argentina Fil: Fariña, Nestor. Fundación de Historia Natural Félix de Azara; Argentina Fil: Fariña, Rodrigo. Fundación de Historia Natural Félix de Azara; Argentina